Spectrolebias pilleti, a new annual Killifish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae) from the upper rio Mamore basin, Bolivia.
Received: 29 March 2013--Accepted: 17 June 2013Abstract
Spectrolebias pilleti n. sp. is described from a temporary pool from the upper rico Mamore basin, Departamento Santa Cruz, Quimone city, Bolivia. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by the unique color pattern of males:3 to 5 vertical blue bars alternating with a light reddish brown background in males (vs. absence of bars), by the presence of an iridescent blue spot on the flank in female (vs. presence of one or more black spots), by the absence of filaments at the tips of dorsal fin and anal fin in males, except Spectrolebias reticulatus (vs. long filaments on dorsal and anal fins in S. brousseaui and S. filamentosus, filaments on the dorsal fins of S. semiocellatus and S. inaequipinnatus, or filaments in the anal fins of S. chacoensis) and by the presence of scales covering the base of anal fin in males (vs. absence of these scales in the remaining congeners). Also distinguished from all congeners, with the exception of S. reticulatus, by the position of the dorsal fin, which has its origin anterior to the origin of the anal fin in males.
Resumo
Spectrolebias pilleti n. sp e descrita de pocas temporarias da bacia do alto rio Mamore. Departamento de Santa Cruz, cidade de Quimone, Bolivia. A nova especie se diferencia das demais especies do genero por possui padrao de coloracao unico nos machos: 3 a 5 barras verticais azuis alternadas com claras barras castanho no corpo dos machos (vs. ausencia de barras)pela presenca de uma mancha azul iridescente no flanco das femeas (vs. presenca de uma ou mais manchas pretas), pela ausencia de filamentos nas pontas das nadadeiras dorsal e anal (vs. longos filamentos nas nadadeiras dorsal e anal em S. brousseaui e S. filamentosus, filamentos na ponta da nadadeira dorsal em S. semiocellatus e S. inaequipinnatus e filamentos na ponta da nadadeira anal em S. chacoensis) e presenca de escamas cobrindo a base da nadadeira anal em machos (vs. ausencia de escamas nas demais especies do genero). Tambem se distingue das demais especies do genero, exceto S. reticulatus, pela posicao da nadadeira dorsal, pois possui sua origem anterior a origem da nadadeira anal.
Zusammenfassung
Spectrolebias pilleti n. sp. wird von einem zeitweiligen Tumpel im Einzugsgebiet des oberen Mamore, Departamento Santa Cruz, in der Stadt Quimone, beschrieben. Die Vertreter dieser neuen Art unterscheiden sich von alien anderen Angehorigen der Gattung durch das unverkennbare Farbmuster: 3 bis 5 senkrechte blaue Streifen, die sich von einem hell rotlich braunen Untergrund abheben bei den Mannchen (bei den anderen Arten fehlen Streifen), schillernd blauer Fleck an der Seite bei den Weibchen (im Gegensatz zu einem oder mehreren schwarzen Flecken bei den anderen Arten), das Fehlen von fadigen Strukturen an den Spitzen von Ruckenund Afterflosse der Mannchen, auger bei Spectrolebias reticulatus (S. brousseaui und S. filamentosus haben lange Filamente an Ruckenund Afterflosse, S. semiocellatus und S. inaequipinnatus zeigen Filamente an der Riickenflosse, S. chacoensis an der Afterflosse) sowie Schuppen an der Basis der Afterflosse bei Mannchen (die bei den anderen Arten der Gattung fehlen). Augerdem ist die Lage der Rtickenflosse im Vergleich zu alien anderen Angehorigen der Gattung au[ss]er S. reticulatus em n Unterscheidungsmerkmal; sie setzt bei den mannlichen Vertretern der neuen Art vor der Afterflosse an.
