Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru.
Flora vascular y conexiones fitogeograficas de las montanas Carabaya, PeruIntroduction
The high Andes are places of concern due to the foreseeable effects of climate change (Markham et al. 1993, Beniston 1994, Thompson et al. 2006, Conde & Saldana 2007, Pauli et al. 2003, 2007, Young 2014). In Peru, high Andean sites cover close to 16% of the total country area, and they are highly vulnerable to landscape changes that may affect its vegetation and components (Rodriguez & Young 2000, Young 2011). The urgency for the development of conservation strategies for sites and plant species is widely recognized; however, it faces challenges in relation to the dynamism and complexity of environmental changes and their interactions with human influences (Markham et al. 1993, Fort 2015, Kohler et al. 2014).
The Peruvian high Andes (above 3500 m) includes an interesting native vascular flora estimated to consist of more than 2000 plant species (see Jorgensen et al. 2011), of which nearly 32% of them are endemic to Peru. This region has recently seen an increase in taxonomical and ecological studies, accompanied by plant recording and exploration (e.g. Ballard and Iltis 2012, Al-Shehbaz et al. 2013, 2015a, 2015b, Gonzales et al. 2015, Gonzales & Cano 2016, Montesinos-Tubee et al. 2015, Linares et al. 2015, Ospina et al. 2016, Sylvester et al. 2016a, 2016b). The completion of the Bolivian catalog (Jorgensen et al. 2014) also provides needed data for a floristic comparison to understand plant richness in the Andes, and floristic connections. Here, we present a compilation of the vascular plant flora of a mountain range in southern Peru: the Carabaya Mountains. We asked how taxonomic richness of our study area compares to other parts of the Andes, particularly to neighboring sites in Peru, and northern Bolivia. The Carabaya is geographically linked to Bolivia through the Apolobamba Mountains, and so we asked if richness and composition at high elevations are similar. We also explore the potential implications of our findings for plant conservation based on the state of knowledge of the high Andean flora.
Material and methods
Study area.--The study area encompasses the high Andes between 4000-5300 m of the Carabaya Cordillera, along the eastern Andes in Puno, between 13050,-15[degrees]05' S and 69[degrees]58,-70[degrees]58' W, crossing the provinces of Carabaya, Sandia and San Antonio de Putina (Fig. 1). The Carabaya also includes the largest tropical glacier system: Quelccaya, an area that has contributed to our understanding of climate change (Thompson et al. 2003, 2006, 2013). The Carabaya Mountains extends into Bolivian territory, and in the Department of La Paz, the northeastern Andes are known as the Apolobamba Mountains (Argollo et al. 1987, Argollo & Iriondo 2008). We obtained field data from eight sites (Fig. 1).
In the Carabaya we recognize four vegetation formations: puna grasslands; rock vegetation dominated by chasmophytes; high Andean wetlands; river shores and lakes, and periglacial areas including cryoturbated soils and subnival pumices (Weberbauer 1945, Galan de Mera et al. 2014, Montesinos-Tubee et al. 2015a).
Collection and species identification.- We compiled all species names, habitats, and distribution information initially based on specimens collected by the authors for the study area. For each species from the Carabaya, we gathered information on collectors and collection number. However, for a small group of species that had only been recorded by photo or by authors' field notes, and lack a herbarium voucher, we cited other collections made in neighboring areas. All collections from the study area were identified using taxonomical keys and descriptions available from the botanical literature (Macbride 1936, Tovar 1993, and others). A few reported species were excluded, for example a photo of Stangea rhizantha did not match the species (Linares et al. 2012), and Valeriana globularis (Linares et al. 2012) was replaced by it's correct spelling, Valeriana globularioides Graebn.
We also compiled all records for eight floras at high elevations, three sites (Parinacochas, Juli and Tambo Ichuna) were located above 3100 m elevation on the Pacific Basin, and the remaining five sites (from north to south: Cordillera Blanca, Concepcion, Bofedales, Apacheta and Vilcanota) were located above 4000 m. Species considered as national endemics were recorded from Leon et al. (2007), Al-Shehbaz et al. (2013, 2015a, 2015b), Gonzales et al. (2015), Montesinos-Tubee et al. (2015b), and Gonzales and Cano (2016).
For the flora of the Department of La Paz in northern Bolivia, we downloaded the species records from the Bolivia Catalog database (http://www.tropicos.org/ProjectAdvSearch. aspx?projectid=13&langid=66).
Specimen data were also obtained from online sources of several institutions (e.g., Field Museum Neotropical specimens [http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/], the Tropicos[R] database of Missouri Botanical Garden [http://www.tropicos.org/], New York Botanical Garden digital herbarium [http://sciweb. nybg.org/Science2/vii2.asp]), the digital herbarium portion of Atrium [http://atrium.andesamazon.org/digital_herbarium. php], JSTOR [https://plants.jstor.org/). We also included or reviewed collections of the following herbaria B, BM, CUZ, F, G, GH, HUSA, HUT, K, LIL, LP, MO, MOL, NY, S, US and USM (Index Herbariorum). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016) classification system was used for the management of the angiosperm taxa.
Floristic comparison.- Our database of all taxa was compared with checklists of nine studies in the high Andes. These nine sites encompass about seven degrees of latitude (8[degrees]50' - 17[degrees]26' S), and represent both Pacific and Amazon basins. Within these sites there are a variety of habitats from open grasslands, rocky places, shrublands and wetlands. Four floras represent mostly wetlands and surrounding areas (Flores et al. 2005, Arteta et al. 2006, Roque & Ramirez 2008, Valencia et al. 2013), two floras represent sites located in periglacial areas with processes of cryoturbation (Cano et al. 2010, 2011), and four floras represent large or detailed surveys in the puna ecosystem (Tupayachi 2005, Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012, Jorgensen et al. 2014).
Results
We recorded over 10000 plant collections for all nine sites in the Peruvian Andes. This sampling effort still represents a low collection density index with a CDI (specimens/100 km2) of nearly 5. For southern Peru, and particulary for Puno (up to 4000 m), the largest plant collections were made by Augusto Weberbauer, Cesar Vargas, Hugh Weddell, Franz Meyen, Jaroslav Soukup, Francis Pennell, Werner Rauh, Wilibald Lechler, Alfredo Tupayachi, Oscar Tovar and Dora Stafford, all of them made during the 19 th and 20th centuries.
The highest elevations (above 4000 m) of the Carabaya Mountains harbors 506 species of vascular plants (pteridophytes, Gymnospems, Eudicots and Monocots) grouped in 203 genera and 66 families (Table 1; Fig. 2 and Appendix 1). Eudicots were the largest group (with 68.2% of the total registered), and including 69.5% of genera and 71.9% of all species; followed by Monocots with 16.7%, 22.7% and 23.7% respectively for all three main taxonomic categories. Ferns and lycophytes were scarcely represented with only nine families (13.6%), fifteen genera (7.4%) and twenty-one species (4.2%). For these elevations, we found only one species of gymnosperm (Ephedra rupestris).
Asteraceae was the most diverse family, with 38 genera and 110 species, followed by Poaceae (21/78), Caryophyllaceae (10/24), Fabaceae (6/23), Malvaceae (3/21), Brassicaceae (11/21), Caprifoliaceae (3/17), Gentianaceae (3/16), Plantaginaceae (4/13) and Cyperaceae (7/12). These ten families include 52% of all genera and 66% of all species registered for Carabaya. Asteraceae and Poaceae together account for 29.1% of the total genera and 37.2% of all species (Table 2). Another 10 families have six to ten species, containing 16.2% of the total taxa registered. Sixty-six percent of the remaining families include five or less number of species: 24 families have between two and five species, containing 13.2% of total taxa, while 22 families are represented by a single species.
The most diverse genera were Senecio (28 species), Calamagrostis (21), Poa (21), Nototriche (19), Gentianella (13), Valeriana (13), Werneria (10), Lupinus and Astragalus with nine species each, Festuca and Plantago with eight species each, Mniodes and Ranunculus with seven each; Geranium, Neobartsia, Oxalis, Perezia, Pycnophyllum, and Xenophyllum with six each; Cerastium, Hypochaeris, Sisyrinchium and Viola with five each (Table 3). The remaining, 62 genera (30.5%), include between two and four species, while 117 genera (57.6%) only have one species.
Perennial herbs are the dominant life form with 467 (92.3%) species, these include aquatics, palustrine and terrestrial forms. While woody life forms include 20 species (4%) of subshrubs, 15 (3%) shrubs, three (0.6%) cactus, and one tree (0.2%). (Appendix 1).
Comparison of Carabaya flora with nines sites, including northern Bolivia reveals that Asteraceae and Poaceae remain the most species-rich families. All sites, except Parinacochas, have most of its genera and species (over 50%) included in the same ten families identified in Table 4. Other sites representing specific habitats (periglacial areas, and wetlands), also have the same species-rich families as those found in Carabaya (see also Table 2). The richness of all eight sites of Carabaya is as high as those found in northern Bolivia and Moquegua in southwestern Peru.
Over 91 % of species recorded for Carabaya have an altitudinal range above 4000 m (Append. 1). Plant endemism in the Department of Puno reaches 185 species, and most species are found at the upper limits of our study area (Append. 1).
Discussion
The high Andes is an important biogeographical region, distributed as an archipelago along the mountain range. Its plant species richness is high compared to other mountain ranges, and where past geological changes has allowed expansion and contraction, which may explain current plant composition, diversity and endemism (Sklenar et al. 2013, Hughes & Atchison 2015). Most recent studies have shown the northern Andes, particularly the paramo, as a place of high plant species richness (Sklenar & Balslev 2005, 2007, Cuesta et al. 2017). Our data also demonstrates that other parts of the upper tropical central Andes are as important in terms of plant composition and diversity.
Over 50% of floristic records for the study area are new, particularly for the department of Puno (Brako & Zarucchi 1993, Ulloa Ulloa et al. 2004, Linares et al. 2012). For the flora at high elevations (>4000 m) of Puno, our results have tripled (20 more species) the known number of endemic species. It is worth noting that this department has the highest percentage of rarity (65%) compared to other departments (Leon et al. 2007). The value of the CDI is lower than the national value of 34 recorded almost 30 years ago (see Toledo & Sosa 1993), and it demonstrates the need for further botanizing. This need is further complicated by pressures of global changes, creating important challenges for plant conservation (Young 2014).
The flora of the Carabaya, at the family level, includes two families (Asteraceae and Poaceae) that contribute significantly to its composition with over a third of species. The predominance of both families is a common pattern in the High Andean flora (Gentry 1993, Cuesta et al. 2017), where these two families can include 30 to 60% of all species in an area (Table 4). In addition, this trend of family oligarchy extends in our study to 18 other families, among them Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae and Malvaceae, which has been shown to be species rich throughout the Puna (Cuesta et al. 2017). Most families, however, are species poor, and they usually represent taxa that originated in temperate areas. Probable explanations of species richness of those few families may include geological history, altitudinal range and different evolutionary paths of mountain ranges within the Andes.
A total of 506 species of vascular plants growing above 4000 m in the Carabaya shows that our floristic results are consistent with those found for other equivalent areas in the tropical high Andes. Species richness in our study area is like those found for Peru's jalca (Sanchez 1996). For the Andean highlands of northern Bolivia (Department of La Paz) reported by Jorgensen (2014), total species (737) number is larger than for our study area, which can be explained by representing a flora of a bigger area with more extensive botanizing.
As proposed by Sklenar et al. (2013), floristic similarities in the Andes are higher in areas of geographical proximity. The undoubted geophysical connection of the Carabaya and the Bolivian Apolobamba Mountains, may suggest a close floristic relationship with Bolivia's high Andean flora. We found nearly half of all vascular plants (262 species) registered for the Carabaya Mountain also occur in the Andean region of Bolivia. At the family level, eight families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Cyperaceae and Apiaceae are part of the most diverse families in both study areas (Tabla 4). However, there are thirteen families (Araceae, Araliaceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Calyceraceae, Ericaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Frankeniaceae, Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae, Ruppiaceae, Schoepfiaceae and Selaginellaceae) that have not yet been collected in the Carabaya. While another four families (Asparagaceae, Escalloniaceae, Convolvulaceae and Berberidaceae) have not yet been recorded for the Bolivian flora at similar altitudes
There are also 35 genera and 244 species in Carabaya not registered for Bolivia, the largest of these differences are present in genera such as Senecio (with 15 species), Nototriche (13), Valeriana, Calamagrostis and Gentianella (with 9 species each), Poa (7), Xenophyllum (6), Lupinus, Neobartsia and Pycnophyllum (with 5 species each). Most of these species (186) are endemic to Peru, and they occupy the highest part of the study area.
