Women's Autonomy Decision Making Power on Postpartum Modern Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors in North West Ethiopia.
1. IntroductionPostpartum Family Planning (PPFP) refers to the use of contraceptives within the first six weeks after giving birth to protect women from unplanned pregnancies [1]. A Short inter-pregnancy interval put endanger new baby, mother and previous child [2, 3]. Globally, six million children were died in 2016 before reaching their fifth birthday and approximately 35 women dying every hour due to the complications of pregnancy and childbirth [1, 4, 5].
Despite, 30% of maternal deaths and 10% of child death could be avoided by extending pregnancy above two years [6], 41% of women in Sub-Saharan Africa who intended to use modern contraceptives in the first year postpartum, were not using it [2]. Another report identified 95% of women who were 0-12 months postpartum want to avoid a pregnancy in the next 24 months, however, 70% of them were not using modern contraceptives [7]. As a result, 20% of birth in low-income countries were before 24 months of the previous birth [8, 9]. According to Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) 2016, while the proportion of women who want to have another child within the first 24 months sharply decreased, using modern contraceptive remain low [10].
On key strategy for ensuring the optimal birth interval is modern contraceptives (MC) use during the postpartum period(PPP) [8]. However, the post-partum period is a period when women usually have a high unmet need for FP due to reasons related to lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods, opposition from partners or families, or limited autonomy [2, 11]. Women's autonomy decision making power in the household is the most important factor in using modern contraceptives during the postpartum period [6]. Women's decision making power in the household on PPFP has paramount importance, however, however, the postpartum period is usually given less emphasis on family planning (FP) users. In relation to this, little is known about factors affecting women's autonomy decision making power on postpartum modern contraceptive use in the study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess women's decision-making power on postpartum modern contraceptives use and its associated factors in sekota Town and its surroundings.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Period. This study was conducted in Sekota town and its Surroundings from May 5 to June 15, 2017. Sekota is the capital town of Waghmra zone located at 720 Kms from Addis Ababa to the North Ethiopia. According to the 2007 Ethiopian population and housing census population projection made, an estimated of 10,980 women delivered in 2016/17. There are eight governmental health centers, 39 health posts and one general hospital in Sekota town and its surroundings, which provide health services to the community [12].
2.2. Study Design. Facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed.
2.3. Sample Size. The minimum sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula by considering the following assumption: margin of error 5%, confidence level 95% (Z[alpha]/2 = 1.96), the proportion of women's decision making power on modern contraceptive use from South Ethiopia, 53.8% [13], and adding 10% non-response rate the minimum sample size calculated was 421.
2.4. Study Population. All women who gave birth before six months prior to the survey and attended immunization service for their children at the public health facility were included.
2.5. Sampling Technique and Process. In this study, a systematic sampling technique was employed to recruit 421 women who attended their children's immunization service.
All the health facilities in the study area (that is one hospital, 8 health centers, and 34 health posts) that provide vaccination service either in static or outreach approaches were included in the study. The calculated sample size was, then, proportionally allocated to health facility based on the number of vaccination. Next, systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the study participants until the allocated sample size was obtained. Accordingly, interview was made for every other women.
2.6. Operational Definition, Definition of Terms and Measurement
2.6.1. Women's Autonomy Decision Making Power on Modern Contraceptive Use. A woman was considered as having "autonomous decision making power on postpartum family planning use" if she decided independently or together with husband/partner on contraceptive use, number of children, choice of contraceptive methods and when to give birth in conditions where their idea did not coincide, the women's decision accepted.
2.6.2. Modern Contraceptive Use. A woman was considered as "modern contraceptive user" if she was used tuba-ligation (female sterilization), intrauterine device (IUD), Injectable, oral contraceptive (pills), and a condom.
2.6.3. Knowledge about Family Planning. A woman was considered as "knowledgeable about family planning" if she heard about family planning and list at least one of the modern contraceptive methods [14].