Resume
Spectrolebias pilleti n. sp. est decrit en provenance d'une mare temporaire du bassin superieur du rio Mamore, Departamento Santa Cruz Quimone city, Bolivie. La nouvelle espece se distingue de tous ses congeneres par la couleur unique des males: 3 a 5 barres verticales bleues alternant sur un fond legerement rouge brun pour les males (contre l'absence de barres), par une tache bleue iridescente sur le flanc de la femelle (contre une ou plusieurs taches noires), par l'absence de filaments au bout de la dorsale et de l'anale pour le male, sauf pour Spectrolebias reticulatus (contre de longs filaments sur la dorsale et l'anale pour S. brousseaui et S. filamentosus, des filaments sur les dorsales de S. semiocellatus et S. inaequipinnatus, ou des filaments sur ramie de S. chacoensis) et par des eallies couvrant la base de l'anale pour les males (contre l'absence desdites ecailles chez les autres congeneres). L'espece se distingue aussi de tous les congeneres, a l'exception de S. reticulatus, par la position de la dorsale, dont la naissance est anterieure a celle de l'anale pour les males.
Sommario
Spectrolebias pilleti n. sp. e descritto da una pozza temporanea dal bacino superiore del Rio Mamore, Departamento Santa Cruz, Quimone, Bolivia. La nuova specie si distingue da tune le congeneri per il colore unico della livrea maschile, caratterizzata da 3-5 barre blu verticali su un fondo marrone rossastro (vs. assenza di barre), dalla presenza negli individui femmina di una macchia blu descente sul fianco (vs. presenza di uno o piu punti neri), per l'assenza di filamenti sulle punte sia della pinna dorsale sia della pinna anale nei maschi, tranne Spectrolebias reticulatus (vs. lunghi filamenti sulle pinne dorsale e anale in S. brousseaui e S. filamentosus, filamenti sulle pinne dorsali in S. semiocellatus e S. inaequipinnatus, o filamenti nelle pinne anali in S. chacoensis) e dalla presenza di scaglie che coprono la base della pinna anale nei maschi (vs. assenza di queste scale nei restanti congeneri). Si distingue anche da tutte le specie congeneri, con l'eccezione di S. reticulatus, per la posizione della pinna dorsale, la cui origine nei maschi e anteriore all'origine della pinna anale.
INTRODUCTION
The species of the genus Spectrolebias Costa and Nielsen, 1997 is distributed across the tributaries of the right margin of Amazon River, with a single exception, Spectrolebias chacoensis which is found in the rio Paraguay basin. Currently, the following species are: S. chacoensis (Amato, 1986), from the rio Paraguay basin, Paraguay and Argentina; S. costai (Lazara, 1991) from the rio Araguaia and rio Tocantins basins, Brazil; S. semiocellatus Costa & Nielsen, 1997, from the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil; S. filamentosus (Costa, Barreira & Sarmiento, 1997), from the do Madeira basin, Bolivia; S. reticulatus (Costa & Nielsen, 2003), from the rio Xingu basin, Brazil; S. inaequipinnatus (Costa & Brasil, 2008), from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil, and S. brousseaui Nielsen, 2013, from the rio Mamore basin, Bolivia.
Spectrolebias was originally considered a genus (Costa & Nielsen, 1997). After a phylogenetic analysis made by Costa (2006), was considered one of the five subgenera of Simpsonichthys, but latter, Costa (2010) promoted it back to a genus status. According to Costa (2006) Spectrolebias is distinguished from all other cynolebiasins by two unambiguous synapomorphies: a long (vs. short) hyomandibula and a narrowed (vs. wide) proximal tip of the fourth ceratobranchial.
All species of the genus Spectrolebias are annual fish and live in temporary water pools where they lay eggs by diving into the substrate. As the remaining representatives of the tribe Cynolebiasini, species of the genus Spectrolebias possess an annual life cycle. At the end of the rainy season the pool dries and all fish die, but their eggs survive and develop throughout the dry season in the substratum. As soon as the rain starts, the pools fill up with water and the eggs hatch, starting a new generation that will on his turn grow, breed and keep the cycle going (Myers, 1952; Costa, 1995; Nielsen, 2008).
The present contribution describes an additional species of Spectrolebias from Bolivia, the third species known for the country. This new species was found in the basin of the rio San Pablo, a tributary on the right side of the rio Mamore, Quimone city, Departamento de Santa Cruz. It was original discovered in 2011, at the same location of the specimens collected in 2012, which served as the basis for this work.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Measurements were taken point-to-point under a stereomicroscope with a digital caliper to the nearest 0.1mm, on the left side of the specimens, whenever possible, following Costa (1995, 2007). Measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length (SL), except subunits of the head, which are recorded as percentages of head length (HL).
