Relationship between physical disability, disease activity and osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease characterized by a systemic chronic inflammation which mainly affects the joints through cytokines, chemokines and metalloproteinases. Osteoporosis (OP) is considered to be an extra-articular manifestation of RA, (1) with the prevalence of OP being higher in RA patients than in the general population. (2)Potential etiological factors include glucocorticoid treatment, decreased physical activity with progressive disease, and a direct effect of inflammatory mediators on bone turnover. Current controversies include how these factors could influence the RA patients. The influence of these factors is likely to be more clearly defined nearly in the disease process, when bone mass is highest and change is more easily quantified since there is less influence of previous treatment or the manifestation of the menopause period. (3)
This study aims to assess the relationship between physical disability, disease activity, and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal patients with RA.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study included 130 women (mean age 62.77 [+ or -] 7.51 years; range 57 to 69 years) followed by the Rheumatology Clinic in the Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta and Clinical Railway Hospital Constanta between January 2008 and January 2010. The women reached menopause at ages between 49 and 75 years. Inclusion criteria were as follows: postmenopausal women meeting American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria for RA, with disease duration of more than two years. (4) Exclusion criteria were as follows: having secondary OP related with an etiology other than RA, and taking corticosteroid treatment for diseases such as hyperparathyroidism, thyroid disease, and diabetes mellitus, having no BMD measurement.
Demographic variables related to RA and therapeutic variables of the patients were obtained through patient interviews. The following variables were collected: age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), environment (urban, rural), age at menarche and the onset of menopause, duration of menopause, smoker/non-smoker status, BMD, RA stage, age at onset of RA, duration of RA, extra-articular manifestations (represented by simple chronic anemia, pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid nodules), the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), disease activity score 28 (DAS28), and physical disability quantified by modified health assessment questionnaire (mHAQ). Treatment included disease modifying anti- rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids.
Global assessment of disease activity was performed by measurement on a visual analog scale from 0 to 100 mm. Disease activity score 28 was calculated by assessing the 28 tender joint count and 28 swollen joint count, (5) and ESR was calculated by the Westergren method. (6) Physical disability was assessed by the mHAQ. (7) C-reactive protein was estimated by the NycoCard Reader. (8) Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine ([L.sub.2]-[L.sub.4]) and femur and femoral neck by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry using an Alpha DPX-type (GE Lunar Corp., Madison, WI). Bone mass was assessed by means of BMD (g/[cm.sup.2]), using the T-score and Z-score. Osteoporosis was defined on the basis of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, according to the World Health Organization, when the T-score was at least 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the average young adult value, a value of [+ or -] 1 SD was defined as normal, and between -1.0 and -2.5 SD was defined as osteopenia. (9)
Vertebral fractures ([T.sub.4]-[L.sub.5]) were diagnosed with X-rays of the dorsolumbar spine, and fracture evaluations were made by an experienced radiologist using Genant's semi-quantitative method. (10)
Fractures other than spinal fractures such as femur, humerus, or forearm fractures were diagnosed through questioning the subjects. Fractures which occurred as a result of minor trauma such as falling from standing height were considered to be osteoporotic fractures.
Statistical analysis
Bivariate analysis was used to compare demographic variables as well as variables related to RA in patients with and without treatment with corticosteroids. Student's t-test was used for comparing variables with continuous normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparing variables with continuous non- normal distribution, and the Chi-square test was used for dichotomous variables. We performed a multivariate analysis for the variables which are significantly associated with OP. We used other models of logistic regression where OP represented the dependent variable, and the independent variables were those which were statistically associated with OP in the bivariate analysis. The variables were included in the regression equation through the stepwise method. P was considered statistically significant at a value of less than 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using a computer program (MedCalc for Windows, v10, Mariakerke, Belgium).
RESULTS
Demographic characteristics of the group are given in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 62.77 years, and the distribution by age showed that only 2.3% were under the age of 50, 36.9% were aged between 50 and 59 years, 46.9% were aged between 60-70 years, and 13.8% were aged over 70 years. The majority of the participants (78.46%) came from urban areas, the medium BMI was 27.74 kg/[m.sup.2], the median age of menopause was 46.35 years, the median duration of menopause was 16.42 years, and the median age of menarche was 14.02 years. The majority of the patients were non-smokers (82.3%).
