Solid-State FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Two Binary Mixtures: Cefepime-Metronidazole and Cefoperazone-Sulbactam.
1. IntroductionCefepime hydrochloride (CPM) is a fourth-generation, semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is 1-[[(6R, 7R)-7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5- thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct 2-en-3-yl] methyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride, 72(Z)-(O-methyloxime), monohydrochloride, and monohydrate (Figure 1). CPM is commonly used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections such as pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, and febrile neutropenia. Metronidazole (MTZ) is (=[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1Himidazole). Metronidazole is the therapeutic agent of choice for amoebiasis and also used in combination with other antimicrobial drugs against yeast infections [1]. Cephalosporin and MTZ combination regimens have been previously studied for this reason [2]. The efficacy of MTZ combined with ceftriaxone [3], cefuroxime [4], and cefepime [5] was well documented. Cefepime and MTZ combination is the optimum choice for mixing into a single bag because both agents may be administered every 12 hours in patients with normal kidney functions and once daily in patients with impaired kidney [5].
Sulbactam sodium (SBT) is 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane 2-carboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4,4 dioxo sodium salt, and it is official in the British Pharmacopoeia [6]. Cefoperazone (CFZ), (6R, 7R)-7-[[(2R)-[[(4-ethyl-2, 3-dioxo-1-piperazinyl) carbonyl] amino] (4 hydroxy phenyl) acetyl] amino]-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio] methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (Figure 1), has been combined with SBT in a dosage form (Sulperazone[R] or Peractam[R]) for intra-abdominal infections [7].
FTIR spectroscopy is a prime vibrational spectroscopic technique classified within category I of analytical methods according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) [8]. It is considered as a primary and simple tool in providing specific information on the identification and characterization of materials at the molecular level. It was successfully applied for the determination of many pharmaceuticals [9-16].
The aim of the present work is to closely investigate the combinations of CPM-MTZ and CFZ-SBT in the solid state using FTIR spectroscopy as a simple and rapid technique for the first time in comparison with other relevant reported spectrophotometric methods.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals. Cefepime hydrochloride was obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Cairo, Egypt. Metronidazole was obtained from Egyptian Int. Pharmaceutical Industries Co., E.I.P.I.CO., 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt; cefoperazone was obtained from Pfizer, El-Thawra St., Almaza, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt; sulbactam sodium was obtained from AK Scientific Co.; and potassium bromide was purchased from El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemical Co., Abo-Zaabal, Egypt. Solvents and other chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received. All chemicals were stored at room temperature in desiccators over phosphorous pentoxide to avoid any deleterious effects from humidity.
2.2. Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the studied drugs were purchased from the local market. Maxipime[R] vials (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Cairo, Egypt) were labeled to contain 1000 mg of cefepime per vial. Flagyl[R] tablets (Sanofi-Aventis, Cairo, Egypt) were labeled to contain 500 mg of metronidazole per tablet. Sulperazone vials (Pfizer, Cairo, Egypt) were labeled to contain 1000 mg of cefoperazone and 500 mg of sulbactam per vial.
2.3. Disc Preparation and Recording of FTIR Spectra. Mixtures of drugs and KBr (1:200) were grinded and mixed well in a glass mortar. The obtained mixtures were diluted to 1000 mg with KBr, then grinded again and pressed under 15000 lbs by a hydraulic pressure system in the die press for 3 min to obtain sample discs. FTIR spectra were collected in the diffuse transmittance mode with potassium bromide as a diluent. The spectra were recorded in the range of 4000400 [cm.sup.-1] at 4 [cm.sup.-1] spectral resolution with the accumulation of 512 spectral scans. Triplicate spectra were averaged to obtain one spectrum for each sample.
2.4. Binary Mixtures of the Studied Drugs. CPM and MTZ were physically mixed with potassium bromide in various ratios. The calibration curves were constructed by plotting the average peak areas of the characteristic v (C=O) band at 1773 [cm.sup.-1] for CPM and ring torsion band at 826 [cm.sup.-1] for MTZ and the characteristic v (C=O) band at 1715 [cm.sup.-1] for CFZ and ring torsion band at 1124 [cm.sup.-1] for SBT as a function of the weight percentage (% w/w) in the range of 5~95.
