Variation in the composition of the essential oil of Valeriana officinalis L. roots from Estonia/Eeterliku oli koostise varieeruvus Eestist parineva Valeriana officinalis L. juurtes.
INTRODUCTIONValerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a well-known and frequently used medicinal plant, which has a long proven history of efficacy. The plant is cultivated as a medicinal plant on a commercial scale in the northern parts of Europe and America. Valerian has been shown to encourage sleep, improve sleep quality, and reduce blood pressure [1]. The valerian root is sedative, mild anodyne, hypnotic, antispasmodic, carminative, and hypotensive. Traditionally, it has been used for hysterical states, excitability, insomnia, hypochondriasis, migraine, cramp, intestinal colic, rheumatic pains, etc. Modern interest in valerian preparations is focused on their use as a sedative and hypnotic [2, 3]. The Valerianae radix is often used as a milder alternative or a possible substitute for the stronger synthetic sedatives in the treatment of states of nervous excitation and anxiety-induced sleep disturbances [4]. The dried roots attract rats and cats, it can be used as a bait to lure them away from other areas. The essential oil from the leaves and roots is used as a flavouring in ice cream, baked goods, condiments, etc. [1].
The sedative activity of valerian root has been attributed to both the essential oil and iridoid valepotriate fractions [2]. The drug of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Valerianae radix contains not less than 5 mL/kg of essential oil for the whole drug and not less than 3 mL/kg (~ 0.3%) of essential oil for the cut drug, both calculated with reference to the dried drug [5]. The oil content of V. officinalis has been reported to vary from 0.1% to 2% [2, 6-11].
The composition of valerian root oil has been considerably studied [7-21]. The typical constituents of valerian roots are found to be valeric and isovaleric acid, monoterpenes ([alpha]-pinene, [alpha]-fenchene, camphene), monoterpenic esters (bornyl acetate, myrtenyl acetate, myrtenyl isovaleriate), oxygen containing sesquiterpenes, and valerian cyclopentanoid sesquiterpenes such as valerenal, valerenone, valerenol, valerenyl acetate, valerenic acid, and valerenyl isovalerate.
The valepotriates with rather unstable epoxide structures may be present in the root, but are generally absent from finished products. The essential oil and some compounds isolated from it (valerenic acid, valerenal, valeranone), injected intraperitoneally, show central depressive and/or muscle relaxant activity in mice [3].
The aim of this study was to determine the composition of the essential oil from Valerianae radix samples from Estonia. The variation in the content of the biologically active constituents was studied. The quality of Estonian valerian roots compared to the EP requirements was determined.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Plant materials, Valeriana officinalis L. roots, were obtained from retail pharmacies or cultivated in Estonia in 2000 (sample 1--cultivated in Jarvamaa, local cultivar), in 2002 (sample 2--cultivated in Tartumaa, seeds from the company CN Seeds, UK; and sample 3--Vadi Gild OU, Polvamaa), in 2003 (sample 4--Energia farm, Viljandimaa), and in 2005 (sample 5--Vadi Gild OU, Polvamaa). Voucher specimens are deposited at the Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Isolation of essential oil
The essential oil was isolated from dried valerian roots by the distillation method described in the European Pharmacopoeia [5] using 40 g of crushed roots, a 2000 mL round-bottomed flask, and 500 mL of water as the distillation liquid. Xylene (0.5 mL in a graduated tube) was added to take up the essential oil. The distillation time was 4 h at a rate of 3-4 mL/min.
Capillary gas chromatography
A Chrom 5 chromatograph with FID on two fused silica capillary columns with bonded stationary phases SPB-5 (30 m x 0.25 mm, Supelco) and SW-10 (30 m x 0.25 mm, Supelco) was used to carry out GC analysis. The film thickness of both stationary phases was 0.25 [micro]m. Helium with a split ratio of 1 : 150 and flow rate of 30-35 cm/s was applied as the carrier gas. The temperature program was from 50 to 250[degrees]C at 2[degrees]C/min, the injector temperature was 200[degrees]C.
