The importance of a Biosphere Reserve of Atlantic Forest for the conservation of stream fauna/A importancia de uma Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlantica para a conservacao da fauna de riachos.
IntroductionPreservation of terrestrial fauna and flora has been the main reason for the settlement of most protected areas in the past 30 years, and because most include water bodies, some of these protected areas also protect the biodiversity of freshwater environments. However, as emphasised by Agostinho et al. (2005), these areas need the inventory studies of species to determine their effective importance to the preservation of the aquatic biota.
The lack of basic knowledge on the biodiversity of freshwater environments in Brazil is an obstacle to preservation studies (Agostinho et al., 2005). According to Rocha (2002), only 30% of the freshwater invertebrate diversity is presently known and some taxon as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Bryozoa, Annelida and several insect groups need specialists, collections and/or minimum updated information on identification, distribution and autoecology.
Unlike invertebrates, vertebrates are better known. Regarding the freshwater diversity, fish deserves attention because Brazil is the holder of the largest ictiofauna of the world (Lewinsohn and Prado, 2002; Agostinho et al., 2005). Considering the occurrence and distribution of 2,587 freshwater fish species registered in the country (Buckup et al., 2007), headwater streams have an essential role to preserve this group as 70-80% of this richness is exclusively and/or preferably found in small water bodies (Buckup, 1999; Castro, 1999; Pompeu et al., 2009; Oyakawa and Menezes, 2010).
The knowledge availability also reflects the number of species considered endangered, and the most studied groups present a greater number of species in the Red Book List of the Endangered Brazilian Fauna (Machado et al., 2008). From 627 species, 194 (31%) are from freshwater, 134 are fish, 16 are amphibians and 45 are invertebrates.
Besides the need of knowing if the Environmental Protection Areas help the conservation of non-threatened or threatened aquatic taxa, the functionality effectiveness of these areas need to be analysed regarding their contribution as a reserve of local, regional and global biodiversity (Balian et al., 2008). Thus, in the present study, we made the fauna inventory of streams of three micro basins in Japi Mountain, located in a reserve of the Atlantic Forest. We also aimed to contribute to the knowledge of threatened species and areas that may serve as shelter for groups with restrict geographical distribution. The hypothesis of this study is that the conservation of this area is important for the maintenance of the aquatic biodiversity of this biome, and so, this world hotspot deserves priority conservation actions.
Methods
Study area
Japi Mountain is located in the countryside of Sao Paulo state, is part of the Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) of Jundiai (47.67% of the total area), Cabreuva (41.16%) and Cajamar (0.68%), and integrates the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiai Water Conservation and Management Unit that gathers important effluents of the Medium Tiete River basin (Figure 1). Japi Mountain has a total extension of 19,170 ha or 350 [Km.sup.2] and it is considered one of the last and biggest remaining continuous area of deciduous seasonal forest area of the state of Sao Paulo (Morellato, 1992).
In 1994, Japi Mountain was classified by UNESCO as a Reserve of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere and a world hotspot deserving priority actions to preserve its biodiversity. The protection and preservation of Japi Mountain are supported by several legal mechanisms like: the Protection Law for Animals (Decree No 24645/34); Water Code (Decree No 24634/34); Mining Code (Decree No 227/67); Fauna Protection Law (Law No 5197/67); Law for the Creation of Ecological Stations and Environmental Protection Areas (Law No 6938/6902/ 81); Article No 225 of the Federal Constitution 1988 that imposes the public power the preservation and restoration of ecosystems, preservation of diversity and integrity of genetic heritage of the Country; Forestry Code (Federal Law No 4771/65); State Law No 9146/95 about financial compensation mechanisms for municipalities that have protected areas; Resolution No 11 of March 8th 1983 of the Defense Council of the Historical, Archeological, Architectural and Tourism Heritage (Condephaat) on the protection of Japi Mountain area. However, as emphasised by Jesus and Cavalheiro (2004), such legal mechanisms are not enough to guarantee the protection of the area because 90% of their lands are private properties, the fiscalisation is precarious, and the lack of knowledge about its biodiversity makes its monitoring and management difficult.
The occupation and degradation of Japi Mountain is marked by the construction of Santos-Jundiai Railroad in 1867 which led to logging of the area so that wood could be used as fuel by locomotives. Later, due to the need of human settlement expansion in the region, there was the substitution of natural areas for cultivation areas (coffee, sugarcane, rice, wheat, beans, potato, Pinus) and cattle farming. Recently, the construction of two important highways (Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia Marechal Rondon) has brought part of the development of the city of Sao Paulo to the cities of Jundiai, Campinas and Itu, increasing the urbanisation process in natural areas close to these great urban centers (Jesus and Cavalheiro, 2004). Presently, the environmental problems of Japi Mountain are associated with real estate speculation, fires caused by agricultural activity, cattle raising, balloons, vegetation suppression and land movement by private individuals, hunting, mining and vandalism (Yoshida and Goncalves, 2004).
