Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru.
Flora vascular y conexiones fitogeograficas de las montanas Carabaya, PeruIntroduction
The high Andes are places of concern due to the foreseeable effects of climate change (Markham et al. 1993, Beniston 1994, Thompson et al. 2006, Conde & Saldana 2007, Pauli et al. 2003, 2007, Young 2014). In Peru, high Andean sites cover close to 16% of the total country area, and they are highly vulnerable to landscape changes that may affect its vegetation and components (Rodriguez & Young 2000, Young 2011). The urgency for the development of conservation strategies for sites and plant species is widely recognized; however, it faces challenges in relation to the dynamism and complexity of environmental changes and their interactions with human influences (Markham et al. 1993, Fort 2015, Kohler et al. 2014).
The Peruvian high Andes (above 3500 m) includes an interesting native vascular flora estimated to consist of more than 2000 plant species (see Jorgensen et al. 2011), of which nearly 32% of them are endemic to Peru. This region has recently seen an increase in taxonomical and ecological studies, accompanied by plant recording and exploration (e.g. Ballard and Iltis 2012, Al-Shehbaz et al. 2013, 2015a, 2015b, Gonzales et al. 2015, Gonzales & Cano 2016, Montesinos-Tubee et al. 2015, Linares et al. 2015, Ospina et al. 2016, Sylvester et al. 2016a, 2016b). The completion of the Bolivian catalog (Jorgensen et al. 2014) also provides needed data for a floristic comparison to understand plant richness in the Andes, and floristic connections. Here, we present a compilation of the vascular plant flora of a mountain range in southern Peru: the Carabaya Mountains. We asked how taxonomic richness of our study area compares to other parts of the Andes, particularly to neighboring sites in Peru, and northern Bolivia. The Carabaya is geographically linked to Bolivia through the Apolobamba Mountains, and so we asked if richness and composition at high elevations are similar. We also explore the potential implications of our findings for plant conservation based on the state of knowledge of the high Andean flora.
Material and methods
Study area.--The study area encompasses the high Andes between 4000-5300 m of the Carabaya Cordillera, along the eastern Andes in Puno, between 13050,-15[degrees]05' S and 69[degrees]58,-70[degrees]58' W, crossing the provinces of Carabaya, Sandia and San Antonio de Putina (Fig. 1). The Carabaya also includes the largest tropical glacier system: Quelccaya, an area that has contributed to our understanding of climate change (Thompson et al. 2003, 2006, 2013). The Carabaya Mountains extends into Bolivian territory, and in the Department of La Paz, the northeastern Andes are known as the Apolobamba Mountains (Argollo et al. 1987, Argollo & Iriondo 2008). We obtained field data from eight sites (Fig. 1).
In the Carabaya we recognize four vegetation formations: puna grasslands; rock vegetation dominated by chasmophytes; high Andean wetlands; river shores and lakes, and periglacial areas including cryoturbated soils and subnival pumices (Weberbauer 1945, Galan de Mera et al. 2014, Montesinos-Tubee et al. 2015a).
Collection and species identification.- We compiled all species names, habitats, and distribution information initially based on specimens collected by the authors for the study area. For each species from the Carabaya, we gathered information on collectors and collection number. However, for a small group of species that had only been recorded by photo or by authors' field notes, and lack a herbarium voucher, we cited other collections made in neighboring areas. All collections from the study area were identified using taxonomical keys and descriptions available from the botanical literature (Macbride 1936, Tovar 1993, and others). A few reported species were excluded, for example a photo of Stangea rhizantha did not match the species (Linares et al. 2012), and Valeriana globularis (Linares et al. 2012) was replaced by it's correct spelling, Valeriana globularioides Graebn.
We also compiled all records for eight floras at high elevations, three sites (Parinacochas, Juli and Tambo Ichuna) were located above 3100 m elevation on the Pacific Basin, and the remaining five sites (from north to south: Cordillera Blanca, Concepcion, Bofedales, Apacheta and Vilcanota) were located above 4000 m. Species considered as national endemics were recorded from Leon et al. (2007), Al-Shehbaz et al. (2013, 2015a, 2015b), Gonzales et al. (2015), Montesinos-Tubee et al. (2015b), and Gonzales and Cano (2016).
For the flora of the Department of La Paz in northern Bolivia, we downloaded the species records from the Bolivia Catalog database (http://www.tropicos.org/ProjectAdvSearch. aspx?projectid=13&langid=66).
Specimen data were also obtained from online sources of several institutions (e.g., Field Museum Neotropical specimens [http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/], the Tropicos[R] database of Missouri Botanical Garden [http://www.tropicos.org/], New York Botanical Garden digital herbarium [http://sciweb. nybg.org/Science2/vii2.asp]), the digital herbarium portion of Atrium [http://atrium.andesamazon.org/digital_herbarium. php], JSTOR [https://plants.jstor.org/). We also included or reviewed collections of the following herbaria B, BM, CUZ, F, G, GH, HUSA, HUT, K, LIL, LP, MO, MOL, NY, S, US and USM (Index Herbariorum). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016) classification system was used for the management of the angiosperm taxa.
Floristic comparison.- Our database of all taxa was compared with checklists of nine studies in the high Andes. These nine sites encompass about seven degrees of latitude (8[degrees]50' - 17[degrees]26' S), and represent both Pacific and Amazon basins. Within these sites there are a variety of habitats from open grasslands, rocky places, shrublands and wetlands. Four floras represent mostly wetlands and surrounding areas (Flores et al. 2005, Arteta et al. 2006, Roque & Ramirez 2008, Valencia et al. 2013), two floras represent sites located in periglacial areas with processes of cryoturbation (Cano et al. 2010, 2011), and four floras represent large or detailed surveys in the puna ecosystem (Tupayachi 2005, Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012, Jorgensen et al. 2014).
Results
We recorded over 10000 plant collections for all nine sites in the Peruvian Andes. This sampling effort still represents a low collection density index with a CDI (specimens/100 km2) of nearly 5. For southern Peru, and particulary for Puno (up to 4000 m), the largest plant collections were made by Augusto Weberbauer, Cesar Vargas, Hugh Weddell, Franz Meyen, Jaroslav Soukup, Francis Pennell, Werner Rauh, Wilibald Lechler, Alfredo Tupayachi, Oscar Tovar and Dora Stafford, all of them made during the 19 th and 20th centuries.
The highest elevations (above 4000 m) of the Carabaya Mountains harbors 506 species of vascular plants (pteridophytes, Gymnospems, Eudicots and Monocots) grouped in 203 genera and 66 families (Table 1; Fig. 2 and Appendix 1). Eudicots were the largest group (with 68.2% of the total registered), and including 69.5% of genera and 71.9% of all species; followed by Monocots with 16.7%, 22.7% and 23.7% respectively for all three main taxonomic categories. Ferns and lycophytes were scarcely represented with only nine families (13.6%), fifteen genera (7.4%) and twenty-one species (4.2%). For these elevations, we found only one species of gymnosperm (Ephedra rupestris).
Asteraceae was the most diverse family, with 38 genera and 110 species, followed by Poaceae (21/78), Caryophyllaceae (10/24), Fabaceae (6/23), Malvaceae (3/21), Brassicaceae (11/21), Caprifoliaceae (3/17), Gentianaceae (3/16), Plantaginaceae (4/13) and Cyperaceae (7/12). These ten families include 52% of all genera and 66% of all species registered for Carabaya. Asteraceae and Poaceae together account for 29.1% of the total genera and 37.2% of all species (Table 2). Another 10 families have six to ten species, containing 16.2% of the total taxa registered. Sixty-six percent of the remaining families include five or less number of species: 24 families have between two and five species, containing 13.2% of total taxa, while 22 families are represented by a single species.
The most diverse genera were Senecio (28 species), Calamagrostis (21), Poa (21), Nototriche (19), Gentianella (13), Valeriana (13), Werneria (10), Lupinus and Astragalus with nine species each, Festuca and Plantago with eight species each, Mniodes and Ranunculus with seven each; Geranium, Neobartsia, Oxalis, Perezia, Pycnophyllum, and Xenophyllum with six each; Cerastium, Hypochaeris, Sisyrinchium and Viola with five each (Table 3). The remaining, 62 genera (30.5%), include between two and four species, while 117 genera (57.6%) only have one species.
Perennial herbs are the dominant life form with 467 (92.3%) species, these include aquatics, palustrine and terrestrial forms. While woody life forms include 20 species (4%) of subshrubs, 15 (3%) shrubs, three (0.6%) cactus, and one tree (0.2%). (Appendix 1).
Comparison of Carabaya flora with nines sites, including northern Bolivia reveals that Asteraceae and Poaceae remain the most species-rich families. All sites, except Parinacochas, have most of its genera and species (over 50%) included in the same ten families identified in Table 4. Other sites representing specific habitats (periglacial areas, and wetlands), also have the same species-rich families as those found in Carabaya (see also Table 2). The richness of all eight sites of Carabaya is as high as those found in northern Bolivia and Moquegua in southwestern Peru.
Over 91 % of species recorded for Carabaya have an altitudinal range above 4000 m (Append. 1). Plant endemism in the Department of Puno reaches 185 species, and most species are found at the upper limits of our study area (Append. 1).
Discussion
The high Andes is an important biogeographical region, distributed as an archipelago along the mountain range. Its plant species richness is high compared to other mountain ranges, and where past geological changes has allowed expansion and contraction, which may explain current plant composition, diversity and endemism (Sklenar et al. 2013, Hughes & Atchison 2015). Most recent studies have shown the northern Andes, particularly the paramo, as a place of high plant species richness (Sklenar & Balslev 2005, 2007, Cuesta et al. 2017). Our data also demonstrates that other parts of the upper tropical central Andes are as important in terms of plant composition and diversity.
Over 50% of floristic records for the study area are new, particularly for the department of Puno (Brako & Zarucchi 1993, Ulloa Ulloa et al. 2004, Linares et al. 2012). For the flora at high elevations (>4000 m) of Puno, our results have tripled (20 more species) the known number of endemic species. It is worth noting that this department has the highest percentage of rarity (65%) compared to other departments (Leon et al. 2007). The value of the CDI is lower than the national value of 34 recorded almost 30 years ago (see Toledo & Sosa 1993), and it demonstrates the need for further botanizing. This need is further complicated by pressures of global changes, creating important challenges for plant conservation (Young 2014).
The flora of the Carabaya, at the family level, includes two families (Asteraceae and Poaceae) that contribute significantly to its composition with over a third of species. The predominance of both families is a common pattern in the High Andean flora (Gentry 1993, Cuesta et al. 2017), where these two families can include 30 to 60% of all species in an area (Table 4). In addition, this trend of family oligarchy extends in our study to 18 other families, among them Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae and Malvaceae, which has been shown to be species rich throughout the Puna (Cuesta et al. 2017). Most families, however, are species poor, and they usually represent taxa that originated in temperate areas. Probable explanations of species richness of those few families may include geological history, altitudinal range and different evolutionary paths of mountain ranges within the Andes.
A total of 506 species of vascular plants growing above 4000 m in the Carabaya shows that our floristic results are consistent with those found for other equivalent areas in the tropical high Andes. Species richness in our study area is like those found for Peru's jalca (Sanchez 1996). For the Andean highlands of northern Bolivia (Department of La Paz) reported by Jorgensen (2014), total species (737) number is larger than for our study area, which can be explained by representing a flora of a bigger area with more extensive botanizing.
As proposed by Sklenar et al. (2013), floristic similarities in the Andes are higher in areas of geographical proximity. The undoubted geophysical connection of the Carabaya and the Bolivian Apolobamba Mountains, may suggest a close floristic relationship with Bolivia's high Andean flora. We found nearly half of all vascular plants (262 species) registered for the Carabaya Mountain also occur in the Andean region of Bolivia. At the family level, eight families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Cyperaceae and Apiaceae are part of the most diverse families in both study areas (Tabla 4). However, there are thirteen families (Araceae, Araliaceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Calyceraceae, Ericaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Frankeniaceae, Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae, Ruppiaceae, Schoepfiaceae and Selaginellaceae) that have not yet been collected in the Carabaya. While another four families (Asparagaceae, Escalloniaceae, Convolvulaceae and Berberidaceae) have not yet been recorded for the Bolivian flora at similar altitudes
There are also 35 genera and 244 species in Carabaya not registered for Bolivia, the largest of these differences are present in genera such as Senecio (with 15 species), Nototriche (13), Valeriana, Calamagrostis and Gentianella (with 9 species each), Poa (7), Xenophyllum (6), Lupinus, Neobartsia and Pycnophyllum (with 5 species each). Most of these species (186) are endemic to Peru, and they occupy the highest part of the study area.
A comparison with the species composition of Cordillera Vilcanota, located to the north of our study area, reveals that 46% of the species registered there have not yet been found in Carabaya. Studies in Vilconata have emphasized areas covered by Polylepis forest that were not included for Carabaya. Still, excluding those species of Polylepis forests, a third of species of the flora of Vilcanota have not been recorded in Carabaya.