The samples were analyzed in triplicates to determine the linearity of the constructed calibration curve.
2.5. Apparatus
2.5.1. FTIR Spectroscopy. FTIR spectra were collected in triplicates using a Nicolet 6700 FTIR Advanced Gold Spectrometer with OMNIC 8 software (Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corp., Madison, WI, USA) and Jasco 6000 FTIR (Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan).
All the FTIR spectra were exported to the Galactic SPC format and manipulated using GRAMS AI software (Galactic Industries, Salem, NH, USA, version 7.01)
2.5.2. Spectrophotometry. The absorbance of the studied drugs was measured using UV-1601 PC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and Lambda-3 B (Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, USA) ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers with matched 1 cm quartz cells.
3. Results and Discussion
The FTIR spectra of CPM, MTZ, CFZ, and SBT were recorded in the range of 4000-400 [cm.sup.-1] using the transmittance mode of operation. The FTIR spectra of these drugs are shown in Figures 2-7. These spectra have shown noticeable differences which are closely explored in the following subsections.
3.1. FTIR Spectroscopic Investigations of the Studied Drugs. The key FTIR spectral features of CPM are u (NH2) band at 3234 [cm.sup.-1], v (NH) band at 3197 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aromatic] band at 3056 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aliphatic] band at 2938 [cm.sup.-1], v [(C=O).sub.lactam] band at 1773 [cm.sup.-1], v[(C=O).sub.carboxylic] band at 1680 [cm.sup.-1], and v [(C=O).sub.amide] band at 1657 [cm.sup.-1]. MTZ, in turn, is characterized by v [(OH).sub.alcoholic] band at 3230 [cm.sup.-1]. v [(CH).sub.aromatic] band at 3097 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aliphatic] band at 2950 cm 1, and v (N[O.sub.2]) band at 1535 [cm.sup.-1] and the ring torsion band at 826 [cm.sup.-1]. The distinctive FTIR wave numbers of the combinations of CPM and CFZ are listed in Table 1.
The key FTIR spectral features of CFZ are v [(OH).sub.phenolic] band at 3423 [cm.sup.-1], v (NH) band at 3297 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aromatic] band at 3090 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aliphatic] band at 2950 [cm.sup.-1], v [(C=O).sub.lactam] band at 1773 [cm.sup.-1], v [(C=O).sub.carboxylic] band at 1717 [cm.sup.-1], and v [(C=O).sub.amide] band at 1669 [cm.sup.-1]. SBT, in turn, is characterized by V (CH)aromatic band at 3082 [cm.sup.-1], v [(CH).sub.aliphatic] band at 2964 [cm.sup.-1], v [(C=O).sub.lactam] band at 1767 [cm.sup.-1], and v (O=S=O) band at 1030 [cm.sup.-1] and the ring torsion band at 1124 [cm.sup.-1]. The distinctive FTIR wave numbers of the combinations of CFZ and SBT are listed in Table 2.
3.2. Quantitative Determination and Validation. The FTIR spectroscopy has been utilized for the quantitative determination of the studied combinations. The V (C=O) band at 1773 [cm.sup.-1] for CPM and ring torsion band at 826 [cm.sup.-1] for MTZ (Figures 4 and 5) and the V (C=O) band at 1715 [cm.sup.-1] for CFZ and ring torsion band at 1124 [cm.sup.-1] for SBT (Figures 6 and 7) were picked up for their quantitative determination because they are well resolved and free from interferences. The peak areas of the bands of interest were integrated using GRAMS AI package. The developed procedures were validated according to USP 2009 validation guidelines [1] and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [2].
3.2.1. Linearity and Range. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a series of concentrations of the cited drugs was processed into sample discs and the FTIR spectra were recorded. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting peak areas of the selected FTIR absorption bands as a function of the corresponding concentrations in % w/w. The obtained linear concentration ranges were 1.0-18 and 1.0-12 [micro]g/mg for CPM-MTZ and CFZ-SBT, respectively.
