The clinical effects of somatotype difference on isokinetic knee muscle strength and dynamic balance scores.
Identifying the isokinetic strength profiles of athletes with different somatotypes and different branches is critical in terms of performing the necessities of the branch and in terms of the continuity of athletes' top level performance. [1,2] Isokinetic dynamometers are the most useful method in identifying muscle balance and strength between dominant/non-dominant and agonist/antagonist. [2,3] An accurate assessment of the muscle strength of athletes plays an important role in making suitable training programs, increasing performance, preventing injuries which result from athletes' weakness and finding suitable programs to treat injuries. [2,4,5] The integration of information from sensory systems informs one about his orientation to maintain posture control in space which allows regulatory reflexive actions. [6] However, sensory inputs alone are not responsible for continuing postural control. Postural stability depends on numerous neural pathways for the effectiveness of systems within central nervous system and motor control. [7] Peripheral components on balance include somatosensorial, visual and vestibular systems. Central nervous system combines the peripheral data from these systems and selects a great number of suitable muscular responses to control posture on body composition and support base. Balance forms a basis for a good performance and is defined as transmitter within the nervous system. A person's ability in securing balance can be defined as a determining factor in developing other motor systems. Maintaining balance and a stable posture is known as an indispensable part of a great number of movement practices. Control and maintenance of balance is a complex motor ability which includes planning and practicing flexible courses of action as well as integrating sensory input. [8]Performance is the score put forward physically, physiologically, biomotorically and psychomentally by individuals and athletes. The main goals of the science of training are to maximize performance and to maintain top level performance limits. Studies on determining the specific strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility features of sports branches which is among the factors in reaching high performance levels are on the increase. Recently, correct athlete choice and correct training programs have been shown as the most important factors on the basis of records broken in many sport branches and the success accomplished. [9] It is an undeniable fact that in our daily lives, or more specifically in sports, competition is dependent on having suitable somatotype, body composition and anthropometric measures.
Our hypothesis at the beginning of this study was that different somatotypes would have an effect on isokinetic muscle strength and dynamic balance scores. Literature review has shown that a great number of studies have been conducted on somatotype difference. It was found that these studies assessed different age groups and the assessments were made with only three main somatotype classifications which consisted of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. Different from previous studies, the examinations were made with 13 subgroups of three main somatotype classifications and six subgroups which were found were assessed. Another aim of the study was to find out the association between isokinetic knee muscle strength and dynamic balance in different somatotypes. Such a detailed examination has not been conducted in any of the previous studies and the association between somatotype features and the tests which find out isokinetic muscle strength and dynamic balance scores have been assessed in this study for the first time to contribute to the literature.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This study was conducted with the 2014/55 numbered permission of Malatya Clinical Researches Ethical Board. A written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
A total of 146 participants (88 males, 58 females; mean age 22.5 [+ or -]1.9 years; range 19 to 28 years) who had no symptoms were included in this study. All participants who were studying at Inonu University, School of Physical Training and Sports (PTSS) and who did not have a training system were included on a voluntary basis. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) having a physically healthy appearance, (ii) not having any medical obstacles to participate in the study or not using any medication (iii) not using any food supplements to boost performance (such as creatine), (iv) not having any diseases and not having any previous orthopedic surgical operation.