The conservation state of Japi Mountain streams is related to the environmental zoning that defines the areas of the Biological Reserve and areas of the Preservation Zone (State Decree No 43.284/98 of Sao Paulo and Municipal Law No 417/04 of Jundiai). Only three out of eight studied stretches of Ribeirao Ermida microbasin are located inside the Biological Reserve and are more preserved than the stretches of Guaxinduva and Caguacu microbasins that are located inside the Preservation Zone, where there is the presence of anthropic activity as agro-forestry-pastoral activities and small residential farms (Table 1, Figure 1).
Because the studied streams present water flow throughout the year, they fit the classification of perennial water courses and are part of a dendritic drainage net (Figure 1), typical of regions with prevalence of rocks that offer resistance to the erosive process (Christofoletti, 1980). Santoro and Machado (1992) reported that in the case of Japi Mountain this resistance is offered by predominant quartzite rocks in the region.
The relief of the terrain where the streams are located presents very weak to medium declivity (from < 6% to 15%) (Florenzano, 2008). Except for three 5th order stretches, the other sampled stretches are small, narrow and shallow, with fast current, high content of dissolved oxygen, low values of temperature and electric conductivity (Table 1). These characteristics for headwater streams have also been emphasised by other authors (Buckup 1999; Valente and Gomes, 2005).
Collection of environmental data
The morphological characteristics of the microbasins were based on the topographical map of Japi Mountain in a 1:25000 scale, obtained from the Department of Planning of Jundiai City. Rainfall and air temperature data of the region of Jundiai were obtained from the site of the Integrated Centre of Meteorological Information--CIIAGRO (www.ciiagro.sp.gov.br, accessed in July, 2008). The measurements of the stream canal and the limnological characteristics were carried out at all collection times of biotic data and at three distinct points of the longitudinal axis of each studied stretch. The streams were characterised according to their length, depth and luminosity (Minipa digital lightmeter, MLM1010 model) and the following physical and chemical water parameters: current (floating method), temperature ([degrees]C, measured by an Incoterm thermometer for maximum and minimum temperatures), dissolved oxygen (mg/L, determined by an Instrutherm oxymeter, model MO880), pH (measured by a digital pocket pHmeter, model pH1700), electrical conductivity (mS.[cm.sup.-1], measured with a pocket digital conductometer, model CD840).
Collection of fauna data
The macrofauna was collected at eight stream stretches of Japi Mountain at two periods: (1) monthly from February 2005 to January 2006, and (2) seasonally, twice in the dry season of 2006 (July and August) and twice in the rainy season of 2007 (January and February). Three microbasins were sampled: Ermida (ER), Guaxinduva (GX) and Caguacu (CG), including stretches of 1st, 2nd, 4th 5th orders (sensu Strahler classification (Stanford, 1996)), with the orders indicated by numbers near the acronyms' microbasin (Table 1).
Monthly collections were conducted at four stream stretches (GX5u, GX5d, ER2, ER4) (Figure 1). In each stretch, six samples of the macroinvertebrate community were collected in a 30 m extension with a Surber sampler (30 x 30 cm and 500 mm mesh). The collected material was stored, transported in ice and later transferred to a refrigerator at 7 [degrees]C until screening (no later than three days after the collection). Macroinvertebrate screening was done visually by spreading the material in a white tray with incident light. The ictiofauna and, eventually, young forms of amphibians were collected along the bank vegetation with a 5 mm mesh sieve, fixed in formaldehyde 10% and preserved in alcohol 70% for posterior identification.
Seasonal collections were carried out in six stream stretches (ER1, ER2, ER4, CG1, CG2, CG5) (Figure 1). In each stretch, five areas of riffles of 5 m long each were selected in a 100 m extension for the aquatic fauna collections. In each area, four samples of macroinvertebrates (two from the banks and two from the middle of the stream) were collected with a Surber sampler (15 x 15 cm and 500 mm mesh), and the visually predominant substrate type in the sampler (sand, litter, gravel, rocks) was recorded. Next, the whole 5 m area was scanned with a trawl and a dip net (4 mm mesh) to capture fish and, eventually, young and adult anuran amphibians. The macroinvertebrates were fixed and preserved in alcohol 70% and the fishes were fixed in formaldehyde 10% and preserved in alcohol 70% for posterior identification. Macroinvertebrate screening was done with the use of a stereomicroscope.