2.7. Data Collection. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The tool was prepared in English and translated to local languages, Amharic and Himitana. Nine female diploma midwives and three bachelor degree holder nurses were deployed as data collectors and supervisors, respectively after receiving a one day intensive training.
2.8. Data Analysis. The collected data were entered into Epi Info V7 and exported to SPSS Version 23 for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done. In the analytical study, first bivariable logistic regression analysis used to identify the independent effect of each on women's autonomous decision making power. Variables having P-value [less than or equal to] 0.20 in the bivariable analysis were remained in the multivariable analysis to control the effect of confounders. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic was used to assess the fitness of the model. Odds ratios (AOR) with their 95% CI were calculated to measure the strength of association, and P-value [less than or equal to] 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents. Four hundred and twenty-one (421) mothers were invited for an interview, however, the response rate was 98.6% (415). The mean age of mothers was 28.1 years (Standard devision [+ or -] 6). Out of the total mothers, 401 (96.6%) were Orthodox and the rest were Muslim (3.4%). The majority of mothers were rural residents 318 (76.6%) and did not attend formal education 278 (67.0%) (Table 1).
3.2. Obstetric History. About 24.4% and 4.1% of mothers had a history of abortion and still birth respectively during their last life. Almost two-third (65.8%) and one-fourth (25.0%) of mothers respectively had at least one antenatal and postnatal care visits during the last pregnancy. About 111 (27%) of mothers reported that their index births were unplanned, of which 32 (28.8%) were unwanted (Table 2).
3.3. Contraceptive Knowledge. About 396 (95.4%) mothers had mentioned at least one type of modern contraceptives. Most frequently mentioned modern contraceptives method was injectable (Depo-Provera) (89.4%) followed by pills (74.5%). Health extension workers (HEW), the lowest health professionals at kebele level were the major source of family planning information (69.8%). The majority of mothers (78.1%) knew that pregnancy could happen during the postpartum period (within 6 weeks after birth) (Table 3).
3.4. Modern Contraceptive Use during Postpartum Period. From the total mothers about 30% of mothers were using a modern contraceptive during the postpartum period, of which 62.9% of them were using for spacing purpose. Many of them were using implants (52.4%), followed by pills (20.2%) (Table 4).
3.5. Information on Breastfeeding. All mothers were breast feeding the index child, of which 366 (88.2%) mothers feed their children at least eight times per day. Nevertheless, breast feeding initiation within one hour during the index birth was practiced by 57.6% of the respondents.
3.6. Women's Autonomy Decision Making Power on Postpartum Contraceptive Use. Of the respondents who attended immunization service for their children, the overall proportion of women with decision making power on PP modern contraceptive use was 77.3% (p = 77.3, 95% CI: 73.0, 81.2), of which 45% of mothers could make decision together with husbands. Yet, significant proportion, 22.7%, of mothers need partners' approval.
3.7. Factors Associated with Women Decision Making Power to Use FP On bivariable analysis, women's educational status, age, ANC, place of delivery, ethnicity, knowledge about PPFP, discussion with husband, time gap between the previous and index births, knowledge on likelihood of pregnancy during PP period, and counseling about PPFP were associated with women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use. On multivariable analysis, however, discussion with husband about PPMC, time gap between previous and index birth, know that pregnancy could happen during PP period and counseling about PPFP remain significantly associated with women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use.
The Odds of women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use among mothers who had discussed with their husbands/partners about post-partum contraceptive use were 14.6 times higher compared to their counterparts (AOR = 14.62, 95% CI: 6.52, 32.75). The Odds of having autonomy on PPMC use among mothers who counseled about PPFP were almost two folds higher compared with those who did not get counseling (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.27, 5.71) (Table 5).