The correlation coefficients were in the range from 0.9994 to 0.9996 for the studied drugs in pure forms and from 0.9982 to 0.9987 and from 0.9964 to 0.9977 for CPM-MTZ and CFZ-SBT binary mixtures, respectively.
3.2.2. Limits of Detection and Quantitation. The LOD and LOQ values were determined from the linear calibration range for the studied drugs either alone or in combinations. The calculated LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.35-0.80 [micro]g/mg and 1.04-2.40 [micro]g/mg for the studied drugs in their pure forms while, in their binary mixtures, they were in the range of 0.009-0.1% w/w and 0.03-0.3% w/w, respectively. The results are presented in Tables 3 and 4.
3.2.3. Accuracy and Precision. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed by the standard addition method. The recovery values of the added concentrations were 99.4 [+ or -] 0.77, 98.8 [+ or -] 0.80, 99.2 [+ or -] 1.09, and 99.5 [+ or -] 0.86 for CPM, MTZ, CFZ, and SBT, respectively, in their pure forms (Table 5) which would indicate the accuracy of the proposed method.
The precision of the method was determined by conducting replicate analysis of five samples of each investigated drug. The coefficient of variation of root mean square deviation (CV (RMSD)) was lower than 2.5%. Accordingly, the proposed method is sufficiently reproducible (Table 6).
3.2.4. Ruggedness. Ruggedness was also evaluated by applying the proposed method to the assay of the investigated drugs using the same procedure but using two different instruments of two different laboratories with different elapsed times. The results were found to be reproducible (Table 7).
3.3. Application of the Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. The proposed method was applied to the determination of CPM, MTZ, CFZ, and SBT in their commercial dosage forms in the Egyptian market. The results are presented in Table 8. The mean recovery percentages were found to be 99.60 [+ or -] 0.29%, 98.90 [+ or -] 1.24%, and 99.40 [+ or -] 0.35% for cefepime (Maxipime vial), metronidazole (Flagyl tablets), and cefoperazone-sulbactam (Peractam vial), respectively. The results were compared with those obtained by the reported methods [3, 4] (Table 8) at 95% confidence level. No significant difference was found between the calculated and theoretical values of the t and f tests which indicate good level of precision and accuracy of the proposed method.
4. Conclusions
The key FTIR spectral features of each of the investigated drugs were reliably determined. The FTIR spectroscopy has been utilized for the first time to quantify the studied drugs and their binary mixtures in the solid state. The results were reliably compared with other relevant and previously published spectrophotometric methods. This vibrational spectroscopic technique appears to be a good alternative to other well-established analytical techniques especially in the absence of suitable methods for the determination of the active ingredients that are present in complex matrices as in the pharmaceutical formulations.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5673214
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
References
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[16] H. R. Ali, G. A. Saleh, S. A. Hussein, and A. I. Hassan, "In-depth qualitative and quantitative FTIR spectroscopic study of glipizide and gliclazide," Analytical Chemistry: An Indian Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 127-134, 2014.
Hassan Refat H. Ali, (1) Ramadan Ali, (2) Hany A. Batakoushy, (2) Sayed M. Derayea (3)
(1) Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
(2) Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
(3) Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Correspondence should be addressed to Hassan Refat H. Ali; hareha11374@gmail.com
Received 27 September 2016; Revised 16 November 2016; Accepted 11 January 2017; Published 3 March 2017
Academic Editor: Feride Severcan
Caption: Figure 1: The chemical structures of CPM, MTZ, CFZ, and SBT.
Caption: Figure 2: The FTIR spectra of CPM and MTZ in the region of 4000-400 [cm.sup.-1].
Caption: Figure 4: The FTIR spectra of CPM and MTZ in the region of 1810-1750 [cm.sup.-1].
Caption: Figure 3: The FTIR spectra of CFZ and SBT in the region of 4000-400 [cm.sup.-1].