At a more local scale, we found that Carabaya has similar number of taxa as those reported for an upper basin in Moquegua (Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012; Table 4) on the Pacific Basin. Seven plant families: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Plantaginaceae are part of the most diverse families in both study areas (Tabla 4). Two families Asteraceae and Poaceae have also equal representation for both sites, with 22%, and 15% for Carabaya, and 25% and 9% for Tambo-Ichuna respectively. However, some differences at the family level are present due to the altitudinal extent of our study (4000-5300 m) vs. those of Montesinos-Tubee (3400-4850 m). For example Cyperaceae and Caprifoliaceae are among the top ten most diverse families in the Carabaya, while Solanaceae and Cactaceae are for Moquegua (Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012). These differences may also reflect floristic differences between western and southern ranges.
The top ten most diverse families have also been reported by Cano et al. (2010, 2011) for periglacial sites with cryoturbated soils in Ancash (Cordillera Blanca) and Ayacucho-Huancavelica (Apacheta), reaching 79 and 87% respectively (Table 4). However, these families decrease their diversity at lower elevation (Flores et al. 2005, Arteta et al. 2006, Roque & Ramirez 2008), or when the richness is restricted to specific vegetation formations such as wetlands (Ruthsatz 2012, Valencia et al. 2013).
For the flora of Carabaya, the most abundant genera in terms of species richness were Senecio, Calamagrostis, Nototriche and Poa; this taxonomic composition towards a few highly diverse genera has been explained due to the high degree of a recent local speciation driven by geographic isolation between high alpine 'continental islands' or complexes (Sklenar & Balslev 2005, Sklenar et al. 2013). In addition, these same genera are the most abundant in terms of vegetation cover (Cuesta et al. 2017).
A perennial life form is obviously the dominant plant type in the high Andes. This life form includes most species in plant lineages with rapid diversification and radiation in the Andes, such as Lupinus, Nototriche, Pycnophyllum, Senecio and others. Hughes and Atchison (2015) suggest "that perenniality could have played a general role as a key adaptation, enabling lineages to take advantage of ecological opportunities associated with the recent availability of alpine habitats to rapidly diversify" as was observed in Lupinus (Drummond et al. 2012). In this study, half of the Carabaya flora has longer life cycles as "Perennials" represented by herbaceous forms. However, a more detailed exam might allow recognition of other types such as rosettes, mats, and cushions.
Because of the availability of data from local, regional and country floras further comparisons are now feasible. The similarities in floristic composition and richness confirm the importance of the tropical Andes as global hotspot of plant diversity. Differences in flora sizes, especially between Carabaya and its closest neighboring sites, demonstrate the need of extending botanical exploration in Peru, and for the detailed recording in different types of habitats. Plant collections are still needed in many areas to fully understand the patterns of species diversity, and characteristics of their populations. As it can be found in the results of this study, several species have not been found since their discovery (e.g., Alsine rupestris Muschl., Nototriche cupuliforme Krapov. and Nototriche erinacea A.W. Hill). The high number of species (>91%) with its lower limits above 4000 m underscores the importance of the high Andes for conservation. This is even more important today in the Peruvian high Andes, where climatic conditions and human induced changes play an important role for impacting them (see Young 2014). Threats originate directly by overlapping competing human activities such as mining, fire, agriculture, landslides, erosion and other land uses. In addition, climate change associated to these anthropic influences are leading to the fragmentation of habitats and therefore, the loss of species survival and diversity, and possible mountaintop extinctions. Finally, it should be mentioned that many taxonomic studies are still pending to fully understand the biodiversity of the fascinating Andean highlands.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15381/rpb.v25i3.15228
Acknowledgements
We thank Daniel Montesinos for providing valuable comments on the manuscript. We also thank Kenneth R. Young for his comments and critical review of this manuscript. Curators of all the herbaria cited are thanked for making available their plant collections. We also acknowledge all the people who made the botanical collections in the studied region.
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Appendix 1. Checklist of vascular flora of the Cordillera Carabaya,
indicating growth form (F) (h: herb, s: subshrub, a: shrub, ab: tree,
c: cactoide), endemic species (E) (x: reported in Leon et al. (2007);
x* no collections in other countries but not pre-viously reported as
endemic to Peru), Elev.: elevational record of these collection(s);
Voucher: PG (Paul Gonzales), FP (Francis Pennell), JS (Jaroslav
Soukup), CV (Cesar Vargas), OT (Oscar Tovar), AW (Augusto Weberbauer),
MW (Maximilian Weigend), f!: not registered herbarium specimen, known
only as photograph from study area; [ ]: collections within brackets
come from neighboring areas.
family Species F E
Pteridophytes
Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. h --
Asplenium monanthes L. h --
Asplenium triphyllum C. h --
Presl
Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii h --
(Fee) T. Moore
Polystichum cochleatum h --
(Klotzsch) Hieron.
Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. h
Isoetes lechleri Mett. h
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus h --
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) B. Ollg.
Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum h --
crotalophoroides Walter
Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon h --
(Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee
Campyloneurum asplundii h --
(C. Chr.) Ching
Melpomene peruviana h --
(Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C.
Moran
Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. h --
Chr.) A.R. Sm.
Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea h --
(Poir.) Windham
Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. h --
Cheilanthes pruinata h --
Kaulf.
Cheilanthes scariosa h --
(Sw.) C. Presl
Pellaea ovata (Desv.) h --
Weath.
Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. h --
Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis h --
(L.) Bernh.
Woodsia montevidensis h --
(Spreng.) Hieron.
Gymnospems
Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. s --
Monocots
Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea h --
Herb.
Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) h --
Beauverd
Bomarea involucrosa h --
(Herb.) Baker
Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum h --
(Sims) P. Beauv.
Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) h --
Speta
Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van h --
Heurck & Mull. Arg.
Carex bonplandii Kunth h --
Carex brachycalama h --
Griseb.
Carex pichinchensis Kunth h --
Cyperus andinus Palla ex h --
Kuk.
Eleocharis albibracteata h --
Nees & Meyen ex Kunth
Oreobolus venezuelensis h --
Steyerm.
Phylloscirpus acaulis h --
(Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A.
Simpson
Phylloscirpus deserticola h --
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Trichophorum rigidum h --
(Boeckeler) Goetgh.,
Muasya & D.A. Simpson
Zameioscirpus atacamensis h --
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Zameioscirpus muticus h --
Dhooge & Goetgh.
Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton h --
(Bertero) Espinosa
Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii h x*
R.C. Foster
Olsynium acaule (Klatt) h --
Goldblatt
Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. h --
ex C. Presl) Goldblatt
Sisyrinchium brevipes h --
Baker
Sisyrinchium h --
caespitificum Kraenzl.
Sisyrinchium chilense h --
Hook.
Sisyrinchium palustre h --
Diels
Sisyrinchium porphyreum h --
Kraenzl.
Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees h --
& Meyen
Juncus arcticus Willd. h --
Juncus bufonius L. h --
Juncus ebracteatus E. h --
Mey.
Juncus stipulatus Nees & h --
Meyen
Luzula ecuadoriensis h --
Balslev
Luzula racemosa Desv. h --
Oxychloe andina Phil. h --
Patosia clandestina h --
(Phil.) Buchenau
Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) h --
Hauman
Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames h --
Myrosmodes chiogena h --
(Schltr.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes gymnandra h --
(Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes paludosa h --
(Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz
Poaceae Aciachne acicularis h --
Loegaard
Aciachne pulvinata Benth. h --
Aegopogon cenchroides h --
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Agrostis breviculmis h --
Hitchc.
Agrostis tolucensis Kunth h --
Alopecurus hitchcockii h --
Parodi
Anatherostipa hans-meyeri h --
(Pilg.) Penail.
Anatherostipa obtusa h --
(Nees & Meyen) Penail.
Avena sativa L. h --
Bromus catharticus Vahl h --
Bromus lanatus Kunth h --
Bromus pitensis Kunth h --
Bromus villosissimus h --
Hitchc.
Calamagrostis antoniana h --
(Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen
Calamagrostis h --
breviaristata (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis brevifolia h --
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis chrysantha h --
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis eminens h --
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis h --
heterophylla (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis intermedia h --
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis jamesonii h --
Steud.
Calamagrostis macrophylla h --
(Pilg.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis minima h --
(Pilg.) Tovar
Calamagrostis nitidula h --
Pilg.
Calamagrostis ovata h --
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis recta h --
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rigescens h --
(J. Presl) Scribn.
Calamagrostis rigida h --
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rupestris h --
Trin.
Calamagrostis setiflora h --
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis spiciformis h --
Hack.
Calamagrostis tarmensis h --
Pilg.
Calamagrostis h --
trichophylla Pilg.
Calamagrostis vicunarum h --
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Dielsiochloa floribunda h --
(Pilg.) Pilg.
Festuca breviaristata h --
Pilg.
Festuca divergens Tovar h x*
Festuca dolichophylla h --
J. Presl
Festuca humilior Nees & h --
Meyen
Festuca lasiorrhachis h --
Pilg.
Festuca orthophylla Pilg. h --
Festuca rigescens h --
(J. Presl) Kunth
Festuca setifolia Steud. h x*
ex Griseb.
Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar h x*
Hordeum muticum J. Presl h --
Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. h --
Muhlenbergia angustata h --
(J. Presl) Kunth
Muhlenbergia ligularis h --
(Hack.) Hitchc.
Muhlenbergia peruviana h --
(P. Beauv.) Steud.
Nassella brachyphylla h --
(Hitchc.) Barkworth
Nassella inconspicua h --
(J. Presl) Barkworth
Nassella pubiflora h --
(Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv.
Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. h --
Pennisetum clandestinum h --
Hochst. ex Chiov.
Piptochaetium panicoides h --
(Lam.) E. Desv.
Poa aequigluma Tovar h --
Poa annua L. h --
Poa apiculata Refulio h --
Poa ayacuchensis Tovar h --
Poa calycina (J. Presl) h --
Kunth
Poa dentigluma Tovar h --
Poa gilgiana Pilg. h --
Poa glaberrima Tovar h --
Poa gymnantha Pilg. h --
Poa horridula Pilg. h --
Poa humillima Pilg. h --
Poa lepidula (Nees & h --
Meyen) Soreng & L.J.
Gillespie
Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. h --
Krause) Refulio
Poa marshallii Tovar h --
Poa perligulata Pilg. h --
Poa peruviana Jacq. h --
Poa pseudoaequigluma h --
Tovar
Poa serpaiana Refulio h --
Poa spicigera Tovar h --
Polypogon interruptus h --
Kunth
Trisetum spicatum (L.) h --
K. Richt.
Vulpia dertonensis h --
(All.) Gola
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. h --
Gmel.
Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis h --
(A. Galan) A. Galan
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) h --
Borner
Eudicots
Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. h --
Apiaceae Azorella biloba h --
(Schltdl.) Wedd.
Azorella diapensioides h --
A. Gray
Azorella multifida (Ruiz h --
& Pav.) Pers.
Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & h --
Pav.
Bowlesia tropaeolifolia h --
Gillies & Hook.
Chaerophyllum andicola h --
(Kunth) K.F. Chung
Daucus montanus Humb. & h --
Bonpl. ex Spreng.
Lilaeopsis macloviana h --
(Gand.) A.W. Hill
Niphogeton scabra h --
(H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr.
Apocynaceae Philibertia s --
lysimachioides (Wedd.)
T. Mey.
Asteraceae Achyrocline alata h --
(Kunth) DC.
Achyrocline ramosissima h --
Britton ex Rusby
Ageratina glechonophylla s --
(Less.) R.M. King & H.
Rob.
Aldama helianthoides h --
(Rich.) E.E. Schill. &
Panero
Baccharis caespitosa s --
(Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
Baccharis genistelloides s --
(Lam.) Pers.
Baccharis tola Phil. a --
Baccharis tricuneata a --
(L. f.) Pers.
Bidens andicola Kunth h --
Chersodoma antennaria h --
(Wedd.) Cabrera
Chersodoma jodopappa s --
(Sch. Bip.) Cabrera
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. s --
Gmel.
Conyza artemisioides h --
Meyen & Walp.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) h --
Cronquist
Conyza coronopifolia h --
Kunth
Conyza deserticola Phil. h --
Cotula mexicana (DC.) h --
Cabrera
Cuatrecasasiella isernii h --
(Cuatrec.) H. Rob.
Diplostephium carabayense s x
Wedd.
Erigeron lanceolatus h --
Wedd.
Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. h --
Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) h --
Sch. Bip.
Galinsoga mandonii Sch. h --
Bip. ex Baker
Gamochaeta americana h --
(Mill.) Wedd.
Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. h --
Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) h --
Cabrera
Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. h --
Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen h --
& Walp.
Gnaphalium polium Wedd. h --
Hieracium leptocephalium h --
Benth.
