Utilization of bedded cattle confinement for organic manure of maize crop/ Aproveitamento da cama de confinamento de bovino para adubacao organica do milho.
INTRODUCTIONRecently, a new animal housing system known as compost-bedded pack barn (CBP), where the animals are stabled on a generally sawdust bed (Ferreira, 2016; Pilatti & Vieira, 2017; Mota et al., 2017, 2018) has become preferred by producers. The main difference in the CBP housing system is in the animals' resting bed, that contains nitrogen derived from the urine and waste from cows housed in the CBP shed. Additionally, the bed contains carbon sources from sawdust, woodchips, chopped corn stover and peanut and coffee husks, among others (Leso et al., 2013; Galama et al., 2015).
The bed composting process in CBP systems is similar to that in compost piles. The aerobic decomposition is controlled by the microorganism action, and the stabilization of the crude organic matter is completed when forming humus. This final decomposition material is commonly used for agricultural purposes as fertiliser (Cotta et al., 2015).
The use of organic wastes, such as cow dung, represents a balanced way to provide nutrients to plants, as example in the maize crop for silage, which is used as dairy herd ration (Nascimento et al., 2008; Pescumo & Igarasi, 2013).
With the increased concern about the environmental impacts generated by organic wastes from animal housing systems, interest in the composting process and recycling of these wastes have been stimulated (Cotta et al., 2015). The manure from the beds of dairy cattle from CBP housing systems could supply a large demand for fertilisers. Moreover, with the continuing increase in food consumption derived from sustainable livestock, the use of manure generated from the farm that could become economically viable. Based on the above information, this work aimed to study the effect of organic manure from bedded cattle confinement applied at different moments on maize crop.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was performed in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), in the Southern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 21[degrees]14' S and 45[degrees]0' W, and altitude of 918 m. The regional climate is Cwa, with a dry winter and rainfall predominant in the summer, a total average annual rainfall of 1530 mm and an annual average temperature of 19.4[degrees]C (Dantas et al., 2007).
The experiment was conducted between November 2016 and February 2017. The average maximum and minimum temperatures were 29.3 and 18.4[degrees]C, respectively and the average external relative humidity was 72.8% in the greenhouse during the experimental period.
The experimental design was a randomized block design with five treatments and five repetitions, totalling 25 experimental plots. The treatments used in the experiment were as following: Treatment TM--Fresh compost added to the pot 15 days before sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TC--Compost matured for 30 days and added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TF--Fresh compost added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TL--Without compost and with nitrogen topdressing (conventional); Treatment Control--Without both nitrogen topdressing and compost.
The experimental unit consisted of one plant in each pot with capacity of 15 [dm.sup.3], filled with a mixture of soil and washed sand in a 3:1 ratio (Guareschi et al., 2013). The pots were irrigated daily until reaching field capacity and were kept in a green house.
The soil used for cultivation was classified as an Ultisol having a clayey texture, with 70 dag [kg.sup.-1] clay, 4 dag [kg.sup.-1] silt and 26 dag [kg.sup.-1] sand in the depths between 0 and 0.20 m, located in a ravine area on the campus of the Universidade Federal de Lavras.
The chemical analysis of the soil presented the following result: 6.0 pH in [H.sub.2]O, 6.08 mg [dm.sup.-1] of K, 1.63 mg [dm.sup.-1] of P, 1.0 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3] of Ca, 0.48 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3] of Mg and 0.10 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3] of Al. Additionally, the H+Al (extractor: SMP) was 2.96 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3], the effective cation exchange capacity [CEC (t)] was 1.65 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3] and the cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0 [H.sub.2]O [CEC (T)] was 4.51 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]. The exchangeable bases (SB) value was 1.55 [cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3], the saturation base index (V) was 34.27%, the aluminium saturation index was 6.06%, the organic matter (OM) was 1.09 dag [kg.sup.-1] and the remaining phosphorus (P-Rem) was 4.86 mg [L.sup.-1]. Furthermore, Cu was 1.05 mg [dm.sup.-1], Zn was 0.46 mg [dm.sup.-3], Mn was 3.81 mg [dm.sup.-3], Fe was 20.28 mg [dm.sup.-3] and S was 104.65 mg [dm.sup.-3].