Calculation of somatotypes
Somatotype (1.2.6 trial) program designed by Heath-Carter formula was used for the calculation of somatotypes and for somatotype drawings. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, and calf skinfold thickness (SF), knee and elbow width and arm and calf circumferences were taken from each student in line with the techniques set forth by the International Biological Program (IBP) and International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) to determine somatotype. The SFs were measured by using the baseline skinfold caliper 12-1110. [10,11] Height and knee and elbow widths were measured using the Harpenden anthropometer set (Holtain Ltd., Crymych, Dyfed, Wales, UK). Weights were measured with Tanita body composition analyzer (BC-418 MA) device (Tanita Europe BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands). [12] Arm and calf circumferences were measured using the baseline circumference. [10,11,13]
Anthropometric measurements
Height, the distance between the vertex point of the head and the floor, was measured. Weight, the measurement was made after the participant's shoes, and extra weights were taken off. For the triceps SF, the measurement was taken, when the participant was on foot, hanging his arms freely to the sides without contracting. The measurement was taken over and from the midpoint of the triceps muscles behind the arm. For the subscapular SF, the measurement was taken by removing the skin and the underlying skin layer by complying with the natural folds of the skin, right under the scapulas of the participants and the thumb, index, and middle fingers of the left hand. for the supraspinale, the measurement was made, when the participant was standing over the ileum bone and the line on which midaxillary line was. For the calf SF, the measurement was made by removing some skin from the medial area of the leg. For the elbow width, the arm was pulled slightly to the front and the palm of the hand was bent up 90 [degrees] from the elbow. The measurement was taken from between the epicondylus lateralis and epicondylus medialis points of the humerus. For the knee width, the distance between the most topped two points of inner and outer sides of articulatio genus was measured. For the arm circumferences, the measurement was taken from the most topped areas of the midpoint between acromion and olecranon. For the calf circumferences, the tape was wrapped vertically to the long axis of the leg at maximum hip thickness and the measurement was taken. [2,10,11]
Isokinetic strength and dynamic balance measurements
Knee flexion and extension muscle strengths of the participants in the study were measured with Biodex System 3 Isokinetic test and Exercise Device (Biodex Inc., Shirley, NY, USA Model: 830-220) at 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec and 150 [degrees]/sec angular speeds. Dominant and non-dominant limbs of all the participants were tested. The participants were fixed with a belt in sitting position and the test was started by fixing hands held crosswise from the shoulders. The peak torque values were recorded for each angular speed.
The Biodex Balance Simulator (Model: 945-302) was used to find out dynamic balance performances. After the participants were instructed about the practices in a fixed platform before the test, the test was started. Total balance, anterior/posterior balance and medial/lateral balance measurements were found as a result of the measurements.[14,15]
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS version 22.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The normality of the data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analyze data. The descriptive data were expressed in median and range (min-max). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Six different somatotypes were determined from 146 participants in the study. Endomorphic mesomorph somatotype was the most common somatotype with 56 participants. Mesomorph endomorph somatotype was found in 28 participants, central somatotype was found in 23 participants, balanced mesomorph somatotype was found in 18 participants, mesomorphic endomorph somatotype was found in 12 and balanced endomorph somatotype was found in nine participants.
The median values of males were defined as age 23, height 174.2 cm, arm circumferences 8.5 cm, calf circumferences 8.8 cm, elbow width 31 cm, knee width 36.5 cm, mass 71.5 kg, triceps SF 11 mm, subscapular SF 13 mm, supraspinale SF 14 mm, and calf SF 12 mm. The median values of male body components were as follows: endomorphy 3.9, mesomorphy 5.5, and ectomorphy 2.1. The median values of females were defined as age 21.5, height 162.5 cm, arm circumferences 7.2 cm, calf circumferences 8.1 cm, elbow width 27 cm, knee width 34 cm, mass 56.2 kg, triceps SF 16 mm, subscapular SF 12.5 mm, supraspinale SF 15 mm, and calf SF 16 mm. The median values of female body components were as follows: endomorphy 4.3, mesomorphy 4, and ectomorphy 2.7. The distribution, somatoplot representations, mean [+ or -]SD, min, max values of age, height (cm), arm girth (cm), calf girth (cm), elbow breadth (cm), knee breadth (cm), mass (kg), triceps SF (mm), subscapular SF (mm), supraspinale SF (mm), calf SF (mm) used in somatotype calculations of male and female participants and endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy components found of somatotypes in terms of male and female participants are given below (Table 1 and Figure 1).
After the somatotypes of male and female participants were found in the light of the parameters taken, knee isokinetic muscle strength was assessed at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 150 [degrees]/sec according to somatotypes. Also, overall, anterior/posterior and medial/lateral dynamic balance scores were measured. Median (min-max) values of somatotypes at specified angular speeds and Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis results of knee isokinetic muscle strength (Nm) at different angular speeds and overall, anterior/posterior and medial/lateral dynamic balance scores (sec) in male and female participants are given below.