A Spectra-Physics SP 4100 computing integrator was used for data processing. The oil components were identified by comparing their retention indices (RI) on two columns with the RI values of reference standards, our RI data bank, and literature data [6, 8, 10, 11, 20, 22, 23]. The percentage composition of the oils was calculated in peak areas using the normalization method without correction factors. The relative standard deviation of the percentages of the oil components of three repeated GC analyses of single oil samples did not exceed 5%.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
GC/MS analysis was carried out using GCMS-QP2010 (Shimadzu, Japan) on a fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm) with a bonded stationary phase: poly(5%-diphenyl-95%-dimethyl)siloxane) (ZB-5, Zebron). The film thickness of the stationary phase was 0.25 ?m. The carrier gas was helium with the split ratio of 1 : 17, and the flow rate of 1.8 mL/min was applied. The temperature program was 2 min at 60[degrees]C and then from 60 to 280[degrees]C at 12[degrees]C/min. The injector temperature was 280[degrees]C.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The identified compounds in the essential oils of five valerian samples from Estonia, and the range and mean % content and variation coefficients are presented in Table 1. High variation coefficients of the majority of compounds (> 1) show that the content of these compounds strongly differs from sample to sample. Low variation coefficients (0.41-0.63) are seen for bornyl acetate, [alpha]-terpinyl acetate, (E)-[beta]-caryophyllene, myrtenyl isovalerate, sesquiterpene alcohols, [alpha]-bisabolol, valerenal, etc. These compounds were identified in all the samples studied.
The essential oil yield for the five samples of valerian roots from Estonia varied between 0.28% and 1.16% (Table 2). In the EP [5] an essential oil content of Valerianae radix of at least 0.3% for cut drug is required. The oil content of V. officinalis has been reported to vary from 0.1% to 2% [6, 8-11]. The content of essential oil did not correspond to the EP standard in sample 4.
A total of 84 compounds, representing more than 93% of the total oil, were identified in the valerian samples studied. All the identified components have been reported previously in V. officinalis root oil [6, 8-11, 13-21]. It was possible to determine the compound group for nine peaks only by mass spectral data. Three unknown sesquiterpene alcohols with the same mass fragmentation pattern were detected (the [[M.sup.+]] at m/z 220 and characteristic peaks at m/z 43 (base peak)), 91, 105, 41, 93, 79, 119, and 107).
The basic oil components were isovaleric acid (0-2.1%), [alpha]-pinene (0.4-3.6%), [alpha]-fenchene (0.6-5.8%), camphene (0.6-5.9%), bornyl acetate (8.8-33.7%), myrtenyl acetate (2.0-7.2%), alloaromadendrene (0.3-7.6%), myrtenyl isovalerate (1.1-2.5%), spathulenol (0.7-4.1%), sesquiterpene alcohol (0.8-6.6%), valerianol (0.3-16.7%), valeranone (0.5-9.4%), valerenal (tr-14.7%), and valerenic acid (0-0.9%) (Table 2).
In four Estonian samples (2-5) bornyl acetate and valerenal dominated. These compounds were found to be the main compounds in valerian root oils in earlier studies [7-11, 16] too. Valeranone was the main compound in samples 1 and 4. The content of valerianol was highest in sample 1. A high content of valerianol was found in oil of V. officinalis roots from Serbia [16] and in some samples from The Netherlands [8]. Samples 4 and 5 from Estonia were comparatively rich in monoterpenic hydrocarbons [alpha]-fenchene and camphene (total 1.2-11.7%). Oil rich in monoterpenes ([alpha]-pinene, camphene, [alpha]-fenchene) was isolated from valerian roots in Switzerland [6]. The main sesquiterpene alloaromadendrene dominated in Estonian samples 2 and 3.
CONCLUSIONS
Several chemotypes of the essential oil of valerian roots have been distinguished earlier in the literature [8, 11], e.g. a valerianol type, and valeranone, cryptofauronol, and valerenal types. Valerian root oil from Estonia (four samples) was also rich in bornyl acetate and valerenal. Bornyl acetate, valerianol, and valeranone dominated in one Estonian sample. The Valerianae radix cultivated in Estonia usually (four samples) corresponds to the EP standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support for the work reported here was provided by the Estonian Science Foundation (grant No. 4332).
Received 31 January 2007, in revised form 12 March 2007
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[22.] Davies, N. W. Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and Carbowax 20M phases. J. Chromatogr., 1990, 503, 1-25.