The manure used in the experiment was obtained from a compost bedded pack barn (CBP) housing for dairy cattle located on a rural property in the municipality of Tres Cora0es, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The physical and chemical characteristics of the compost are presented in Table 1. For the determination of N, the Kjeldahl method (Hoehne et al., 2016) was used, and the OM determination was based on the method proposed by Carmo & Silva (2012).
The dose of 24.87 t [Ha.sup.-1] of CBP compost was applied manually 15 days before sowing the maize crop (Treatment -TM), while the other 24.87 t [Ha.sup.-1] doses of the compost (Treatment--TC and Treatment--TF) were applied during the sowing of the maize crop together with the chemical fertiliser application. Soil chemical correction was performed from the base saturation, and 1500 g [dm.sup.-3] of dolomitic limestone per pot was applied.
The fertiliser application (NPK) at the sowing time in each pot corresponded to was 0.75 g [dm.sup.-3] of ammonium sulphate with the composition of 20% of N, 4.5 g [dm.sup.-3] of super simple phosphate in the composition of 20% of P and 2.25 g [dm.sup.-3] KCl in the composition of 60% of K. The guidelines of the 5th Approximation of Minas Gerais (Alves et al., 1999) were considered when performing soil correction and nitrogen fertiliser application within topdressing, with recommendations of 90.0 g [dm.sup.-1] N divided into three portions. Ammonium sulphate with 20% N was used as the nitrogen source. At 15 days after emergence (DAE), the first nitrogen fertiliser application with a dose of 0.482 g [dm.sup.-1] per pot was carried out. The second and third nitrogen fertiliser applications occurred at 30 and 45 DAE.
The hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar Roundup Ready[R] --NK 603 was sown on November 18, 2016, with three seeds per pot at a depth of 0.05 m. Plant emergence occurred on November 23, 2016. The thinning occurred at 7 DAE, leaving one plant per pot.
The following characteristics were evaluated at the maize silage point (14/2/2017): plant height (PLH), by measuring the vertical distance between the soil surface and the insertion point of the last leaf using a measuring tape, stem diameter (SD), measured with digital caliper at 0.03 m from the ground, number of leaves (NL), shoot dry mass (SDM), shoot fresh mass (SFM) and moisture on dry basis (DBM).
The plants were cut close to the ground, weighed and placed in plastic bags. They were identified and transferred to an over at 65[degrees]C, until obtaining constant mass (MAPA, 2007). The, ear length with (ELWH) and without husk (ELWOUTH), measured by a millimetre ruler, ear diameter with (EDWH) and without husk (EDWOUTH), measured with tachymeter.
The chemical analysis of the soil was performed after maize harvesting. In this analysis, a composite sample for the repetition was taken from 0 to 0.10 m depth that were sent to the Laboratory of Soil Analysis of the UFLA. The results were compared with the soil chemical characteristics determined prior to the installation of the experiment.
Initially, the basic assumptions of analysis of variance were verified. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to assess the data normality, the Hartley's test was used to determine the variance homogeneity and the residual analysis was used to examine the data independence (Banzatto & Kronka, 2015). Subsequently, the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Scott-Knott test. A 0.05 probability for all tests mentioned was considered. The analyses were performed in R software (R Core Team, 2016) and SISVAR (Ferreira, 2011).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There were significant differences at p [less than or equal to] 0.05 among the treatments (Table 2).
The organic material derived from the dairy cattle bedding in the CBP model housing system favoured higher shoot dry matter (SDM) for the NK 603 hybrid cultivar when compared to the treatments without compost (Table 2). The mean SDM values for treatments TC, TF and TM were 0.43, 0.42 and 0.39 kg, respectively. Thus, there was a greater availability of silage material and feed for dairy cows.