Hieracium neoherrerae h --
Zahn
Hypochaeris chillensis h --
(Kunth) Britton
Hypochaeris echegarayi h --
Hieron.
Hypochaeris meyeniana h --
(Walp.) Benth. & Hook.
f. ex
Griseb.
Hypochaeris sessiliflora h --
Kunth
Hypochaeris taraxacoides h --
Ball
Jalcophila ecuadorensis h --
M.O. Dillon & Sagast.
Laennecia gnaphalioides h --
(Kunth) Cass.
Leucheria daucifolia h --
(D. Don) Crisci
Misbrookea strigosissima h --
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Mniodes aretioides s --
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) h --
S. E. Freire
Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) h --
S. E. Freire
Mniodes longifolia h --
(Cuatrec. & Aristeg.)
S. E. Freire
Mniodes piptolepis h --
(Wedd.) S. E. Freire
Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) h --
S. E. Freire
Mniodes subspicata h --
(Wedd.) S.E. Freire
Noticastrum marginatum h --
(Kunth) Cuatrec.
Novenia acaulis (Benth. & h --
Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.)
S.E.
Freire & F.H. Hellw.
Oriastrum stuebelii h --
(Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies
Oritrophium hieracioides h --
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Oritrophium limnophilum h --
(Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec.
Paranephelius ovatus A. h --
Gray ex Wedd.
Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) h --
Reiche
Perezia coerulescens h -
Wedd.
Perezia multiflora h --
(Bonpl.) Less.
Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) h --
Less.
Perezia pygmaea Wedd. h --
Perezia sublyrata Domke h --
Senecio adenophylloides a --
Sch. Bip.
Senecio adenophyllus a --
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio algens Wedd. h --
Senecio breviscapus DC. h --
Senecio candollei Wedd. h --
Senecio canescens h --
(Bonpl.) Cuatrec.
Senecio canoi P. h x
Gonzales, Montesinos &
Ed. Navarro
Senecio chavanilloensis h --
Cuatrec.
Senecio collinus DC. a x
Senecio condimentarius h --
Cabrera
Senecio evacoides Sch. h --
Bip.
Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera s x
Senecio gamolepis Cabrera s --
Senecio humillimus Sch. s --
Bip.
Senecio hyoseridifolius h --
Wedd.
Senecio jarae Phil. h --
Senecio macrorrhizus h x
Wedd.
Senecio modestus Wedd. h --
Senecio moqueguensis h x
Montesinos
Senecio nivalis (Kunth) h --
Cuatrec.
Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. a --
Senecio pinnatilobatus a --
Sch. Bip.
Senecio rhizomatus Rusby h --
Senecio rudbeckiifolius a --
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio rufescens DC. a --
Senecio serratifolius h --
(Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec.
Senecio tassaensis h x
Montesinos
Senecio Vulgaris L. h --
Soliva neglecta Cabrera h --
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill h --
Stevia macbridei B.L. h --
Rob.
Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. h --
Stuckertiella capitata h --
(Wedd.) Beauverd
Tagetes multiflora Kunth h --
Taraxacum fernandezianum h --
Dahlst. ex Skottsb.
Werneria apiculata Sch. h --
Bip.
Werneria glaberrima Phil. h --
Werneria heteroloba Wedd. h --
Werneria nubigena Kunth h --
Werneria obtusiloba S.F. h --
Blake
Werneria orbignyana Wedd. h --
Werneria pectinata h --
Lingelsh.
Werneria pumila Kunth h --
Werneria pygmaea Gillies h --
ex Hook. & Arn.
Werneria solivifolia Sch. h --
Bip.
Xenophyllum ciliolatum h --
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum s --
dactylophyllum (Sch.
Bip.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum digitatum h --
(Wedd.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum marcidum h --
(S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum s --
pseudodigitatum (Rockh.)
V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum staffordiae s x
(Sandwith) V.A. Funk
Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. h --
Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis a --
Lechl.
Berberis carinata Lechl. a --
Berberis rectinervia a --
Rusby
Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz h --
& Pav.) I.M. Johnst.
Phacelia secunda J.F. h --
Gmel.
Plagiobothrys humilis h --
(Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.
Johnst.
Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. h --
campestris (L.) Clapham
Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg h --
& Muschl.
Brayopsis monimocalyx h --
O.E. Schulz
Capsella bursa-pastoris h --
(L.) Medik.
Cardamine bonariensis h --
Pers.
Descurainia athrocarpa h --
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Descurainia myriophylla h --
(Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr.
Draba brackenridgei A. h --
Gray
Draba cuzcoensis O.E. h --
Schulz
Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz h --
Draba punoensis Al- h x
Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H.
Trinidad & A. Cano
Englerocharis blanca- h x
leoniae A-Shehbaz, P.
Gonzales & A. Cano
Englerocharis peruviana h --
Muschl.
Lepidium bipinnatifidum h --
Desv.
Lepidium chichicara Desv. h --
Lepidium meyenii Walp. h --
Mancoa hispida Wedd. h --
Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) h --
J.F. Macbr.
Weberbauera insisa A- h --
Shehbaz, P. Gonzales &
A. Cano
Weberbauera peruviana h --
(DC.) Al-Shehbaz
Weberbauera spathulifolia h --
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- c --
floccosa (Salm-Dyck)
F. Ritter
Austrocylindropuntia c --
lagopus (K. Schum.)
I. Crook, J.
Arnold & M. Lowry c --
Echinopsis maximiliana c --
Heyder ex A. Dietr.
Calceolariaceae Calceolaria h --
plectranthifolia Walp.
Calceolaria scapiflora h --
(Ruiz & Pav.) Benth.
Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis h --
(Kunth) C. Presl
Lysipomia acaulis Kunth h --
Lysipomia glandulifera h --
(Schltdl. ex Wedd.)
Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm.
Lysipomia laciniata A. h --
DC.
Lysipomia sphagnophila h --
Griseb. ex Wedd.
Wahlenbergia peruviana h --
A. Gray
Wahlenbergia urcosensis h x
E. Wimm.
Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus h --
(Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale
Stangea paulae Graebn. h x
Stangea rhizantha h x
(A. Gray) Killip
Stangea wandae Graebn. h --
Valeriana andina Britton h --
Valeriana baltana Graebn. h x
Valeriana cephalantha h x
Schltdl.
Valeriana coarctata Ruiz h --
& Pav.
Valeriana globularioides h --
Graebn.
Valeriana herrerae Killip h x
Valeriana johannae h x
Weberl.
Valeriana micropterina h --
Wedd.
Valeriana niphobia Briq. h --
Valeriana nivalis Wedd. h --
Valeriana pennellii h --
Killip
Valeriana plectritoides h x
Graebn.
Valeriana pycnantha A. h --
Gray
Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. h x
Arenaria digyna Willd. h --
ex D.F.K. Schltdl.
Arenaria lanuginosa h --
(Michx.) Rohrb.
Cardionema ramosissimum h --
(Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F.
Macbr. Cerastium danguyi h --
J.F. Macbr.
Cerastium glomeratum h --
Thuill.
Cerastium mucronatum h --
Wedd.
Cerastium peruvianum h --
Muschl.
Cerastium subspicatum h --
Wedd.
Drymaria divaricata var. h --
stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke
Paronychia andina A. Gray h --
Paronychia mandoniana h --
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum h x
aschersonianum Muschl.
Pycnophyllum bryoides h --
(Phil.) Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum glomeratum h --
Mattf.
Pycnophyllum lechlerianum h x
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum molle Remy h --
Pycnophyllum weberbaueri h --
Muschl.
Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) h --
Bocquet
Silene thysanodes Fenzl h --
Spergularia fasciculata h --
Phil.
Stellaria cuspidata h --
D.F.K. Schltdl.
Stellaria media (L.) h --
Vill.
Stellaria weddellii h --
Pedersen
Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx h --
(Hallier f.) Fabris
Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) h --
Reiche
Crassula connata h --
(Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger
Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr h --
Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides a --
L. f.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana h --
(Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.
Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii s --
Griseb.
Astragalus arequipensis h --
Vogel
Astragalus dielsii J.F. h --
Macbr.
Astragalus dillinghamii h x
J.F. Macbr.
Astragalus diminutivus h --
(Phil.) Gomez-Sosa
Astragalus garbancillo h --
Cav.
Astragalus minimus Vogel h --
Astragalus pilgeri J.F. h --
Macbr.
Astragalus uniflorus DC. h --
Astragalus weddellianus h --
(Kuntze) I.M. Johnst.
Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. h --
Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. h --
Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. h --
Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. h --
Lupinus gibertianus C.P. h --
Sm.
Lupinus microphyllus h --
Desr.
Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. h --
Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. h --
Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. h --
Sm.
Medicago polymorpha L. h --
Trifolium amabile Kunth h --
Trifolium repens L. h --
Vicia graminea Sm. h --
Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth h --
Gentianella armerioides h --
(Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S.
Pringle
Gentianella bridgesii h --
(Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho
& S.W. Liu
Gentianella h x
campanuliformis (Reimers)
Fabris
Gentianella centamalensis h x
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella dolichopoda h x
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella lobelioides h x
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella persquarrosa h x
(Reimers) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella potamophila h x
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella primuloides h --
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella punicea h --
(Wedd.) Holub
Gentianella sandiensis h --
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatiflora h x
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatina h --
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Halenia caespitosa Gilg h --
Halenia umbellata h --
(Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg
Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) h --
L'Her. ex Aiton
Erodium moschatum (L.) h --
L'Her. ex Aiton
Geranium core-core Steud. h --
Geranium crassipes Hook. h --
ex A. Gray
Geranium dielsianum R. h --
Knuth
Geranium fallax Steud. h --
Geranium sessiliflorum h --
Cav.
Geranium weddellii Briq. h --
Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. a --
Ribes brachybotrys a --
(Wedd.) Jancz.
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense h --
Kunth
Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides h --
Juss.
Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. h --
Lamium amplexicaule L. h --
Lepechinia meyenii h --
(Walp.) Epling
Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) h --
Briq.
Loasaceae Caiophora contorta h --
(Desr.) C. Presl
Caiophora horrida h --
(Britton) Urb. & Gilg
Caiophora rosulata h --
(Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg
Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii h --
Krapov.
Nototriche anthemidifolia h --
(J. Remy) A.W. Hill
Nototriche armeriifolia h x
A.W. Hill
Nototriche azorella A.W. h x*
Hill
Nototriche carabayensis h x
P. Gonzales, M. Chanco &
Ed. Navarro
Nototriche condensata h --
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche congesta A.W. h x*
Hill
Nototriche cupuliforme h x
Krapov.
Nototriche digitulifolia h x
A.W. Hill
Nototriche erinacea Hill h x
ex Burtt
Nototriche flabellata h --
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche longirostris h --
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche longituba h x
Burtt & Hill
Nototriche obcuneata h --
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche h --
pediculariifolia (Meyen)
A.W. Hill
Nototriche pellicea h x
A.W. Hill
Nototriche purpurascens h --
A.W. Hill
Nototriche sepaliloba h x*
Hochr.
Nototriche staffordiae h x
Burtt & Hill
Nototriche sulphurea h --
A.W. Hill
Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) h --
Krapov.
Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth h --
Montia fontana L. h --
Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum h --
Ruiz & Pav.
Oenothera multicaulis h --
Ruiz & Pav.
Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides h --
(Hook.) Edwin
Neobartsia diffusa h --
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia elongata h --
(Wedd.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia fiebrigii h --
(Diels) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia inaequalis h --
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia pedicularoides h --
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Castilleja pumila h --
(Benth.) Wedd.
Castilleja virgatoides h --
Edwin
Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. h --
Knuth
Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth h --
Oxalis nubigena Walp. h --
Oxalis oreocharis Diels h --
Oxalis pinguiculacea R. h --
Knuth
Oxalis tuberosa Molina h --
Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth h --
Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana h --
Dahlst.
Peperomia verruculosa h --
Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill
Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda h --
Engelm. ex Hegelm.
Callitriche nubigena h --
Fassett
Ourisia biflora Wedd. h --
Ourisia muscosa Wedd. h --
Plantago australis Lam. h --
Plantago lamprophylla h --
Pilg.
Plantago linearis Kunth h --
Plantago nubicola h --
(Decne.) Rahn
Plantago orbignyana h --
Steinh. ex Decne.
Plantago rigida Kunth h --
Plantago sericea Ruiz & h --
Pav.
Plantago tubulosa Decne. h --
Veronica serpyllifolia L. h --
Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & h --
Pav.
Phlox gracilis (Douglas h --
ex Hook.) Greene
Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica h --
(Benth.) Endl.
Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. h --
Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) h --
Tamura
Oreithales integrifolia h --
(DC.) Schltdl.
Ranunculus breviscapus h --
DC.
Ranunculus filamentosus h --
Wedd.
Ranunculus flagellifolius h --
Nakai
Ranunculus limoselloides h --
Turcz.
Ranunculus praemorsus h --
Kunth ex DC.
Ranunculus trichophyllus h --
Chaix ex Vill.