The collected macroinvertebrates were deposited in the collection of the NGO Associacao Mata Ciliar and the Laboratory of Stream Ecology of the Department of Zoology (UNESP--Botucatu). The fish species were deposited in the collection of the Museum of Zoology of USP and the Ichthyology Laboratory of UNESP--Sao Jose do Rio Preto.
The identification level of collected organisms was conducted mainly according to the adopted taxonomic levels in programs of macroinvertebrate and fish monitoring, and to the availability of identification keys and of specialists that could verify the identification of collected organisms. The study by Melo (2003) was used to identify Crustacea Decapoda; the studies of Lopretto and Tell (1995), Merritt and Cummins (1996), Nieser and Melo (1997), McCafferty (1998), Fernandez and Dominguez (2001), Da-Silva et al. (2002), Costa et al. (2004), Olifiers et al. (2004), Paprocki et al. (2004), Rio Grande do Sul (2006), Passos et al. (2007), Calor (2007) and Manzo and Archangelsky (2008) were used for Insecta identification. The researchers Dr. Gustavo Melo, from the Museum of Zoology of USP, Dr. Sergio L. S. Bueno, from the Institute of Biosciences of USP, and Dr. Celio Magalhaes, from the National Institute of Amazon Research, were consulted for the crustacean identification. The specialists, Dr Melissa O. Segura, Dr. Mateus Pepineli and Dr. Irineu de S. Onofre, from the Department of Limnology of UFSCar, verify the identification of Coleoptera-Elmidae, Diptera-Simuliidae and Odonata, respectively. Dr. Francisco de A. G. de Melo confirmed the identification of Insecta-Orthoptera.
The fish identification was based on the studies by Britski (1972), Menezes et al. (2007), Buckup (1992), Garutti and Britski (2000), Chamon et al. (2005) and confirmed by the specialists Dr. Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, from the Museum of Zoology of USP, and Dr. Francisco Langeani Neto, from the Department of Zoology and Botany (UNESP--Sao Jose do Rio Preto).
The amphibians were identified by Daniel Contieri Rolim, from the Herpetology Laboratory of the Department of Zoology UNESP--Botucatu, who utilised the taxonomic key published by Ribeiro et al. (2005) and the descriptions done by Bokermann (1963) and Rada et al. (2007); Dr. Celio Fernando Baptista Haddad, from the Department of Zoology of UNESP-Rio Claro, confirmed their identification.
Results
The 26,219 specimens, representing 138 taxonomic units and mainly consisting of organisms from the aquatic macrofauna (Tables 2 and 3), were collected in the eight studied streams of Japi Mountain from 2005 to 2007. If each identified taxonomic unit is considered as an equivalent to a species, then Japi Mountain collaborates with almost 20% of the freshwater biodiversity of Sao Paulo state (Table 4).
For the macroinvertebrate groups whose identification was more refined (Crustacea and Insecta), the importance of Japi Mountain for the conservation of Brazilian aquatic biodiversity is more evident because the area helps maintain 50% of the families and 25% of the freshwater Decapoda and Insecta genera of Brazil (Tables 2 and 5).
Analysing the geographical distribution of nine collected fish families, except for Poeciliidae and Cichlidae, Japi Mountain streams contribute to conserve the ichthyofauna restricted to the American continent, mainly Callichthyidae and Erythrinidae exclusive to South America (Table 3).
Although anurans are not a target in the collection methodology, they were occasionally caught with the fish. Tadpoles of this Centrolenidae species were collected in stream stretches located on Santa Marta Farm (CG1) and at Dog (CG2), outside the area destined to the Biological Reserve of Japi Mountain. From the data published, it is verified that Japi Mountain contributes to the preservation of approximately 14% (31 out of 225 species) of anuran amphibians recorded in Sao Paulo state (Table 4).
Discussion
The average values of physical and chemical measured parameters indicate that the water in the studied streams has little deleterious anthropic influence (based on values of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005) and the studied average variations may be a reflection of the spatial differences related to the conservation state of the stretches as well as natural characteristics of streams like order, morphology and geology of the microbasin. Slightly acid pH, typical of quartzite soils (Rodriguez and Shepherd, 1992), was probably the factor that influenced the average values of water pH between 5.8 to 6.7.