For all variables analysed, no significant difference was observed by the Scott-Knott test among the TF, TM and TC treatments, and the averages of these treatments were superior to the averages of the other treatments.
The effect of cow dung doses on maize has also been studied by Reina et al. (2010), who verified that ears and grains increased in size and mass as manure doses also increased.
Several studies have shown the positive and gradual effect of using organic manure, especially cow dung. This manure has been used for the cultivation of several crops, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Martins et al., 2015), cackrey (Cucumis anguria) (Oliveira et al., 2014) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Leonardo et al., 2014).
The reference values are consumption of 8.4 t of woodchips and/or sawdust per cow per year and 12 tons of compost produced per cow per year. However, these numbers can vary widely among farms (Galama et al., 2015). With the huge availability of mature bedding material, it can be reused by farmers both in the organic manure for their agricultural crops and also for resale to other farms.
Table 3 shows the results of the soil chemical analysis at the 0-0.10 m layer, collected in the pots after 77 days of maize sowing, when the maize was at its silage point. The pH levels for the TM and TC treatments were higher than those of other treatments.
The concentrations of K, P, Ca, Mg and S were superior for the TM treatment, followed by the TF, TC and TL treatments compared to the control (Table 3). The P concentration was higher for the treatments that received the compost compared to TL and the treatment control. Higher P concentration was verified in all treatments, in comparison with its initial value (1.63 mg [dm.sup.-3]). The concentrations of Ca and Mg were superior in the TC, TM, TF and TL treatments in comparison to the treatment without compost. Increases of Ca, Mg and S concentrations in the soil to which fertiliser had been applied were also verified.
The S concentration, aluminium P-Rem and H+Al were similar in all treatments. However, comparing the values with the initial results, there was a decrease in aluminium content and an increase in the P-Rem. The mean H+Al values were similar, with a slight decrease compared to the initial value of the soil. CEC (t) and CEC (T) were verified in the treatments with compost application (Table 3).
Similar results were found by Oliveira et al. (2014), who verified increase of CEC (t) and CEC (T) as a function of the application of manures to lettuce cultivation in a controlled environment. The authors relate this increase to the lesser loss by mineralization with organic matter.
The initial SB and V values were 1.55 cmol [dm.sup.-3] and 34.27%, respectively. When compared to the mean results in Table 3, there was an increase in these values. It was observed that the mean values of SB and V in TC, TM and TF treatments did not differ and were higher than TL and the control treatments.
A reduction of the aluminium saturation index (%) was observed, and the control treatment showed a higher value when compared to the other treatments.
The concentrations of OM increased for the three treatments in which CBP bedding material was applied at different moments, in comparison to soil OM value at the beginning of the experiment, and did not differ for these treatments and were higher than the values obtained in TL and control treatments (Table 3).
The Fe, Zn and Cu micronutrient concentrations showed no significant difference in the TC, TM and TF treatments and were higher for TL and control treatments. The Mn concentration increased in all treatments and was higher in the TM and TF treatments, compared to initial values.
In general, improvement in soil fertility was verified by the end at 77 days after maize germination. According to Abreu Junior et al. (2005), the fundamental effects caused by the disposal of organic wastes in agriculture are directly related to the increase in soil OM over successive applications.
Based on the above, there is a need for technologies that make it possible to increase crop yield, while seeking an ecologically sustainable and low-cost farming system. Therefore, the use of wastes from cattle housing systems such as the CBP model adds value to the producer and to the product, besides providing farming-livestock integration. It is a natural resource available on milk-producing farms.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The treatments TC--Compost matured for 30 days and added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen topdressing, TF--Fresh compost added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen topdressing and TM--Fresh compost added to the pot 15 days before sowing, with nitrogen topdressing showed higher shoot dry matter production and all growing variables for maize when compared to treatments without the use of compost.