A measurement of BMD revealed that 44.62% of the patients had OP, 30.0% had osteopenia, and only 25.39% had BMD within the normal range (Table 1). Approximately 37.69% of the patients had spinal, and 35.38% had femoral OP.
The mean value of BMD was 0.94 g/[cm.sup.2] at the level of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), 0.81 g/[cm.sup.2] at the right femoral neck, 0.80 g/[cm.sup.2] at the left femoral, 0.83 g/[cm.sup.2] at the total right hip, and 0.81 g/[cm.sup.2] at the total left hip.
The dependent variables of RA are presented in Table 1. None of the patients had RA in stage I. The mean mHAQ score was 1.61 [+ or -] 0.50, the mean value of DAS28 was 4.77, the mean ESR was 48.62 mm/h, and the mean CRP was 8.62 mg/dl.
The majority of the patients were in stage II (48.5%), 30.8% were in stage III, and 20.8% were in stage IV RA.
Extra-articular manifestations were present in 25.4% of the patients, among which 27 patients (19.23%) presented chronic anemia, 10 patients (7.69%) presented rheumatoid nodules, and three patients (2.3%) had pulmonary fibrosis (Table 1).
Rheumatoid arthritis was seropositive in 74.6% of the patients. An assessment of DAS28 showed that 11.5% (n=15) of the patients had reduced disease severity (DAS28 [less than or equal to] 3.2), 43.8% (n=57) had moderate activity (DAS28 between 3.2 and 5.1), and 44.6% (n=58) had significantly high activity (DAS28 >5.1). C-reactive protein level was higher than 20 mg/dl in 16 patients (12.31%), and ESR was higher than 20 mm/h in 97 patients (74.62%).
Fifty-eight percent of the patients used 7.5-10 mg/day prednisone equivalent of corticosteroids. Patients on corticosteroid treatment received corticosteroids for more than one year. Regarding other treatments, the majority of the patients received leflunomide (49%), followed by those who received methotrexate (44%), combinations of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (21%), and hydroxychloroquine (16%), sulfasalazine (14%), and biological therapy (9%). No patient received anti-osteoporotic medication.
Table 2 shows the bivariate analysis of the demographic and RA related variables in patients with and without OP. Osteoporosis was significantly associated with old age, urban environment, lower body weight, lower BMI, late menarche, longer duration of menopause, stage IV RA, the presence of extra-articular manifestations and RF, higher duration of RA, higher ESR, higher CRP, higher mHAQ score, and higher DAS28. Therefore, rural environment and stage II RA seemed to be protective factors for OP. From the background drugs, only methotrexate and DMARs combinations were significantly associated with OP. The use of corticosteroids was statistically significantly associated with osteoporosis.
Logistic regression was used to measure the independent contribution of each factor to OP, including any factor that has been identified in the bivariate analysis and was statistically associated with OP. We explored several logistic regression models as presented in Tables 3 and 4. We showed that the mHAQ score and DAS28 do not independently contribute to the occurrence of OP (Table 5).
DISCUSSION
Similarly to our study, an increased frequency of OP (44%) was also observed in the study of Nolla et al. (11) Other studies showed a prevalence of OP between 7% to 26% at the femoral level, and 19% to 32% at the spinal level. (12,13)
Old age and lower BMI seem to be among the independent risk factors for OP. Late menarche and longer duration of menopause are significantly associated with OP, a finding which is in accordance with other studies. Thus we showed that years since menopause may be more important than chronological age in postmenopausal OP. (14)
We further demonstrated that the environment may represent an independent risk factor for OP. Even after adjusting for disability (mHAQ), the risk of OP in people from urban areas is 3.5 times higher compared with rural areas. (15) A reason for this may be that unlike patients in urban areas, patients in rural areas take more physical exercise. It is known that physical exercise represents a stimulus of the musculoskeletal system, and an important factor in achieving and maintaining the body's bone capital.
Extra-articular manifestations are statistically associated with OP, but also with higher values of mHAQ, DAS28, ESR, and CRP.