Ranunculus uniflorus h --
Phil. ex Reiche
Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. h --
Lachemilla barbata h --
(C. Presl) Rothm.
Lachemilla diplophylla h --
(Diels) Rothm.
Lachemilla frigida h --
(Wedd.) Rothm.
Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz h --
& Pav.) Rothm.
Lachemilla sandiensis h x
Rothm.
Lachemilla vulcanica h --
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb.
Polylepis besseri Hieron. ab --
Tetraglochin cristatum s --
(Britton) Rothm.
Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. h --
Galium corymbosum Ruiz & h --
Pav.
Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica h --
Poir.
Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. h --
Ives
Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal h --
Nicotiana undulata Ruiz h --
& Pav.
Salpichroa amoena Benoist s --
Salpichroa glandulosa s --
(Hook.) Miers
Salpichroa lehmannii s --
Dammer
Solanum acaule Bitter h --
Solanum grandidentatum h --
Phil.
Solanum weddellii Phil. h --
Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. h --
Urtica flabellata Kunth h --
Urtica urens L. h --
Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth h --
Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales h x
Viola ferreyrae P. h x
Gonzales
Viola micranthella Wedd. h --
Viola pusillima Wedd. h --
Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex h --
Poir.
family Species Elev.
Pteridophytes
Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. >4000
Asplenium monanthes L. >4000
Asplenium triphyllum C. 4499
Presl
Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii >4000
(Fee) T. Moore
Polystichum cochleatum >4000
(Klotzsch) Hieron.
Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. >4000
Isoetes lechleri Mett. >4000
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus >4000
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) B. Ollg.
Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum >4000
crotalophoroides Walter
Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon >4000
(Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee
Campyloneurum asplundii >4000
(C. Chr.) Ching
Melpomene peruviana >4000
(Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C.
Moran
Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. 3935
Chr.) A.R. Sm.
Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea >4000
(Poir.) Windham
Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. >4000
Cheilanthes pruinata >4000
Kaulf.
Cheilanthes scariosa >4000
(Sw.) C. Presl
Pellaea ovata (Desv.) >4000
Weath.
Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. >4000
Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis >4000
(L.) Bernh.
Woodsia montevidensis >4000
(Spreng.) Hieron.
Gymnospems
Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. >4000
Monocots
Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea 3500-4400
Herb.
Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) 4499
Beauverd
Bomarea involucrosa >4000
(Herb.) Baker
Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum 3800
(Sims) P. Beauv.
Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) 4000
Speta
Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van >4000
Heurck & Mull. Arg.
Carex bonplandii Kunth >4000
Carex brachycalama 4499
Griseb.
Carex pichinchensis Kunth >4000
Cyperus andinus Palla ex >4000
Kuk.
Eleocharis albibracteata 4381
Nees & Meyen ex Kunth
Oreobolus venezuelensis >4000
Steyerm.
Phylloscirpus acaulis >4000
(Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A.
Simpson
Phylloscirpus deserticola >4000
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Trichophorum rigidum >4000
(Boeckeler) Goetgh.,
Muasya & D.A. Simpson
Zameioscirpus atacamensis >4000
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Zameioscirpus muticus 4285
Dhooge & Goetgh.
Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton >4000
(Bertero) Espinosa
Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii 4399
R.C. Foster
Olsynium acaule (Klatt) 4301
Goldblatt
Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. >4000
ex C. Presl) Goldblatt
Sisyrinchium brevipes >4000
Baker
Sisyrinchium >4000
caespitificum Kraenzl.
Sisyrinchium chilense >4000
Hook.
Sisyrinchium palustre >4000
Diels
Sisyrinchium porphyreum 4301
Kraenzl.
Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees >4000
& Meyen
Juncus arcticus Willd. >4000
Juncus bufonius L. >4000
Juncus ebracteatus E. >4000
Mey.
Juncus stipulatus Nees & 4381
Meyen
Luzula ecuadoriensis 4335
Balslev
Luzula racemosa Desv. >4000
Oxychloe andina Phil. 4700
Patosia clandestina 4424
(Phil.) Buchenau
Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) >4000
Hauman
Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames 4100
Myrosmodes chiogena 4897
(Schltr.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes gymnandra 4458
(Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes paludosa 4285-4897
(Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz
Poaceae Aciachne acicularis >4000
Loegaard
Aciachne pulvinata Benth. 3250-3630
Aegopogon cenchroides >4000
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Agrostis breviculmis 3790-4600
Hitchc.
Agrostis tolucensis Kunth >4000
Alopecurus hitchcockii >4000
Parodi
Anatherostipa hans-meyeri --3940-4335
(Pilg.) Penail.
Anatherostipa obtusa >4000
(Nees & Meyen) Penail.
Avena sativa L. >4000
Bromus catharticus Vahl >4000
Bromus lanatus Kunth >4000
Bromus pitensis Kunth >4000
Bromus villosissimus >4000
Hitchc.
Calamagrostis antoniana 4600
(Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen
Calamagrostis 4897
breviaristata (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis brevifolia >4000
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis chrysantha >4000
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis eminens >4000
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis 3790
heterophylla (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis intermedia 3550
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis jamesonii >4000
Steud.
Calamagrostis macrophylla >4000
(Pilg.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis minima >4000
(Pilg.) Tovar
Calamagrostis nitidula 4400
Pilg.
Calamagrostis ovata >4000
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis recta 3470
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rigescens >4000
(J. Presl) Scribn.
Calamagrostis rigida >4000
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rupestris 4400
Trin.
Calamagrostis setiflora >4000
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis spiciformis 3300
Hack.
Calamagrostis tarmensis 4288-3470
Pilg.
Calamagrostis >4000
trichophylla Pilg.
Calamagrostis vicunarum 4381
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Dielsiochloa floribunda >4000
(Pilg.) Pilg.
Festuca breviaristata >4000
Pilg.
Festuca divergens Tovar 4559
Festuca dolichophylla >4000
J. Presl
Festuca humilior Nees & >4000
Meyen
Festuca lasiorrhachis >4000
Pilg.
Festuca orthophylla Pilg. >4000
Festuca rigescens 4897
(J. Presl) Kunth
Festuca setifolia Steud. 3500-4700
ex Griseb.
Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar >4000
Hordeum muticum J. Presl >4000
Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. >4000
Muhlenbergia angustata >4000
(J. Presl) Kunth
Muhlenbergia ligularis 3790
(Hack.) Hitchc.
Muhlenbergia peruviana 4100
(P. Beauv.) Steud.
Nassella brachyphylla >4000
(Hitchc.) Barkworth
Nassella inconspicua >4000
(J. Presl) Barkworth
Nassella pubiflora >4000
(Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv.
Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. 3630
Pennisetum clandestinum >4000
Hochst. ex Chiov.
Piptochaetium panicoides 4285
(Lam.) E. Desv.
Poa aequigluma Tovar >4000
Poa annua L. 2790
Poa apiculata Refulio 4999
Poa ayacuchensis Tovar 4335
Poa calycina (J. Presl) >4000
Kunth
Poa dentigluma Tovar >4000
Poa gilgiana Pilg. >4000
Poa glaberrima Tovar 4288
Poa gymnantha Pilg. >4000
Poa horridula Pilg. >4000
Poa humillima Pilg. >4000
Poa lepidula (Nees & 4600-5300
Meyen) Soreng & L.J.
Gillespie
Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. 4381
Krause) Refulio
Poa marshallii Tovar >4000
Poa perligulata Pilg. >4000
Poa peruviana Jacq. >4000
Poa pseudoaequigluma >4000
Tovar
Poa serpaiana Refulio 4381
Poa spicigera Tovar >4000
Polypogon interruptus >4000
Kunth
Trisetum spicatum (L.) 4285
K. Richt.
Vulpia dertonensis >4000
(All.) Gola
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. 3690
Gmel.
Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis >4000
(A. Galan) A. Galan
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) 4360
Borner
Eudicots
Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. 4360
Apiaceae Azorella biloba 4150-4399
(Schltdl.) Wedd.
Azorella diapensioides >4000
A. Gray
Azorella multifida (Ruiz 4300
& Pav.) Pers.
Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & 3935
Pav.
Bowlesia tropaeolifolia 3900
Gillies & Hook.
Chaerophyllum andicola 4300
(Kunth) K.F. Chung
Daucus montanus Humb. & >4000
Bonpl. ex Spreng.
Lilaeopsis macloviana >4000
(Gand.) A.W. Hill
Niphogeton scabra >4000
(H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr.
Apocynaceae Philibertia >4000
lysimachioides (Wedd.)
T. Mey.
Asteraceae Achyrocline alata >4000
(Kunth) DC.
Achyrocline ramosissima >4000
Britton ex Rusby
Ageratina glechonophylla >4000
(Less.) R.M. King & H.
Rob.
Aldama helianthoides 3935
(Rich.) E.E. Schill. &
Panero
Baccharis caespitosa 4000-5300
(Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
Baccharis genistelloides >4000
(Lam.) Pers.
Baccharis tola Phil. >4000
Baccharis tricuneata >4000
(L. f.) Pers.
Bidens andicola Kunth >4000
Chersodoma antennaria 4522
(Wedd.) Cabrera
Chersodoma jodopappa >4000
(Sch. Bip.) Cabrera
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. >4000
Gmel.
Conyza artemisioides >4000
Meyen & Walp.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) >4000
Cronquist
Conyza coronopifolia 3935
Kunth
Conyza deserticola Phil. ---3935
Cotula mexicana (DC.) >4000
Cabrera
Cuatrecasasiella isernii >4000
(Cuatrec.) H. Rob.
Diplostephium carabayense >4000
Wedd.
Erigeron lanceolatus >4000
Wedd.
Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. >4000
Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) >4000
Sch. Bip.
Galinsoga mandonii Sch. -3935
Bip. ex Baker
Gamochaeta americana >4000
(Mill.) Wedd.
Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. -4400
Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) >4000
Cabrera
Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. >4000
Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen >4000
& Walp.
Gnaphalium polium Wedd. >4000
Hieracium leptocephalium >4000
Benth.
Hieracium neoherrerae -4288
Zahn
Hypochaeris chillensis -4288
(Kunth) Britton
Hypochaeris echegarayi >4000
Hieron.
Hypochaeris meyeniana >4000
(Walp.) Benth. & Hook.
f. ex
Griseb.
Hypochaeris sessiliflora >4000
Kunth
Hypochaeris taraxacoides >4000
Ball
Jalcophila ecuadorensis -4516
M.O. Dillon & Sagast.
Laennecia gnaphalioides >4000
(Kunth) Cass.
Leucheria daucifolia >4000
(D. Don) Crisci
Misbrookea strigosissima >4000
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Mniodes aretioides -4500
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) -4500
S. E. Freire
Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) >4000
S. E. Freire
Mniodes longifolia >4000
(Cuatrec. & Aristeg.)
S. E. Freire
Mniodes piptolepis >4000
(Wedd.) S. E. Freire
Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) >4000
S. E. Freire
Mniodes subspicata >4000
(Wedd.) S.E. Freire
Noticastrum marginatum >4000
(Kunth) Cuatrec.
Novenia acaulis (Benth. & -4300
Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.)
S.E.
Freire & F.H. Hellw.
Oriastrum stuebelii >4000
(Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies
Oritrophium hieracioides -4285
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Oritrophium limnophilum >4000
(Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec.
Paranephelius ovatus A. >4000
Gray ex Wedd.
Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) >4000
Reiche
Perezia coerulescens
Wedd.
Perezia multiflora >4000
(Bonpl.) Less.
Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) >4000
Less.
Perezia pygmaea Wedd. -4381
Perezia sublyrata Domke >4000
Senecio adenophylloides 4520
Sch. Bip.
Senecio adenophyllus >4000
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio algens Wedd. 4335-5024
Senecio breviscapus DC. >4000
Senecio candollei Wedd. 4335
Senecio canescens 4500
(Bonpl.) Cuatrec.
Senecio canoi P. 4520-4742
Gonzales, Montesinos &
Ed. Navarro
Senecio chavanilloensis >4000
Cuatrec.
Senecio collinus DC. >4000
Senecio condimentarius >4000
Cabrera
Senecio evacoides Sch. >4000
Bip.
Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera >4000
Senecio gamolepis Cabrera 4857
Senecio humillimus Sch. 4762
Bip.
Senecio hyoseridifolius >4000
Wedd.
Senecio jarae Phil. 4346
Senecio macrorrhizus >4000
Wedd.
Senecio modestus Wedd. 4499
Senecio moqueguensis 4496
Montesinos
Senecio nivalis (Kunth) 4520-4897
Cuatrec.
Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. >4000
Senecio pinnatilobatus 4499
Sch. Bip.
Senecio rhizomatus Rusby >4000
Senecio rudbeckiifolius >4000
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio rufescens DC. >4000
Senecio serratifolius 4897
(Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec.
Senecio tassaensis 4762
Montesinos
Senecio Vulgaris L. >4000
Soliva neglecta Cabrera >4000
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill >4000
Stevia macbridei B.L. 3935
Rob.
Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. >4000
Stuckertiella capitata >4000
(Wedd.) Beauverd
Tagetes multiflora Kunth >4000
Taraxacum fernandezianum >4000
Dahlst. ex Skottsb.
Werneria apiculata Sch. >4000
Bip.
Werneria glaberrima Phil. >4000
Werneria heteroloba Wedd. 4939
Werneria nubigena Kunth >4000
Werneria obtusiloba S.F. 4939
Blake
Werneria orbignyana Wedd. 4335-4499
Werneria pectinata >4000
Lingelsh.
Werneria pumila Kunth >4000
Werneria pygmaea Gillies 4381
ex Hook. & Arn.
Werneria solivifolia Sch. 4412
Bip.
Xenophyllum ciliolatum 4897-5230
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum 5024
dactylophyllum (Sch.
Bip.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum digitatum 4897-5230
(Wedd.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum marcidum 5072-5230
(S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum 5024-5072
pseudodigitatum (Rockh.)
V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum staffordiae 4897
(Sandwith) V.A. Funk
Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. >4000
Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis >4000
Lechl.
Berberis carinata Lechl. >4000
Berberis rectinervia 3850
Rusby
Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz 4335
& Pav.) I.M. Johnst.
Phacelia secunda J.F. 4000-4150
Gmel.
Plagiobothrys humilis 4520
(Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.
Johnst.
Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. >4000
campestris (L.) Clapham
Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg 4520
& Muschl.
Brayopsis monimocalyx 4400-4999
O.E. Schulz
Capsella bursa-pastoris >4000
(L.) Medik.
Cardamine bonariensis >4000
Pers.
Descurainia athrocarpa 4330-4897
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Descurainia myriophylla 3935
(Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr.
Draba brackenridgei A. 4897
Gray
Draba cuzcoensis O.E. 4762
Schulz
Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz 4736
Draba punoensis Al- 4658-4762
Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H.
Trinidad & A. Cano
Englerocharis blanca- 4897
leoniae A-Shehbaz, P.
Gonzales & A. Cano
Englerocharis peruviana 4644
Muschl.
Lepidium bipinnatifidum 4999-4520
Desv.
Lepidium chichicara Desv. >4000
Lepidium meyenii Walp. 4300-4762
Mancoa hispida Wedd. 4520
Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) >4000
J.F. Macbr.
Weberbauera insisa A- 4522-5000
Shehbaz, P. Gonzales &
A. Cano
Weberbauera peruviana >4000
(DC.) Al-Shehbaz
Weberbauera spathulifolia 4320-4892
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- >4000
floccosa (Salm-Dyck)
F. Ritter
Austrocylindropuntia >4000
lagopus (K. Schum.)
I. Crook, J.
Arnold & M. Lowry 4360-4400
Echinopsis maximiliana >4000
Heyder ex A. Dietr.
Calceolariaceae Calceolaria 4288
plectranthifolia Walp.
Calceolaria scapiflora >4000
(Ruiz & Pav.) Benth.
Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis >4000
(Kunth) C. Presl
Lysipomia acaulis Kunth >4000
Lysipomia glandulifera >4000
(Schltdl. ex Wedd.)
Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm.
Lysipomia laciniata A. 3595-4424
DC.
Lysipomia sphagnophila >4000
Griseb. ex Wedd.
Wahlenbergia peruviana >4000
A. Gray
Wahlenbergia urcosensis >4000
E. Wimm.
Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus >4000
(Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale
Stangea paulae Graebn. 5024-084
Stangea rhizantha 4450-4897
(A. Gray) Killip
Stangea wandae Graebn. >4000
Valeriana andina Britton 4335
Valeriana baltana Graebn. >4000
Valeriana cephalantha >4000
Schltdl.
Valeriana coarctata Ruiz 4644
& Pav.
Valeriana globularioides 4897
Graebn.
Valeriana herrerae Killip 4000
Valeriana johannae >4000
Weberl.
Valeriana micropterina 4288-4496
Wedd.
Valeriana niphobia Briq. >4000
Valeriana nivalis Wedd. 4496
Valeriana pennellii >4000
Killip
Valeriana plectritoides 3800
Graebn.
Valeriana pycnantha A. 4600
Gray
Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. >4000
Arenaria digyna Willd. 4999
ex D.F.K. Schltdl.
Arenaria lanuginosa 4000
(Michx.) Rohrb.
Cardionema ramosissimum 4000
(Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F.
Macbr. Cerastium danguyi >4000
J.F. Macbr.
Cerastium glomeratum >4000
Thuill.
Cerastium mucronatum >4000
Wedd.
Cerastium peruvianum 4400
Muschl.
Cerastium subspicatum >4000
Wedd.
Drymaria divaricata var. >4000
stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke
Paronychia andina A. Gray 4450
Paronychia mandoniana >4000
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum >4000
aschersonianum Muschl.
Pycnophyllum bryoides 4400
(Phil.) Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum glomeratum 4400-5024
Mattf.
Pycnophyllum lechlerianum 4999
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum molle Remy 4335-4400
Pycnophyllum weberbaueri 4399-5024
Muschl.
Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) >4000
Bocquet
Silene thysanodes Fenzl >4000
Spergularia fasciculata >4000
Phil.
Stellaria cuspidata 3800
D.F.K. Schltdl.
Stellaria media (L.) >4000
Vill.
Stellaria weddellii >4000
Pedersen
Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx >4000
(Hallier f.) Fabris
Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) >4000
Reiche
Crassula connata >4000
(Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger
Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr >4000
Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides >4000
L. f.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana >4000
(Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.
Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii 4192
Griseb.
Astragalus arequipensis >4000
Vogel
Astragalus dielsii J.F. 4897
Macbr.
Astragalus dillinghamii 4412-4999
J.F. Macbr.
Astragalus diminutivus 4200
(Phil.) Gomez-Sosa
Astragalus garbancillo >4000
Cav.
Astragalus minimus Vogel >4000
Astragalus pilgeri J.F. 4450
Macbr.
Astragalus uniflorus DC. >4000
Astragalus weddellianus 3750-4400
(Kuntze) I.M. Johnst.
Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. >4000
Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. 4335
Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. >4000
Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. 4000
Lupinus gibertianus C.P. 3500-4600
Sm.
Lupinus microphyllus >4000
Desr.
Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. 4335
Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. 4500
Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. >4000
Sm.
Medicago polymorpha L. >4000
Trifolium amabile Kunth >4000
Trifolium repens L. >4000
Vicia graminea Sm. >4000
Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth >4000
Gentianella armerioides >4000
(Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S.
Pringle
Gentianella bridgesii >4000
(Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho
& S.W. Liu
Gentianella 4999
campanuliformis (Reimers)
Fabris
Gentianella centamalensis >4000
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella dolichopoda * 4381
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella lobelioides 4600
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella persquarrosa 4939
(Reimers) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella potamophila >4000
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella primuloides >4000
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella punicea 4000
(Wedd.) Holub
Gentianella sandiensis 3600
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatiflora * 4300
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatina >4000
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Halenia caespitosa Gilg 14500 ft
Halenia umbellata 3600-4288
(Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg
Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) >4000
L'Her. ex Aiton
Erodium moschatum (L.) >4000
L'Her. ex Aiton
Geranium core-core Steud. 3935
Geranium crassipes Hook. >4000
ex A. Gray
Geranium dielsianum R. >4000
Knuth
Geranium fallax Steud. >4000
Geranium sessiliflorum >4000
Cav.
Geranium weddellii Briq. 4336
Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. 3850
Ribes brachybotrys 4800
(Wedd.) Jancz.
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense >4000
Kunth
Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides >4000
Juss.
Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. >4000
Lamium amplexicaule L. >4000
Lepechinia meyenii >4000
(Walp.) Epling
Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) >4000
Briq.
Loasaceae Caiophora contorta 4330
(Desr.) C. Presl
Caiophora horrida >4000
(Britton) Urb. & Gilg
Caiophora rosulata >4000
(Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg
Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii >4000
Krapov.
Nototriche anthemidifolia 4412
(J. Remy) A.W. Hill
Nototriche armeriifolia >4000
A.W. Hill
Nototriche azorella A.W. 4600
Hill
Nototriche carabayensis 5072
P. Gonzales, M. Chanco &
Ed. Navarro
Nototriche condensata >4000
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche congesta A.W. 4500
Hill
Nototriche cupuliforme 4360
Krapov.
Nototriche digitulifolia 4897
A.W. Hill
Nototriche erinacea Hill 4897
ex Burtt
Nototriche flabellata 4400-4897
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche longirostris 4360
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche longituba >4000
Burtt & Hill
Nototriche obcuneata 4500-5084
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche 4500-4700
pediculariifolia (Meyen)
A.W. Hill
Nototriche pellicea 4412
A.W. Hill
Nototriche purpurascens 4897
A.W. Hill
Nototriche sepaliloba 4885
Hochr.
Nototriche staffordiae >4000
Burtt & Hill
Nototriche sulphurea 4700
A.W. Hill
Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) 3600-4520
Krapov.
Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth 4300
Montia fontana L. >4000
Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum 4335
Ruiz & Pav.
Oenothera multicaulis >4000
Ruiz & Pav.
Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides >4000
(Hook.) Edwin
Neobartsia diffusa >4000
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia elongata 4335-4499
(Wedd.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia fiebrigii >4000
(Diels) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia inaequalis >4000
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia pedicularoides >4000
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Castilleja pumila >4000
(Benth.) Wedd.
Castilleja virgatoides >4000
Edwin
Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. >4000
Knuth
Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth 4520
Oxalis nubigena Walp. >4000
Oxalis oreocharis Diels 4450
Oxalis pinguiculacea R. 3800-4450
Knuth
Oxalis tuberosa Molina >4000
Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth >4000
Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana 4644
Dahlst.
Peperomia verruculosa 4450
Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill
Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda >4000
Engelm. ex Hegelm.
Callitriche nubigena >4000
Fassett
Ourisia biflora Wedd. 14500 ft
Ourisia muscosa Wedd. 4762
Plantago australis Lam. >4000
Plantago lamprophylla 4520
Pilg.
Plantago linearis Kunth 4516
Plantago nubicola 4335-4522
(Decne.) Rahn
Plantago orbignyana >4000
Steinh. ex Decne.
Plantago rigida Kunth 4000-4381
Plantago sericea Ruiz & >4000
Pav.
Plantago tubulosa Decne. >4000
Veronica serpyllifolia L. 3000
Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & >4000
Pav.
Phlox gracilis (Douglas >4000
ex Hook.) Greene
Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica >4000
(Benth.) Endl.
Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. >4000
Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) 4335-4897
Tamura
Oreithales integrifolia 4500
(DC.) Schltdl.
Ranunculus breviscapus >4000
DC.
Ranunculus filamentosus 4400-4999
Wedd.
Ranunculus flagellifolius >4000
Nakai
Ranunculus limoselloides >4000
Turcz.
Ranunculus praemorsus 2500
Kunth ex DC.
Ranunculus trichophyllus >4000
Chaix ex Vill.
Ranunculus uniflorus 4381
Phil. ex Reiche
Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. 4520
Lachemilla barbata >4000
(C. Presl) Rothm.
Lachemilla diplophylla >4000
(Diels) Rothm.
Lachemilla frigida 4285
(Wedd.) Rothm.
Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz 4400
& Pav.) Rothm.
Lachemilla sandiensis >4000
Rothm.
Lachemilla vulcanica 3600
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb.
Polylepis besseri Hieron. 3800-4100
Tetraglochin cristatum >4000
(Britton) Rothm.
Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. 3935
Galium corymbosum Ruiz & >4000
Pav.
Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica 3500-4400
Poir.
Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. >4000
Ives
Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal >4000
Nicotiana undulata Ruiz >4000
& Pav.
Salpichroa amoena Benoist 3800-4260
Salpichroa glandulosa 4260
(Hook.) Miers
Salpichroa lehmannii 4200-4496
Dammer
Solanum acaule Bitter 4335-4450
Solanum grandidentatum 4200-4596
Phil.
Solanum weddellii Phil. 4200-4200
Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. >4000
Urtica flabellata Kunth 4600-4700
Urtica urens L. >4000
Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth >4000
Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales 4300-4400
Viola ferreyrae P. 4300-4400
Gonzales
Viola micranthella Wedd. 4335
Viola pusillima Wedd. >4000
Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex 4300-4360
Poir.
family Species Voucher
Pteridophytes
Aspleniaceae Asplenium gilliesii Hook. f!
Asplenium monanthes L. Boeke JD. 2972
Asplenium triphyllum C. PG 3816
Presl
Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum mathewsii PG 3025
(Fee) T. Moore
Polystichum cochleatum f!
(Klotzsch) Hieron.
Isoetaceae Isoetes andina Hook. Leon 5316
Isoetes lechleri Mett. Lechler 1937
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus crassus f!
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) B. Ollg.
Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum f!
crotalophoroides Walter
Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum amphostenon f!
(Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fee
Campyloneurum asplundii f!