A comparison with the species composition of Cordillera Vilcanota, located to the north of our study area, reveals that 46% of the species registered there have not yet been found in Carabaya. Studies in Vilconata have emphasized areas covered by Polylepis forest that were not included for Carabaya. Still, excluding those species of Polylepis forests, a third of species of the flora of Vilcanota have not been recorded in Carabaya.
At a more local scale, we found that Carabaya has similar number of taxa as those reported for an upper basin in Moquegua (Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012; Table 4) on the Pacific Basin. Seven plant families: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Plantaginaceae are part of the most diverse families in both study areas (Tabla 4). Two families Asteraceae and Poaceae have also equal representation for both sites, with 22%, and 15% for Carabaya, and 25% and 9% for Tambo-Ichuna respectively. However, some differences at the family level are present due to the altitudinal extent of our study (4000-5300 m) vs. those of Montesinos-Tubee (3400-4850 m). For example Cyperaceae and Caprifoliaceae are among the top ten most diverse families in the Carabaya, while Solanaceae and Cactaceae are for Moquegua (Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012). These differences may also reflect floristic differences between western and southern ranges.
The top ten most diverse families have also been reported by Cano et al. (2010, 2011) for periglacial sites with cryoturbated soils in Ancash (Cordillera Blanca) and Ayacucho-Huancavelica (Apacheta), reaching 79 and 87% respectively (Table 4). However, these families decrease their diversity at lower elevation (Flores et al. 2005, Arteta et al. 2006, Roque & Ramirez 2008), or when the richness is restricted to specific vegetation formations such as wetlands (Ruthsatz 2012, Valencia et al. 2013).
For the flora of Carabaya, the most abundant genera in terms of species richness were Senecio, Calamagrostis, Nototriche and Poa; this taxonomic composition towards a few highly diverse genera has been explained due to the high degree of a recent local speciation driven by geographic isolation between high alpine 'continental islands' or complexes (Sklenar & Balslev 2005, Sklenar et al. 2013). In addition, these same genera are the most abundant in terms of vegetation cover (Cuesta et al. 2017).
A perennial life form is obviously the dominant plant type in the high Andes. This life form includes most species in plant lineages with rapid diversification and radiation in the Andes, such as Lupinus, Nototriche, Pycnophyllum, Senecio and others. Hughes and Atchison (2015) suggest "that perenniality could have played a general role as a key adaptation, enabling lineages to take advantage of ecological opportunities associated with the recent availability of alpine habitats to rapidly diversify" as was observed in Lupinus (Drummond et al. 2012). In this study, half of the Carabaya flora has longer life cycles as "Perennials" represented by herbaceous forms. However, a more detailed exam might allow recognition of other types such as rosettes, mats, and cushions.
Because of the availability of data from local, regional and country floras further comparisons are now feasible. The similarities in floristic composition and richness confirm the importance of the tropical Andes as global hotspot of plant diversity. Differences in flora sizes, especially between Carabaya and its closest neighboring sites, demonstrate the need of extending botanical exploration in Peru, and for the detailed recording in different types of habitats. Plant collections are still needed in many areas to fully understand the patterns of species diversity, and characteristics of their populations. As it can be found in the results of this study, several species have not been found since their discovery (e.g., Alsine rupestris Muschl., Nototriche cupuliforme Krapov. and Nototriche erinacea A.W. Hill). The high number of species (>91%) with its lower limits above 4000 m underscores the importance of the high Andes for conservation. This is even more important today in the Peruvian high Andes, where climatic conditions and human induced changes play an important role for impacting them (see Young 2014). Threats originate directly by overlapping competing human activities such as mining, fire, agriculture, landslides, erosion and other land uses. In addition, climate change associated to these anthropic influences are leading to the fragmentation of habitats and therefore, the loss of species survival and diversity, and possible mountaintop extinctions. Finally, it should be mentioned that many taxonomic studies are still pending to fully understand the biodiversity of the fascinating Andean highlands.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15381/rpb.v25i3.15228
Acknowledgements
We thank Daniel Montesinos for providing valuable comments on the manuscript. We also thank Kenneth R. Young for his comments and critical review of this manuscript. Curators of all the herbaria cited are thanked for making available their plant collections. We also acknowledge all the people who made the botanical collections in the studied region.
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Appendix 1. Checklist of vascular flora of the Cordillera Carabaya, indicating growth form (F) (h: herb, s: subshrub, a: shrub, ab: tree, c: cactoide), endemic species (E) (x: reported in Leon et al. (2007); x* no collections in other countries but not pre-viously reported as endemic to Peru), Elev.: elevational record of these collection(s); Voucher: PG (Paul Gonzales), FP (Francis Pennell), JS (Jaroslav Soukup), CV (Cesar Vargas), OT (Oscar Tovar), AW (Augusto Weberbauer), MW (Maximilian Weigend), f!: not registered herbarium specimen, known only as photograph from study area; [ ]: collections within brackets come from neighboring areas. family Species F E Pteridophytes Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. h -- Asplenium monanthes L. h -- Asplenium triphyllum C. h -- Presl Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii h -- (Fee) T. Moore Polystichum cochleatum h -- (Klotzsch) Hieron. Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. h Isoetes lechleri Mett. h Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus h -- (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) B. Ollg. Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum h -- crotalophoroides Walter Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon h -- (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee Campyloneurum asplundii h -- (C. Chr.) Ching Melpomene peruviana h -- (Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. h -- Chr.) A.R. Sm. Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea h -- (Poir.) Windham Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. h -- Cheilanthes pruinata h -- Kaulf. Cheilanthes scariosa h -- (Sw.) C. Presl Pellaea ovata (Desv.) h -- Weath. Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. h -- Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis h -- (L.) Bernh. Woodsia montevidensis h -- (Spreng.) Hieron. Gymnospems Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. s -- Monocots Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea h -- Herb. Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) h -- Beauverd Bomarea involucrosa h -- (Herb.) Baker Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum h -- (Sims) P. Beauv. Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) h -- Speta Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van h -- Heurck & Mull. Arg. Carex bonplandii Kunth h -- Carex brachycalama h -- Griseb. Carex pichinchensis Kunth h -- Cyperus andinus Palla ex h -- Kuk. Eleocharis albibracteata h -- Nees & Meyen ex Kunth Oreobolus venezuelensis h -- Steyerm. Phylloscirpus acaulis h -- (Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A. Simpson Phylloscirpus deserticola h -- (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Trichophorum rigidum h -- (Boeckeler) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A. Simpson Zameioscirpus atacamensis h -- (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Zameioscirpus muticus h -- Dhooge & Goetgh. Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton h -- (Bertero) Espinosa Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii h x* R.C. Foster Olsynium acaule (Klatt) h -- Goldblatt Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. h -- ex C. Presl) Goldblatt Sisyrinchium brevipes h -- Baker Sisyrinchium h -- caespitificum Kraenzl. Sisyrinchium chilense h -- Hook. Sisyrinchium palustre h -- Diels Sisyrinchium porphyreum h -- Kraenzl. Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees h -- & Meyen Juncus arcticus Willd. h -- Juncus bufonius L. h -- Juncus ebracteatus E. h -- Mey. Juncus stipulatus Nees & h -- Meyen Luzula ecuadoriensis h -- Balslev Luzula racemosa Desv. h -- Oxychloe andina Phil. h -- Patosia clandestina h -- (Phil.) Buchenau Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) h -- Hauman Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames h -- Myrosmodes chiogena h -- (Schltr.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes gymnandra h -- (Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes paludosa h -- (Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz Poaceae Aciachne acicularis h -- Loegaard Aciachne pulvinata Benth. h -- Aegopogon cenchroides h -- Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Agrostis breviculmis h -- Hitchc. Agrostis tolucensis Kunth h -- Alopecurus hitchcockii h -- Parodi Anatherostipa hans-meyeri h -- (Pilg.) Penail. Anatherostipa obtusa h -- (Nees & Meyen) Penail. Avena sativa L. h -- Bromus catharticus Vahl h -- Bromus lanatus Kunth h -- Bromus pitensis Kunth h -- Bromus villosissimus h -- Hitchc. Calamagrostis antoniana h -- (Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen Calamagrostis h -- breviaristata (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis brevifolia h -- (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis chrysantha h -- (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis eminens h -- (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis h -- heterophylla (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis intermedia h -- (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis jamesonii h -- Steud. Calamagrostis macrophylla h -- (Pilg.) Pilg. Calamagrostis minima h -- (Pilg.) Tovar Calamagrostis nitidula h -- Pilg. Calamagrostis ovata h -- (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis recta h -- (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rigescens h -- (J. Presl) Scribn. Calamagrostis rigida h -- (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rupestris h -- Trin. Calamagrostis setiflora h -- (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis spiciformis h -- Hack. Calamagrostis tarmensis h -- Pilg. Calamagrostis h -- trichophylla Pilg. Calamagrostis vicunarum h -- (Wedd.) Pilg. Dielsiochloa floribunda h -- (Pilg.) Pilg. Festuca breviaristata h -- Pilg. Festuca divergens Tovar h x* Festuca dolichophylla h -- J. Presl Festuca humilior Nees & h -- Meyen Festuca lasiorrhachis h -- Pilg. Festuca orthophylla Pilg. h -- Festuca rigescens h -- (J. Presl) Kunth Festuca setifolia Steud. h x* ex Griseb. Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar h x* Hordeum muticum J. Presl h -- Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. h -- Muhlenbergia angustata h -- (J. Presl) Kunth Muhlenbergia ligularis h -- (Hack.) Hitchc. Muhlenbergia peruviana h -- (P. Beauv.) Steud. Nassella brachyphylla h -- (Hitchc.) Barkworth Nassella inconspicua h -- (J. Presl) Barkworth Nassella pubiflora h -- (Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv. Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. h -- Pennisetum clandestinum h -- Hochst. ex Chiov. Piptochaetium panicoides h -- (Lam.) E. Desv. Poa aequigluma Tovar h -- Poa annua L. h -- Poa apiculata Refulio h -- Poa ayacuchensis Tovar h -- Poa calycina (J. Presl) h -- Kunth Poa dentigluma Tovar h -- Poa gilgiana Pilg. h -- Poa glaberrima Tovar h -- Poa gymnantha Pilg. h -- Poa horridula Pilg. h -- Poa humillima Pilg. h -- Poa lepidula (Nees & h -- Meyen) Soreng & L.J. Gillespie Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. h -- Krause) Refulio Poa marshallii Tovar h -- Poa perligulata Pilg. h -- Poa peruviana Jacq. h -- Poa pseudoaequigluma h -- Tovar Poa serpaiana Refulio h -- Poa spicigera Tovar h -- Polypogon interruptus h -- Kunth Trisetum spicatum (L.) h -- K. Richt. Vulpia dertonensis h -- (All.) Gola Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. h -- Gmel. Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis h -- (A. Galan) A. Galan Stuckenia pectinata (L.) h -- Borner Eudicots Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. h -- Apiaceae Azorella biloba h -- (Schltdl.) Wedd. Azorella diapensioides h -- A. Gray Azorella multifida (Ruiz h -- & Pav.) Pers. Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & h -- Pav. Bowlesia tropaeolifolia h -- Gillies & Hook. Chaerophyllum andicola h -- (Kunth) K.F. Chung Daucus montanus Humb. & h -- Bonpl. ex Spreng. Lilaeopsis macloviana h -- (Gand.) A.W. Hill Niphogeton scabra h -- (H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr. Apocynaceae Philibertia s -- lysimachioides (Wedd.) T. Mey. Asteraceae Achyrocline alata h -- (Kunth) DC. Achyrocline ramosissima h -- Britton ex Rusby Ageratina glechonophylla s -- (Less.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Aldama helianthoides h -- (Rich.) E.E. Schill. & Panero Baccharis caespitosa s -- (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Baccharis genistelloides s -- (Lam.) Pers. Baccharis tola Phil. a -- Baccharis tricuneata a -- (L. f.) Pers. Bidens andicola Kunth h -- Chersodoma antennaria h -- (Wedd.) Cabrera Chersodoma jodopappa s -- (Sch. Bip.) Cabrera Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. s -- Gmel. Conyza artemisioides h -- Meyen & Walp. Conyza bonariensis (L.) h -- Cronquist Conyza coronopifolia h -- Kunth Conyza deserticola Phil. h -- Cotula mexicana (DC.) h -- Cabrera Cuatrecasasiella isernii h -- (Cuatrec.) H. Rob. Diplostephium carabayense s x Wedd. Erigeron lanceolatus h -- Wedd. Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. h -- Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) h -- Sch. Bip. Galinsoga mandonii Sch. h -- Bip. ex Baker Gamochaeta americana h -- (Mill.) Wedd. Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. h -- Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) h -- Cabrera Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. h -- Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen h -- & Walp. Gnaphalium polium Wedd. h -- Hieracium leptocephalium h -- Benth. Hieracium neoherrerae h -- Zahn Hypochaeris chillensis h -- (Kunth) Britton Hypochaeris echegarayi h -- Hieron. Hypochaeris meyeniana h -- (Walp.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Griseb. Hypochaeris sessiliflora h -- Kunth Hypochaeris taraxacoides h -- Ball Jalcophila ecuadorensis h -- M.O. Dillon & Sagast. Laennecia gnaphalioides h -- (Kunth) Cass. Leucheria daucifolia h -- (D. Don) Crisci Misbrookea strigosissima h -- (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Mniodes aretioides s -- (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) h -- S. E. Freire Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) h -- S. E. Freire Mniodes longifolia h -- (Cuatrec. & Aristeg.) S. E. Freire Mniodes piptolepis h -- (Wedd.) S. E. Freire Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) h -- S. E. Freire Mniodes subspicata h -- (Wedd.) S.E. Freire Noticastrum marginatum h -- (Kunth) Cuatrec. Novenia acaulis (Benth. & h -- Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.) S.E. Freire & F.H. Hellw. Oriastrum stuebelii h -- (Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies Oritrophium hieracioides h -- (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Oritrophium limnophilum h -- (Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec. Paranephelius ovatus A. h -- Gray ex Wedd. Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) h -- Reiche Perezia coerulescens h - Wedd. Perezia multiflora h -- (Bonpl.) Less. Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) h -- Less. Perezia pygmaea Wedd. h -- Perezia sublyrata Domke h -- Senecio adenophylloides a -- Sch. Bip. Senecio adenophyllus a -- Meyen & Walp. Senecio algens Wedd. h -- Senecio breviscapus DC. h -- Senecio candollei Wedd. h -- Senecio canescens h -- (Bonpl.) Cuatrec. Senecio canoi P. h x Gonzales, Montesinos & Ed. Navarro Senecio chavanilloensis h -- Cuatrec. Senecio collinus DC. a x Senecio condimentarius h -- Cabrera Senecio evacoides Sch. h -- Bip. Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera s x Senecio gamolepis Cabrera s -- Senecio humillimus Sch. s -- Bip. Senecio hyoseridifolius h -- Wedd. Senecio jarae Phil. h -- Senecio macrorrhizus h x Wedd. Senecio modestus Wedd. h -- Senecio moqueguensis h x Montesinos Senecio nivalis (Kunth) h -- Cuatrec. Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. a -- Senecio pinnatilobatus a -- Sch. Bip. Senecio rhizomatus Rusby h -- Senecio rudbeckiifolius a -- Meyen & Walp. Senecio rufescens DC. a -- Senecio serratifolius h -- (Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec. Senecio tassaensis h x Montesinos Senecio Vulgaris L. h -- Soliva neglecta Cabrera h -- Sonchus asper (L.) Hill h -- Stevia macbridei B.L. h -- Rob. Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. h -- Stuckertiella capitata h -- (Wedd.) Beauverd Tagetes multiflora Kunth h -- Taraxacum fernandezianum h -- Dahlst. ex Skottsb. Werneria apiculata Sch. h -- Bip. Werneria glaberrima Phil. h -- Werneria heteroloba Wedd. h -- Werneria nubigena Kunth h -- Werneria obtusiloba S.F. h -- Blake Werneria orbignyana Wedd. h -- Werneria pectinata h -- Lingelsh. Werneria pumila Kunth h -- Werneria pygmaea Gillies h -- ex Hook. & Arn. Werneria solivifolia Sch. h -- Bip. Xenophyllum ciliolatum h -- (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum s -- dactylophyllum (Sch. Bip.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum digitatum h -- (Wedd.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum marcidum h -- (S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum s -- pseudodigitatum (Rockh.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum staffordiae s x (Sandwith) V.A. Funk Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. h -- Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis a -- Lechl. Berberis carinata Lechl. a -- Berberis rectinervia a -- Rusby Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz h -- & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Phacelia secunda J.F. h -- Gmel. Plagiobothrys humilis h -- (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. h -- campestris (L.) Clapham Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg h -- & Muschl. Brayopsis monimocalyx h -- O.E. Schulz Capsella bursa-pastoris h -- (L.) Medik. Cardamine bonariensis h -- Pers. Descurainia athrocarpa h -- (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Descurainia myriophylla h -- (Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr. Draba brackenridgei A. h -- Gray Draba cuzcoensis O.E. h -- Schulz Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz h -- Draba punoensis Al- h x Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H. Trinidad & A. Cano Englerocharis blanca- h x leoniae A-Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Englerocharis peruviana h -- Muschl. Lepidium bipinnatifidum h -- Desv. Lepidium chichicara Desv. h -- Lepidium meyenii Walp. h -- Mancoa hispida Wedd. h -- Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) h -- J.F. Macbr. Weberbauera insisa A- h -- Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Weberbauera peruviana h -- (DC.) Al-Shehbaz Weberbauera spathulifolia h -- (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- c -- floccosa (Salm-Dyck) F. Ritter Austrocylindropuntia c -- lagopus (K. Schum.) I. Crook, J. Arnold & M. Lowry c -- Echinopsis maximiliana c -- Heyder ex A. Dietr. Calceolariaceae Calceolaria h -- plectranthifolia Walp. Calceolaria scapiflora h -- (Ruiz & Pav.) Benth. Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis h -- (Kunth) C. Presl Lysipomia acaulis Kunth h -- Lysipomia glandulifera h -- (Schltdl. ex Wedd.) Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm. Lysipomia laciniata A. h -- DC. Lysipomia sphagnophila h -- Griseb. ex Wedd. Wahlenbergia peruviana h -- A. Gray Wahlenbergia urcosensis h x E. Wimm. Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus h -- (Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale Stangea paulae Graebn. h x Stangea rhizantha h x (A. Gray) Killip Stangea wandae Graebn. h -- Valeriana andina Britton h -- Valeriana baltana Graebn. h x Valeriana cephalantha h x Schltdl. Valeriana coarctata Ruiz h -- & Pav. Valeriana globularioides h -- Graebn. Valeriana herrerae Killip h x Valeriana johannae h x Weberl. Valeriana micropterina h -- Wedd. Valeriana niphobia Briq. h -- Valeriana nivalis Wedd. h -- Valeriana pennellii h -- Killip Valeriana plectritoides h x Graebn. Valeriana pycnantha A. h -- Gray Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. h x Arenaria digyna Willd. h -- ex D.F.K. Schltdl. Arenaria lanuginosa h -- (Michx.) Rohrb. Cardionema ramosissimum h -- (Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. Cerastium danguyi h -- J.F. Macbr. Cerastium glomeratum h -- Thuill. Cerastium mucronatum h -- Wedd. Cerastium peruvianum h -- Muschl. Cerastium subspicatum h -- Wedd. Drymaria divaricata var. h -- stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke Paronychia andina A. Gray h -- Paronychia mandoniana h -- Rohrb. Pycnophyllum h x aschersonianum Muschl. Pycnophyllum bryoides h -- (Phil.) Rohrb. Pycnophyllum glomeratum h -- Mattf. Pycnophyllum lechlerianum h x Rohrb. Pycnophyllum molle Remy h -- Pycnophyllum weberbaueri h -- Muschl. Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) h -- Bocquet Silene thysanodes Fenzl h -- Spergularia fasciculata h -- Phil. Stellaria cuspidata h -- D.F.K. Schltdl. Stellaria media (L.) h -- Vill. Stellaria weddellii h -- Pedersen Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx h -- (Hallier f.) Fabris Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) h -- Reiche Crassula connata h -- (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr h -- Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides a -- L. f. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana h -- (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii s -- Griseb. Astragalus arequipensis h -- Vogel Astragalus dielsii J.F. h -- Macbr. Astragalus dillinghamii h x J.F. Macbr. Astragalus diminutivus h -- (Phil.) Gomez-Sosa Astragalus garbancillo h -- Cav. Astragalus minimus Vogel h -- Astragalus pilgeri J.F. h -- Macbr. Astragalus uniflorus DC. h -- Astragalus weddellianus h -- (Kuntze) I.M. Johnst. Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. h -- Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. h -- Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. h -- Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. h -- Lupinus gibertianus C.P. h -- Sm. Lupinus microphyllus h -- Desr. Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. h -- Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. h -- Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. h -- Sm. Medicago polymorpha L. h -- Trifolium amabile Kunth h -- Trifolium repens L. h -- Vicia graminea Sm. h -- Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth h -- Gentianella armerioides h -- (Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella bridgesii h -- (Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu Gentianella h x campanuliformis (Reimers) Fabris Gentianella centamalensis h x (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella dolichopoda h x (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella lobelioides h x (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella persquarrosa h x (Reimers) J.S. Pringle Gentianella potamophila h x (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella primuloides h -- (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella punicea h -- (Wedd.) Holub Gentianella sandiensis h -- (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatiflora h x (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatina h -- (Gilg) Zarucchi Halenia caespitosa Gilg h -- Halenia umbellata h -- (Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) h -- L'Her. ex Aiton Erodium moschatum (L.) h -- L'Her. ex Aiton Geranium core-core Steud. h -- Geranium crassipes Hook. h -- ex A. Gray Geranium dielsianum R. h -- Knuth Geranium fallax Steud. h -- Geranium sessiliflorum h -- Cav. Geranium weddellii Briq. h -- Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. a -- Ribes brachybotrys a -- (Wedd.) Jancz. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense h -- Kunth Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides h -- Juss. Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. h -- Lamium amplexicaule L. h -- Lepechinia meyenii h -- (Walp.) Epling Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) h -- Briq. Loasaceae Caiophora contorta h -- (Desr.) C. Presl Caiophora horrida h -- (Britton) Urb. & Gilg Caiophora rosulata h -- (Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii h -- Krapov. Nototriche anthemidifolia h -- (J. Remy) A.W. Hill Nototriche armeriifolia h x A.W. Hill Nototriche azorella A.W. h x* Hill Nototriche carabayensis h x P. Gonzales, M. Chanco & Ed. Navarro Nototriche condensata h -- (Baker f.) A.W. Hill Nototriche congesta A.W. h x* Hill Nototriche cupuliforme h x Krapov. Nototriche digitulifolia h x A.W. Hill Nototriche erinacea Hill h x ex Burtt Nototriche flabellata h -- (Wedd.) A.W. Hill Nototriche longirostris h -- (Wedd.) A.W. Hill Nototriche longituba h x Burtt & Hill Nototriche obcuneata h -- (Baker f.) A.W. Hill Nototriche h -- pediculariifolia (Meyen) A.W. Hill Nototriche pellicea h x A.W. Hill Nototriche purpurascens h -- A.W. Hill Nototriche sepaliloba h x* Hochr. Nototriche staffordiae h x Burtt & Hill Nototriche sulphurea h -- A.W. Hill Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) h -- Krapov. Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth h -- Montia fontana L. h -- Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum h -- Ruiz & Pav. Oenothera multicaulis h -- Ruiz & Pav. Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides h -- (Hook.) Edwin Neobartsia diffusa h -- (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia elongata h -- (Wedd.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia fiebrigii h -- (Diels) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia inaequalis h -- (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia pedicularoides h -- (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Castilleja pumila h -- (Benth.) Wedd. Castilleja virgatoides h -- Edwin Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. h -- Knuth Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth h -- Oxalis nubigena Walp. h -- Oxalis oreocharis Diels h -- Oxalis pinguiculacea R. h -- Knuth Oxalis tuberosa Molina h -- Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth h -- Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana h -- Dahlst. Peperomia verruculosa h -- Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda h -- Engelm. ex Hegelm. Callitriche nubigena h -- Fassett Ourisia biflora Wedd. h -- Ourisia muscosa Wedd. h -- Plantago australis Lam. h -- Plantago lamprophylla h -- Pilg. Plantago linearis Kunth h -- Plantago nubicola h -- (Decne.) Rahn Plantago orbignyana h -- Steinh. ex Decne. Plantago rigida Kunth h -- Plantago sericea Ruiz & h -- Pav. Plantago tubulosa Decne. h -- Veronica serpyllifolia L. h -- Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & h -- Pav. Phlox gracilis (Douglas h -- ex Hook.) Greene Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica h -- (Benth.) Endl. Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. h -- Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) h -- Tamura Oreithales integrifolia h -- (DC.) Schltdl. Ranunculus breviscapus h -- DC. Ranunculus filamentosus h -- Wedd. Ranunculus flagellifolius h -- Nakai Ranunculus limoselloides h -- Turcz. Ranunculus praemorsus h -- Kunth ex DC. Ranunculus trichophyllus h -- Chaix ex Vill. Ranunculus uniflorus h -- Phil. ex Reiche Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. h -- Lachemilla barbata h -- (C. Presl) Rothm. Lachemilla diplophylla h -- (Diels) Rothm. Lachemilla frigida h -- (Wedd.) Rothm. Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz h -- & Pav.) Rothm. Lachemilla sandiensis h x Rothm. Lachemilla vulcanica h -- (Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb. Polylepis besseri Hieron. ab -- Tetraglochin cristatum s -- (Britton) Rothm. Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. h -- Galium corymbosum Ruiz & h -- Pav. Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica h -- Poir. Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. h -- Ives Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal h -- Nicotiana undulata Ruiz h -- & Pav. Salpichroa amoena Benoist s -- Salpichroa glandulosa s -- (Hook.) Miers Salpichroa lehmannii s -- Dammer Solanum acaule Bitter h -- Solanum grandidentatum h -- Phil. Solanum weddellii Phil. h -- Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. h -- Urtica flabellata Kunth h -- Urtica urens L. h -- Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth h -- Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales h x Viola ferreyrae P. h x Gonzales Viola micranthella Wedd. h -- Viola pusillima Wedd. h -- Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex h -- Poir. family Species Elev. Pteridophytes Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. >4000 Asplenium monanthes L. >4000 Asplenium triphyllum C. 4499 Presl Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii >4000 (Fee) T. Moore Polystichum cochleatum >4000 (Klotzsch) Hieron. Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. >4000 Isoetes lechleri Mett. >4000 Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus >4000 (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) B. Ollg. Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum >4000 crotalophoroides Walter Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon >4000 (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee Campyloneurum asplundii >4000 (C. Chr.) Ching Melpomene peruviana >4000 (Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. 3935 Chr.) A.R. Sm. Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea >4000 (Poir.) Windham Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. >4000 Cheilanthes pruinata >4000 Kaulf. Cheilanthes scariosa >4000 (Sw.) C. Presl Pellaea ovata (Desv.) >4000 Weath. Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. >4000 Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis >4000 (L.) Bernh. Woodsia montevidensis >4000 (Spreng.) Hieron. Gymnospems Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. >4000 Monocots Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea 3500-4400 Herb. Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) 4499 Beauverd Bomarea involucrosa >4000 (Herb.) Baker Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum 3800 (Sims) P. Beauv. Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) 4000 Speta Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van >4000 Heurck & Mull. Arg. Carex bonplandii Kunth >4000 Carex brachycalama 4499 Griseb. Carex pichinchensis Kunth >4000 Cyperus andinus Palla ex >4000 Kuk. Eleocharis albibracteata 4381 Nees & Meyen ex Kunth Oreobolus venezuelensis >4000 Steyerm. Phylloscirpus acaulis >4000 (Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A. Simpson Phylloscirpus deserticola >4000 (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Trichophorum rigidum >4000 (Boeckeler) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A. Simpson Zameioscirpus atacamensis >4000 (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Zameioscirpus muticus 4285 Dhooge & Goetgh. Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton >4000 (Bertero) Espinosa Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii 4399 R.C. Foster Olsynium acaule (Klatt) 4301 Goldblatt Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. >4000 ex C. Presl) Goldblatt Sisyrinchium brevipes >4000 Baker Sisyrinchium >4000 caespitificum Kraenzl. Sisyrinchium chilense >4000 Hook. Sisyrinchium palustre >4000 Diels Sisyrinchium porphyreum 4301 Kraenzl. Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees >4000 & Meyen Juncus arcticus Willd. >4000 Juncus bufonius L. >4000 Juncus ebracteatus E. >4000 Mey. Juncus stipulatus Nees & 4381 Meyen Luzula ecuadoriensis 4335 Balslev Luzula racemosa Desv. >4000 Oxychloe andina Phil. 4700 Patosia clandestina 4424 (Phil.) Buchenau Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) >4000 Hauman Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames 4100 Myrosmodes chiogena 4897 (Schltr.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes gymnandra 4458 (Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes paludosa 4285-4897 (Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz Poaceae Aciachne acicularis >4000 Loegaard Aciachne pulvinata Benth. 3250-3630 Aegopogon cenchroides >4000 Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Agrostis breviculmis 3790-4600 Hitchc. Agrostis tolucensis Kunth >4000 Alopecurus hitchcockii >4000 Parodi Anatherostipa hans-meyeri --3940-4335 (Pilg.) Penail. Anatherostipa obtusa >4000 (Nees & Meyen) Penail. Avena sativa L. >4000 Bromus catharticus Vahl >4000 Bromus lanatus Kunth >4000 Bromus pitensis Kunth >4000 Bromus villosissimus >4000 Hitchc. Calamagrostis antoniana 4600 (Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen Calamagrostis 4897 breviaristata (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis brevifolia >4000 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis chrysantha >4000 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis eminens >4000 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis 3790 heterophylla (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis intermedia 3550 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis jamesonii >4000 Steud. Calamagrostis macrophylla >4000 (Pilg.) Pilg. Calamagrostis minima >4000 (Pilg.) Tovar Calamagrostis nitidula 4400 Pilg. Calamagrostis ovata >4000 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis recta 3470 (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rigescens >4000 (J. Presl) Scribn. Calamagrostis rigida >4000 (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rupestris 4400 Trin. Calamagrostis setiflora >4000 (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis spiciformis 3300 Hack. Calamagrostis tarmensis 4288-3470 Pilg. Calamagrostis >4000 trichophylla Pilg. Calamagrostis vicunarum 4381 (Wedd.) Pilg. Dielsiochloa floribunda >4000 (Pilg.) Pilg. Festuca breviaristata >4000 Pilg. Festuca divergens Tovar 4559 Festuca dolichophylla >4000 J. Presl Festuca humilior Nees & >4000 Meyen Festuca lasiorrhachis >4000 Pilg. Festuca orthophylla Pilg. >4000 Festuca rigescens 4897 (J. Presl) Kunth Festuca setifolia Steud. 3500-4700 ex Griseb. Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar >4000 Hordeum muticum J. Presl >4000 Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. >4000 Muhlenbergia angustata >4000 (J. Presl) Kunth Muhlenbergia ligularis 3790 (Hack.) Hitchc. Muhlenbergia peruviana 4100 (P. Beauv.) Steud. Nassella brachyphylla >4000 (Hitchc.) Barkworth Nassella inconspicua >4000 (J. Presl) Barkworth Nassella pubiflora >4000 (Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv. Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. 3630 Pennisetum clandestinum >4000 Hochst. ex Chiov. Piptochaetium panicoides 4285 (Lam.) E. Desv. Poa aequigluma Tovar >4000 Poa annua L. 2790 Poa apiculata Refulio 4999 Poa ayacuchensis Tovar 4335 Poa calycina (J. Presl) >4000 Kunth Poa dentigluma Tovar >4000 Poa gilgiana Pilg. >4000 Poa glaberrima Tovar 4288 Poa gymnantha Pilg. >4000 Poa horridula Pilg. >4000 Poa humillima Pilg. >4000 Poa lepidula (Nees & 4600-5300 Meyen) Soreng & L.J. Gillespie Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. 4381 Krause) Refulio Poa marshallii Tovar >4000 Poa perligulata Pilg. >4000 Poa peruviana Jacq. >4000 Poa pseudoaequigluma >4000 Tovar Poa serpaiana Refulio 4381 Poa spicigera Tovar >4000 Polypogon interruptus >4000 Kunth Trisetum spicatum (L.) 4285 K. Richt. Vulpia dertonensis >4000 (All.) Gola Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. 3690 Gmel. Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis >4000 (A. Galan) A. Galan Stuckenia pectinata (L.) 4360 Borner Eudicots Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. 4360 Apiaceae Azorella biloba 4150-4399 (Schltdl.) Wedd. Azorella diapensioides >4000 A. Gray Azorella multifida (Ruiz 4300 & Pav.) Pers. Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & 3935 Pav. Bowlesia tropaeolifolia 3900 Gillies & Hook. Chaerophyllum andicola 4300 (Kunth) K.F. Chung Daucus montanus Humb. & >4000 Bonpl. ex Spreng. Lilaeopsis macloviana >4000 (Gand.) A.W. Hill Niphogeton scabra >4000 (H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr. Apocynaceae Philibertia >4000 lysimachioides (Wedd.) T. Mey. Asteraceae Achyrocline alata >4000 (Kunth) DC. Achyrocline ramosissima >4000 Britton ex Rusby Ageratina glechonophylla >4000 (Less.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Aldama helianthoides 3935 (Rich.) E.E. Schill. & Panero Baccharis caespitosa 4000-5300 (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Baccharis genistelloides >4000 (Lam.) Pers. Baccharis tola Phil. >4000 Baccharis tricuneata >4000 (L. f.) Pers. Bidens andicola Kunth >4000 Chersodoma antennaria 4522 (Wedd.) Cabrera Chersodoma jodopappa >4000 (Sch. Bip.) Cabrera Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. >4000 Gmel. Conyza artemisioides >4000 Meyen & Walp. Conyza bonariensis (L.) >4000 Cronquist Conyza coronopifolia 3935 Kunth Conyza deserticola Phil. ---3935 Cotula mexicana (DC.) >4000 Cabrera Cuatrecasasiella isernii >4000 (Cuatrec.) H. Rob. Diplostephium carabayense >4000 Wedd. Erigeron lanceolatus >4000 Wedd. Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. >4000 Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) >4000 Sch. Bip. Galinsoga mandonii Sch. -3935 Bip. ex Baker Gamochaeta americana >4000 (Mill.) Wedd. Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. -4400 Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) >4000 Cabrera Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. >4000 Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen >4000 & Walp. Gnaphalium polium Wedd. >4000 Hieracium leptocephalium >4000 Benth. Hieracium neoherrerae -4288 Zahn Hypochaeris chillensis -4288 (Kunth) Britton Hypochaeris echegarayi >4000 Hieron. Hypochaeris meyeniana >4000 (Walp.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Griseb. Hypochaeris sessiliflora >4000 Kunth Hypochaeris taraxacoides >4000 Ball Jalcophila ecuadorensis -4516 M.O. Dillon & Sagast. Laennecia gnaphalioides >4000 (Kunth) Cass. Leucheria daucifolia >4000 (D. Don) Crisci Misbrookea strigosissima >4000 (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Mniodes aretioides -4500 (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) -4500 S. E. Freire Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) >4000 S. E. Freire Mniodes longifolia >4000 (Cuatrec. & Aristeg.) S. E. Freire Mniodes piptolepis >4000 (Wedd.) S. E. Freire Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) >4000 S. E. Freire Mniodes subspicata >4000 (Wedd.) S.E. Freire Noticastrum marginatum >4000 (Kunth) Cuatrec. Novenia acaulis (Benth. & -4300 Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.) S.E. Freire & F.H. Hellw. Oriastrum stuebelii >4000 (Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies Oritrophium hieracioides -4285 (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Oritrophium limnophilum >4000 (Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec. Paranephelius ovatus A. >4000 Gray ex Wedd. Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) >4000 Reiche Perezia coerulescens Wedd. Perezia multiflora >4000 (Bonpl.) Less. Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) >4000 Less. Perezia pygmaea Wedd. -4381 Perezia sublyrata Domke >4000 Senecio adenophylloides 4520 Sch. Bip. Senecio adenophyllus >4000 Meyen & Walp. Senecio algens Wedd. 4335-5024 Senecio breviscapus DC. >4000 Senecio candollei Wedd. 4335 Senecio canescens 4500 (Bonpl.) Cuatrec. Senecio canoi P. 4520-4742 Gonzales, Montesinos & Ed. Navarro Senecio chavanilloensis >4000 Cuatrec. Senecio collinus DC. >4000 Senecio condimentarius >4000 Cabrera Senecio evacoides Sch. >4000 Bip. Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera >4000 Senecio gamolepis Cabrera 4857 Senecio humillimus Sch. 4762 Bip. Senecio hyoseridifolius >4000 Wedd. Senecio jarae Phil. 4346 Senecio macrorrhizus >4000 Wedd. Senecio modestus Wedd. 4499 Senecio moqueguensis 4496 Montesinos Senecio nivalis (Kunth) 4520-4897 Cuatrec. Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. >4000 Senecio pinnatilobatus 4499 Sch. Bip. Senecio rhizomatus Rusby >4000 Senecio rudbeckiifolius >4000 Meyen & Walp. Senecio rufescens DC. >4000 Senecio serratifolius 4897 (Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec. Senecio tassaensis 4762 Montesinos Senecio Vulgaris L. >4000 Soliva neglecta Cabrera >4000 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill >4000 Stevia macbridei B.L. 3935 Rob. Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. >4000 Stuckertiella capitata >4000 (Wedd.) Beauverd Tagetes multiflora Kunth >4000 Taraxacum fernandezianum >4000 Dahlst. ex Skottsb. Werneria apiculata Sch. >4000 Bip. Werneria glaberrima Phil. >4000 Werneria heteroloba Wedd. 4939 Werneria nubigena Kunth >4000 Werneria obtusiloba S.F. 4939 Blake Werneria orbignyana Wedd. 4335-4499 Werneria pectinata >4000 Lingelsh. Werneria pumila Kunth >4000 Werneria pygmaea Gillies 4381 ex Hook. & Arn. Werneria solivifolia Sch. 4412 Bip. Xenophyllum ciliolatum 4897-5230 (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum 5024 dactylophyllum (Sch. Bip.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum digitatum 4897-5230 (Wedd.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum marcidum 5072-5230 (S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum 5024-5072 pseudodigitatum (Rockh.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum staffordiae 4897 (Sandwith) V.A. Funk Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. >4000 Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis >4000 Lechl. Berberis carinata Lechl. >4000 Berberis rectinervia 3850 Rusby Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz 4335 & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Phacelia secunda J.F. 4000-4150 Gmel. Plagiobothrys humilis 4520 (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. >4000 campestris (L.) Clapham Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg 4520 & Muschl. Brayopsis monimocalyx 4400-4999 O.E. Schulz Capsella bursa-pastoris >4000 (L.) Medik. Cardamine bonariensis >4000 Pers. Descurainia athrocarpa 4330-4897 (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Descurainia myriophylla 3935 (Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr. Draba brackenridgei A. 4897 Gray Draba cuzcoensis O.E. 4762 Schulz Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz 4736 Draba punoensis Al- 4658-4762 Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H. Trinidad & A. Cano Englerocharis blanca- 4897 leoniae A-Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Englerocharis peruviana 4644 Muschl. Lepidium bipinnatifidum 4999-4520 Desv. Lepidium chichicara Desv. >4000 Lepidium meyenii Walp. 4300-4762 Mancoa hispida Wedd. 4520 Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) >4000 J.F. Macbr. Weberbauera insisa A- 4522-5000 Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Weberbauera peruviana >4000 (DC.) Al-Shehbaz Weberbauera spathulifolia 4320-4892 (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- >4000 floccosa (Salm-Dyck) F. Ritter Austrocylindropuntia >4000 lagopus (K. Schum.) I. Crook, J. Arnold & M. Lowry 4360-4400 Echinopsis maximiliana >4000 Heyder ex A. Dietr. Calceolariaceae Calceolaria 4288 plectranthifolia Walp. Calceolaria scapiflora >4000 (Ruiz & Pav.) Benth. Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis >4000 (Kunth) C. Presl Lysipomia acaulis Kunth >4000 Lysipomia glandulifera >4000 (Schltdl. ex Wedd.) Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm. Lysipomia laciniata A. 3595-4424 DC. Lysipomia sphagnophila >4000 Griseb. ex Wedd. Wahlenbergia peruviana >4000 A. Gray Wahlenbergia urcosensis >4000 E. Wimm. Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus >4000 (Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale Stangea paulae Graebn. 5024-084 Stangea rhizantha 4450-4897 (A. Gray) Killip Stangea wandae Graebn. >4000 Valeriana andina Britton 4335 Valeriana baltana Graebn. >4000 Valeriana cephalantha >4000 Schltdl. Valeriana coarctata Ruiz 4644 & Pav. Valeriana globularioides 4897 Graebn. Valeriana herrerae Killip 4000 Valeriana johannae >4000 Weberl. Valeriana micropterina 4288-4496 Wedd. Valeriana niphobia Briq. >4000 Valeriana nivalis Wedd. 4496 Valeriana pennellii >4000 Killip Valeriana plectritoides 3800 Graebn. Valeriana pycnantha A. 4600 Gray Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. >4000 Arenaria digyna Willd. 4999 ex D.F.K. Schltdl. Arenaria lanuginosa 4000 (Michx.) Rohrb. Cardionema ramosissimum 4000 (Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. Cerastium danguyi >4000 J.F. Macbr. Cerastium glomeratum >4000 Thuill. Cerastium mucronatum >4000 Wedd. Cerastium peruvianum 4400 Muschl. Cerastium subspicatum >4000 Wedd. Drymaria divaricata var. >4000 stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke Paronychia andina A. Gray 4450 Paronychia mandoniana >4000 Rohrb. Pycnophyllum >4000 aschersonianum Muschl. Pycnophyllum bryoides 4400 (Phil.) Rohrb. Pycnophyllum glomeratum 4400-5024 Mattf. Pycnophyllum lechlerianum 4999 Rohrb. Pycnophyllum molle Remy 4335-4400 Pycnophyllum weberbaueri 4399-5024 Muschl. Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) >4000 Bocquet Silene thysanodes Fenzl >4000 Spergularia fasciculata >4000 Phil. Stellaria cuspidata 3800 D.F.K. Schltdl. Stellaria media (L.) >4000 Vill. Stellaria weddellii >4000 Pedersen Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx >4000 (Hallier f.) Fabris Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) >4000 Reiche Crassula connata >4000 (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr >4000 Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides >4000 L. f. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana >4000 (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii 4192 Griseb. Astragalus arequipensis >4000 Vogel Astragalus dielsii J.F. 4897 Macbr. Astragalus dillinghamii 4412-4999 J.F. Macbr. Astragalus diminutivus 4200 (Phil.) Gomez-Sosa Astragalus garbancillo >4000 Cav. Astragalus minimus Vogel >4000 Astragalus pilgeri J.F. 4450 Macbr. Astragalus uniflorus DC. >4000 Astragalus weddellianus 3750-4400 (Kuntze) I.M. Johnst. Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. >4000 Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. 4335 Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. >4000 Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. 4000 Lupinus gibertianus C.P. 3500-4600 Sm. Lupinus microphyllus >4000 Desr. Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. 4335 Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. 4500 Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. >4000 Sm. Medicago polymorpha L. >4000 Trifolium amabile Kunth >4000 Trifolium repens L. >4000 Vicia graminea Sm. >4000 Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth >4000 Gentianella armerioides >4000 (Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella bridgesii >4000 (Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu Gentianella 4999 campanuliformis (Reimers) Fabris Gentianella centamalensis >4000 (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella dolichopoda * 4381 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella lobelioides 4600 (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella persquarrosa 4939 (Reimers) J.S. Pringle Gentianella potamophila >4000 (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella primuloides >4000 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella punicea 4000 (Wedd.) Holub Gentianella sandiensis 3600 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatiflora * 4300 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatina >4000 (Gilg) Zarucchi Halenia caespitosa Gilg 14500 ft Halenia umbellata 3600-4288 (Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) >4000 L'Her. ex Aiton Erodium moschatum (L.) >4000 L'Her. ex Aiton Geranium core-core Steud. 3935 Geranium crassipes Hook. >4000 ex A. Gray Geranium dielsianum R. >4000 Knuth Geranium fallax Steud. >4000 Geranium sessiliflorum >4000 Cav. Geranium weddellii Briq. 4336 Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. 3850 Ribes brachybotrys 4800 (Wedd.) Jancz. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense >4000 Kunth Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides >4000 Juss. Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. >4000 Lamium amplexicaule L. >4000 Lepechinia meyenii >4000 (Walp.) Epling Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) >4000 Briq. Loasaceae Caiophora contorta 4330 (Desr.) C. Presl Caiophora horrida >4000 (Britton) Urb. & Gilg Caiophora rosulata >4000 (Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii >4000 Krapov. Nototriche anthemidifolia 4412 (J. Remy) A.W. Hill Nototriche armeriifolia >4000 A.W. Hill Nototriche azorella A.W. 4600 Hill Nototriche carabayensis 5072 P. Gonzales, M. Chanco & Ed. Navarro Nototriche condensata >4000 (Baker f.) A.W. Hill Nototriche congesta A.W. 4500 Hill Nototriche cupuliforme 4360 Krapov. Nototriche digitulifolia 4897 A.W. Hill Nototriche erinacea Hill 4897 ex Burtt Nototriche flabellata 4400-4897 (Wedd.) A.W. Hill Nototriche longirostris 4360 (Wedd.) A.W. Hill Nototriche longituba >4000 Burtt & Hill Nototriche obcuneata 4500-5084 (Baker f.) A.W. Hill Nototriche 4500-4700 pediculariifolia (Meyen) A.W. Hill Nototriche pellicea 4412 A.W. Hill Nototriche purpurascens 4897 A.W. Hill Nototriche sepaliloba 4885 Hochr. Nototriche staffordiae >4000 Burtt & Hill Nototriche sulphurea 4700 A.W. Hill Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) 3600-4520 Krapov. Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth 4300 Montia fontana L. >4000 Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum 4335 Ruiz & Pav. Oenothera multicaulis >4000 Ruiz & Pav. Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides >4000 (Hook.) Edwin Neobartsia diffusa >4000 (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia elongata 4335-4499 (Wedd.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia fiebrigii >4000 (Diels) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia inaequalis >4000 (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia pedicularoides >4000 (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Castilleja pumila >4000 (Benth.) Wedd. Castilleja virgatoides >4000 Edwin Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. >4000 Knuth Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth 4520 Oxalis nubigena Walp. >4000 Oxalis oreocharis Diels 4450 Oxalis pinguiculacea R. 3800-4450 Knuth Oxalis tuberosa Molina >4000 Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth >4000 Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana 4644 Dahlst. Peperomia verruculosa 4450 Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda >4000 Engelm. ex Hegelm. Callitriche nubigena >4000 Fassett Ourisia biflora Wedd. 14500 ft Ourisia muscosa Wedd. 4762 Plantago australis Lam. >4000 Plantago lamprophylla 4520 Pilg. Plantago linearis Kunth 4516 Plantago nubicola 4335-4522 (Decne.) Rahn Plantago orbignyana >4000 Steinh. ex Decne. Plantago rigida Kunth 4000-4381 Plantago sericea Ruiz & >4000 Pav. Plantago tubulosa Decne. >4000 Veronica serpyllifolia L. 3000 Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & >4000 Pav. Phlox gracilis (Douglas >4000 ex Hook.) Greene Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica >4000 (Benth.) Endl. Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. >4000 Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) 4335-4897 Tamura Oreithales integrifolia 4500 (DC.) Schltdl. Ranunculus breviscapus >4000 DC. Ranunculus filamentosus 4400-4999 Wedd. Ranunculus flagellifolius >4000 Nakai Ranunculus limoselloides >4000 Turcz. Ranunculus praemorsus 2500 Kunth ex DC. Ranunculus trichophyllus >4000 Chaix ex Vill. Ranunculus uniflorus 4381 Phil. ex Reiche Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. 4520 Lachemilla barbata >4000 (C. Presl) Rothm. Lachemilla diplophylla >4000 (Diels) Rothm. Lachemilla frigida 4285 (Wedd.) Rothm. Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz 4400 & Pav.) Rothm. Lachemilla sandiensis >4000 Rothm. Lachemilla vulcanica 3600 (Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb. Polylepis besseri Hieron. 3800-4100 Tetraglochin cristatum >4000 (Britton) Rothm. Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. 3935 Galium corymbosum Ruiz & >4000 Pav. Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica 3500-4400 Poir. Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. >4000 Ives Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal >4000 Nicotiana undulata Ruiz >4000 & Pav. Salpichroa amoena Benoist 3800-4260 Salpichroa glandulosa 4260 (Hook.) Miers Salpichroa lehmannii 4200-4496 Dammer Solanum acaule Bitter 4335-4450 Solanum grandidentatum 4200-4596 Phil. Solanum weddellii Phil. 4200-4200 Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. >4000 Urtica flabellata Kunth 4600-4700 Urtica urens L. >4000 Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth >4000 Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales 4300-4400 Viola ferreyrae P. 4300-4400 Gonzales Viola micranthella Wedd. 4335 Viola pusillima Wedd. >4000 Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex 4300-4360 Poir. family Species Voucher Pteridophytes Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. f! Asplenium monanthes L. Boeke JD. 2972 Asplenium triphyllum C. PG 3816 Presl Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii PG 3025 (Fee) T. Moore Polystichum cochleatum f! (Klotzsch) Hieron. Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. Leon 5316 Isoetes lechleri Mett. Lechler 1937 Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus f! (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) B. Ollg. Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum f! crotalophoroides Walter Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon f! (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee Campyloneurum asplundii f! (C. Chr.) Ching Melpomene peruviana f! (Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. PG 3047 Chr.) A.R. Sm. Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea f! (Poir.) Windham Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. f! Cheilanthes pruinata f! Kaulf. Cheilanthes scariosa f! (Sw.) C. Presl Pellaea ovata (Desv.) f! Weath. Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. f! Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis f! (L.) Bernh. Woodsia montevidensis f! (Spreng.) Hieron. Gymnospems Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. f! Monocots Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea MW 2000/68, CV 6840 Herb. Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Hill 3819, Raimondi A. Beauverd 10229 Bomarea involucrosa f! (Herb.) Baker Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum CV 15181 (Sims) P. Beauv. Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) CV 7146 Speta Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van f! Heurck & Mull. Arg. Carex bonplandii Kunth f! Carex brachycalama f! Griseb. Carex pichinchensis Kunth Lechler 2519, PG 3817 Cyperus andinus Palla ex f! Kuk. Eleocharis albibracteata f! [Meyen s.n.] Nees & Meyen ex Kunth Oreobolus venezuelensis PG 3083 Steyerm. Phylloscirpus acaulis f! [PG 1604] (Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A. Simpson Phylloscirpus deserticola Leon 5315 (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Trichophorum rigidum f! (Boeckeler) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A. Simpson Zameioscirpus atacamensis f! (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. Zameioscirpus muticus f! [PG1603] Dhooge & Goetgh. Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton f! (Bertero) Espinosa Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii PG 3450 R.C. Foster Olsynium acaule (Klatt) PG 3421 Goldblatt Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. f! ex C. Presl) Goldblatt Sisyrinchium brevipes f! Baker Sisyrinchium f! caespitificum Kraenzl. Sisyrinchium chilense f! Hook. Sisyrinchium palustre f! Diels Sisyrinchium porphyreum PG 3418 Kraenzl. Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees f! & Meyen Juncus arcticus Willd. f! Juncus bufonius L. f! Juncus ebracteatus E. f! Mey. Juncus stipulatus Nees & PG 3086 Meyen Luzula ecuadoriensis PG 3002 Balslev Luzula racemosa Desv. f! Oxychloe andina Phil. PG 3452 Patosia clandestina PG 3447 (Phil.) Buchenau Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) f! Hauman Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames CV 6846 Myrosmodes chiogena PG 3057b (Schltr.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes gymnandra PG 2996 (Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas Myrosmodes paludosa PG 3022, PG 3057a (Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz Poaceae Aciachne acicularis f! Loegaard Aciachne pulvinata Benth. Bennett B. 2004, 2099, Lechler 3238 Aegopogon cenchroides f! Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Agrostis breviculmis Anonimo 7158, Hitchc. Bennett B. 2283 Agrostis tolucensis Kunth f! Alopecurus hitchcockii f! Parodi Anatherostipa hans-meyeri AW 940, Bennett B. (Pilg.) Penail. 2759, Lechler 1978, PG 3017 Anatherostipa obtusa f! [Monheim 160, 10, (Nees & Meyen) Penail. OT 5175, 5259, Weddell 4488] Avena sativa L. f! [OT s.n.] Bromus catharticus Vahl f! [Monheim 19] Bromus lanatus Kunth f! [CV 16233] Bromus pitensis Kunth f! Bromus villosissimus CV 7894 Hitchc. Calamagrostis antoniana CV 7184 (Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen Calamagrostis PG 3067 breviaristata (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis brevifolia f! (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis chrysantha CV 7167, Leon 5321 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis eminens f! (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis Bennett B. 2287 heterophylla (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis intermedia Metcalf R. 30433 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis jamesonii f! [Pearson 75] Steud. Calamagrostis macrophylla Metcalf R. 30433 (Pilg.) Pilg. Calamagrostis minima AW 953 (Pilg.) Tovar Calamagrostis nitidula AW 960, Leon 5319 Pilg. Calamagrostis ovata CV 7892, Lechler 2057 (J. Presl) Steud. Calamagrostis recta Bennett B. 2264 (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rigescens f! [JS 113] (J. Presl) Scribn. Calamagrostis rigida f! (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. Calamagrostis rupestris CV 8131 Trin. Calamagrostis setiflora f! (Wedd.) Pilg. Calamagrostis spiciformis Bennett B. 2494 Hack. Calamagrostis tarmensis Bennett B. 2263, Pilg. PG 3034, 3018 Calamagrostis f! [Stordy s.n., trichophylla Pilg. Harlam s.n.] Calamagrostis vicunarum PG 3085 (Wedd.) Pilg. Dielsiochloa floribunda AW 1028, (Pilg.) Pilg. Leon 5320, 5342 Festuca breviaristata f! Pilg. Festuca divergens Tovar PG 2998 Festuca dolichophylla f! [JS 447, J. Presl OT 5243, 5159] Festuca humilior Nees & CV 7897 Meyen Festuca lasiorrhachis Ferreyra R. 16741 Pilg. Festuca orthophylla Pilg. f! [Pearson 46, OT 5102, AW 4087] Festuca rigescens PG 3049 (J. Presl) Kunth Festuca setifolia Steud. Lechler 1826 ex Griseb. Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar f! Hordeum muticum J. Presl f! Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. [JS 115] Muhlenbergia angustata f! [Pearsson 10, (J. Presl) Kunth Stafford D. 63, Rauh 1490, 642] Boeke JD. 2974 Muhlenbergia ligularis Bennett B. 2284 (Hack.) Hitchc. Muhlenbergia peruviana Bennett B. 2738 (P. Beauv.) Steud. Nassella brachyphylla CV 7901 (Hitchc.) Barkworth Nassella inconspicua f! [OT 5187, 5333, (J. Presl) Barkworth Harlam s.n.] Nassella pubiflora f! [Lechler 1736, (Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv. Ellenberg 421] Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. Bennett B. 2010 Pennisetum clandestinum f! Hochst. ex Chiov. Piptochaetium panicoides CV 7163, PG 3020 (Lam.) E. Desv. Poa aequigluma Tovar f! Poa annua L. Bennett B. 2289 Poa apiculata Refulio PG 2985 Poa ayacuchensis Tovar PG 3019 Poa calycina (J. Presl) CV 7891 Kunth Poa dentigluma Tovar f! Poa gilgiana Pilg. CV 7902 Poa glaberrima Tovar PG 3035 Poa gymnantha Pilg. CV 7174 Poa horridula Pilg. Lechler 2682, Bennett B. 2323 Poa humillima Pilg. f! Poa lepidula (Nees & CV 8136, Leon 5323 Meyen) Soreng & L.J. Gillespie Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. Lechler 1836, PG 3091 Krause) Refulio Poa marshallii Tovar f! Poa perligulata Pilg. f! Poa peruviana Jacq. f! Poa pseudoaequigluma f! Tovar Poa serpaiana Refulio PG 3084 Poa spicigera Tovar f! Polypogon interruptus f! Kunth Trisetum spicatum (L.) PG 3024 K. Richt. Vulpia dertonensis f! (All.) Gola Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Bennett B. 2660 Gmel. Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis f! [Iltis 1441] (A. Galan) A. Galan Stuckenia pectinata (L.) CV 7132 Borner Eudicots Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. CV 7121 Apiaceae Azorella biloba CV 6838, CV 6848, (Schltdl.) Wedd. Lechler s.n., PG 3448 Azorella diapensioides f! [CV 13010, JS 210; A. Gray 214, Stordy 32] Azorella multifida (Ruiz CV 6841 & Pav.) Pers. Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & PG 3043 Pav. Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Hoogte L. 2402 Gillies & Hook. Chaerophyllum andicola CV 1308, Hoogte L. 850 (Kunth) K.F. Chung Daucus montanus Humb. & f! Bonpl. ex Spreng. Lilaeopsis macloviana f! [Aguilar 135] (Gand.) A.W. Hill Niphogeton scabra f! (H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr. Apocynaceae Philibertia f! lysimachioides (Wedd.) T. Mey. Asteraceae Achyrocline alata f! (Kunth) DC. Achyrocline ramosissima f! [Aguilar 441, Britton ex Rusby FP 13484, JS 93] Ageratina glechonophylla f! (Less.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Aldama helianthoides PG 3040 (Rich.) E.E. Schill. & Panero Baccharis caespitosa Leon 5338 (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Baccharis genistelloides Boeke JD. 3105 (Lam.) Pers. Baccharis tola Phil. f! Baccharis tricuneata Boeke JD. 3168 (L. f.) Pers. Bidens andicola Kunth f! Chersodoma antennaria PG 3432 (Wedd.) Cabrera Chersodoma jodopappa f! [PG 3311] (Sch. Bip.) Cabrera Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Stafford D. 1111, 420 Gmel. Conyza artemisioides PG 3072 Meyen & Walp. Conyza bonariensis (L.) f! Cronquist Conyza coronopifolia PG 3038 Kunth Conyza deserticola Phil. PG 3039 Cotula mexicana (DC.) f! Cabrera Cuatrecasasiella isernii f! (Cuatrec.) H. Rob. Diplostephium carabayense f! Wedd. Erigeron lanceolatus f! Wedd. Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. Leon 5327 Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) f! [FP 13459] Sch. Bip. Galinsoga mandonii Sch. PG 3046 Bip. ex Baker Gamochaeta americana Boeke JD. 3053 (Mill.) Wedd. Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. CV 17630 Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) f! [Aguilar, 418, CV Cabrera s.n, 16254, Rauh P650] Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. Boeke JD. 3163 Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen f! [FP 13444] & Walp. Gnaphalium polium Wedd. f! [Aguilar, 417, FP 13444, 13470, 13470a] Hieracium leptocephalium f! Benth. Hieracium neoherrerae PG 3030 Zahn Hypochaeris chillensis PG 3029 (Kunth) Britton Hypochaeris echegarayi f! Hieron. Hypochaeris meyeniana f! (Walp.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Griseb. Hypochaeris sessiliflora f! Kunth Hypochaeris taraxacoides f! Ball Jalcophila ecuadorensis PG 3102 M.O. Dillon & Sagast. Laennecia gnaphalioides f! (Kunth) Cass. Leucheria daucifolia JS J. 474 (D. Don) Crisci Misbrookea strigosissima f! (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Mniodes aretioides Dillon M. 1083 (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) Dillon M. 1082 S. E. Freire Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) Leon 5326 S. E. Freire Mniodes longifolia f! (Cuatrec. & Aristeg.) S. E. Freire Mniodes piptolepis f! [Aguilar s.n., 427, (Wedd.) S. E. Freire Mexia 4262, FP13368, 13437] Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) FP13368, 13437] S. E. Freire f! [Stafford D. 746] Mniodes subspicata f! [Dillon M., 1070, (Wedd.) S.E. Freire FP 13369, 13471] Noticastrum marginatum f! (Kunth) Cuatrec. Novenia acaulis (Benth. & Martin 2092 Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.) S.E. Freire & F.H. Hellw. Oriastrum stuebelii f! (Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies Oritrophium hieracioides PG 3026 (Wedd.) Cuatrec. Oritrophium limnophilum f! (Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec. Paranephelius ovatus A. f! Gray ex Wedd. Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) f! Reiche Perezia coerulescens CV 7169, 9626, Wedd. Dillon M. 1089 Perezia multiflora f! [Zuniga 33, (Bonpl.) Less. FP 13429] Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) Diaz s.n. Less. Perezia pygmaea Wedd. PG 3090, Monheim 55 Perezia sublyrata Domke f! Senecio adenophylloides PG 3070, 3071 Sch. Bip. Senecio adenophyllus f! Meyen & Walp. Senecio algens Wedd. PG 3010, PG 3825 Senecio breviscapus DC. f! Senecio candollei Wedd. PG 3005 Senecio canescens Dillon M. 1080 (Bonpl.) Cuatrec. Senecio canoi P. PG 3429, 3428, 3441 Gonzales, Montesinos & Ed. Navarro Senecio chavanilloensis Boeke JD. 3000 Cuatrec. Senecio collinus DC. f! Senecio condimentarius f! Cabrera Senecio evacoides Sch. f! Bip. Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera f! Senecio gamolepis Cabrera Linares E. 2733 Senecio humillimus Sch. PG 3442, 3443 Bip. Senecio hyoseridifolius f! Wedd. Senecio jarae Phil. Linares E. 2712 Senecio macrorrhizus f! Wedd. Senecio modestus Wedd. PG 3814 Senecio moqueguensis PG 3422 Montesinos Senecio nivalis (Kunth) PG 3822, 3056 Cuatrec. Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. f! Senecio pinnatilobatus PG 3821 Sch. Bip. Senecio rhizomatus Rusby f! Senecio rudbeckiifolius f! Meyen & Walp. Senecio rufescens DC. f! Senecio serratifolius PG 3053 (Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec. Senecio tassaensis PG 3444, 3445 Montesinos Senecio Vulgaris L. f! Soliva neglecta Cabrera f! Sonchus asper (L.) Hill f! Stevia macbridei B.L. PG 3045 Rob. Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. f! Stuckertiella capitata f! [Iltis 1426, (Wedd.) Beauverd JS 504] Tagetes multiflora Kunth f! Taraxacum fernandezianum f! Dahlst. ex Skottsb. Werneria apiculata Sch. f! Bip. Werneria glaberrima Phil. f! Werneria heteroloba Wedd. PG 2995 Werneria nubigena Kunth f! Werneria obtusiloba S.F. PG 2994 Blake Werneria orbignyana Wedd. PG 3004, 3820 Werneria pectinata f! Lingelsh. Werneria pumila Kunth f! Werneria pygmaea Gillies PG 3088, 3089 ex Hook. & Arn. Werneria solivifolia Sch. PG 3094 Bip. Xenophyllum ciliolatum PG 3061, 3837, 3104 (A. Gray) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum PG 3829 dactylophyllum (Sch. Bip.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum digitatum PG 3048, 2978, 3103 (Wedd.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum marcidum PG 3832, 3106 (S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum PG 3828, 3833 pseudodigitatum (Rockh.) V.A. Funk Xenophyllum staffordiae PG 3055 (Sandwith) V.A. Funk Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. f! Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis Lechler 2646 Lechl. Berberis carinata Lechl. Lechler 2644 Berberis rectinervia CV 6853 Rusby Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz PG 3003 & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Phacelia secunda J.F. CV 12534, 7003, Gmel. Metcalf R. 30708 Plagiobothrys humilis PG 3079 (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. f! campestris (L.) Clapham Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg PG 3075 & Muschl. Brayopsis monimocalyx CV 17627, PG 2991 O.E. Schulz Capsella bursa-pastoris f! (L.) Medik. Cardamine bonariensis f! [Lecher 1811] Pers. Descurainia athrocarpa CV 7008, PG 3051 (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Descurainia myriophylla PG 3042 (Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr. Draba brackenridgei A. PG 3064 Gray Draba cuzcoensis O.E. PG 3438 Schulz Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz Navarro E. 1092 Draba punoensis Al- Navarro E. 1087, Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H. PG 3437 Trinidad & A. Cano Englerocharis blanca- PG 3059 leoniae A-Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Englerocharis peruviana Linares E. 2708 Muschl. Lepidium bipinnatifidum PG 2992, 3080 Desv. Lepidium chichicara Desv. f! [Meyen s.n. CV 18541, PG 3307, 3308] Lepidium meyenii Walp. CV 7134, 7011, PG 3439 Mancoa hispida Wedd. PG 3077 Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) Lechler 2583 J.F. Macbr. Weberbauera insisa A- PG 3430, 3107 Shehbaz, P. Gonzales & A. Cano Weberbauera peruviana MW 2000/120 (DC.) Al-Shehbaz Weberbauera spathulifolia CV 6837, 6837, PG 3060 (A. Gray) O.E. Schulz Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- f! floccosa (Salm-Dyck) F. Ritter Austrocylindropuntia lagopus (K. Schum.) I. Crook, J. Arnold & M. Lowry CV 7136, 22550 Echinopsis maximiliana f! Heyder ex A. Dietr. Calceolariaceae Calceolaria PG 3028 plectranthifolia Walp. Calceolaria scapiflora f! (Ruiz & Pav.) Benth. Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis f! [JS 100, Mandon 489] (Kunth) C. Presl Lysipomia acaulis Kunth f! Lysipomia glandulifera Lechler 2076 (Schltdl. ex Wedd.) Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm. Lechler 1956, Raimondi A. 11597, Lysipomia laciniata A. Sharpe 109, CV 1290, DC. 10724, PG 3446 Lysipomia sphagnophila Lechler 2641 Griseb. ex Wedd. Wahlenbergia peruviana f! A. Gray Wahlenbergia urcosensis f! E. Wimm. Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus f! (Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale Stangea paulae Graebn. PG 3826, 2979 Stangea rhizantha CV 7012, PG 3050 (A. Gray) Killip Stangea wandae Graebn. f! [Stafford D. 737, 1268] Valeriana andina Britton PG 3015 Valeriana baltana Graebn. Ferreyra 531 Valeriana cephalantha Lechler 2044 Schltdl. Valeriana coarctata Ruiz Linares E. 2690 & Pav. Valeriana globularioides PG 3054 Graebn. Valeriana herrerae Killip CV 7145 Valeriana johannae Bernardi L. 16774 Weberl. Valeriana micropterina PG 3032, 3001, 3016, Wedd. 3425, Lechler 1962 Valeriana niphobia Briq. Hohenacker R. 1962 Valeriana nivalis Wedd. PG 3427 Valeriana pennellii f! [CV 31] Killip Valeriana plectritoides CV 6863, AW 928a Graebn. Valeriana pycnantha A. CV 7180 Gray Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. AW 1042 Arenaria digyna Willd. PG 2990 ex D.F.K. Schltdl. Arenaria lanuginosa CV 7148 (Michx.) Rohrb. Cardionema ramosissimum CV 7154 (Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. Cerastium danguyi f! J.F. Macbr. Cerastium glomeratum f! Thuill. Cerastium mucronatum f! Wedd. Cerastium peruvianum CV 7036 Muschl. Cerastium subspicatum Weddell H. 4653 Wedd. Drymaria divaricata var. Lechler 1947 stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke Paronychia andina A. Gray CV 7015 Paronychia mandoniana f! [Lecher 1760] Rohrb. Pycnophyllum f! aschersonianum Muschl. Pycnophyllum bryoides AW 501b (Phil.) Rohrb. Pycnophyllum glomeratum AW 501a, 952, Mattf. PG 3081, 3827 Pycnophyllum lechlerianum PG 2988 Rohrb. Pycnophyllum molle Remy PG 3009, AW 946, 950 Pycnophyllum weberbaueri PG 3451, 3823 Muschl. Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) f! Bocquet Silene thysanodes Fenzl f! Spergularia fasciculata f! [Lecher 1772] Phil. Stellaria cuspidata AW 925 D.F.K. Schltdl. Stellaria media (L.) f! Vill. Stellaria weddellii f! Pedersen Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx f! (Hallier f.) Fabris Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) f! Reiche Crassula connata f! [FP 13043] (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr Lechler 2687 Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides Boeke JD. 3020 L. f. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana f! (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii Galan 3896 Griseb. Astragalus arequipensis JS J. 966 Vogel Astragalus dielsii J.F. PG 3058 Macbr. Astragalus dillinghamii PG 3100, 2983 J.F. Macbr. Astragalus diminutivus CV 15179 (Phil.) Gomez-Sosa Astragalus garbancillo f! [JS 85] Cav. Astragalus minimus Vogel f! [Meyen 67] Astragalus pilgeri J.F. CV 7026 Macbr. Astragalus uniflorus DC. f! Astragalus weddellianus JS J. 549; 424, (Kuntze) I.M. Johnst. CV 7026, 7030 Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. f! Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. PG 3006 Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. f! Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. CV 7153 Lupinus gibertianus C.P. CV 6852, 7170, Sm. Lechler 1842 Lupinus microphyllus f! Desr. Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. PG 3008, 3012, Antezana F. 16 Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. AW 985 Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. AW 870 Sm. Medicago polymorpha L. f! Trifolium amabile Kunth f! [CV 21253] Trifolium repens L. f! Vicia graminea Sm. f! [CV 12499, 18540, 20915] Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth f! [FP 13418; 13426, JS 98] Gentianella armerioides Lechler 2000a (Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella bridgesii AW 1048 (Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu Gentianella PG 2986 campanuliformis (Reimers) Fabris Gentianella centamalensis f! (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella dolichopoda PG 3092 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella lobelioides AW 955 (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella persquarrosa PG 2993 (Reimers) J.S. Pringle Gentianella potamophila f! (Gilg) Zarucchi Gentianella primuloides Lechler 2002 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella punicea Weddell H. s.n. (Wedd.) Holub Gentianella sandiensis AW 917a (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatiflora CV 15180 (Gilg) J.S. Pringle Gentianella scarlatina AW 1047 (Gilg) Zarucchi Halenia caespitosa Gilg Stafford D. 1117 Halenia umbellata MW 2000/123, Hoogte (Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg L. 2399, PG 3031 Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) f! [FP 13401] L'Her. ex Aiton Erodium moschatum (L.) f! L'Her. ex Aiton Geranium core-core Steud. PG 3037, 3041 Geranium crassipes Hook. Lechler 1985 ex A. Gray Geranium dielsianum R. f! Knuth Geranium fallax Steud. Lechler 1907 Geranium sessiliflorum f! [AW 1003a, Cav. FP 13439] Geranium weddellii Briq. JS J. 537 Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. CV 6864 Ribes brachybotrys Hoogte L. 2212 (Wedd.) Jancz. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense f! [FP 13425, JS 835] Kunth Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides f! Juss. Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. f! Lamium amplexicaule L. f! Lepechinia meyenii f! (Walp.) Epling Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) f! Briq. Loasaceae Caiophora contorta CV 7009 (Desr.) C. Presl Caiophora horrida f! [CV 6830, (Britton) Urb. & Gilg 13009, 20880] Caiophora rosulata f! (Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii f! Krapov. Nototriche anthemidifolia PG 3099 (J. Remy) A.W. Hill Nototriche armeriifolia f! A.W. Hill Nototriche azorella A.W. AW 957 Hill Nototriche carabayensis PG 3835 P. Gonzales, M. Chanco & Ed. Navarro Nototriche condensata Lechler 1972 (Baker f.) A.W. Hill Nototriche congesta A.W. AW 1018 Hill Nototriche cupuliforme CV 7119 Krapov. Nototriche digitulifolia PG 3052 A.W. Hill Nototriche erinacea Hill PG 3062 ex Burtt Nototriche flabellata Lechler 1972, (Wedd.) A.W. Hill AW 961, PG 3066 Nototriche longirostris CV 7118 (Wedd.) A.W. Hill Nototriche longituba f! [Howell Burtt & Hill Williams s.n.] Nototriche obcuneata AW 983, 1023, (Baker f.) A.W. Hill PG 3834, 2976 Nototriche AW 1023, CV 7896, pediculariifolia (Meyen) 7185 A.W. Hill Nototriche pellicea PG 3098 A.W. Hill Nototriche purpurascens PG 3065 A.W. Hill Nototriche sepaliloba Linares E. 2722 Hochr. Nototriche staffordiae f! [Stafford D. 1263] Burtt & Hill Nototriche sulphurea AW 219, 963 A.W. Hill Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) AW 927, CV 1312, Krapov. PG 3076 Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth AW 956, CV 6839 Montia fontana L. f! Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum AW 357, PG 3014 Ruiz & Pav. Oenothera multicaulis f! [JS 104] Ruiz & Pav. Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides JS J. 970 (Hook.) Edwin Neobartsia diffusa Leon 5343, (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Linares 2742 Tank Neobartsia elongata PG 3013, 3426, 3818 (Wedd.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia fiebrigii f! (Diels) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia inaequalis f! [AW 510, 919] (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Neobartsia pedicularoides f! (Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Tank Castilleja pumila f! [FP 13428, (Benth.) Wedd. JS 938, Rauh 47] Castilleja virgatoides f! Edwin Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. f! [CV 6825] Knuth Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth PG 3073 Oxalis nubigena Walp. f! [FP 13394, Meyen s.n.] Oxalis oreocharis Diels CV 7012 Oxalis pinguiculacea R. CV 6844, CV 7024 Knuth Oxalis tuberosa Molina AW 295 Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth f! Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana Linares E. 2692 Dahlst. Peperomia verruculosa CV 7013 Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda f! Engelm. ex Hegelm. Callitriche nubigena f! Fassett Ourisia biflora Wedd. Stafford D. 1112 Ourisia muscosa Wedd. PG 3435 Plantago australis Lam. f! [CV 21263] Plantago lamprophylla PG 3082 Pilg. Plantago linearis Kunth PG 3101 Plantago nubicola Hoogte L. 2997, (Decne.) Rahn PG 3011, 3449, 3434, CV 17621, AW 994 Plantago orbignyana f! [Meyen s.n.] Steinh. ex Decne. Plantago rigida Kunth AW 1050, Weddell H. s.n., PG 3087 Plantago sericea Ruiz & f! [CV 20887, 20923, Pav. 21259] Plantago tubulosa Decne. f! Veronica serpyllifolia L. CV 1283, 9637 Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & f! [Stafford D. 517, Pav. FP 13410] Phlox gracilis (Douglas Hill s.n. ex Hook.) Greene Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica AW 849 (Benth.) Endl. Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. Lechler 1953, Weddell H. s.n., Linares 2680 Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) Raimondi A. s.n., Tamura PG 3000, 3068 Oreithales integrifolia Lechler 2706, (DC.) Schltdl. CV 22556 Ranunculus breviscapus f! DC. Ranunculus filamentosus CV 7033, PG 3431, 2984 Wedd. Ranunculus flagellifolius f! Nakai Ranunculus limoselloides f! Turcz. Ranunculus praemorsus AW 597, Lechler 2709, Kunth ex DC. Raimondi A. s.n. Ranunculus trichophyllus f! Chaix ex Vill. Ranunculus uniflorus PG 3093 Phil. ex Reiche Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. PG 3078 Lachemilla barbata f! (C. Presl) Rothm. Lachemilla diplophylla f! (Diels) Rothm. Lachemilla frigida PG 3023 (Wedd.) Rothm. Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz CV 17623 & Pav.) Rothm. Lachemilla sandiensis AW 945 Rothm. Lachemilla vulcanica AW 926 (Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb. Polylepis besseri Hieron. CV 12528, 7139 Tetraglochin cristatum f! [Tupayachi A. 1570, (Britton) Rothm. CV 1, 20927, 22545] Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. PG 3044 Galium corymbosum Ruiz & f! [FP 13407] Pav. Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica CV 6859, 6857, 7172, Poir. AW 183 Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. f! Ives Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal Metcalf R. 30712 Nicotiana undulata Ruiz f! [CV 9627, & Pav. JS 902, 632] Salpichroa amoena Benoist MW 2000/119, Sarkinen T. 4056, PG 3036 Salpichroa glandulosa PG 3036 (Hook.) Miers Salpichroa lehmannii MW 2000/53, Sarkinen Dammer T. 4039, PG 3424 Solanum acaule Bitter PG 3007, 3095, CV 7023 Solanum grandidentatum Beltran H. 6453, Phil. MW 2000/54 Solanum weddellii Phil. Sarkinen T. 4038 Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. f! [Tupayachi A. 28663] Urtica flabellata Kunth AW 969 Urtica urens L. f! Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth f! Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales PG 3420, 3096 Viola ferreyrae P. PG 3419, 3097 Gonzales Viola micranthella Wedd. PG 2999 Viola pusillima Wedd. f! [PG 1605] Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex MW 2000/63, CV 7125 Poir.
Paul Gonzales (1), Blanca Leon (1,2,3), Asuncion Cano (1,2) * and Peter M. Jorgensen (4)
(1) Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural, Departamento de Dicotiledoneas. Av. Arenales 1256, Lima-14, Peru.
(2) Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto de Investigacion de Ciencias Biologicas Antonio Raimondi.
(3) Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0530, USA.
(4) Missouri Botanical Garden-St. Louis, MO 63166, USA
* Corresponding author
E-mail Paul Gonzales: pgonzalesarce@hotmail.com
E-mail Asuncion Cano: acanoe@unmsm.edu.pe
E-mail Blanca Leon: leon@austin.utexas.edu
E-mail Peter M. Jorgensen: peter.jorgensen@mobot.org
Presentado: 26/01/2018
Aceptado: 03/06/2018
Publicado online: 25/09/2018
Declaration of authorship
The authors state that all participated in the development of the work. PG, BL, AC and PJ: did sampling, drafting of the manuscript, and data analysis. PG and BL: did interpretation and preparation of the final version. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Caption: Figure 1. Map of the study area. (Puno, Peru). Locality (1) Corani, (2) Macusani, (3) Ajoyani, (4) Cruzero, (5) Patambuco, (6) Sandia, (7) Cuyocuyo, (8) Ananea.
Caption: Figure 2. a) Hypochaeris echegarayi (Asteraceae); b) Werneria heteroloba (Asteraceae); c) Stangea paulae (Caprifoliaceae); d) Gentiana sedifolia (Gentianaceae); e) Nototriche staffordiae (Malvaceae); f) Myrosmodes paludosa (Orchidaceae); g) Poa apiculata (Poaceae); h) Salpichroa amoena (Solanaceae).
Table 1. Number of families, genera and species by taxa recorded in the study area. Taxa Families Genera Species Eudicots 45 141 364 Monocots 11 46 120 Gymnospems 1 1 1 Pteridophytes 9 15 21 Total 66 203 506 Table 2. Families with more genera and species in the Cordillera Carabaya. Families Genera Species Asteraceae 38 110 Poaceae 21 78 Caryophyllaceae 10 24 Fabaceae 6 23 Malvaceae 3 21 Brassicaceae 11 21 Caprifoliaceae 3 17 Gentianaceae 3 16 Plantaginaceae 4 13 Cyperaceae 7 12 Table 3. Genera with more species in the Cordillera Ca-rabaya. Genera Species Senecio 28 Calamagrostis 21 Nototriche 19 Poa 19 Gentianella 13 Valeriana 13 Werneria 10 Lupinus 9 Astragalus 9 Plantago 8 Festuca 8 Ranunculus 7 Mniodes 7 Pycnophyllum 6 Bartsia 6 Perezia 6 Geranium 6 Oxalis 6 Lachemilla 6 Xenophyllum 6 Cerastium 5 Hypochaeris 5 Sisyrinchium 5 Viola 5 Table 4. Comparing the number of species (E) and genera (G) of the principal families in different Andean localities ((1) Flores et al. 2005, (2) Arteta et al. 2006, (3) Roque & Ramirez 2008, (4) Valencia et al. 2013, (5) Tupayachi 2005, (6) Cano et al. 2011, (7) Cano et al. 2010, (8) Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012, (9) Jorgensen et al. 2014), with respect to what was found in the study area. Concepcion (1) Bahia de Juli (2) 4350-4550 m 3830-4200 m Familias G E G E Asteraceae 15 24 27 39 Poaceae 10 25 12 18 Brassicaceae 1 1 5 7 Caryophyllaceae 4 4 5 5 Fabaceae 1 3 5 8 Malvaceae 1 2 2 3 Plantaginaceae 1 3 1 3 Apiaceae 1 1 4 5 Cyperaceae 2 2 2 5 Caprifoliaceae 0 0 0 0 Others familias 28 35 74 92 % species by 10 families 56 65 46 50 Total 64 100 137 185 Parinacochas (3) Bofedales (4) 3100-3500 m 4200-4800 m Familias G E G E Asteraceae 30 43 15 22 Poaceae 16 26 7 23 Brassicaceae 3 4 1 1 Caryophyllaceae 3 3 4 5 Fabaceae 8 14 2 2 Malvaceae 2 2 2 2 Plantaginaceae 1 1 2 3 Apiaceae 4 4 5 7 Cyperaceae 5 5 8 10 Caprifoliaceae 1 1 1 1 Others familias 106 122 28 50 % species by 10 families 41 46 63 60 Total 179 225 75 126 Vilcanota (5) Apacheta (6) >4000 >4500 m Familias G E G E Asteraceae 15 40 20 51 Poaceae 9 25 6 26 Brassicaceae 2 2 5 11 Caryophyllaceae 3 3 4 8 Fabaceae 0 0 2 4 Malvaceae 2 5 1 7 Plantaginaceae 3 3 0 0 Apiaceae 1 2 3 4 Cyperaceae 1 2 0 0 Caprifoliaceae 1 8 3 6 Others familias 32 34 16 17 % species by 10 families 54 73 73 87 Total 69 124 60 134 Cordillera Tambo-Ichuna (8) Blanca (7) 3400-4850 m >4500 m Familias G E G E Asteraceae 15 40 52 127 Poaceae 11 31 28 46 Brassicaceae 6 15 13 24 Caryophyllaceae 5 7 10 18 Fabaceae 1 1 9 18 Malvaceae 1 4 4 19 Plantaginaceae 0 0 2 12 Apiaceae 3 3 8 11 Cyperaceae 0 0 8 8 Caprifoliaceae 3 7 3 9 Others familias 20 28 134 215 % species by 10 families 69 79 51 58 Total 65 136 271 507 Carabaya Bolivia (9) >4000 m >4000 m Familias G E G E Asteraceae 38 110 50 189 Poaceae 21 78 30 129 Brassicaceae 11 21 14 35 Caryophyllaceae 10 24 12 50 Fabaceae 6 23 13 63 Malvaceae 3 21 4 28 Plantaginaceae 4 13 5 13 Apiaceae 6 9 9 18 Cyperaceae 7 12 10 28 Caprifoliaceae 3 17 5 13 Others familias 94 178 120 271 % species by 10 families 54 65 56 68 Total 203 506 272 837
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Title Annotation: | RABAJOS ORIGINALES |
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Author: | Gonzales, Paul; Leon, Blanca; Cano, Asuncion; Jorgensen, Peter M. |
Publication: | Revista peruana de biologia |
Date: | Aug 1, 2018 |
Words: | 15210 |
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