It was found that in male participants, mesomorph endomorph reached the highest score at left and right knee extension muscle strength at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 150 [degrees]/sec, while balanced mesomorph somatotype reached the highest score at left and right knee flexion muscle strength at the same angular speeds. According to the Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis, it was found that somatotype difference did not make a significant difference on dominant and non-dominant knee extension and flexion peak strength values at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 15 [degrees]/sec in male participants (p>0.05). Endomorphic mesomorph somatotypes were found to reach the highest scores at overall, anterior/posterior, and medial/lateral dynamic balance of male participants. According to the Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis conducted for different somatotypes and balance scores of male participants, no significant difference was found between males with different somatotypes and balance scores (p>0.05), (Table 2).
It was found that in female participants, mesomorph endomorph somatotype reached the highest score at left and right knee extension muscle strength at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 150 [degrees]/sec. Mesomorph endomorph somatotype at 90 [degrees]/sec left knee flexion muscle strength, mesomorphic endomorph somatotype at 120 [degrees]/sec left knee flexion muscle strength and endomorphic mesomorph somatotype at 150 [degrees]/sec left knee flexion muscle strength were found to reach highest scores. Endomorphic mesomorph somatotype was found to reach the highest score at right knee extension muscle strength at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 150 [degrees]/sec in female participants. According to the Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis, it was found that somatotype difference did not make a significant difference on dominant and non-dominant knee extension and flexion peak strength values at angular speeds of 90 [degrees]/sec, 120 [degrees]/sec, 150 [degrees]/sec in female participants (p>0.05). Mesomorphic endomorph somatotypes were found to reach the highest scores at overall, anterior/posterior and medial/lateral dynamic balance of female participants. According to the Kruskal-Wallis H test conducted for different somatotypes and balance scores of female participants, no significant difference was found between males with different somatotypes and balance scores (p>0.05), (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
Anthropometry technique can have significant contributions in determining a person's morphological and physiological state, determining employees fit for the job, learning the abilities of individuals who can start sports, and increasing their performances. In addition, anthropometry technique should not be ignored in maintaining a person's health and strength. [10,11] Rienzi et al. [16] reported that a player's capability profile was dependent on the kind of competition and his position in the game, which is directly related with the player's anthropometric measurements and somatotype scores. In the literature reviews, it can be seen that parameters which have inherited attributes such as height, weight, somatotype, and body composition influence skills and functional factors in sports branches.
One of the factors which affect performance are bodily structure, in other words, physical features, because bodily structure or physical features influence an individual's presenting his physiological capacities. Unless an individual's physical structure is suitable for the sports branch, it is not possible to reach the desired performance level. In the study of Lundy et al., [17] the mean endomorphy component was 2.5 [+ or -]0.6, while the mean mesomorphy component was 6.9 [+ or -]1.2 and the mean ectomorphy component was 0.9 [+ or -]0.5 in rugby players. In their studies, McArdle et al. [18] and Toriola et al. [19] also found significantly higher endomorphic and significantly lower mesomorphic scores in inactive individuals, while they found that athletes were mesomorphic ectomorph. Similarly, Bandyopadhyay [20] found significantly higher mesomorphic scores in volleyball and football players, while ectomorphy component was significantly higher only in the volleyball group. Rienzi et al. [16] found that South American international footballers were balanced mesomorph. While the somatotype of Russian elite footballers was reported as 1.7-5.6-2.6, the somatotype of their peers from Liverpool was reported as 2.4-4.2-2.4. [21,22] Pazarozyurt [23] reported endomorphy component in elite female basketball players as 2.24 [+ or -]0.69, mesomorphy component as 2.7 [+ or -]1.26, and ectomorphy component as 3.24 [+ or -]0.86. In this study, the median endomorphy component was 3.9 (1.7-6.8), the median mesomorphy component was 5.5 (2.6-8.2), and the median ectomorphy component was 2.1 (0.5-4.4) in male participants, while the median endomorphy component was 4.3 (3-7.4), the median mesomorphy component was 4 (2.5-7.1), and the median ectomorphy component 2.7 (0.1-4.3) in female participants. This difference can be attributed to the fact that the participants in our study are not professional athletes.