(C. Chr.) Ching
Melpomene peruviana f!
(Desv.) A.R. Sm. & R.C.
Moran
Pleopeltis pycnocarpa (C. PG 3047
Chr.) A.R. Sm.
Pteridaceae Argyrochosma nivea f!
(Poir.) Windham
Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. f!
Cheilanthes pruinata f!
Kaulf.
Cheilanthes scariosa f!
(Sw.) C. Presl
Pellaea ovata (Desv.) f!
Weath.
Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. f!
Woodsiaceae Cystopteris fragilis f!
(L.) Bernh.
Woodsia montevidensis f!
(Spreng.) Hieron.
Gymnospems
Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Benth. f!
Monocots
Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea MW 2000/68, CV 6840
Herb.
Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Hill 3819, Raimondi A.
Beauverd 10229
Bomarea involucrosa f!
(Herb.) Baker
Amaryllidaceae Nothoscordum gramineum CV 15181
(Sims) P. Beauv.
Asparagaceae Oziroe acaulis (Baker) CV 7146
Speta
Cyperaceae Carex boliviensis Van f!
Heurck & Mull. Arg.
Carex bonplandii Kunth f!
Carex brachycalama f!
Griseb.
Carex pichinchensis Kunth Lechler 2519, PG 3817
Cyperus andinus Palla ex f!
Kuk.
Eleocharis albibracteata f! [Meyen s.n.]
Nees & Meyen ex Kunth
Oreobolus venezuelensis PG 3083
Steyerm.
Phylloscirpus acaulis f! [PG 1604]
(Phil.) Goetgh. & D.A.
Simpson
Phylloscirpus deserticola Leon 5315
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Trichophorum rigidum f!
(Boeckeler) Goetgh.,
Muasya & D.A. Simpson
Zameioscirpus atacamensis f!
(Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh.
Zameioscirpus muticus f! [PG1603]
Dhooge & Goetgh.
Hydrocharitaceae Elodea potamogeton f!
(Bertero) Espinosa
Iridaceae Cardenanthus vargasii PG 3450
R.C. Foster
Olsynium acaule (Klatt) PG 3421
Goldblatt
Olsynium junceum (E. Mey. f!
ex C. Presl) Goldblatt
Sisyrinchium brevipes f!
Baker
Sisyrinchium f!
caespitificum Kraenzl.
Sisyrinchium chilense f!
Hook.
Sisyrinchium palustre f!
Diels
Sisyrinchium porphyreum PG 3418
Kraenzl.
Juncaceae Distichia muscoides Nees f!
& Meyen
Juncus arcticus Willd. f!
Juncus bufonius L. f!
Juncus ebracteatus E. f!
Mey.
Juncus stipulatus Nees & PG 3086
Meyen
Luzula ecuadoriensis PG 3002
Balslev
Luzula racemosa Desv. f!
Oxychloe andina Phil. PG 3452
Patosia clandestina PG 3447
(Phil.) Buchenau
Juncaginaceae Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) f!
Hauman
Orchidaceae Aa rosei Ames CV 6846
Myrosmodes chiogena PG 3057b
(Schltr.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes gymnandra PG 2996
(Rchb. f.) C.A. Vargas
Myrosmodes paludosa PG 3022, PG 3057a
(Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz
Poaceae Aciachne acicularis f!
Loegaard
Aciachne pulvinata Benth. Bennett B. 2004, 2099,
Lechler 3238
Aegopogon cenchroides f!
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Agrostis breviculmis Anonimo 7158,
Hitchc. Bennett B. 2283
Agrostis tolucensis Kunth f!
Alopecurus hitchcockii f!
Parodi
Anatherostipa hans-meyeri AW 940, Bennett B.
(Pilg.) Penail. 2759, Lechler 1978,
PG 3017
Anatherostipa obtusa f! [Monheim 160, 10,
(Nees & Meyen) Penail. OT 5175, 5259,
Weddell 4488]
Avena sativa L. f! [OT s.n.]
Bromus catharticus Vahl f! [Monheim 19]
Bromus lanatus Kunth f! [CV 16233]
Bromus pitensis Kunth f!
Bromus villosissimus CV 7894
Hitchc.
Calamagrostis antoniana CV 7184
(Griseb.) Hack. ex Dusen
Calamagrostis PG 3067
breviaristata (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis brevifolia f!
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis chrysantha CV 7167, Leon 5321
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis eminens f!
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis Bennett B. 2287
heterophylla (Wedd.)
Pilg.
Calamagrostis intermedia Metcalf R. 30433
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis jamesonii f! [Pearson 75]
Steud.
Calamagrostis macrophylla Metcalf R. 30433
(Pilg.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis minima AW 953
(Pilg.) Tovar
Calamagrostis nitidula AW 960, Leon 5319
Pilg.
Calamagrostis ovata CV 7892, Lechler 2057
(J. Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis recta Bennett B. 2264
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rigescens f! [JS 113]
(J. Presl) Scribn.
Calamagrostis rigida f!
(Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.
Calamagrostis rupestris CV 8131
Trin.
Calamagrostis setiflora f!
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Calamagrostis spiciformis Bennett B. 2494
Hack.
Calamagrostis tarmensis Bennett B. 2263,
Pilg. PG 3034, 3018
Calamagrostis f! [Stordy s.n.,
trichophylla Pilg. Harlam s.n.]
Calamagrostis vicunarum PG 3085
(Wedd.) Pilg.
Dielsiochloa floribunda AW 1028,
(Pilg.) Pilg. Leon 5320, 5342
Festuca breviaristata f!
Pilg.
Festuca divergens Tovar PG 2998
Festuca dolichophylla f! [JS 447,
J. Presl OT 5243, 5159]
Festuca humilior Nees & CV 7897
Meyen
Festuca lasiorrhachis Ferreyra R. 16741
Pilg.
Festuca orthophylla Pilg. f! [Pearson 46,
OT 5102, AW 4087]
Festuca rigescens PG 3049
(J. Presl) Kunth
Festuca setifolia Steud. Lechler 1826
ex Griseb.
Festuca tenuiculmis Tovar f!
Hordeum muticum J. Presl f!
Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav. [JS 115]
Muhlenbergia angustata f! [Pearsson 10,
(J. Presl) Kunth Stafford D. 63, Rauh
1490, 642] Boeke
JD. 2974
Muhlenbergia ligularis Bennett B. 2284
(Hack.) Hitchc.
Muhlenbergia peruviana Bennett B. 2738
(P. Beauv.) Steud.
Nassella brachyphylla CV 7901
(Hitchc.) Barkworth
Nassella inconspicua f! [OT 5187, 5333,
(J. Presl) Barkworth Harlam s.n.]
Nassella pubiflora f! [Lechler 1736,
(Trin. & Rupr.) E. Desv. Ellenberg 421]
Paspalum pygmaeum Hack. Bennett B. 2010
Pennisetum clandestinum f!
Hochst. ex Chiov.
Piptochaetium panicoides CV 7163, PG 3020
(Lam.) E. Desv.
Poa aequigluma Tovar f!
Poa annua L. Bennett B. 2289
Poa apiculata Refulio PG 2985
Poa ayacuchensis Tovar PG 3019
Poa calycina (J. Presl) CV 7891
Kunth
Poa dentigluma Tovar f!
Poa gilgiana Pilg. CV 7902
Poa glaberrima Tovar PG 3035
Poa gymnantha Pilg. CV 7174
Poa horridula Pilg. Lechler 2682,
Bennett B. 2323
Poa humillima Pilg. f!
Poa lepidula (Nees & CV 8136, Leon 5323
Meyen) Soreng & L.J.
Gillespie
Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L. Lechler 1836, PG 3091
Krause) Refulio
Poa marshallii Tovar f!
Poa perligulata Pilg. f!
Poa peruviana Jacq. f!
Poa pseudoaequigluma f!
Tovar
Poa serpaiana Refulio PG 3084
Poa spicigera Tovar f!
Polypogon interruptus f!
Kunth
Trisetum spicatum (L.) PG 3024
K. Richt.
Vulpia dertonensis f!
(All.) Gola
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Bennett B. 2660
Gmel.
Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia punensis f! [Iltis 1441]
(A. Galan) A. Galan
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) CV 7132
Borner
Eudicots
Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Walp. CV 7121
Apiaceae Azorella biloba CV 6838, CV 6848,
(Schltdl.) Wedd. Lechler s.n., PG 3448
Azorella diapensioides f! [CV 13010, JS 210;
A. Gray 214, Stordy 32]
Azorella multifida (Ruiz CV 6841
& Pav.) Pers.
Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & PG 3043
Pav.
Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Hoogte L. 2402
Gillies & Hook.
Chaerophyllum andicola CV 1308, Hoogte L. 850
(Kunth) K.F. Chung
Daucus montanus Humb. & f!
Bonpl. ex Spreng.
Lilaeopsis macloviana f! [Aguilar 135]
(Gand.) A.W. Hill
Niphogeton scabra f!
(H. Wolff) J.F. Macbr.
Apocynaceae Philibertia f!
lysimachioides (Wedd.)
T. Mey.
Asteraceae Achyrocline alata f!
(Kunth) DC.
Achyrocline ramosissima f! [Aguilar 441,
Britton ex Rusby FP 13484, JS 93]
Ageratina glechonophylla f!
(Less.) R.M. King & H.
Rob.
Aldama helianthoides PG 3040
(Rich.) E.E. Schill. &
Panero
Baccharis caespitosa Leon 5338
(Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
Baccharis genistelloides Boeke JD. 3105
(Lam.) Pers.
Baccharis tola Phil. f!
Baccharis tricuneata Boeke JD. 3168
(L. f.) Pers.
Bidens andicola Kunth f!
Chersodoma antennaria PG 3432
(Wedd.) Cabrera
Chersodoma jodopappa f! [PG 3311]
(Sch. Bip.) Cabrera
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Stafford D. 1111, 420
Gmel.
Conyza artemisioides PG 3072
Meyen & Walp.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) f!
Cronquist
Conyza coronopifolia PG 3038
Kunth
Conyza deserticola Phil. PG 3039
Cotula mexicana (DC.) f!
Cabrera
Cuatrecasasiella isernii f!
(Cuatrec.) H. Rob.
Diplostephium carabayense f!
Wedd.
Erigeron lanceolatus f!
Wedd.
Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. Leon 5327
Facelis plumosa (Wedd.) f! [FP 13459]
Sch. Bip.
Galinsoga mandonii Sch. PG 3046
Bip. ex Baker
Gamochaeta americana Boeke JD. 3053
(Mill.) Wedd.
Gamochaeta humilis Wedd. CV 17630
Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) f! [Aguilar, 418, CV
Cabrera s.n, 16254, Rauh P650]
Gnaphalium dombeyanum DC. Boeke JD. 3163
Gnaphalium lacteum Meyen f! [FP 13444]
& Walp.
Gnaphalium polium Wedd. f! [Aguilar, 417, FP
13444, 13470, 13470a]
Hieracium leptocephalium f!
Benth.
Hieracium neoherrerae PG 3030
Zahn
Hypochaeris chillensis PG 3029
(Kunth) Britton
Hypochaeris echegarayi f!
Hieron.
Hypochaeris meyeniana f!
(Walp.) Benth. & Hook.
f. ex
Griseb.
Hypochaeris sessiliflora f!
Kunth
Hypochaeris taraxacoides f!
Ball
Jalcophila ecuadorensis PG 3102
M.O. Dillon & Sagast.
Laennecia gnaphalioides f!
(Kunth) Cass.
Leucheria daucifolia JS J. 474
(D. Don) Crisci
Misbrookea strigosissima f!
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Mniodes aretioides Dillon M. 1083
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Mniodes conoidea (Wedd.) Dillon M. 1082
S. E. Freire
Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) Leon 5326
S. E. Freire
Mniodes longifolia f!
(Cuatrec. & Aristeg.)
S. E. Freire
Mniodes piptolepis f! [Aguilar s.n., 427,
(Wedd.) S. E. Freire Mexia 4262, FP13368,
13437]
Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) FP13368, 13437]
S. E. Freire f! [Stafford D. 746]
Mniodes subspicata f! [Dillon M., 1070,
(Wedd.) S.E. Freire FP 13369, 13471]
Noticastrum marginatum f!
(Kunth) Cuatrec.
Novenia acaulis (Benth. & Martin 2092
Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.)
S.E.
Freire & F.H. Hellw.
Oriastrum stuebelii f!
(Hieron.) A.M.R. Davies
Oritrophium hieracioides PG 3026
(Wedd.) Cuatrec.
Oritrophium limnophilum f!
(Sch. Bip.) Cuatrec.
Paranephelius ovatus A. f!
Gray ex Wedd.
Perezia ciliosa (Phil.) f!
Reiche
Perezia coerulescens CV 7169, 9626,
Wedd. Dillon M. 1089
Perezia multiflora f! [Zuniga 33,
(Bonpl.) Less. FP 13429]
Perezia pungens (Bonpl.) Diaz s.n.