In the description, counts of vertebrae and pleural ribs were taken from radiographs of the holotype and two female paratypes. Terminology for frontal squamation follows Hoedeman (1958) and Costa (2006). For vertebral counts the caudal compound centrum was counted as a single element. Osteological features included in the description are those considered phylogenetically informative by recent studies on Spectrolebias (Costa 2006, 2007, 2010). Institutional abbreviations follow SabajPerez (2010), with addition of UNITAU (Universidade de Taubate) and MNKP-Museo Noel Kempff. Comparative material of other rivulids examined in the present study is listed in Costa (2007).
Spectrolebias pilleti, n. sp. (Figs 1-2, Table I)
Table I. Morphometric and meristic data for the holotype (H)
and paratypes of Spectrolebias pilleti.
H Paratypes
Male Male n = 6 Females n =8
Standard length (mm) 28.9 27.6-30.0 22.2-24.3
Percents of standard length
Body depth 34.1 33.8-36.1 31.7-35.6
Caudal peduncle depth 11.2 12.7-14.0 11.5-13.5
Pre-dorsal length 45.8 43.9-44.6 50.2-59.7
Pre-pelvic length 42.4 39.5-42.4 43.7-50.1
Length of dorsal-fin base 38.9 34.1-39.3 21.1-24.5
Length of anal-fin base 39.2 35.1-40.8 23.1-27.4
Caudal-fin length 26.8 25.0-28.4 22.2-27.1
Pectoral-fin length 29.7 28.2-34.2 18.9-26.4
Pelvic-fin length 10.9 9.5-13.7 8.5-11.2
Head length 29.7 28.7-30.6 28.6-31.5
Percents of head length
Head depth 86.3 86.1-95.3 92.2-98.6
Head width 40.9 38.5-43.2 42.6-48.5
Snout length 6.9 6.8-7.2 14.3-14.8
Lower jaw length 11.6 11.6-13.2 14.1-15.7
Eye diameter 34.4 28.7-34.4 27.5-32.8
Counts
Dorsal fin 23 23-24 20-21
Caudal fin 22 20-22 19-21
Anal fin 24 22-24 21-22
Pelvic fin 5 5 5
Pectoral fin 11 10-11 8-9
Scales in longitudinal series 28 29
Scales in transversal series 12 9
Horizontal scales around caudal 10 16
peduncle
Holotype: Deposited at Museo Noel Kempff, Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia. (MNKP-11153) male 28.9 mm SL: Bolivia, Departamento Santa Cruz, Quimone city, 45.40 km west of San Jose dos Chiquitos, temporary pool near the Ho Quimone, the rio San Pablo basin, (17°42'48.1"S 61°08'56.1"W), altitude 263 m, 26 February 2012, Didier Pillet, Jean Marc Beltramon, Michel Beuchey & Christine Lambert.
Paratypes: Deposited at Museo Noel Kempff, Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia (MNKP-11154) five male and eight females (24.3-30.0 mm SL), collected with the holotype. Deposited at Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. (ZUEC 7296), one male (36.0 mm SL), two females (22.5-26.0 mm SL), collected with the holotype.
Diagnosis: The new species differs from the remaining representatives of the genus Spectrolebias by the unique color pattern of males: 3 to 5 vertical blue bars alternating within a light reddish brown background in males (vs. absence of bars), by the presence of a iridescent blue spot on the flanks of the females (vs. presence of one or more black spots in females) and by the presence of scales covering the basis of anal fin in males (vs. absence of scales covering the basis of the anal fin in the remaining congeners). Distinguished from all congeners, except S. reticulatus, by the position of the dorsal fin, which has its origin anterior to the origin of the anal fin in males, and by possessing the tips of both dorsal and anal-fins pointed in males, without elongated rays (vs. tips of both dorsal and anal-fins pointed in males, with elongated rays, in the remaining congeners).