Furthermore, in a study conducted with students of School of Physical Training and Sports, Bozlar [24] found the somatotype components of the students as endomorphic mesomorph. Another study in Nigerian football players showed that 45% of mesomorph ectomorphs, 44% of mesomorphs, 85% of ectomorphs, and 50% of ectomorph mesomorphs had injuries. [25] Therefore, the authors concluded that selecting football players according to their somatotype profiles might be helpful in reducing the injury rates, and mostly mesomorphs and mesomorph ectomorphs to a degree should be seen as football player candidates. In this study, the most frequent somatotype profile was endomorphic mesomorph in male participants, while it was mesomorph endomorph somatotype in female participants. Somatotypes of athletes vary according to technical and tactical demands conveyed to players and according to positional changes in different competition levels (i.e., local, national or international).
In an isokinetic knee muscle strength study, Tortop and Ocak [2] included 30 athletes of different branches (age: 20.70 [+ or -]2.4 years) and 30 controls (age: 20.87 [+ or -]2.4 years), and found peak torque as 56.2 [+ or -]10.8 Nm at dominant 60 [degrees]/sec angular speed and as 60.0 [+ or -]10.7 Nm at non-dominant 60 [degrees]/sec angular speed, while they found peak torque as 66.7 [+ or -]11.5 Nm at dominant 180 [degrees]/sec angular speed and as 70.7 [+ or -]13.8 Nm at non-dominant 180 [degrees]/sec angular speed. In their study, Tourny-Chollet and Leroy [26] showed that they were unable to find significant differences between the hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) rates of sedentary individuals and football players. However, Akin et al. [27] found that the H/Q rate was statistically significantly higher in amateur football players, compared to professionals at angular speeds of 300 [degrees]/sec and 450 [degrees]/sec (p<0.05). At an angular speed of 180 [degrees]/sec, the H/Q rates of amateur football players were found to be higher, compared to professional players, although this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Beneka et al. [28] reported that the H/Q rate, that is, extension-flexion rate, had to be 3/2. Low H/Q rates at different angular speeds of individuals who do sports, compared to the controls or sedentary individuals, can be seen, as athletes do unidirectional training and they show disproportional strength development. Higher peak strength rates of sedentary individuals who do not do sports and who are not athletes in the dominant limb suggest that sedentary individuals are not active in terms of sports. In other words, H/Q muscle groups have weaker structure in general and, since muscle groups are not specifically worked, no difference occurs between them in terms of muscular development. Therefore, close rates between strengths shows the result that peak strength rates are high. In many athlete trainings, knee extension muscle group is worked more and flexion muscle group is neglected. This state shows the result that the H/Q rates in athletes decrease more and may become an injury factor. While the H/Q rate shows muscular balance, it is also used as an indicator in preventing injuries. [2] Yamamoto [29] reports that the imbalance between two muscle groups, particularly weak hamstring muscle, causes injuries. The H/Q peak strength rate is influenced by angular speed rather than age, sex, and dominant and nondominant features. As speed increases, the difference decreases. The rates have been reported as 50 to 60% at speeds of 30 [degrees]/sec and 60 [degrees]/sec, as 60-70% at speeds of 120 [degrees]/sec and 180 [degrees]/sec and as 70-80% at speeds over 180 [degrees].[30] In another study, the H/Q rates were found to be significantly lower in volleyball players, compared to football players. [1] Different sport branches were found to influence isokinetic concentric H/Q rate. In another study conducted with other branch athletes, it was found that the H/Q rates increased, as the quality of athletes decreased. [1] This finding is consistent with our results.