4. Discussion
According to this study, 77.3% of mothers had autonomous decision making power on PPMC use (p = 77.3%, 95% CI: 73%, 81.2%). The finding was consistent with the study done in Wolaita Soddo Town, South Ethiopia (77.5%) [15]. However, this finding was lower compared to the studies done in Southeast Ethiopia (91.7%), and Hosanna town (90%) [16, 17]. The reason for this variation might be due to the educational status of women. The majority of women in southeast Ethiopia and Hosanna town were literate when compared to our participants. Women's education, contribute to women understand their rights and responsibilities on the reproductive and sexual issues. Secondly, women with better educational levels have better access to health care information from different sources, like school, leaflet, newspaper media and internet pregnancy [18-22]. Conversely, it was higher compared to the study done in Mizan Aman southern Ethiopia (67.2%) [23], South Ethiopia (53.8%) [13]), and EDHS 2011 (25%) [3]. The reason might be due to religious, marital status, and cultural differences of women. Unmarried women were the most likely to have autonomous decision-making power on modern contraceptives use [24]. In addition, the Muslim tradition, beliefs, and cultural norms put husband as a decision-maker for all household matters [20, 25]. The current women's autonomous decision making power on PP modern contraceptive use also higher compared to the studies done out of Ethiopia in Malawi (28.5%) [26], India (68%) [27], Pakistan (28%) [28].
In this study the proportion of joint decision making power with their husbands/partners was 45.1% (95% CI: 40.2-50.1%), lower compared to studies done in Southeast Ethiopia (83.4%), Hosanna town (81%), Wolaita Soddo town (71.4%), and Tigray region (78%) [15-17, 29]. However, it was higher compared to Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) Project report from different part of Ethiopia such as in south nation and nationality people region (30.7%), Gambella region (12%) and Somali region (2%) [30]. The possible reason might be due to religious difference of study participants. Almost all women in Somlai region are Muslim religion followers.
In this study women who discussed with their husbands/ partners about PPMC were more likely to have autonomous decision making power on PPMC use compared to those women who didn't discuss the issue. This finding was in line with previous studies done in the different parts of Ethiopia [15, 17, 23]. The reason might be the number of children would have been decided by both (wife and husband), and this could in turn enabled them to discuss the means to do so.
The birth interval was found to be associated with women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use. Women who had the index child within one year after a previous birth were more likely to have autonomy decision making power on PPMC use compared to women had the index child after three years of previous birth. This finding was in line with a study done in Ghana [31]. The reason might be women know that pregnancy could happen during the postpartum period and this could in turn enabled them to discuss with partners and health care providers.
Women who had counseled about PP family planning were more likely to have autonomous decision-making power on PPMC use compared to don't receive counseling. The finding was in line with previous studies [32, 33]. The reason might be women received more information about family planning and unplanned pregnancy during the discussion. The other finding in this study is that women who knew that pregnancy could happen during PP period were more likely to have autonomy decision making power on PPMC use compared to women who didn't know that pregnancy could happen during PP period. This finding was in line with the study done in South Africa [34]. The reason might be women who had information about the pregnancy can happen during the postpartum period, might have a better educational level. On the other hand, they might be among women who had the index baby within one year after a previous birth.
5. Conclusions
The proportion of women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use was low. Women who discussed with husbands/ partners on PPFP, counseled about PPFP, knew that pregnancy could happen in the postpartum period, and the index child within one year after previous birth were more likely to autonomous decision making power on PPMC use. Health professionals including Health extension workers, strengthening women to discuss with their husbands about postpartum family planning may improve women's autonomy decision making power on PPMC use. Furthermore, counseling and educating women on postpartum family planning should be strengthened. Moreover, the concerned bodies should promote interventions targeting the predisposing and reinforcing behavioral factors affecting women's autonomous decision making power on PPMC use.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1861570
Received 27 February 2019; Revised 4 August 2019; Accepted 4 September 2019; Published 8 December 2019
Academic Editor: Giuseppe La Torre
Data Availability
The data used to support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon the request.
Ethical Approval
Ethical clearance was obtained from Bahir Dar University's ethical review committee. Permission written letter was also obtained from Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Waghmra Health Department. Informed consent was obtained from each health facility and respondent. Each study participant was informed about the purpose and anticipated benefits of the research project. They were also informed on their full right to refuse, withdraw and partially reject part or all of their part in the study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude for the Waghmra Zonal Health Office, health facilities study participants, data collectors, supervisor, Health care providers, and Bahir Dar University College of Medicine and Health Science for their contributions to do this work.