Description: Morphometric data presented in Table I. Largest specimen examined 30.0 mm SL. Dorsal profile slightly concave on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, approximately straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex from tip of jaw to origin of caudal peduncle and slightly concave from latter point to uppermost procurrent caudal-fin rays. Body moderately deep, compressed, greatest body depth on vertical slightly ahead to anal-fin origin. Eye positioned on lateral portion of side of head. Snout blunt. Large number of labial papillae in males. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and long in males, pocket-shaped in females. Tip of both dorsal and anal-fins pointed in males without elongated rays; dorsal fin in females rounded to slightly pointed without filaments; anal-fin rounded in females. Dorsal-fin rays unbranched. Caudal-fin rounded. Dorsal-fin origin on vertical anterior to anal-fin origin in males, anal-fin origin on vertical between base of 1st and 3th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal-fin origin on vertical through base of 2nd anal-fin rays in females. Tip of each pelvic-fin reaching base of 8'd to 9th anal-fin rays in males, and base of 1st to 2nd anal-fin rays in females. Dorsal-fin origin between neural spines of fifth and sixth vertebrae in males, and between neural spines of tenth and eleventh vertebrae in females. Anal-fin origin at twelfth pleural ribs of vertebrae in males, and pleural ribs of vertebrae ninth in females.
Dorsal-fin rays 19-20 in males, 20-21 in females, anal-fin rays 22-24 in males, 21-22 in females, caudal-fin rays 20-21, pectoral-fin rays 10-11 and pelvic fin-rays 5. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no scale anterior to G-scale; supraorbital scales absent. Longitudinal series of scales 27-28; transverse series of scales 12-13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 9-10. Contact organ absent on flanks and pectoral fins in males.
Coloration in life (Figs. 1-2):
Males: Head and trunk to the vertical line passing through pelvic-fin origin light brown. Posterior two-thirds of body with three to five blue bars, over the light-brown background, including the unpaired fins. Light blue spots sparsely distributed across the caudal peduncle. Color pattern can be assymetrical; a single male can have three vertical blue bars in one side of the body and five bars in the other side.
Tip of jaw darkened. Dorsal and anal-fins blue, with irregularly-distributed small light blue spots. Caudal-fin blue with higher concentration of light blue spots than dorsal and anal fins. Hyaline pectoral fin. Pelvic-fin blue without light blue spots. Black bar vertically crossing the eye.
Females: Side of body light brown, with 6-8 light-gray bars; one blue iridescent single spots on midbody. Scattered iridescent blue scales present in gray bars. Sides of head light brown, opercular region pale greenish golden. Iris light yellow, with dark vertical brown bar across center of eye. Fins hyaline.
Distribution (Fig. 3): Only known from the type-locality, a pool near of the rio Quimone, tributary of the rio San Pablo, tributary of the rio Mamore, Departamento Santa Cruz, Quimone city, Bolivia.
Habitat (Fig. 4): The type-locality lies at the plateau area (263 m.a.s.l.), at the border of the Llanos de Chiquitos, to the north of the Bariados del Izozog, where several rivers of the upper tit) Mamore basin drain, eastern Bolivia (see Loubens et al., 1992). The annual pool is very large, with most of its area within a dense, difficult to access forest. The temperature on the water surface was 28°C and, in the deepest portion and banks. Average depth of the pool is 40 cm, with deepest portions about 60 cm. In the marginal area of the pool, at the depth of 10 cm, water temperature was 31°C. Specimens of Spectrolebias pilleti were collected in depths no shallower than 20 cm depth. The pool presented clean water, pH 6.8, dissolved iron (Fe) 0,25 mg/l and electric conductibility 100 µS. Other fish species collected syntopically were exclusively annual fishes: Spectrolebias brousseaui, Neofundulus sp., and Papiliolebias sp. Other animals recorded were Phylomedusa sp. tadpoles, clams and freshwaters crabs. The aquatic vegetation was very dense, composed by Echinodorus sp., Utricularia sp. and Nymphaea sp.
Etymology: The specific name is in honor of environmentalist Didier Pillet, one of the collectors of the new species.
DISCUSSION
Albeit being still little explored, field exploration during the last few years in Bolivia has revealed a large number of annual species, besides Spectrolebias, annual fishes from the genera Papiliolebias, Trigonectes, Neofundulus, Moema, Aphyolebias, and Pterolebias (Costa 1996, 1998, Costa, Barrera, & Sarmiento 1997), were recorded for the country, though most of these records are still unpublished (see Nielsen, 2013). There are also non annual Rivulidae species, from the genera Cynodontichthys and Anablepsoides. Such high diversity is probably a result of a combination of factors, i.e., favorable geography, vegetation, and high river drainage density and high precipitations level across this region, all favorable to the maintenance dispersion of annual fishes. The possibility of finding new species in this region was raised in Nielsen 2013. The discovery of S. pilleti reinforces this idea.