Dynamic balance is defined as the ability to keep stable position while performing. Dynamic balance is the required stability, while an athlete is reacting rapidly to the altered situations and moving, and the ability of balance has an important effect in an athlete's performance. When athletes are compared with non-athletes, it can be seen that athletes have a high ability of balance. [31] Balance tests, which are the simulations of functional activities, are the most suitable test types to determine the contributions of musculoskeletal, vestibular and sight systems. As a result of the dynamic balance test they conducted on young adult university students, D'Andrea Greve et al. [32] found that in male participants total balance scores were 6.6 [+ or -]2.8 sec, anterior/posterior balance scores were 4.9 [+ or -]2.0 sec, and medial lateral balance scores were 4.5 [+ or -]2.0 sec, while in female participants total balance scores were 3.3 [+ or -]2.7 sec, anterior/posterior balance scores were 2.9 [+ or -]2.0 sec and medial lateral balance scores were 2.5 [+ or -]1.9 sec. These results show that females have better balance scores than males in all parameters (total balance, anterior/posterior balance, medial lateral balance). In their dynamic balance study conducted on football players and field hockey players, Bhat and Moiz [33] did not find significant differences in all dimensions for all groups. Bressel et al. [31] found that dynamic balance scores of university female basketball players and female gymnasts and football players were different. However, they did not find significant differences between football players and gymnasts. In their study, the mean dynamic balance score was 12.5 [+ or -]1.1 sec in football players, 14.1 [+ or -]1.1 sec in basketball players, and 9.1 [+ or -]1.1 sec in gymnasts.
The main reason that there was no effect of somatotype difference on isokinetic knee muscle strength and balance tests was thought to be caused by the fact that all 146 participants included in the study were athletes. There are several studies which show that muscle strength and balance scores have high values in individuals who do sports all the time. [1,2] In our study, since the participants had high muscle strength and balance ability, we found that somatotype difference did not have an evident effect on isokinetic muscle strength and balance scores.
In conclusion, conducting such studies at PTSS where many elite athletes are educated will be a resource for the future. When the participant students in the study become elites, their performances can be assessed according to their branches and physiological tests, and anthropometric measurements can be compared. Athletes who pass these tests may also contribute to further studies and athlete selections. Therefore, Turkey's position in elite sports competitions can reach higher levels, and individuals who wish to become athletes can be informed about which anthropometric measurements would be suitable in which sport branch.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding
This research was supported by Inonu University BAP unit with project number 2014/27.
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Deniz Sjienol, (1) Davut Ozbag, (1) Muhammed Emin Kafkas, (2) Mahmut Acak, (2) Ozlem Baysal, (3) Armagan Sahin Kafkas, (2) Celal Taskiran, (2) Mahmut Cay, (1) Derya Yagar, (4) Gokmen Ozen (2)
(1) Department of Anatomy, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
(2) Inonu University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Malatya, Turkey
(3) Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
(4) Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya State Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
Corresponding author: Deniz Senol, MD. Inonu universitesi Tip Fakultesi Anatomi Anabilim Dali, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
e-mail: deniz.senol@inonu.edu.tr
Received: September 2016 Accepted: November 2016
DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2017.883
Table 1. The distribution of somatotypes and median (min-max) values of
parameters used in somatotype calculations of male and female
participants in the study
Distribution of somatotypes
Male Female
Somatotypes n n
Endomorphic mesomorph 48 8
(participants)
Mesomorph endomorph 13 15
(participants)
Central (participants) 9 14
Balanced mesomorph 18 -
(participants)
Mesomorphic endomorph - 12
(participants)
Balanced endomorph - 9
(participants)
Parameters used in
somatotype calculations
Male Female
Parameter Median Min-Max Median Min-Max
Age (year) 23 19-28 21.5 19-26
Height (cm) 174.2 158.5-193 162.5 147-179
Arm circumferences (cm) 8.5 6.6-10.3 7.2 5.9-8.4
Ca lf circumferences (cm) 8.8 7.8-10.3 8.1 6.8-9.8
Elbow width (cm) 31 25.5-40 27 23-33
Knee width (cm) 36.5 32-42 34 28-40
Mass (kg) 71.5 51.6-93.9 56.2 39.8-73.2
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) 11 5-24 16 2.5-30
Subscapular skinfold thickness 13 5-25 12.5 4-25
(mm)
Supraspinale skinfold thickness 14 4-36 15 3-27
(mm)
Ca lf skinfold thickness (mm) 12 3-25 16 3-30
Endomorphy 3.9 1.7-6.8 4.3 3-7.4
Mesomorphy 5.5 2.6-8.2 4 2.5-7.1
Ectomorphy 2.1 0.5-4.4 2.7 0.1-4.3
Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum.