Less.
Perezia pygmaea Wedd. PG 3090, Monheim 55
Perezia sublyrata Domke f!
Senecio adenophylloides PG 3070, 3071
Sch. Bip.
Senecio adenophyllus f!
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio algens Wedd. PG 3010, PG 3825
Senecio breviscapus DC. f!
Senecio candollei Wedd. PG 3005
Senecio canescens Dillon M. 1080
(Bonpl.) Cuatrec.
Senecio canoi P. PG 3429, 3428, 3441
Gonzales, Montesinos &
Ed. Navarro
Senecio chavanilloensis Boeke JD. 3000
Cuatrec.
Senecio collinus DC. f!
Senecio condimentarius f!
Cabrera
Senecio evacoides Sch. f!
Bip.
Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera f!
Senecio gamolepis Cabrera Linares E. 2733
Senecio humillimus Sch. PG 3442, 3443
Bip.
Senecio hyoseridifolius f!
Wedd.
Senecio jarae Phil. Linares E. 2712
Senecio macrorrhizus f!
Wedd.
Senecio modestus Wedd. PG 3814
Senecio moqueguensis PG 3422
Montesinos
Senecio nivalis (Kunth) PG 3822, 3056
Cuatrec.
Senecio nutans Sch. Bip. f!
Senecio pinnatilobatus PG 3821
Sch. Bip.
Senecio rhizomatus Rusby f!
Senecio rudbeckiifolius f!
Meyen & Walp.
Senecio rufescens DC. f!
Senecio serratifolius PG 3053
(Meyen & Walp.) Cuatrec.
Senecio tassaensis PG 3444, 3445
Montesinos
Senecio Vulgaris L. f!
Soliva neglecta Cabrera f!
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill f!
Stevia macbridei B.L. PG 3045
Rob.
Stevia mandonii Sch. Bip. f!
Stuckertiella capitata f! [Iltis 1426,
(Wedd.) Beauverd JS 504]
Tagetes multiflora Kunth f!
Taraxacum fernandezianum f!
Dahlst. ex Skottsb.
Werneria apiculata Sch. f!
Bip.
Werneria glaberrima Phil. f!
Werneria heteroloba Wedd. PG 2995
Werneria nubigena Kunth f!
Werneria obtusiloba S.F. PG 2994
Blake
Werneria orbignyana Wedd. PG 3004, 3820
Werneria pectinata f!
Lingelsh.
Werneria pumila Kunth f!
Werneria pygmaea Gillies PG 3088, 3089
ex Hook. & Arn.
Werneria solivifolia Sch. PG 3094
Bip.
Xenophyllum ciliolatum PG 3061, 3837, 3104
(A. Gray) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum PG 3829
dactylophyllum (Sch.
Bip.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum digitatum PG 3048, 2978, 3103
(Wedd.) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum marcidum PG 3832, 3106
(S.F. Blake) V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum PG 3828, 3833
pseudodigitatum (Rockh.)
V.A. Funk
Xenophyllum staffordiae PG 3055
(Sandwith) V.A. Funk
Begoniaceae Begonia veitchii Hook. f. f!
Berberidaceae Berberis agapatensis Lechler 2646
Lechl.
Berberis carinata Lechl. Lechler 2644
Berberis rectinervia CV 6853
Rusby
Boraginaceae Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz PG 3003
& Pav.) I.M. Johnst.
Phacelia secunda J.F. CV 12534, 7003,
Gmel. Metcalf R. 30708
Plagiobothrys humilis PG 3079
(Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.
Johnst.
Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. f!
campestris (L.) Clapham
Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg PG 3075
& Muschl.
Brayopsis monimocalyx CV 17627, PG 2991
O.E. Schulz
Capsella bursa-pastoris f!
(L.) Medik.
Cardamine bonariensis f! [Lecher 1811]
Pers.
Descurainia athrocarpa CV 7008, PG 3051
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Descurainia myriophylla PG 3042
(Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr.
Draba brackenridgei A. PG 3064
Gray
Draba cuzcoensis O.E. PG 3438
Schulz
Draba loayzana Al-Shehbaz Navarro E. 1092
Draba punoensis Al- Navarro E. 1087,
Shehbaz, Ed. Navarro, H. PG 3437
Trinidad & A. Cano
Englerocharis blanca- PG 3059
leoniae A-Shehbaz, P.
Gonzales & A. Cano
Englerocharis peruviana Linares E. 2708
Muschl.
Lepidium bipinnatifidum PG 2992, 3080
Desv.
Lepidium chichicara Desv. f! [Meyen s.n. CV
18541, PG 3307, 3308]
Lepidium meyenii Walp. CV 7134, 7011, PG 3439
Mancoa hispida Wedd. PG 3077
Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) Lechler 2583
J.F. Macbr.
Weberbauera insisa A- PG 3430, 3107
Shehbaz, P. Gonzales &
A. Cano
Weberbauera peruviana MW 2000/120
(DC.) Al-Shehbaz
Weberbauera spathulifolia CV 6837, 6837, PG 3060
(A. Gray) O.E. Schulz
Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia- f!
floccosa (Salm-Dyck)
F. Ritter
Austrocylindropuntia
lagopus (K. Schum.)
I. Crook, J.
Arnold & M. Lowry CV 7136, 22550
Echinopsis maximiliana f!
Heyder ex A. Dietr.
Calceolariaceae Calceolaria PG 3028
plectranthifolia Walp.
Calceolaria scapiflora f!
(Ruiz & Pav.) Benth.
Campanulaceae Hypsela reniformis f! [JS 100, Mandon 489]
(Kunth) C. Presl
Lysipomia acaulis Kunth f!
Lysipomia glandulifera Lechler 2076
(Schltdl. ex Wedd.)
Schltdl. Ex E. Wimm. Lechler 1956,
Raimondi A. 11597,
Lysipomia laciniata A. Sharpe 109, CV 1290,
DC. 10724, PG 3446
Lysipomia sphagnophila Lechler 2641
Griseb. ex Wedd.
Wahlenbergia peruviana f!
A. Gray
Wahlenbergia urcosensis f!
E. Wimm.
Caprifoliaceae Belonanthus spathulatus f!
(Ruiz & Pav.) Schmale
Stangea paulae Graebn. PG 3826, 2979
Stangea rhizantha CV 7012, PG 3050
(A. Gray) Killip
Stangea wandae Graebn. f! [Stafford D. 737,
1268]
Valeriana andina Britton PG 3015
Valeriana baltana Graebn. Ferreyra 531
Valeriana cephalantha Lechler 2044
Schltdl.
Valeriana coarctata Ruiz Linares E. 2690
& Pav.
Valeriana globularioides PG 3054
Graebn.
Valeriana herrerae Killip CV 7145
Valeriana johannae Bernardi L. 16774
Weberl.
Valeriana micropterina PG 3032, 3001, 3016,
Wedd. 3425, Lechler 1962
Valeriana niphobia Briq. Hohenacker R. 1962
Valeriana nivalis Wedd. PG 3427
Valeriana pennellii f! [CV 31]
Killip
Valeriana plectritoides CV 6863, AW 928a
Graebn.
Valeriana pycnantha A. CV 7180
Gray
Caryophyllaceae Alsine rupestris Muschl. AW 1042
Arenaria digyna Willd. PG 2990
ex D.F.K. Schltdl.
Arenaria lanuginosa CV 7148
(Michx.) Rohrb.
Cardionema ramosissimum CV 7154
(Weinm.) A. Nelson & J.F.
Macbr. Cerastium danguyi f!
J.F. Macbr.
Cerastium glomeratum f!
Thuill.
Cerastium mucronatum f!
Wedd.
Cerastium peruvianum CV 7036
Muschl.
Cerastium subspicatum Weddell H. 4653
Wedd.
Drymaria divaricata var. Lechler 1947
stricta (Rusby) J.A. Duke
Paronychia andina A. Gray CV 7015
Paronychia mandoniana f! [Lecher 1760]
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum f!
aschersonianum Muschl.
Pycnophyllum bryoides AW 501b
(Phil.) Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum glomeratum AW 501a, 952,
Mattf. PG 3081, 3827
Pycnophyllum lechlerianum PG 2988
Rohrb.
Pycnophyllum molle Remy PG 3009, AW 946, 950
Pycnophyllum weberbaueri PG 3451, 3823
Muschl.
Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) f!
Bocquet
Silene thysanodes Fenzl f!
Spergularia fasciculata f! [Lecher 1772]
Phil.
Stellaria cuspidata AW 925
D.F.K. Schltdl.
Stellaria media (L.) f!
Vill.
Stellaria weddellii f!
Pedersen
Convolvulaceae Dichondra microcalyx f!
(Hallier f.) Fabris
Crassulaceae Crassula closiana (Gay) f!
Reiche
Crassula connata f! [FP 13043]
(Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger
Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr Lechler 2687
Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides Boeke JD. 3020
L. f.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia huanchahana f!
(Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.
Fabaceae Adesmia schickendantzii Galan 3896
Griseb.
Astragalus arequipensis JS J. 966
Vogel
Astragalus dielsii J.F. PG 3058
Macbr.
Astragalus dillinghamii PG 3100, 2983
J.F. Macbr.
Astragalus diminutivus CV 15179
(Phil.) Gomez-Sosa
Astragalus garbancillo f! [JS 85]
Cav.
Astragalus minimus Vogel f! [Meyen 67]
Astragalus pilgeri J.F. CV 7026
Macbr.
Astragalus uniflorus DC. f!
Astragalus weddellianus JS J. 549; 424,
(Kuntze) I.M. Johnst. CV 7026, 7030
Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr. f!
Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm. PG 3006
Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr. f!
Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr. CV 7153
Lupinus gibertianus C.P. CV 6852, 7170,
Sm. Lechler 1842
Lupinus microphyllus f!
Desr.
Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr. PG 3008, 3012,
Antezana F. 16
Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr. AW 985
Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. AW 870
Sm.
Medicago polymorpha L. f!
Trifolium amabile Kunth f! [CV 21253]
Trifolium repens L. f!
Vicia graminea Sm. f! [CV 12499, 18540,
20915]
Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Kunth f! [FP 13418; 13426,
JS 98]
Gentianella armerioides Lechler 2000a
(Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S.
Pringle
Gentianella bridgesii AW 1048
(Gilg) Fabris ex T.N. Ho
& S.W. Liu
Gentianella PG 2986
campanuliformis (Reimers)
Fabris
Gentianella centamalensis f!
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella dolichopoda PG 3092
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella lobelioides AW 955
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella persquarrosa PG 2993
(Reimers) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella potamophila f!
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Gentianella primuloides Lechler 2002
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella punicea Weddell H. s.n.
(Wedd.) Holub
Gentianella sandiensis AW 917a
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatiflora CV 15180
(Gilg) J.S. Pringle
Gentianella scarlatina AW 1047
(Gilg) Zarucchi
Halenia caespitosa Gilg Stafford D. 1117
Halenia umbellata MW 2000/123, Hoogte
(Ruiz & Pav.) Gilg L. 2399, PG 3031
Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) f! [FP 13401]
L'Her. ex Aiton
Erodium moschatum (L.) f!
L'Her. ex Aiton
Geranium core-core Steud. PG 3037, 3041
Geranium crassipes Hook. Lechler 1985
ex A. Gray
Geranium dielsianum R. f!
Knuth
Geranium fallax Steud. Lechler 1907
Geranium sessiliflorum f! [AW 1003a,
Cav. FP 13439]
Geranium weddellii Briq. JS J. 537
Grossulariaceae Ribes bolivianum Jancz. CV 6864
Ribes brachybotrys Hoogte L. 2212
(Wedd.) Jancz.
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum quitense f! [FP 13425, JS 835]
Kunth
Hypericaceae Hypericum silenoides f!
Juss.
Lamiaceae Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. f!
Lamium amplexicaule L. f!
Lepechinia meyenii f!
(Walp.) Epling
Stachys pusilla (Wedd.) f!
Briq.
Loasaceae Caiophora contorta CV 7009
(Desr.) C. Presl
Caiophora horrida f! [CV 6830,
(Britton) Urb. & Gilg 13009, 20880]
Caiophora rosulata f!
(Wedd.) Urb. & Gilg
Malvaceae Acaulimalva steinbachii f!
Krapov.
Nototriche anthemidifolia PG 3099
(J. Remy) A.W. Hill
Nototriche armeriifolia f!
A.W. Hill
Nototriche azorella A.W. AW 957
Hill
Nototriche carabayensis PG 3835
P. Gonzales, M. Chanco &
Ed. Navarro
Nototriche condensata Lechler 1972
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche congesta A.W. AW 1018
Hill
Nototriche cupuliforme CV 7119
Krapov.
Nototriche digitulifolia PG 3052
A.W. Hill
Nototriche erinacea Hill PG 3062
ex Burtt
Nototriche flabellata Lechler 1972,
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill AW 961, PG 3066
Nototriche longirostris CV 7118
(Wedd.) A.W. Hill
Nototriche longituba f! [Howell
Burtt & Hill Williams s.n.]