Males of Spectrolebias pilleti differ from S. brousseaui by the absence of dark blue coloration and bright blue spots aligned along the body of males (vs. presence), by the smaller size of bright blue spots on unpaired fins (vs. larger spots, half the diameter of the pupil), by having pelvic-fin bases in contact (vs. pelvic-fin bases separated by interspace), pelvic-fin dark blue lacking spots (vs. presence of iridescent blue spots in the center), absence of contact organs on flank scales in males (vs. presence), tip of pelvic-fin reaching the 8th or 9th anal-fin ray (vs. 3rd to 5th), lower predorsal length (43.9-44.6% SL vs. 47.2-51.5%), lower caudal-fin length (25.0-28.4% SL vs. 29.6-32.6%), longer pectoral-fin length (28.2-34.2% SL vs. 21.122.9%), lower head width (38.5-43.2% HL vs. 54.6-55.6%), greater number of dorsal-fin rays (2324 vs. 21-22), fewer number of pectoral fin (10-11 vs. 12), greater number of scales in transverse series(12-13 vs. 8-9), and fewer number of horizontal scales around caudal peduncle (9-10 vs. 14-16).
Females of S. pilleti differ from females of S. brousseaui by a longer head depth (92.2-98.6 % HL vs. 78.1-91.6), lower head width (42.648.5% HL vs. 53.0-59.6), lower snout length (14.3-14.8% HL vs. 18.7-23.4), greater number of dorsal-fin rays (20 vs. 15-16), fewer number of pectoral fin-rays (8-9 vs. 10-11), and greater number of scales in transverse series (12-13 vs. 10).
The limited amount of research along with the difficulty of accessing this area (primarily due to the small number of roads in the region), raises the possibility that many other annual fish species could be found in the Bolivian part of the Amazon basin. Members of the Spectrolebias genus are currently found in the Araguaia, Tocantins e Xingu basins in Brazil and in the rio Mamore basin in Bolivia. Additionally, between those river basins (all major southern tributaries of the Amazon River) are the rio Guapore and rio Tapajos, and it is plausible that Spectrolebias species might occur in these intervening river basins.
The color pattern of the body, with the alternated blue and reddish brown bars, the absence of filaments at the tip of anal and dorsal fins, and the small iridescent blue single spots present in females body are autapomorphies of Spectrolebias pilleti within the genus Spectrolebias. All three species of Spectrolebias occurring in Bolivia (S. pilleti, S. filamentosus, and S. brousseaui) can be found in the rio San Pablo basin, a tributary of the rio Mamore, suggesting that additional species of Spectrolebias can be expected to occur in the rio Mamore basin given its large area, little coverage by field research and difficult access.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to Itamar Alves Martins from Universidade de Taubate (UNITAU) for laboratory support and to Guillaume Dethu for help with pictures. Andre Carletto and Flavio C. T. Lima (ZUEC) reviewed the manuscript and offered useful suggestions.
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COSTA, W. J. E. M. 2010. Historical biogeography of cynolebiasine annual killifishes inferred from dispersal-vicariance analysi. Journal of Biogeography. (on-line; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02339.x).
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COSTA, W J. E. M., BARRERA, S. & SARMIENTO, J. 1997. Simpsonichthys filamentosus, une nouvelle especedes Llanuras Benianas, bassin du rio Mamore, Bolivia. Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie, 24: 83-86.
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Dalton Tavares Bressane Nielsen (1) and Roger Brousseau (2)
1) Laboratorio de Zoologia, departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Taubate, Pca Marcelino Monteiro 63, CEP: 12030-010, Taubate, SP, Brazil. E-mail: dnielsen@uol.com.br
2) 8345 Bull Mountain Circle, Elk Grove, California 95758, USA. Email: dr_rog@yahoo.com
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| Author: | Nielsen, Dalton Tavares Bressane; Brousseau, Roger |
|---|---|
| Publication: | aqua: International Journal of Ichthyology |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Geographic Code: | 3BOLI |
| Date: | Jul 19, 2013 |
| Words: | 3693 |
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