Considering the inventory done by Biota Project FAPESP (Steiner and Amaral, 1999), it is possible to infer that Japi Mountain is an important area to conserve unique species described for the state of Sao Paulo, like Nemertea Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomeri, 1894) (Forneris, 1999b) and Nematomorpha Paragordiusflavescens Linstow, 1906 (Forneris, 1999c), even with the low identification resolution of some less abundant taxa. Besides the validity of the record of Temnocephalida order for the state, not cited by the Biota project (Forneris, 1999a), when contributing to the preservation of this group, Japi streams help to maintain the ecological ectosymbiosis relation between temnocephalida and crustraceans of the Aegla (Amato et al., 2003) and Trichodactylus genera (Amato et al., 2006). Still using the Biota Project FAPESP inventory results (Steiner and Amaral, 1999), Japi Mountain also collaborates for the conservation of freshwater polychaete of the Stratiodrilus genus, and it is possible to suggest that S. arreliai Amaral & Morgado, 1997 is present in Japi, considering only the distribution information (proximity to Jaragua peak) and hosts (Aegla sp.).
Regarding genera and species of crustacean and insects recorded only in Brazil, Japi Mountain streams stand out in the maintenance of the crustaceans Aegla paulensis (Bond-Buckup et al., 2008) and Macrobrachium iheringi (Coelho and Ramos-Porto, 1984), the Ephemeroptera Tupiara (Salles et al., 2003), the Plecoptera Kempnyia and Guaranyperla (Lecci & Froelich 2007) and the Trichoptera Mexitrichia (Flint et al., 1999).
Out of 121 fish species of streams recorded in the Atlantic Forest area in Sao Paulo state (Menezes et al., 2007), 31 species (25%) were recorded in Japi Mountain (Rolla et al., 2012). In our study, ichthyofauna sampled in 8 streams represented a high percentage of orders (67%), families (82%), genera (50%) and species (47%) also surveyed by Rolla (2008) at fifteen collection stations of Japi Mountain.
Brazilian freshwater fishes are classified in nine orders, six of which occur in the streams of the Atlantic Forest (Oyakawa et al., 2006; Menezes et al., 2007). Characiformes, Siluriformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Synbranchiformes and Perciformes are broadly distributed worldwide and Gymnotiformes order presents distribution limited to Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Leveque et al., 2008).
With identification refinement, it is noticed that Japi Mountain streams preserve broadly distributed genera and species nationwide (Callichthys callichthys, Trichomycterus, Rhamdia quelen, Astyanax, Hoplias malabaricus), species only distributed in the eastern and southeastern basins of the country (Phalloceros harpagos and Geophagus brasiliensis), and species limited to the basins of Alto Parana, Tiete, Paraiba do Sul and Paranapanema rivers (Hypostomus ancistroides, Oligosarcus paranensis, Astyanax paranae, Characidium,Phalloceros reise) (Buckup et al., 2007; Lucinda, 2008). It is noteworthy to point out that Japi Mountain streams also collaborated to conserve endangered species of armored catfish in Sao Paulo state --Neoplecostomus paranensis and Pareiorhina cf rudolphi.
Although anurans are not a target in the collection methodology, they were occasionally caught with the fish. From four identified species (Table 3), Vitreorana eurygnatha deserves attention because it was believed to be extinct in the region (Ribeiro et al., 2005). Tadpoles of this Centrolenidae species were collected in stream stretches located on Santa Marta Farm (CG1) and at Dog (CG2), outside the area destined to the Biological Reserve of Japi Mountain. From the data published by Ribeiro et al. (2005) and Araujo et al. (2009), it is verified that Japi Mountain contributes to the preservation of approximately 14% (31 out of 225 species) of anuran amphibians recorded in Sao Paulo state (Table 4).
Concluding remarks--The Japi Mountain (Environmental Protection Areas of Jundiai and Cabreuva municipalities) is effective in the conservation of aquatic fauna, comprising 138 taxonomic units and showing a rich and representative biodiversity of the freshwater fauna of the world (0.2%), Neotropical region (0.9%), Brazil (2.4%) and Sao Paulo state (17.9%). The streams of these Environmental Protection Areas help the conservation of taxa listed as vulnerable in the state of Sao Paulo, such as the fish species Neoplecostomus paranensis and Pareiorhina cf rudolphi. These areas also comprise important habitats for freshwater crustaceans, aquatic insects and fish of restrict distribution in South America and in restrict basins of Brazil. The importance of Japi Mountain for the conservation of stream fauna is also emphasised when the occurrence of unknown or believed to be extinct species in the studied streams, like the coleopteran Huleechius and the anuran Vitreorana eurygnatha, are considered. Thus, this species inventory emphasises the importance of conservation actions of the freshwater environments of this Biosphere Reserve of Atlantic Forest.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.26512
Received: 12/12/2012--Accepted: 02/20/2013--Distributed: 05/31/2014 (With 1 figure)
Acknowledgements--We are grateful to the "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico" (CNPq--Process Number 142300/2007-1) for the financial support, the anonymous referees for the suggestion to the manuscript and all friends and biology students from Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas (PUC Campinas) who helped us in the field and laboratory procedures.