[23.] Zenkevich, I. G. Analytical parameters of components of essential oils for their GC and GC-MS identification. Mono- and sesquiterpenes. Oxygen containing derivatives of mono- and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons. Acetates of terpenic alcohols. Rastitel. Res., 1996, 32, 48-58; 1997, 33, 16-28; 1999, 35, 30-37.
Ain Raal (a), Anne Orav (b) *, Elmar Arak (a), Tiiu Kailas (b), and Mati Muurisepp (b)
(a) Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
(b) Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
* Corresponding author, aorav@chemnet.ee
Table 1. Composition of the essential oil of Valeriana officialis
L. roots from Estonia. Boldface designates the principal components
Compound RI
SPB-5 SW-10 Range, %
Isovaleric acid (MS) 840 1700 0-2.1
Tricyclene 920 1020 tr-0.1
[alpha]-Thujene (MS) 924 1026 0-0.1
[alpha]-Pinene# (MS) 930 1024 0.4-3.6#
[alpha]-Fenchene# (MS) 944 1060 0.6-5.8#
Camphene# (MS) 945 1069 0.6-5.9
3-Methylvaleric acid 954 1810 0-0.2
Sabinene (MS) 970 1120 tr-0.2
[beta]-Pinene (MS) 972 1112 0.2-1.2
p-Cymene (MS) 1021 1273 tr-0.2
Limonene (MS) 1026 1203 0.2-2.3
[beta]-Phellandrene (MS) 1028 1211 tr-0.7
[gamma]-Terpinene (MS) 1054 1240 0-0.3
Isoamyl isovalerate (MS) 1102 1285 tr-0.1
Camphor 1140 1508 0-0.1
Borneol (MS) 1160 1702 0-0.6
Terpinen-4-ol (MS) 1176 1604 0.1-0.4
[alpha]-Terpineol (MS) 1190 1714 0-0.5
Myrtenol (MS) 1200 1794 0-0.5
(E)-Carveol 1232 1828 0.1-1.7
n-Hexyl isovalerate (MS) 1240 1450 0.1-0.3
Bornyl acetate# (MS) 1285 1578 8.8-33.5#
trans-Pinocarvyl acetate (MS) 1293 1600 0.1-0.5
Myrtenyl acetate# (MS) 1324 1685 2.0-7.2#
[delta]-Elemene (MS) 1337 1465 0-1.8
Terpinyl acetate (MS) 1349 1680 0.4-1.1
cis-Carveyl acetate 1366 1731 0-0.4
[alpha]-Copaene 1375 1484 0-0.4
[beta]-Elemene (MS) 1394 1587 0-0.3
Paciforgiadiene isomer (MS) 1400 1528 0.1-0.8
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24], MW = 204
2,6-Dimethoxy-p-pymene (MS) 1405 1596 0-0.2
Dihydroisolongifolene (MS) 1408 0-1.0
[alpha]-Gurjunene (MS) 1414 1520 0-1.5
(E)-[beta]-Caryophyllene# (MS) 1419 1587 1.2-3.8#
[beta]-Gurjunene (MS) 1429 1622 0-0.4
Epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (MS) 1434 1600 0.1-0.9
Aromadendrene (MS) 1438 1590 0-0.2
[alpha]-Guaiene (MS) 1444 1655 0-0.3
[alpha]-Humulene (MS) 1448 1622 0.3-2.2
Alloaromadendrene (MS) 1456 1632 0.3-7.6#
Linalyl isovalerate (MS) 1473 1807 0.7-3.0
Germacrene D (MS) 1477 1694 0-0.7
ar-Curcumene (MS) 1480 1755 0.4-0.7
[beta]-Ionone (MS) 1482 1926 0-3.7
Zingiberene (MS) 1490 1726 0.1-1.5
[alpha]-Farnesene (MS) 1493 1738 0.3-2.3
Bornyl isovalerate 1500 1828 0.2-2.0
Bicyclogermacrene (MS) 1502 1714 0.1-1.4
Valencene 1507 1704 0-0.8
[gamma]-Cadinene 1515 1748 0-1.1
[delta]-Cadinene 1521 1750 tr-0.6
Kessane (MS) 1542 1807 0-1.5