Independent variables were required to achieve some criteria to be included in the stepwise regression. The most important criterion was for an independent variable to be statistically associated with OP in the bivariate analysis. Another criterion represented the possibility of independent variables to be confounders.
Extra-articular manifestations were statistically associated with OP and higher values of mHAQ, DAS28, ESR, and CRP. Therefore, the presence of RF was statistically associated with OP, but also with higher duration of PR, and higher values of mHAQ, ESR and CRP. To the best of our knowledge, other studies are in contradiction concerning indicating RF as a risk factor for OP. (12,13) Moreover, only few studies have evaluated the relationship between extra-articular manifestations and OP. These variables were included in the regression logistic model, which showed that the duration of RA, mHAQ score, DAS28, ESR and CRP may be independent risk factors for OP.
In the bivariate analysis, mHAQ score and DAS28 were statistically associated with OP, and DAS28 and mHAQ score were not independent risk factors for OP as far as the relationship between mHAQ score and OP could be covered by DAS28.
The study has several limitations. First, it is a non-randomized study, and there are confounding factors. Confounding is a form of bias that can distort the measure of association between an exposure and disease, and must be eliminated. Logistic regression may be an efficient way to control the presence of any potential confounders at once, but the interpretation of the results may be limited due to the possible presence of other variables which may have been omitted. For example, age and the duration of menopause may be confounders, hence older age as well as longer duration of menopause were associated with OP. Furthermore, older women had longer durations of menopause. In the present study, age and the duration of menopause were identified as independent risk factors for OP by using logistic regression. It is difficult to know whether the RA dependent variables, identified as risk factors for OP in the logistic regression, can be confounders (e.g. ESR and CPR can be confounders for DAS28).
Conclusion
Although OP may be common in patients with RA, it is difficult to estimate which particular targets and therapeutics may be the best approach in the future. The demographic variables measured in our study were shown to be involved in the occurrence of OP. Furthermore, the severity of RA was demonstrated to be a possible contributor in the occurrence of OP, without being an independent factor of physical disability. Therefore, we may conclude that OP may occur more frequently in patients with more severe forms of RA, and the duration of the disease tends to be longer in such cases.
doi: 10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2014.3335
Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
REFERENCES
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(7.) Pincus T, Summey JA, Soraci SA Jr, Wallston KA, Hummon NP. Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1346-53.
(8.) Kindmark CO. The concentration of C-reactive protein in sera from healthy individuals. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972;29:407-11.
(9.) Kanis JA, Melton LJ 3rd, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1994;9:1137-41.
(10.) Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1137-48.
(11.) Nolla JM, Fiter J, Gomez-Vaquero C, Alegre JJ, Valverde J, Roig-Escofet D. Value of clinical factors in selecting postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis for bone densitometry. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:799-801.
(12.) Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q, Bianchi G, Del Puente A, Di Munno O, et al. A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian Study Group on Bone Mass in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2582-9.
(13.) Forsblad D'Elia H, Larsen A, Waltbrand E, Kvist G, Mellstrom D, Saxne T, et al. Radiographic joint destruction in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with generalised osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:617-23.
(14.) Lodder MC, de Jong Z, Kostense PJ, Molenaar ET, Staal K, Voskuyl AE, et al. Bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation between disease severity and low bone mineral density. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1576-80.
(15.) Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Falch JA, Halse JI, Kvien TK. Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid Arthritis register. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:522-30.