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Yoshida, CE. (a) and Uieda, VS. (b) *
(a) Associacao Mata Ciliar, Av. Emilio Antonon, 1000, Chacara Aeroporto, CEP 13212-010 Jundiai, SP, Brazil
(b) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Univ Estadual Paulista--UNESP,
Rubiao Junior, s/n, CP 510, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
* e-mail: vsuieda@ibb.unesp.br; vsuieda@gmail.com
Table 1. Location, stream morphometry and physical and chemical
characteristics of the water (mean values) determined in the eight
studied sites, monthly or seasonally (July and August - dry season,
January and February - wet season). Microbasin/Stream =
ER-Ribeirao Ermida, CG- Ribeirao Caguacu, GX- Ribeirao Guaxinduva.
Order/Stretch = 1st, 2ntl, 4th, 5th orders; u- upstream, d-
downstream. Zone = CZ- conservation zone, BR- biological reserve.
Analyzed Fazenda da Churras
parameters Corda
Microbasin/Stream GX GX
Order/Stretch GX5u GX5d
EPAs C abreuva Cabreuva
Zone CZ CZ
Human activity yes yes
Altitude (m) 900 850
Latitude 23[degrees]17'5" 23[degrees]17'4"
Longitude 47[degrees]0'29" 47[degrees]1'33"
Extension (Km) 6.25 8.60
Drainage area 15.71 22.32
([Km.sup.2])
Declivity (%) 4 5
Number of 197 272
segments
Width (m) 4.44 4.72
Depth (cm) 16.72 24.27
Current (m/s) 0.52 0.68
Dissolved oxygen 10.55 10.87
(mg/L)
pH 6.11 6.17
Conductivity 0.01 0.01
(mS/cm)
Luminosity 7425 16717
(lux)
Period of 2005-2006 2005-2006
data sample
Frequency of monthly monthly
sample
Analyzed DAE Paraiso
parameters
Microbasin/Stream ER ER
Order/Stretch ER1 ER2
EPAs Jundiai Jundiai
Zone BR BR
Human activity no no
Altitude (m) 853 1050
Latitude 23[degrees]13'39" 23[degrees]14'36"
Longitude 46[degrees]58'7" 46[degrees]57'7"
Extension (Km) 0.75 1.73
Drainage area 0.38 2.04
([Km.sup.2])
Declivity (%) 15 10
Number of 1 8
segments
Width (m) 1.3 1.6
Depth (cm) 6.7 16.7
Current (m/s) 0.36 0.65
Dissolved oxygen 9.76 10.64
(mg/L)
pH 6.60 5.92
Conductivity 0.01 <0.01
(mS/cm)
Luminosity 1240 2662
(lux)
Period of 2006-2007 2005-2007
data sample
Frequency of seasonally monthly and
sample seasonally
Analyzed Trial Santa
parameters Marta
Microbasin/Stream ER CG
Order/Stretch ER4 CGI
EPAs Jundiai Jundiai
Zone BR CZ
Human activity no yes
Altitude (m) 904 800
Latitude 23[degrees]13'46" 23[degrees]17'3"
Longitude 46[degrees]58T' 46[degrees]56'23"
Extension (Km) 3.83 0.23
Drainage area 10.30 0.12
([Km.sup.2])
Declivity (%) 10 14
Number of 63 1
segments
Width (m) 3.6 3.4
Depth (cm) 25.1 19.0
Current (m/s) 0.63 0.49
Dissolved oxygen 11.11 11.30
(mg/L)
pH 5.77 6.70
Conductivity 0.01 0.02
(mS/cm)
Luminosity 1857 4525
(lux)
Period of 2005-2007 2006
data sample
Frequency of monthly and dry season
sample seasonally
Analyzed Dog Antonio
parameters Lopes Pardo
Microbasin/Stream CG CG
Order/Stretch CG2 CG5
EPAs Jundiai Jundiai
Zone CZ CZ
Human activity yes yes
Altitude (m) 750 750
Latitude 23[degrees]18'28" 23[degrees]18'27"
Longitude 46[degrees]56'29" 46[degrees]56'29"
Extension (Km) 0.63 8.53
Drainage area 0.22 27.03
([Km.sup.2])
Declivity (%) 4 11
Number of 4 234
segments
Width (m) 4.2 4.6
Depth (cm) 28.5 29.8
Current (m/s) 0.63 0.66
Dissolved oxygen 9.92 10.03
(mg/L)
pH 6.60 6.69
Conductivity 0.02 0.02
(mS/cm)
Luminosity 1019 2268
(lux)
Period of 2006-2007 2006-2007
data sample
Frequency of seasonally seasonally
sample
Table 2. List of the invertebrates sampled in eight streams located in