Supplementary Materials
The file attached at supplementary material was questionnaire. (Supplementary Materials)
References
[1] J. Bongaarts, "WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, world bank group, and united nations population division trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015 geneva: world health organization, 2015," Population and Development Review, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 726-726, 2016.
[2] G. Sedgh and R. Hussain, "Reasons for contraceptive nonuse among women having unmet need for contraception in developing countries," Studies in Family Planning, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 151-169, 2014.
[3] CSA-Ethiopia ICF, "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011" Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and ICF International Addis Ababa, Maryland, USA Ethiopia and Calverton, 2012.
[4] L. Hug, D. Sharrow, and D. You, "Levels & trends in child mortality: report 2017," Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2017.
[5] L. Alkema, D. Chou, D. Hogan et al., "Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN maternal mortality estimation inter-agency group" The Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10017, pp. 462-474, 2016.
[6] S. O. Rutstein, "Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys," International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, vol. 89, pp. S7-S24, 2005.
[7] J. A. Ross and W L. Winfrey, "Contraceptive use, intention to use and unmet need during the extended postpartum period," International Family Planning Perspectives, pp. 20-27, 2001.
[8] S. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, C. McKaig et al., "The effect of integrating family planning with a maternal and newborn health program on postpartum contraceptive use and optimal birth spacing in rural bangladesh," Studies in Family Planning, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 297-312, 2015.
[9] S. O. Rutstein and R. Winter, The Effects of Fertility Behavior on Child Survival and Child Nutritional Status: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 2006 to 2012, USAID, USA, 2014.
[10] E. Edhs, "Demographic and health survey 2016: key indicators report," The DHS Program ICF, USA, 2016.
[11] K. Santhya, Changing Family Planning Scenario in India: An Overview of Recent Evidence, Regional Working Papers, South and East Asia, 2003.
[12] G.-Y. Noh, S. Y. Lee, and J. Choi, "Exploring factors influencing smokers' information seeking for smoking cessation," Journal of Health Communication, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 845-854, 2016.
[13] B. Bogale, M. Wondafrash, T Tilahun, and E. Girma, "Married women's decision making power on modern contraceptive use in urban and rural southern Ethiopia," BMC Public Health, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011.
[14] M. Ngusu, B. Wondafrash, H. Segni, and A. Gurmessa, "Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods among laboring mothers in adama hospital, oromia region, Ethiopia," Journal of Womens Health, Issues and Care, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015.
[15] D. Deresse, "The involvement of men in family planning an application of transtheoretical model in Wolaita Soddo Town South Ethiopia," Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 44-50, 2010.
[16] T Bekele, A. Gebremariam, and P. Tura, "Contraceptive choice and switching pattern among married women in rural community of South East Ethiopia," Family Medicine & Medical Science Research, vol. 3, p. 133, 2014.
[17] T Tuloro, W Deressa, A. Ali, and G. Davey, "The role of men in contraceptive use and fertility preference in Hossana town, southern Ethiopia," Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, vol. 20, no. 3, 2006.
[18] M. A. Habib, C. Raynes-Greenow, S. Nausheen et al., "Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan," BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 156, 2017.
[19] S. A. Ali, S. S. Tikmani, and W Qidwai, "Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy: systematic review," World Family Medicine Journal: Incorporating the Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, vol. 99, no. 3671, pp. 1-10, 2016.
[20] National Institute of Population Research, Training (Bangladesh), Mitra and Associates (Firm), Macro International, "Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2007," 2009, NIPORT.
[21] P. A. Apanga and M. A. Adam, "Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the Talensi istrict Ghana," Pan African Medical Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, 2015.
[22] T Tekelab, A. S. Melka, and D. Wirtu, "Predictors of modern contraceptive methods use among married women of reproductive age groups in Western Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study," BMC Women's Health, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 52, 2015.