Table 2. Median (min-max) values of somatotypes at specified angular
speeds and Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis results of knee isokinetic
muscle strength (Nm) at different angular speeds and overall,
anterior/posterior and medial/lateral dynamic balance scores (sec) in
male participants
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 163 17.7-222.3
Mesomorph endomorph 183.3 140-206.7
Central 162.2 13.3-180
Balanced mesomorph 173.2 60.6-230
p 0.181
120 [degrees] : Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 147.6 15.6-214
Mesomorph endomorph 155.4 119.2-193.3
Central 154.2 13.2-185.1
Balanced mesomorph 150.4 47.7-198.1
P 0.788
150 [degrees] Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 123.7 15.1-204.7
Mesomorph endomorph 144.8 104.4-154.5
Central 139.4 14.8-166.7
Balanced mesomorph 132.2 31.4-191.3
P 0.611
Dynamic balance scores
Overall Anterior/posterior Medial/lateral
Somatotype
Endomorphic 5.85 1.2-9.7 4.4 0.9-7.7 3.7 0.7-9.7
mesomorph
Mesomorph endomorph 4.2 2.4-9.2 3.2 2.2-8.1 2.6 1.3-5.4
Central 4.2 1.3-7.6 2.3 0.7-5.9 3.1 1.2-5.1
Balanced mesomorph 4.8 2.6-7.4 4.2 2.2-6.9 2.7 1.7-5.7
P 0.186 0.239 0.080
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 161.9 10.5-247
Mesomorph endomorph 191.8 16.8-227.6
Central 147.7 23.2-185.2
Balanced mesomorph 171.4 44-207.5
p 0.083
120 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 147.1 10-196.8
Mesomorph endomorph 163.7 127.5-194.6
Central 138.1 22.9-170.8
Balanced mesomorph 155.9 35-186.4
P 0.137
150 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 133.6 7.7-196.2
Mesomorph endomorph 137.9 117.4-168.3
Central 119 22.3-156.2
Balanced mesomorph 124.3 37.2-157.5
P 0.135
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 71.3 4.1-115.9
Mesomorph endomorph 70.7 47.1-100.4
Central 57.9 7.9-92.4
Balanced mesomorph 85.2 23.8-102.4
p 0.081
120 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 68.45 7.4-113.5
Mesomorph endomorph 65.6 39.3-109.9
Central 66.1 5.2-94.8
Balanced mesomorph 81.6 20-103.8
P 0.147
150 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 62.9 6.2-98.8
Mesomorph endomorph 56.8 29.6-101.4
Central 49.9 7.7-95.3
Balanced mesomorph 72.7 12.6-98.5
P 0.219
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 88.8 9.9-125.3
Mesomorph endomorph 79.1 59.8-126.7
Central 71.4 2.7-94.7
Balanced mesomorph 90.7 22.2-135.1
p 0.236
120 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 77.3 5.5-127.9
Mesomorph endomorph 74.9 40.7-119.3
Central 58.1 4.8-94
Balanced mesomorph 83.5 15.5-107.5
P 0.154
150 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 69.5 7-117.4
Mesomorph endomorph 61.3 36.3-102.5
Central 58.9 4.5-86.8
Balanced mesomorph 78.3 21.7-109.5
P 0.444
Table 3. Median (min-max values of somatotypes at specified angular
speeds and Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis results of knee isokinetic
muscle strength (Nm) at different angular speeds and overall,
anterior/posterior and medial/lateral dynamic balance scores (sec) in
female participants
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 111.2 55.5-149.4
Mesomorph endomorph 113.2 98.7-160.6
Central 104 42.9-143.9
Mesomorphic endomorph 111.1 52.9-146.1