Japi Mountain in the period of 2005-2007. Taxonomic levels an
PROTOZOA--"Amoebozoa"--"Lobosea"--testate
amebas
ANIMAL
Cnidaria--Hydrozoa--Hydra
Platyhelminthes--"Turbellaria"
Tricladida
Temnocephalida--Temnocephala
Nemertea
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Annelida
Polychaeta--Histriobdellidae--Stratiodrilus
Oligochaeta
Nematoda
Nematomorpha--Gordioida
Arthropoda
Chelicerata--Arachnida--Acari
Crustacea
Phyllopoda--Cladocera
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Aeglidae--Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942
Trichodactylidae--Trichodactylus fluviatilis
Latreille, 1828
Palaemonidae--Macrobrachium iheringi
Ortmann, 1897
Amphipoda--Gammaridea
Isopoda
Maxillopoda
Copepoda
Ostracoda
Tracheata--Hexapoda
Collembola
Isotomidae
Sminthuridae
Onychyuridae
Table 2. Continued with Hexapoda. Taxonomic levels based on
Merritt and Cummins (1996).
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Americabaetis Kluge, 1992
Apobaetis Day, 1955
Baetodes Needham & Murphy, 1924
Camelobaetidius Demoulin, 1966
Cloeodes Traver, 1938
Paracloeodes Day, 1955
Tupiara Salles, Lugo-Ortiz, Da-Silva &
Francischetti, 2003
Waltzoyphius McCafferty & Lugo-Ortiz, 1995
Zelusia Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998
Caenidae--Caenis Stephens, 1835
Euthyplociidae--Campylocia Needham & Murphy,
1924
Leptohyphidae
Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882
Traveryphes Molineri, 2001
Tricorythodes Ulmer, 1920
Tricorythopsis Traver, 1958
Leptophlebiidae
Askola Peters, 1969
Farrodes Peters, 1971
Hylister Dominguez & Flowers, 1989
Massartella Lestage, 1930
Miroculis Edmunds, 1963
Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920
Traverella Edmunds, 1948
Odonata
Aeshnidae
Aeshna Fabricius, 1775
Coryphaeschna Williamson, 1903
Limnetron Forster, 1907
Calopterygidae
Coenagrionidae--Argia Rambur, 1842
Corduliidae--Navicordulia Machado & Costa, 1995
Gomphidae--Progomphus Selys, 1854
Libellulidae--Brechmorhoga Kirby, 1894
Megapodagrionidae
Heteragrion Selys, 1862
Oxystigma Selys, 1862
Orthoptera--Gryllidae--Nemobiinae/Pteronemobiini
Table 2. Continued with Hexapoda. Taxonomic levels based on
Merritt and Cummins (1996).
Plecoptera
Gripopterygidae
Gripopteryx Pictet, 1841
Guaranyperla Froelich, 2001
Paragripopteryx Enderlein, 1909
Tupiperla Froehlich, 1969
Perlidae
Anacroneuria Klapalek, 1909
Kempnyia Klapalek, 1916
Hemiptera
Belostomatidae--Belostoma Latreille, 1807
Hebridae--Hebrus Curtis, 1833
Naucoridae--Ctenipocoris Montandon, 1897
Veliidae--Rhagovelia Mayr, 1863
Megaloptera--Corydalidae--Corydalus Latreille, 1802
Trichoptera
Calamoceratidae--Phylloicus Muller, 1880
Ecnomidae--Austrotinodes Schmid, 1955
Glossosomatidae
Itauara Muller, 1888
Mexitrichia Mosely, 1937
Protoptilinae sp1
Helicopsychidae--Helicopsyche Siebold, 1856
Hydrobiosidae--Atopsyche Banks, 1905
Hydropsychidae
Leptonema Guerin, 1843
Smicridea McLachlan,1871
Hydroptilidae
Byrsopteryx Flint, 1981
Flintiella Angrisano, 1995
Neotrichia Morton, 1905
Leptoceridae
Grumichella Muller, 1879
Nectopsyche Muller, 1879
Notalina Mosely, 1936
Oecetis McLachlan, 1877
Triplectides Kolenati, 1859
Odontoceridae
Barypenthus Burmeister, 1839
Marilia Muller, 1880
Polycentropodidae--Cyrnellus Banks, 1913
Sericostomatidae--Grumicha grumicha Muller, 1879
Xiphocentronidae--Xiphocentron Brauer, 1870
Lepidoptera--Pyralidae
Table 2. Continued with Hexapoda. Taxonomic levels based
on Merritt and Cummins (1996).