[23] A. D. Belay, Z. B. Mengesha, M. K. Woldegebriel, and Y. A. Gelaw, "Married women's decision making power on family planning use and associated factors in Mizan-Aman, South Ethiopia: a cross sectional study," BMC Women's Health, vol. 16, no. 1, 2016.
[24] A. I. Awadh, M. A. Hassali, O. Q. Al-lela, S. H. Bux, R. M. Elkalmi, and H. Hadi, "Does an educational intervention improve parents' knowledge about immunization? experience from Malaysia," BMC Pediatrics, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 254, 2014.
[25] A.-R. Omran, Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam, Routledge, UK, 2012.
[26] R. Kinoshita, "Women's domestic decision-making power and contraceptive use in rural Malawi," Reproductive Health, vol. 2, p. 8, 2003.
[27] M. Jan and S. Akhtar, "An analysis of decision-making power among married and unmarried women," Studies on Home and Community Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 43-50, 2008.
[28] S. Saleem and M. Bobak, "Women's autonomy, education and contraception use in Pakistan: a national study," Reproductive Health, vol. 2, no. 1, 2005.
[29] A. Bayray, "Assessment of male involvement in family planning use among men in south eastern zone of Tigray Ethiopia," Scholarly Journal of Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[30] J.-W. Noh, Y.-M. Kim, N. Akram et al., "Factors affecting complete and timely childhood immunization coverage in Sindh, Pakistan; a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data," PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 10, p. e0206766, 2018.
[31] P. Dixit, L. K. Dwivedi, and F. Ram, "Strategies to improve child immunization via antenatal care visits in India: a propensity score matching analysis," PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 6, p. e66175, 2013.
[32] C. Lutfy, T. Faramand, M. Ivankovich, E. R. Silva, and K. Krueger, Addressing Gender Issues in Postpartum Family Planning Services, USAID, USA, 2014.
[33] C. Bwazi, A. Maluwa, A. Chimwaza, and M. Pindani, "Utilization of postpartum family planning services between six and twelve months of delivery at Ntchisi district hospital, Malawi," Health, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 1724-1737, 2014.
[34] K. Jere, Knowledge and utilisation of family planning 6 to 14 weeks postpartum in the Metro West region of the Western Cape Province, University of Cape Town, 2016, Diss.
Samrawit Yonas Tadesse, Amanu Aragaw Emiru [ID], Tadese Ejigu Tafere [ID], and Melash Belachew Asresie [ID]
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Correspondence should be addressed to Melash Belachew Asresie; kalleab1@gmail.com
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers in Sekota
town and its surroundings, Northwest, Ethiopia 2017 (n = 415).
Variables Categories Frequency n (%) Variables
15-24 122 (29.4)
Age 25-34 218 (52.5)
35-44 75 (18.1)
Married 382 (92.0)
Marital Unmarried 33 (8.0) Occupation
status No formal education 278 (67.0)
Educational Primary 59 (14.2)
status Secondary 43 (10.4)
Secondary plus 35 (8.4) Religion
<700 120 (28.9)
Monthly 701-900 101 (24.3)
family 901-1500 100 (24.1) Ethnicity
income >1500 94 (227)
Variables Categories Frequency n (%)
Housewife 219 (52.8)
Age Students 17 (4.1)
Daily labor 9 (2.2)
Merchant 44 (10.6)
Marital Governmental employee 32 (7.7)
status Private employee 8(1.9)
Educational Farmer 80 (19.3)
status Unemployed 6 (1.4)
Orthodox 401 (96.6)
Muslim 14 (3.4)
Monthly Himtana 329 (79.3)
family Other* 86 (20.7)
income
Key: Other* = Amhara and Tigire.
Table 2: Obstetric history of mothers, in Sekota town and its
surroundings, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2017 (n = 415).