Caption: Figure 5: The FTIR spectra of CPM and MTZ in the region of 850-810 [cm.sup.-1].
Caption: Figure 6: The FTIR spectra of CFZ and SBT in the region of 1735-1700 [cm.sup.-1].
Caption: Figure 7: The FTIR spectra of CFZ and SBT in the region of 1135-1115[cm.sup.-1].
Table 1: The distinctive FTIR wavenumbers ([cm.sup.-1]) of CPM
and MTZ.
CPM MTZ Proposed assignment
3234 s -- v (N[H.sub.2])
-- 3230 sbr v [(OH).sub.alcoholic]
3197 s -- v (NH)
3056 ms 3097 s v [(CH).sub.aromatic]
2938 ms 2950 ms v [(CH).sub.aliphatic]
1773 s -- v [(C=O).sub.lactam]
1680 ms -- v [(C=0).sub.carboxylic]
1657 ms -- v [(C=O).sub.amide]
-- 1535 s V (N[O.sub.2])
-- 826 s Ring torsion
m, s, and br stand for medium, strong, and broad, respectively. v
stands for stretching.
Table 2: The distinctive FTIR wavenumbers ([cm.sup.-1]) of CFZ
and SBT.
CFZ SBT Proposed assignment
3423 sbr -- v [(OH).sub.phenolic]
3297 s -- v (NH)
3090 ms 3082 ms v [(CH).sub.aromatic]
2950 ms 2964 ms v [(CH).sub.aliphatic]
1773 s 1767 s v [(C=O).sub.lactam]
1717 s 1674 ms v [(C=O).sub.carboxylic]
1669 ms -- v [(C=O).sub.amide]
-- 1030 ms v (O=S=O)
-- 1124 s Ring torsion
m, s, and br stand for medium, strong, and broad, respectively. v stands
for stretching.
Table 3: Quantitative parameters for the assay of the studied drugs by
FTIR spectroscopy in pure forms.
Parameter (a) (n) CPM MTZ
Linear range 2.5-18 1.04-10
Intercept (a) -0.1745 [+ or -] 0.0578 -0.2016 [+ or -] 0.0150
[+ or -] RMSD
Slope (b) [+ 0.2381 [+ or -] 0.0047 0.1439 [+ or -] 0.0023
or -] RMSD
Correlation 0.9994 0.9996
coefficient (r)
Determination 0.9988 0.9993
coefficient
([r.sup.2])
Limit of detection 0.80 ([micro]g/mg) 0.35
(LOD) (b)
Limit of 2.40 ([micro]g/mg) 1.04
quantitation (LOQ)
(b)
Parameter (a) (n) CFZ SBT
Linear range 1.06-10 1.5-12
Intercept (a) -0.1003 [+ or -] 0.0302 -0.0917 [+ or -] 0.0102
[+ or -] RMSD
Slope (b) [+ 0.2812 [+ or -] 0.0046 0.0740 [+ or -] 0.0013
or -] RMSD
Correlation 0.9996 0.9994
coefficient (r)
Determination 0.9992 0.9987
coefficient
([r.sup.2])
Limit of detection 0.35 0.46
(LOD) (b)
Limit of 1.06 1.37
quantitation (LOQ)
(b)
(a) n = three determinations.
(b) The concentration by [micro]g/mg.
Table 4: Assay of the studied drugs in binary mixtures by FTIR
spectroscopy.
Parametera (n) CPM MTZ
Linear range 5-95 5-95
Intercept (a) -0.20175 [+ or -] 0.07369 -0.20280 [+ or -] 0.01962
[+ or -] RMSD
Slope (b) [+ 11.958 [+ or -] 0.29276 7.1918 [+ or -] 0.14795
or -] RMSD
Correlation 0.9991 0.9994
coefficient
(r)
Determination 0.9982 0.9987
coefficient
([r.sup.2])
Limit of 0.02 0.009
detection
(LOD) (b)
Limit of 0.06 0.03
quantitation
(LOQ) (b)
Parametera (n) CFZ SBT
Linear range 5-95 5-95
Intercept (a) 0.15207 [+ or -] 0.00305 -0.04375 [+ or -] 0.01673
[+ or -] RMSD
Slope (b) [+ 0.08987 [+ or -] 0.00213 2.6896 [+ or -] 0.07249
or -] RMSD
Correlation 0.9988 0.9982
coefficient
(r)
Determination 0.9977 0.9964
coefficient
([r.sup.2])
Limit of 0.1 0.02
detection
(LOD) (b)
Limit of 0.3 0.06
quantitation
(LOQ) (b)
(a) n = three determinations.