Balanced endomorph 93.9 62.4-122.1
p 0.202
120 [degrees] Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 101.3 51.2-126
Mesomorph endomorph 106.3 78.9-143.7
Central 94.85 0-117.5
Mesomorphic endomorph 95 52.3-128
Balanced endomorph 91.4 64-109.1
P 0.705
150 [degrees] Extension left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 88.8 43.7-107.2
Mesomorph endomorph 89.2 76-128.3
Central 79.85 38.7-107.3
Mesomorphic endomorph 79.5 37.1-108.6
Balanced endomorph 81.5 54.2-91.5
P 0.368
Dynamic balance scores
Overall Anterior/posterior Medial/lateral
Somatotype
Endomorphic 3.45 1.9-7.4 2.55 1.2-6.3 1.95 1.6-4.7
mesomorph
Mesomorph endomorph 5.7 1.3-9.3 4.6 1.1-7.4 2,9 1,1-5,8
Central 3.95 1.3-11.7 2.85 1.2-5.6 2.6 0.8-10.9
Mesomorphic 6.45 2.2-10.6 4.8 1.7-6.9 3.35 1.2-10.3
endomorph
Balanced endomorph 5.1 1.9-9.8 3.3 1.4-7.7 2.6 1.6-6.3
P 0.159 0.224 0.733
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 121.3 45.8-147.9
Mesomorph endomorph 124.5 95.5-160.8
Central 116.3 61.5-130.9
Mesomorphic endomorph 112.2 50.8-129.6
Balanced endomorph 102.7 60.2-120.7
p 0.236
120 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 103.3 36.8-126.2
Mesomorph endomorph 104.45 75.9-130.1
Central 96.1 55.7-113.2
Mesomorphic endomorph 95.2 41.8-109
Balanced endomorph 92 50.4-106.6
P 0.238
150 [degrees] Extension right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 85.5 32.8-115.8
Mesomorph endomorph 89 67.7-121.3
Central 78.2 35.9-95.3
Mesomorphic endomorph 84.1 43.1-102.2
Balanced endomorph 77 48.1-96.4
P 0.115
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 44.6 20.4-55.7
Mesomorph endomorph 53.6 22.5-75.3
Central 44.2 14-59.2
Mesomorphic endomorph 50.1 25-79.1
Balanced endomorph 35 15.1-56.2
p 0.515
120 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 42.35 15.9-53.5
Mesomorph endomorph 40.9 19.2-69.7
Central 35.9 0-51.1
Mesomorphic endomorph 51.1 25.7-65.5
Balanced endomorph 35.7 14.6-48.2
P 0.051
150 [degrees] Flexion left
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 45 16.9-53.4
Mesomorph endomorph 38.5 19.2-61.9
Central 33.7 17.4-54.6
Mesomorphic endomorph 42.2 14.3-56.4
Balanced endomorph 36 15.6-56.8
P 0.626
Knee isokinetic muscle strength scores
90 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 58.5 23.9-68.2
Mesomorph endomorph 39.9 17.2-74.8
Central 44.8 18.3-62.3
Mesomorphic endomorph 46.5 23.1-64.3
Balanced endomorph 44.6 27.1-54.1
p 0.093
120 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 53 13-62.8
Mesomorph endomorph 43.4 19.1-57.8
Central 43.7 16-55.3
Mesomorphic endomorph 44.1 16.8-64.3
Balanced endomorph 44.6 22.2-48.3
P 0.186
150 [degrees] Flexion right
Somatotype
Endomorphic mesomorph 46.05 14.6-59.4
Mesomorph endomorph 40.4 24.7-59.8
Central 39.5 12.3-52.1
Mesomorphic endomorph 42.4 19.2-58.6
Balanced endomorph 35.4 24.3-46.3
P 0.237
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| Title Annotation: | Original Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Sjienol, Deniz; Ozbag, Davut; Kafkas, Muhammed Emin; Acak, Mahmut; Baysal, Ozlem; Kafkas, Armagan Sa |
| Publication: | Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Date: | Mar 1, 2018 |
| Words: | 6131 |
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