Variables Categories Frequency n (%) Variables
Gravidity [less than or 189 (45.5) Unplanned for
equal to] 2 (n = 111)
3-4 126 (30.4) used
[greater than or 100 (24.1) contraceptive
equal to] 5 (n = 111)
[less than or 210 (50.6)
equal to] 2
No of parity 3-4 131 (31.6)
[greater than or 74 (17.8)
equal to] 5
[less than or 211 (50.8)
equal to] 2
No of living 3-4 131 (31.6) Why did
children [greater than or 73 (17.6) not used
equal to] 5 (n = 106)
Index child Health facilities 340 (81.9)
place of home 75 (18.1)
delivery
Time gap b/n [less than or 71 (23.0) Future
previous equal to] 1 year fertility
and index 1-2 years 162 (53.0) desire
birth [greater than or 76 (24.0)
n = 309 equal to] 3 years
Present Yes 304 (73.3)
birth No 111 (26.7)
planned
Variables Categories Frequency n (%)
Gravidity Spacing 79 (71.2)
Limiting 32 (28.8)
Yes 5 (4.5)
No 106 (94.5)
No of parity Fear of side effect 10 (9.4)
Spousal disapproval 23 (21.7)
On breastfeeding 17 (16.0)
No of living Amenorrhearic 26 (24.5)
children Lack of FP method 5 (4.7)
Index child Absent of choice methods 5 (4.7)
place of Religious reason 20 (18.9)
delivery
Time gap b/n Want another 16 (3.9)
previous before 2 years
and index Want another after 2 years 190 (45.8)
birth Do not want more child 63 (15.2)
n = 309
Present Not decide 146 (35.2)
birth
planned
Table 3: Contraceptive knowledge of mothers, in Sekota town and
its Surroundings, Northwest, Ethiopia 2017 (n = 415).
Variables Categories Frequency (%) Variables
Heard Yes 415(100)
about FP No 0 (0.0)
List at Yes 396 (95.4) Source of
least No 19 (4.6) information
one MC
Which MC Condom 134 (32.3) Discuses with
method Pills 309 (74.5) husband on use
did Injectable 371 (89.4) of PPMC (n = 382)
hear IUCD 28 (6.7) Knew pregnancy
Implants 143 (34.5) could happen
tuba ligation 7(1.7) in the PP period
Vasectomy 5 (1.2)
Counseled yes 273 Perceived idea of
about no 142 a husband on
PPFP MC use
Variables Categories Frequency (%)
Heard Mass media 60 (14.5)
about FP Health 165 (39.8)
profession
List at HEW 290 (69.8)
least Friends 175 (42.2)
one MC
Which MC Families 55 (13.3)
method Yes 244 (58.8)
did No 138 (33.3)
hear Yes 256 (61.7)
No 159 (38.3)
He approves 157 (42.2)
He disapproved 64 (17.2)
Counseled He has no idea 88 (23.7)
about Don't know 63 (16.9)
PPFP
Table 4: Modern contraceptive use during PPP among mothers, in
Sekota town and its Surroundings, Northwest, Ethiopia 2017 (n = 415).
Variables Categories Frequency (%) Variables
used modern Yes 124 (29.9) The reason not
contraceptive No 291 (70.1) used MC
methods during the
during PPP PP period
(n = 291)
Which method Condom 18 (14.5)
used Pills
(n = 124) Injection 25 (20.2)
Implant 2 (1.6)
IUCD 65 (52.4)
Tuba ligation 9 (7.3)
Self 5 (4.0)
Who decided Jointly 68 (54.8)
to use the Husband
method 37 (29.8)
(n = 124) 19 (15.3)
Where did Public health 119 (96.0) When did
you usex institution you start
you use Private health 5 (4.0) after birth
(n = 124) institution (n = 124)
To space 78 (62.9) Used MC
after PPP
Reason using To limit 37 (39.8) (n = 291)
contraceptive Partner pressure 9(7.3) Intended to
(n = 124) use MC in
future
(n = 204)
Variables Categories Frequency (%)
used modern Menses not resume 97 (33.3)
contraceptive Religious reason 49 (16.8)
methods
during PPP
Which method Not start sexual 56 (19.2)
used intercourse
(n = 124) Breastfeeding 51 (10.7)
Husband disproval 20 (6.9)
Fear of side effect 28 (9.6)
Lack of time 8 (2.7)
Need to have 17 (5.8)
another child
Who decided Previous health 12 (4.1)
to use the problem
method Other reasons 3 (1.0)
(n = 124) [less than or 6 (4.8)
equal to] 2 weeks
Where did 3-4 weeks 39 (31.5)
you usex
you use 5-6 weeks 79 (63.7)
(n = 124)
yes 87 (29.9)
Reason using no 204 (70.1)
contraceptive Yes No 142 (69.6)
(n = 124) 62 (30.4)
Table 5: Factors associated with women's autonomy decision making
power on PPMC use, in Sekota town and its surroundings, Northwest,
Ethiopia 2017.