(b) The concentration by % w/w.
Table 5: Recovery of standard drugs added to their dosage forms by the
proposed FTIR method.
Drug Dosage form Declared Added Recovery (%
amount amount [+ or -] RMSD) (a)
(mg) (mg)
CPM Maxipime vials 500 500 99.4 [+ or -] 0.77
MTZ Flagyl infusion 500 500 98.8 [+ or -] 0.80
CFZ Peractam vials 1000 1000 99.2 [+ or -] 1.09
SBT Peractam vials 500 500 99.5 [+ or -] 0.86
(a) Values are the mean of three determinations.
Table 6: The precision of the proposed FTIR method.
Absorbance
Drug Concentration Sample number
([micro]g/mg)
1 2 3 4 5
CPM 8 0.345 0.346 0.340 0.335 0.332
MTZ 5 0.646 0.649 0.655 0.640 0.634
CFZ 5 0.579 0.570 0.583 0.567 0.586
SBT 8 0.365 0.373 0.360 0.354 0.357
Drug Mean RMSD (a) CV (RMSD)
(b) (%)
CPM 0.340 0.0061 1.79
MTZ 0.645 0.0081 1.26
CFZ 0.577 0.0082 1.42
SBT 0.362 0.0074 2.06
(a) RMSD: root mean square deviation.
(b) CV (RMSD): coefficient of variation (root mean square deviation).
Table 7: The ruggedness of the proposed FTIR method.
Recovery (% [+ or -] RMSD) (a)
Drug Instrument
Nicolet 6700 Jasco 6000
FTIR FTIR
CPM 99.4 [+ or -] 0.77 99.5 [+ or -] 0.83
MTZ 98.8 [+ or -] 0.80 99.2 [+ or -] 0.66
CFZ 99.2 [+ or -] 1.09 99.6 [+ or -] 1.05
SBT 99.3 [+ or -] 0.95 99.6 [+ or -] 1.05
Recovery (% [+ or -] RMSD) (a)
Drug Interday variation
1 day 2 days
CPM 99.4 [+ or -] 0.77 99.7 [+ or -] 0.67
MTZ 98.8 [+ or -] 0.80 99.1 [+ or -] 0.80
CFZ 99.2 [+ or -] 1.05 99.5 [+ or -] 1.15
SBT 99.3 [+ or -] 0.96 99.6 [+ or -] 0.85
(a) Values are the mean of three determinations [+ or -] RMSD.
Table 8: The analysis of investigated drugs in their dosage form
using the proposed FTIR and reported methods.
Recovery (% [+ or -] RMSD) (a)
Product Proposed Reported F-value t-value
method methods [3, 4] (b) (b)
Maxipime vial 99.60 [+ 99.82 [+ 3.04 1.47
or -] 0.29 or -] 0.34
Flagyl tablet 98.90 [+ 99.69 [+ 2.42 1.02
or -] 1.24 or -] 1.86
Peractam vial 99.40 [+ 99.5 [+ 2.57 1.40
or -] 0.35 or -] 0.8
(a) Values are the mean of three determinations [+ or -] RMSD.
(b) Theoretical values for t and F at 95% confidence limit (n = 5)
were 2.78 and 6.39, respectively.
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| Title Annotation: | Research Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Ali, Hassan Refat H.; Ali, Ramadan; Batakoushy, Hany A.; Derayea, Sayed M. |
| Publication: | Journal of Spectroscopy |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Date: | Jan 1, 2017 |
| Words: | 3606 |
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