Valencene ketone (MS) 1547 2088 0.4-3.0
[C.sub.15][H.sub.26], MW = 222
Myrtenyl isovalerate# (MS) 1555 1855 1.1-2.5#
Ledol (MS) 1559 2060 0.2-1.7
Selina-diene alcohol (MS) 1567 2100 0-0.3
Spathulenol# (MS) 1574 2121 0.7-4.1#
Caryophyllene oxide (MS) 1580 1989 0.2-0.7
Neryl isovalerate 1591 1875 0-0.4
Viridiflorol (MS) 1600 2078 0.1-0.6
Geranyl isovalerate 1605 1910 0-0.3
Epiglobulol (MS) 1614 2100 0.2-0.6
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 1625 2255 0.8-6.6#
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 1629 2266 0-0.4
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 1635 2277 0.2-3.4#
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
T-Muurolol (MS) 1642 2179 0.1-1.6
[beta]-Eudesmol (MS) 1645 2272 0-1.1
Geranyl valerate * 1649 0-0.5
Valerianol# 1652 2400 0.3-16.7#
Kessyl alcohol * 1662 0-1.2
Valeranone (MS) 1671 2153 0.5-9.4#
[alpha]-Bisabolol (MS) 1686 2209 0.2-0.7
(Z,E)-Farnesol * 1700 2350 0-0.2
Valerenal# (MS) 1717 2207 0-14.7#
Valerenol * 1729 0-0.8
Sesquiterpenoic acetate (MS) 1772 2193 0-0.6
[C.sub.17][H.sub.28][O.sub.2],
MW = 264
trans-Valerenyl acetate 1785 2224 0-0.8
Kessyl acetate (MS) 1806 2387 0.4-2.3
cis-Valerenyl acetate 1828 2226 0-1.6
Kessanyl acetate (MS) 1856 2450 0-2.0
Valerenic acid (MS) 1865 2830 0-0.9
Sesquiterpenoic acetate (MS) 1900 2420 0-4.1#
[C.sub.17][H.sub.26][O.sub.2],
MW = 262
Palmitic acid (MS) 1954 2900 1-1.3
trans-Valerenyl isovalerate * 2052 0-1.1
Total 93.4-99.5
Compound Mean, %; Variation
n = 5 coefficient
Isovaleric acid (MS) 0.82 0.96
Tricyclene 0.09 0.24
[alpha]-Thujene (MS) 0.06 0.70
[alpha]-Pinene# (MS) 1.52# 0.98
[alpha]-Fenchene# (MS) 2.70# 1.00
Camphene# (MS) 2.90# 0.67
3-Methylvaleric acid 0.08 1.37
Sabinene (MS) 0.11 0.75
[beta]-Pinene (MS) 0.66 0.56
p-Cymene (MS) 0.12 0.63
Limonene (MS) 1.08 0.95
[beta]-Phellandrene (MS) 0.23 1.16
[gamma]-Terpinene (MS) 0.13 0.92
Isoamyl isovalerate (MS) 0.05 0.70
Camphor 0.06 0.70
Borneol (MS) 0.28 0.96
Terpinen-4-ol (MS) 0.28 0.46
[alpha]-Terpineol (MS) 0.12 1.81
Myrtenol (MS) 0.18 1.07
(E)-Carveol 0.48 1.42
n-Hexyl isovalerate (MS) 0.22 0.38
Bornyl acetate# (MS) 20.18# 0.50
trans-Pinocarvyl acetate (MS) 0.34 0.45
Myrtenyl acetate# (MS) 3.64# 0.60
[delta]-Elemene (MS) 0.44 1.77
Terpinyl acetate (MS) 0.76 0.42
cis-Carveyl acetate 0.14 1.19
[alpha]-Copaene 0.12 1.33
[beta]-Elemene (MS) 0.18 0.61
Paciforgiadiene isomer (MS) 0.56 0.48
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24], MW = 204
2,6-Dimethoxy-p-pymene (MS) 0.04 2.23
Dihydroisolongifolene (MS) 0.36 1.21
[alpha]-Gurjunene (MS) 0.68 1.00
(E)-[beta]-Caryophyllene# (MS) 1.92 0.57
[beta]-Gurjunene (MS) 0.16 1.37
Epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (MS) 0.40 0.94
Aromadendrene (MS) 0.04 2.23
[alpha]-Guaiene (MS) 0.06 2.23
[alpha]-Humulene (MS) 0.88 0.89