2. The soil used in maize crop for silage considerably improved its chemical characteristics with the application of compost from the housing system for dairy cattle in compost bedded pack barn model, which can be used without maturation.
Ref. 194655--Received 15 Apr, 2018 * Accepted 16 Jun, 2019 * Published 01 Jul, 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES, Brazil) for financial support, the Departamento de Engenharia Agricola da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) for the green house used for the experiments and the Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos da UFLA, setor de Latidnios for assistance with the physical and chemical analyses.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n8p620-624
Vania C. Mota (1), Ednilton T. Andrade (2), Sandra M. Pinto (3), Luiz R. de Abreu (3) & Daniel F. Leite (4)
(1) Fundacao Universidade Federal de Rondonia/Departamento de Matematica e Estatlstica. Ji-Parana, RO, Brasil. E- mail:vaniamota33@gmail.com (Corresponding author)--ORCID: 0000-0001-8838-718X
(2) Universidade Federal de Lavras/Departamento de Engenharia Agrlcola/Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Engenharia Agricola, Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail: ednilton@deg.ufla.br--ORCID: 0000-0002-8448-8781
(3) Universidade Federal de Lavras/Departamento de Ciencias dos Alimentos/Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias dos Alimentos, Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail: sandra@dca.ufla.br--ORCID: 0000-0001-8431-6034; lrabreu@dca.ufla.br--ORCID: 0000-0002-8142-415X
(4) Universidade Federal de Lavras/Departamento de Engenharia. Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail: daniel.leite@deg.ufla.br-- ORCID: 0000-0003-3135-2933
Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the compost from the feed
system of dairy cattle in the compost bedded pack barn(CBP)
model used in the treatments
Chemical Treatment
characteristics (%)
TM TC TF
TS 46.22 49.32 53.73
pH in [H.sub.2]O 9.43 9.05 9.11
FMR 18.49 28.98 15.69
0M 46.31 43.64 71.79
TN 3.50 1.80 1.90
AN 1.90 1.40 1.00
C 26.86 25.31 41.64
C/N ratio 8:1 14:1 22:1
TS--Total solids; FMR--Fixed mineral residue, ashes; OM--Organic
matter; TN--Total nitrogen; AN--Ammonia nitrogen; C--Carbon,
result on wet basis; Treatment TM--Fresh compost added to the pot
15 days before sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment
TC--Compost matured for 30 days and added to the pot on the day of
sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TF--Fresh compost
added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen topdressing
Table 2. Plant height (PLH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves
(NL), shoot fresh matter (SFM), shoot dry matter (SDM), dry basis
moisture (DBM), ear diameter with husk (EDWH), ear diameter without
husk (EDWOUTH), ear length with husk (ELWH) and ear length without
husk (ELWOUTH) for different treatments at the silage point, 77
days after maize germination
Variables Treatment TL TF TC
control
PLH (m) 1.71 b 1.73 b 2.25 a 2.28 a
SD (mm) 14.42 b 12.31 b 17.50 a 18.75 a
NL 11.40b 11.60 b 12.50 a 12.60 a
SFM (kg) 0.68 b 0.66 b 1.39 a 1.50 a
SDM (kg) 0.19 b 0.16b 0.42 a 0.43 a
DBM (g [H.sub.2]O) 2.55 a 3.04 b 2.30 a 2.59 a
EDWH (mm) 39.60 b 41.30 b 50.70 a 51.4 a
EDW0UTH (mm) 35.30 b 35.70 b 44.80 a 44.00 a
ELWH (mm) 170.00 b 180.00 b 233.00 a 227.00 a
ELWOUTH (mm) 128.00 b 116.00b 173.00 a 178.00 a
Variables TM CV (%)
PLH (m) 2.21 a 8.42
SD (mm) 18.40 a 13.97
NL 12.80 a 12.18
SFM (kg) 1.39 a 21.85
SDM (kg) 0.39 a 25.06
DBM (g [H.sub.2]O) 2.53 a 10.19
EDWH (mm) 50.00 a 7.48
EDW0UTH (mm) 43.90 a 9.65
ELWH (mm) 219.00 a 10.88
ELWOUTH (mm) 187.00 a 17.33
Means followed by the same letters in the row do not differ by
Scott-Knott test at p < 0.05; Treatment Control--Without both