Coleoptera
Curculionidae
Dryopidae
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
Austrolimnius Carter & Zeck, 1829
Heterelmis Sharp, 1882
Hexacylloepus Hinton, 1940
Huleechius Brown, 1981
Phanocerus Spangler & Santiago, 1992
Macrelmis Mostchulsky, 1859
Neoelmis Musgrave, 1935
Promoresia Sanderson, 1954
Stegoelmis Hinton,1939
Xenelmis Hinton, 1936
Larvae C (based on Passos et al. (2007))
Larvae D (based on Passos et al. (2007))
Elminae sp1
Psephenidae
Psephenus Haldeman, 1853
Eubriinae sp1
Scirtidae
Diptera
Blephariceridae
Ceratopogonidae
Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906
Bezzia Kieffer, 1899
Chaoboridae
Chironomidae
Dixidae
Empididae
Muscidae
Psychodidae
Simuliidae
Simulium anamariae Vulcano, 1962
Simulium incrustatum Lutz, 1910
Stratiomyidae
Tabanidae
Tipulidae
Hymenoptera
Diapriidae
Scelionidae
Table 3. Taxonomic list of vertebrates sampled in eight streams located
at the Japi Mountain, in the period of 2005-2007. The worldwide area
of occurrence of the families is indicated as: SAm- South America,
CAm- Central America, NAm- Norte America, NT- Neotropic, AF- Africa,
OR- Orient. Taxonomic levels of fish groups based on Reis et al.
(2003); occurrence data for fish based on Lucinda (2008) and
Menezes et al. (2007) and for amphibians based on Duellman (1999).
List of vertebrates Occurrence area
Pisces
Order Characiformes
Crenuchidae NT
Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956
Characidium oiticicai Travassos, 1967
Characidae SAm, CAm, NAm
Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914
Astyanax sp.
Oligosarcus paranensis (Menezes &
Gery, 1983)
Erythrinidae SAm
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)
Order Siluriformes
Trichomycteridae NT
Trichomycterus sp.
Callichthyidae SAm
Callichthys callichthys (Linnaes, 1758)
Loricariidae NT
Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)
Neoplecostomus paranensis Langeani, 1990
Pareiorhina sp.
Heptapteridae NT
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard in
Freycinet, 1824)
Order Cyprinodontiformes
Poeciliidae SAm, CAm, NAm, AF
Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008
Phalloceros reisi Lucinda, 2008
Order Perciformes
Cichlidae NT, AF, OR
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy &
Gaimard, 1824)
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
Centrolenidae SAm
Vitreorana eurygnatha (A. Lutz, 1925)
Leptodactylidae NT
Crossodactylus sp.
Ischnocnema guentheri (Steindachner, 1864)
Physalemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826
Table 4. Total number (or the lowest estimated value) of freshwater
macrofauna species described in the world, in the Neotropical
region (NT), in Brazil, in the State of Sao Paulo (SP) and in Japi
Mountain. References: (I) Manconi and Pronzato (2008); (II)
Volkner-Ribeiro (1999); "Jankowski et al. (2008); (IV) Silveira and
Schlenz (1999); (v) Schockaert et al. (2008); (VI) Forneris
(1999a); [VII]Sundberg and Gibson (2008); (VIII) Forneris (1999b);
(IX) Abebe et al. (2008); (X) Poinar Junior (2008); (XI) Forneris
(1999c); (XII) Massard and Geimer (2008); (XIII) Forneris (1999e);
(XIV)Bogan (2008); (XV) Avelar (1999); (XVI) Strong et al. (2008);
(XVII) Simone (1999); (XVIII) Glasby and Timm (2008); (XIX) Steiner
and Amaral (1999); (XX) Martin et al. (2008); (XXI) Righi (1999);
(XXII) Balian et al. (20081; (XXIII) Forneris (1999d); (XXIV)
Mugnai et al. (2010); (XXV) Magalhaes (1999); (XXVI) Froehlich
(1999a); (XXVII) Hubbard and Pescador (1999); Strixino and Strixino
(1999); Carvalho (1999); Froehlich (1999a,b) (*without Coleoptera);
(XXVIII) Leveque et al. (2008); (XXIX) Buckup (1999) e Buckup et
al. (2007) (stream ictiofauna); (XXX) Menezes et al. (2007)
(ictiofauna of Atlantic forest streams); (XXXI) Rolla et al.