Nototriche obcuneata AW 983, 1023,
(Baker f.) A.W. Hill PG 3834, 2976
Nototriche AW 1023, CV 7896,
pediculariifolia (Meyen) 7185
A.W. Hill
Nototriche pellicea PG 3098
A.W. Hill
Nototriche purpurascens PG 3065
A.W. Hill
Nototriche sepaliloba Linares E. 2722
Hochr.
Nototriche staffordiae f! [Stafford D. 1263]
Burtt & Hill
Nototriche sulphurea AW 219, 963
A.W. Hill
Tarasa urbaniana (Ulbr.) AW 927, CV 1312,
Krapov. PG 3076
Montiaceae Calandrinia acaulis Kunth AW 956, CV 6839
Montia fontana L. f!
Onagraceae Epilobium denticulatum AW 357, PG 3014
Ruiz & Pav.
Oenothera multicaulis f! [JS 104]
Ruiz & Pav.
Orobanchaceae Neobartsia bartsioides JS J. 970
(Hook.) Edwin
Neobartsia diffusa Leon 5343,
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers & Linares 2742
Tank
Neobartsia elongata PG 3013, 3426, 3818
(Wedd.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia fiebrigii f!
(Diels) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia inaequalis f! [AW 510, 919]
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Neobartsia pedicularoides f!
(Benth.) Uribe-Convers &
Tank
Castilleja pumila f! [FP 13428,
(Benth.) Wedd. JS 938, Rauh 47]
Castilleja virgatoides f!
Edwin
Oxalidaceae Oxalis calachaccensis R. f! [CV 6825]
Knuth
Oxalis cuzcensis R. Knuth PG 3073
Oxalis nubigena Walp. f! [FP 13394,
Meyen s.n.]
Oxalis oreocharis Diels CV 7012
Oxalis pinguiculacea R. CV 6844, CV 7024
Knuth
Oxalis tuberosa Molina AW 295
Phrymaceae Mimulus glabratus Kunth f!
Piperaceae Peperomia peruviana Linares E. 2692
Dahlst.
Peperomia verruculosa CV 7013
Dahlst. ex A.W. Hill
Plantaginaceae Callitriche heteropoda f!
Engelm. ex Hegelm.
Callitriche nubigena f!
Fassett
Ourisia biflora Wedd. Stafford D. 1112
Ourisia muscosa Wedd. PG 3435
Plantago australis Lam. f! [CV 21263]
Plantago lamprophylla PG 3082
Pilg.
Plantago linearis Kunth PG 3101
Plantago nubicola Hoogte L. 2997,
(Decne.) Rahn PG 3011, 3449, 3434,
CV 17621, AW 994
Plantago orbignyana f! [Meyen s.n.]
Steinh. ex Decne.
Plantago rigida Kunth AW 1050, Weddell
H. s.n., PG 3087
Plantago sericea Ruiz & f! [CV 20887, 20923,
Pav. 21259]
Plantago tubulosa Decne. f!
Veronica serpyllifolia L. CV 1283, 9637
Polemoniaceae Gilia laciniata Ruiz & f! [Stafford D. 517,
Pav. FP 13410]
Phlox gracilis (Douglas Hill s.n.
ex Hook.) Greene
Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia volcanica AW 849
(Benth.) Endl.
Ranunculaceae Caltha sagittata Cav. Lechler 1953,
Weddell H. s.n.,
Linares 2680
Krapfia haemantha (Ulbr.) Raimondi A. s.n.,
Tamura PG 3000, 3068
Oreithales integrifolia Lechler 2706,
(DC.) Schltdl. CV 22556
Ranunculus breviscapus f!
DC.
Ranunculus filamentosus CV 7033, PG 3431, 2984
Wedd.
Ranunculus flagellifolius f!
Nakai
Ranunculus limoselloides f!
Turcz.
Ranunculus praemorsus AW 597, Lechler 2709,
Kunth ex DC. Raimondi A. s.n.
Ranunculus trichophyllus f!
Chaix ex Vill.
Ranunculus uniflorus PG 3093
Phil. ex Reiche
Rosaceae Aphanes andicola Rothm. PG 3078
Lachemilla barbata f!
(C. Presl) Rothm.
Lachemilla diplophylla f!
(Diels) Rothm.
Lachemilla frigida PG 3023
(Wedd.) Rothm.
Lachemilla pinnata (Ruiz CV 17623
& Pav.) Rothm.
Lachemilla sandiensis AW 945
Rothm.
Lachemilla vulcanica AW 926
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Rydb.
Polylepis besseri Hieron. CV 12528, 7139
Tetraglochin cristatum f! [Tupayachi A. 1570,
(Britton) Rothm. CV 1, 20927, 22545]
Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. PG 3044
Galium corymbosum Ruiz & f! [FP 13407]
Pav.
Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica CV 6859, 6857, 7172,
Poir. AW 183
Scrophulariaceae Limosella subulata E. f!
Ives
Solanaceae Nicotiana pavonii Dunal Metcalf R. 30712
Nicotiana undulata Ruiz f! [CV 9627,
& Pav. JS 902, 632]
Salpichroa amoena Benoist MW 2000/119, Sarkinen
T. 4056, PG 3036
Salpichroa glandulosa PG 3036
(Hook.) Miers
Salpichroa lehmannii MW 2000/53, Sarkinen
Dammer T. 4039, PG 3424
Solanum acaule Bitter PG 3007, 3095, CV 7023
Solanum grandidentatum Beltran H. 6453,
Phil. MW 2000/54
Solanum weddellii Phil. Sarkinen T. 4038
Urticaceae Urtica echinata Benth. f! [Tupayachi
A. 28663]
Urtica flabellata Kunth AW 969
Urtica urens L. f!
Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Kunth f!
Violaceae Viola enmae P. Gonzales PG 3420, 3096
Viola ferreyrae P. PG 3419, 3097
Gonzales
Viola micranthella Wedd. PG 2999
Viola pusillima Wedd. f! [PG 1605]
Viola pygmaea Juss. Ex MW 2000/63, CV 7125
Poir.
Paul Gonzales (1), Blanca Leon (1,2,3), Asuncion Cano (1,2) * and Peter M. Jorgensen (4)
(1) Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural, Departamento de Dicotiledoneas. Av. Arenales 1256, Lima-14, Peru.
(2) Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto de Investigacion de Ciencias Biologicas Antonio Raimondi.
(3) Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0530, USA.
(4) Missouri Botanical Garden-St. Louis, MO 63166, USA
* Corresponding author
E-mail Paul Gonzales: pgonzalesarce@hotmail.com
E-mail Asuncion Cano: acanoe@unmsm.edu.pe
E-mail Blanca Leon: leon@austin.utexas.edu
E-mail Peter M. Jorgensen: peter.jorgensen@mobot.org
Presentado: 26/01/2018
Aceptado: 03/06/2018
Publicado online: 25/09/2018
Declaration of authorship
The authors state that all participated in the development of the work. PG, BL, AC and PJ: did sampling, drafting of the manuscript, and data analysis. PG and BL: did interpretation and preparation of the final version. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Caption: Figure 1. Map of the study area. (Puno, Peru). Locality (1) Corani, (2) Macusani, (3) Ajoyani, (4) Cruzero, (5) Patambuco, (6) Sandia, (7) Cuyocuyo, (8) Ananea.
Caption: Figure 2. a) Hypochaeris echegarayi (Asteraceae); b) Werneria heteroloba (Asteraceae); c) Stangea paulae (Caprifoliaceae); d) Gentiana sedifolia (Gentianaceae); e) Nototriche staffordiae (Malvaceae); f) Myrosmodes paludosa (Orchidaceae); g) Poa apiculata (Poaceae); h) Salpichroa amoena (Solanaceae).
Table 1. Number of families, genera and species by taxa
recorded in the study area.
Taxa Families Genera Species
Eudicots 45 141 364
Monocots 11 46 120
Gymnospems 1 1 1
Pteridophytes 9 15 21
Total 66 203 506
Table 2. Families with more genera and species in the
Cordillera Carabaya.
Families Genera Species
Asteraceae 38 110
Poaceae 21 78
Caryophyllaceae 10 24
Fabaceae 6 23
Malvaceae 3 21
Brassicaceae 11 21
Caprifoliaceae 3 17
Gentianaceae 3 16
Plantaginaceae 4 13
Cyperaceae 7 12
Table 3. Genera with more species in the Cordillera Ca-rabaya.
Genera Species
Senecio 28
Calamagrostis 21
Nototriche 19
Poa 19
Gentianella 13
Valeriana 13
Werneria 10
Lupinus 9
Astragalus 9
Plantago 8
Festuca 8
Ranunculus 7
Mniodes 7
Pycnophyllum 6
Bartsia 6
Perezia 6
Geranium 6
Oxalis 6
Lachemilla 6
Xenophyllum 6
Cerastium 5
Hypochaeris 5
Sisyrinchium 5
Viola 5
Table 4. Comparing the number of species (E) and genera (G) of the
principal families in different Andean localities ((1) Flores et al.
2005, (2) Arteta et al. 2006, (3) Roque & Ramirez 2008, (4) Valencia
et al. 2013, (5) Tupayachi 2005, (6) Cano et al. 2011, (7) Cano et al.
2010, (8) Montesinos-Tubee 2011, 2012, (9) Jorgensen et al. 2014),
with respect to what was found in the study area.
Concepcion (1) Bahia de Juli (2)
4350-4550 m 3830-4200 m
Familias G E G E
Asteraceae 15 24 27 39
Poaceae 10 25 12 18
Brassicaceae 1 1 5 7
Caryophyllaceae 4 4 5 5
Fabaceae 1 3 5 8
Malvaceae 1 2 2 3
Plantaginaceae 1 3 1 3
Apiaceae 1 1 4 5
Cyperaceae 2 2 2 5
Caprifoliaceae 0 0 0 0
Others familias 28 35 74 92
% species by 10 families 56 65 46 50
Total 64 100 137 185
Parinacochas (3) Bofedales (4)
3100-3500 m 4200-4800 m
Familias G E G E
Asteraceae 30 43 15 22
Poaceae 16 26 7 23
Brassicaceae 3 4 1 1
Caryophyllaceae 3 3 4 5
Fabaceae 8 14 2 2
Malvaceae 2 2 2 2
Plantaginaceae 1 1 2 3
Apiaceae 4 4 5 7
Cyperaceae 5 5 8 10
Caprifoliaceae 1 1 1 1
Others familias 106 122 28 50
% species by 10 families 41 46 63 60
Total 179 225 75 126
Vilcanota (5) Apacheta (6)
>4000 >4500 m
Familias G E G E
Asteraceae 15 40 20 51
Poaceae 9 25 6 26
Brassicaceae 2 2 5 11
Caryophyllaceae 3 3 4 8
Fabaceae 0 0 2 4
Malvaceae 2 5 1 7
Plantaginaceae 3 3 0 0
Apiaceae 1 2 3 4
Cyperaceae 1 2 0 0
Caprifoliaceae 1 8 3 6
Others familias 32 34 16 17
% species by 10 families 54 73 73 87
Total 69 124 60 134
Cordillera Tambo-Ichuna (8)
Blanca (7) 3400-4850 m
>4500 m
Familias G E G E
Asteraceae 15 40 52 127
Poaceae 11 31 28 46
Brassicaceae 6 15 13 24
Caryophyllaceae 5 7 10 18
Fabaceae 1 1 9 18
Malvaceae 1 4 4 19
Plantaginaceae 0 0 2 12
Apiaceae 3 3 8 11
Cyperaceae 0 0 8 8
Caprifoliaceae 3 7 3 9
Others familias 20 28 134 215
% species by 10 families 69 79 51 58
Total 65 136 271 507
Carabaya Bolivia (9)
>4000 m >4000 m
Familias G E G E
Asteraceae 38 110 50 189
Poaceae 21 78 30 129
Brassicaceae 11 21 14 35
Caryophyllaceae 10 24 12 50
Fabaceae 6 23 13 63
Malvaceae 3 21 4 28
Plantaginaceae 4 13 5 13
Apiaceae 6 9 9 18
Cyperaceae 7 12 10 28
Caprifoliaceae 3 17 5 13
Others familias 94 178 120 271
% species by 10 families 54 65 56 68
Total 203 506 272 837
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| Title Annotation: | RABAJOS ORIGINALES |
|---|---|
| Author: | Gonzales, Paul; Leon, Blanca; Cano, Asuncion; Jorgensen, Peter M. |
| Publication: | Revista peruana de biologia |
| Date: | Aug 1, 2018 |
| Words: | 15210 |
| Previous Article: | Revision del genero de avipas sudamericanas Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)--Erratum. |
| Next Article: | Diversidad de murcielagos de la Concesion para Conservacion Rio La Novia, Ucayali, Peru. |
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