nitrogen topdressing and compost; Treatment TL--Without compost
and with nitrogen topdressing (conventional); Treatment TF--Fresh
compost added to the pot on the day of sowing, with nitrogen
topdressing; Treatment TM--Fresh compost added to the pot 15 days
before sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TC--Compost
matured for 30 days and added to the pot on the day of sowing, with
nitrogen topdressing; CV--Coefficient of variation
Table 3. Values of soil chemical characteristics 77 days after
maize planting for different treatments
Treatment TL TF
control
pH in [H.sub.2]O 6.03 b 6.00 b 6.10b
K (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 23.89 e 142.67 d 804.99 b
P (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 6.59 c 7.32 c 44.21 a
Ca ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 2.41 b 4.97 a 7.70 a
Mg ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 1.57 b 3.75 a 5.56 a
S (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 127.08 a 125.47 a 277.92 a
Al ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 0.06 a 0.06 a 0.05 a
H+AI ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 2.20 a 2.17 a 2.11 a
CEC(t) ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 4.11 c 8.15 b 13.33 a
CEC (T) ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 6.24 c 10.27 b 15.07 a
SB ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 4.04 c 8.09 b 15.32 a
V (%) 64.54 c 78.49 b 87.84 a
Aluminium saturation index (%) 1.58 b 0.70 a 0.49 a
0M (dag [kg.sup.-1]) 1.02 b 1.08 b 2.63 a
P-Rem (mg [L.sup.-1]) 15.41 a 15.15a 17.24 a
Zn (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 0.46 b 1.07 b 4.11 a
Cu (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 1.05 b 0.93 b 1.49 a
Fe (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 31.26 b 25.13 b 42.53 a
Mn (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 17.99 b 17.77 b 24.16a
TC TM CV (%)
pH in [H.sub.2]O 6.40 a 6.37 a 2.86
K (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 704.57 c 923.01 a 7.03
P (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 34.36 b 50.37 a 15.93
Ca ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 6.74 a 5.91 a 21.52
Mg ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 4.72 a 5.16a 19.42
S (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 121.43a 174.58 a 63.24
Al ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 0.06 a 0.07 a 52.82
H+AI ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 1.80 a 1.83 a 14.02
CEC(t) ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 15.40 a 13.52 a 12.93
CEC (T) ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 17.43 a 15.27 a 9.60
SB ([cmol.sub.c] [dm.sup.-3]) 13.27 a 13.44 a 12.76
V (%) 87.82 a 88.01 a 5.47
Aluminium saturation index (%) 0.40 a 0.54 a 33.47
0M (dag [kg.sup.-1]) 2.54 a 2.66 a 11.62
P-Rem (mg [L.sup.-1]) 18.72 a 20.31 a 33.83
Zn (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 3.97 a 4.53 a 15.92
Cu (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 1.50 a 1.59 a 11.50
Fe (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 38.65 a 45.12a 15.52
Mn (mg [dm.sup.-3]) 19.89 b 23.94 a 9.57
Means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ at p
[less than or equal to] 0.05 by the Scott-Knott test; Treatment
Control--Without both nitrogen topdressing and compost; Treatment
TL--Without compost and with nitrogen topdressing (conventional);
Treatment TF--Fresh compost added to the pot on the day of sowing,
with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment TM--Fresh compost added to the
pot 15 days before sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; Treatment
TC--Compost matured for 30 days and added to the pot on the day of
sowing, with nitrogen topdressing; CV--Coefficient of variation
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