(2012); (XXXII) Vences and Kohler (2008); (XXXII) SBH (2010);
(XXXIV) Araujo et al. (2009); (XXXV) Ribeiro et al. (2005).
Macrofauna World NT Brazil
Porifera 219 (I) 65 (I) 44 (II)
Cnidaria 13 (III) ? 8 (IV)
Platyhelminthes 1303 (V) 150 (V) 84 (VI)
Nemertea 22 (VII) 4 (VII) 2 (VIII)
Nematoda 1801 (IX) 281 (IX) ?
Nematomorpha 326 (X) 32 (X0 10 (XI)
Bryozoa 88 (XII) 30 (XII) 10 (XIII)
Bivalvia 1026 (XIV) 226 (XIV) 115 (XV)
Gastropoda 4000 (XVI) 533 (XVI) 193 (XVII)
Polychaeta 168 (XVIII) 53 (XVIII) 4 (XIX)
Olighochaeta 806 (XX) 178 (XX) 70 (XXI)
Acari 6149 (XXII) 1330 (XXII) 332 (XXIII)
Isopoda 942 (XXII) 109 (XXI) 20 (XXIV)
Amphipoda 1866 (XXII) 127 (XXII) ?
Decapoda 2832 (XXII) 513 (XXI) 11 (6XXV)
Collembola 103 (XXII) 28 (XXII) 5 (XXVI)
Insecta 75874 (XXI1) 8594 (XXI1) 3464 (XXVII)
Pisces 12740 (XXVIII) 5546 (XXVIII) 2060 ()XIX
Amphibia - Anura 3978 (XXXII) 1661 (XXXI) 849 (XXXIII)
TOTAL 114256 19460 7342
% of Japi 0.2% 0.9% 0.4%
biodiversity
Macrofauna SP Japi
Porifera 6 (II) -
Cnidaria 7 (IV) 1
Platyhelminthes 81 (VI) 2
Nemertea 1 (VIII) 1
Nematoda ? 1
Nematomorpha 1 (XI) 1
Bryozoa 6 (XIII) -
Bivalvia 44 (XV) 1
Gastropoda 70 (XVII) 1
Polychaeta 3 (XIX) 1
Olighochaeta 46 (XXI) 1
Acari 20 (XXIII) 1
Isopoda ? 1
Amphipoda ? 1
Decapoda 33 (XXV) 3
Collembola ? 3
Insecta 330 (XXVII) * 97
Pisces 121 (XXX) 31 (XXXI)
Amphibia - Anura 225 (XXXIV) 31 (XXXV)
TOTAL 984 178
% of Japi 17.9%
biodiversity
Table 5. Number of families and genera of the most abundant aquatic
macroinvertebrates sampled in Japi Mountain, showing worldwide,
national and local data. References: (I) Balian et al. (2008); (II)
Melo (2003); (III) De Grave et al. (2008); (IV) Yeo et al. (2008);
(V) Barber-James et al. (2008); (VI) Mariano and Froehlich (2007);
(VII) Fochetti and Tierno de Figueroa (2008); (VIII) Lecci and
Froehlich (2007); (IX) De Moor and Ivanov (2008); (X) Paprocki et
al. (2004); (XI) Wagner et al. (2008); (XII) Pinho (2008); (XIII)
Jach and Balke (2008); (XI) VBenetti et al. (2006); ? scanty or
inexistent data.
Families
Order World Brazil Japi
Decapoda 46 (I) 7 (II) 3
Ephemeroptera 42 (V) 10 (VI) 5
Plecoptera 16 (VII) 2 (VIII) 2
Trichoptera 46 (IX) 16 (X) 12
Diptera 29 (XI) 23 (XII) 13
Coleoptera 27 (XIII) 11 (XIV) 9
Genera
Order World Brazil Japi
Decapoda 629 (III, IV) 26 (II) 3
Ephemeroptera 400 (V) 63 (VI) 22
Plecoptera 286 (VII) 8 (VIII) 6
Trichoptera 610 (IX) 5 (1X) 23
Diptera ~1389 (XI) ? ?
Coleoptera ~730 ? ?
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| Title Annotation: | Original Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Yoshida, C.E.; Uieda, V.S. |
| Publication: | Brazilian Journal of Biology |
| Date: | May 1, 2014 |
| Words: | 8569 |
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