Variables Women's autonomy decision
making power on PPMC use
Yes No
Age
15-24 88 34
25-34 178 40
35-44 55 20
Educational status
No formal education 206 72
Primary education (1-8) 44 15
Secondary education (9-12) 39 4
Tertiary & above 32 3
Time gap b/n previous
& index birth
<1 year 64 7
1-3 years 129 33
>3years 48 28
Index birth planned
Yes 230 74
No 91 20
Had ANC
Yes 288 68
No 33 26
Counseled about PPFP
Yes 231 42
No 90 52
Place of delivery
Health facility 282 58
Home 39 36
Discussed on PPMC with
husband
Yes 224 20
No 66 72
Ethnicity
Himtana 246 83
Other* 75 11
Had knowledge on PPFP
Yes 311 85
No 10 9
Knew pregnancy could
happen within PPP
Yes 225 31
No 96 63
Variables
COR AOR
Age
15-24 1 1
25-34 1.72 (1.02-2-90) 1.72 (0.59-5.01)
35-44 1.06 (056-2.03) 2.18 (0.65-7.41)
Educational status
No formal education 1 1
Primary education (1-8) 1.02 (0.53-1.95) 1.06 (0.29-3.86)
Secondary education (9-12) 3.41 (1.18-9.90) 3.74 (0.28-49.68)
Tertiary & above 3.73 (1.11-12.55) 0.83 (0.14-5.08)
Time gap b/n previous
& index birth
<1 year 5.33 (2.15-13.24) 7.98 (2.50-25.52)*
1-3 years 2.28 (1.25-4.17) 2.11 (0.95-4.70)
>3years 1 1
Index birth planned
Yes 1 1
No 1.46 (0.84-2.54) 0.54 (0.22-1.31)
Had ANC
Yes 3.33 (1.87-5.95) 1.97 (0.74-5.30)
No 1 1
Counseled about PPFP
Yes 3.19 (1.98-5.15) 2.29 (1.27-5.71)*
No 1 1
Place of delivery
Health facility 4.49 (2.63-7.65) 2.14 (0.93-04.93)
Home 1
Discussed on PPMC with
husband
Yes 12.22 (6.94-21.53) 14.62 (6.52-32.75)*
No 1 1
Ethnicity
Himtana 1 1
Other* 2.30 (1.17-4.54) 1.10 (0.31-3.86)
Had knowledge on PPFP
Yes 3.29 (1.30-8.36) 1.00 (0.13-7.03)
No 1 1
Knew pregnancy could
happen within PPP
Yes 4.76 (2.91-7.80) 6.53 (3.2-14.12)*
No 1 1
*= Statistically significant at p [less than or equal to] 0.05.
 Printer friendly
 Cite/link
 Email
 Feedback
| |
| Title Annotation: | Research Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Tadesse, Samrawit Yonas; Emiru, Amanu Aragaw; Tafere, Tadese Ejigu; Asresie, Melash Belachew |
| Publication: | Advances in Public Health |
| Geographic Code: | 6ETHI |
| Date: | Dec 31, 2019 |
| Words: | 4993 |
| Previous Article: | Does Antenatal Care Translate into Skilled Birth Attendance? Analysis of 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. |
| Next Article: | Hygiene and Sanitation Practices and the Risk of Morbidity among Children 6-23 Months of Age in Kumbungu District, Ghana. |
| Topics: | |