Alloaromadendrene (MS) 4.42# 0.68
Linalyl isovalerate (MS) 1.50 0.64
Germacrene D (MS) 0.30 1.11
ar-Curcumene (MS) 0.56 0.24
[beta]-Ionone (MS) 0.84 1.91
Zingiberene (MS) 0.46 1.32
[alpha]-Farnesene (MS) 1.30 0.61
Bornyl isovalerate 0.94 0.90
Bicyclogermacrene (MS) 0.59 0.86
Valencene 0.40 1.00
[gamma]-Cadinene 0.50 0.95
[delta]-Cadinene 0.30 2.35
Kessane (MS) 0.80 0.76
Valencene ketone (MS) 1.88 0.66
[C.sub.15][H.sub.26], MW = 222
Myrtenyl isovalerate# (MS) 1.52 0.41
Ledol (MS) 0.68 0.88
Selina-diene alcohol (MS) 0.12 1.08
Spathulenol# (MS) 2.48# 0.56
Caryophyllene oxide (MS) 0.46 0.45
Neryl isovalerate 0.12 1.49
Viridiflorol (MS) 0.34 0.61
Geranyl isovalerate 0.08 1.63
Epiglobulol (MS) 0.38 0.43
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 4.46# 0.50
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 0.22 0.93
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
Sesquiterpene alcohol (MS) 1.00 1.35
[C.sub.15][H.sub.24]O, MW = 220
T-Muurolol (MS) 0.64 1.00
[beta]-Eudesmol (MS) 0.36 1.25
Geranyl valerate * 0.20 1.00
Valerianol# 3.86# 1.86
Kessyl alcohol * 0.48 1.06
Valeranone (MS) 4.22# 0.88
[alpha]-Bisabolol (MS) 0.50 0.55
(Z,E)-Farnesol * 0.06 1.48
Valerenal# (MS) 9.38# 0.63
Valerenol * 0.26 1.23
Sesquiterpenoic acetate (MS) 0.20 1.28
[C.sub.17][H.sub.28][O.sub.2],
MW = 264
trans-Valerenyl acetate 0.16 2.24
Kessyl acetate (MS) 1.20 0.58
cis-Valerenyl acetate 0.94 0.64
Kessanyl acetate (MS) 0.64 1.38
Valerenic acid (MS) 0.28 1.46
Sesquiterpenoic acetate (MS) 1.46 1.18
[C.sub.17][H.sub.26][O.sub.2],
MW = 262
Palmitic acid (MS) 0.34 1.66
trans-Valerenyl isovalerate * 0.50 0.95
Total 96.5
tr--traces (<0.05%), *--tentatively identified,
(MS)--identified by GC/MS.
Note: Designates the principal components are indicated with #.
Table 2. Principal components of the essential oil and content of
essential oil in Valeriana officinalis L. roots from Estonia, %.
Boldface designates the highest concentrations
Components Sample No
1 2 3 4 5
Isovaleric acid 2.1 nd 0.8 0.8 0.4
[alpha]-Pinene 0.4 0.6 0.4 2.6 3.6
[alpha]-Fenchene 0.8 0.6 0.8 5.5# 5.8#
Camphene 3.1 1.9 0.6 3.0# 5.9#
Bornyl acetate 33.7# 27.1# 8.8# 13.4# 18.1#
Myrtenyl acetate 7.2# 2.0 2.6 3.9 2.4
Alloaromadendrene 0.3 7.6 6.4# 5.4 2.4
Spathulenol 0.7 3.6 4.1 1.8 2.2
Myrtenyl isovalerate 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.8 1.1
Sesquiterpene alcohol 0.8 5.7 6.6 4.6 4.6
Valerianol 16.7# 0.6 0.5 1.2 0.3
Valeranone 9.4# 0.5 2.8 6.7# 1.7
Valerenal tr 8.4# 14.1# 14.7# 9.7#
Valerenic acid nd nd 0.5 nd 0.9
Oil yield, % 1.16 1.00 0.4 0.28 (a) 0.53
nd--not determined, tr--traces (< 0.05%).
(a) Below the minimum limit of EP (0.3% for the cut drug).
Note: Designates the highest concentrations are indicated with #.
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