Mihailov Claudia ILEANA, [1] Mitroi Adrian NELUTU [2]
[1] Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Clinical Port Hospital of Constanta, 2nd Medical Department, Constanta, Romania
[2] Clinical Railway Hospital Constanta, The 2nd Medical Department, Constanta, Romania
Received: January 14, 2013 Accepted: May 05, 2014 Published online: October 22, 2014
Correspondence: Mihailov Claudia Ileana, M.D. B-dul 1 Mai nr 5-7, Constanta, Romania. Tel: +40 024 15 83 71 3l e-mail: claudiamihailov@yahoo.com
Table 1. General features of study group (n=130)
Demographic features n %
Age (years)
Environment
Urban 102 78.46
Rural 28 21.54
Weight (kg)
Height (cm)
Body mass index (kg/[m.sup.2])
Menarche (years)
Menopause (years)
Duration of menopause (years)
Smoker 23 17.69
Former smoker 18 13.85
Bone mineral density-T-score
Osteoporosis 58 44.62
Osteoporosis lumbar spine 49 37.69
Osteoporosis femoral neck 46 35.38
Osteopenia 39 30.00
Normal body mass index 33 25.39
Bone mineral density (g/[cm.sup.2])
Lumbar spine ([L.sub.2]-[L.sub.4])
Right femoral neck
Left femoral neck
Total right hip
Total left hip
Rheumatoid arthritis dependent variables
Rheumatoid arthritis stage I 0 0
II 63 48.5
III 40 30.8
IV 27 20.8
Rheumatoid factor 97 74.6
Extra-articular manifestations 33 25.4
Age of rheumatoid arthritis onset (years)
Rheumatoid arthritis duration (years)
Modified health assessment questionnaire
Disease activity score 28
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h)
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
Extra-articular manifestations
Simple chronic anemia 27 19.23
Rheumatoid nodules 10 7.69
Pulmonary fibrosis 3 2.3
SD: Standard deviation.
Demographic features Mean[+ or -]SD
Age (years) 62.77[+ or -]7.51
Environment
Urban
Rural
Weight (kg) 67.43[+ or -]11.33
Height (cm) 1.56[+ or -]0.06
Body mass index (kg/[m.sup.2]) 27.74[+ or -]4.37
Menarche (years) 14.02[+ or -]2.02
Menopause (years) 46.35[+ or -]4.82
Duration of menopause (years) 16.42[+ or -]8.15
Smoker
Former smoker
Bone mineral density-T-score
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis lumbar spine
Osteoporosis femoral neck
Osteopenia
Normal body mass index
Bone mineral density (g/[cm.sup.2])
Lumbar spine ([L.sub.2]-[L.sub.4]) 0.94[+ or -]0.17
Right femoral neck 0.81[+ or -]0.14
Left femoral neck 0.80[+ or -]0.15
Total right hip 0.83[+ or -]0.18
Total left hip 0.81[+ or -]0.21
Rheumatoid arthritis dependent variables
Rheumatoid arthritis stage I
II
III
IV
Rheumatoid factor
Extra-articular manifestations
Age of rheumatoid arthritis onset (years) 54.86[+ or -]9.79
Rheumatoid arthritis duration (years) 7.91[+ or -]7.85
Modified health assessment questionnaire 1.61[+ or -]0.50
Disease activity score 28 4.77[+ or -]1.2
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h) 48.62[+ or -]29.45
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) 8.62[+ or -]18.49
Extra-articular manifestations
Simple chronic anemia
Rheumatoid nodules
Pulmonary fibrosis
SD: Standard deviation.
Table 2. Comparison between patients with and without osteoporosis
T-score (> -2.5)
(n=72)
n % Mean[+ or -]SD
Demographic variables
Age (years) 58.75[+ or -]5.37
Weight (kg) 70.58[+ or -]11.87
Height (cm) 1.56[+ or -]0.07
Body mass index (kg/[m.sup.2]) 28.97[+ or -]4.66
Menarche (years) 13.54[+ or -]1.45
Menopause (years) 46.58[+ or -]4.46
Duration of menopause (years) 12.17[+ or -]6.87
Smoker 9 12.50
Former-smoker 12 16.67
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis stage
II 48 66.67
III 18 25.00
IV 6 8.33
Rheumatoid factor, 42 58.33
Extra-articular manifestations 6 8.33
Age at rheumatoid arthritis 54.17[+ or -]5.64
onset (years)
Duration of rheumatoid 4.58[+ or -]3.16
arthritis (years)
Modified Health Assessment 1.52[+ or -]0.52
Questionnaire
Disease Activity Score 4.39[+ or -]1.23
Erythrocyte sedimentation 35.21[+ or -]20.13
rate (mm/h)
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) 3.14[+ or -]4.44
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Corticosteroids 36 50.00
Medications
Methotrexate 21 29.17
Sulfasalazine 9 12.5
Leflunomide 36 50.00
Hydroxychloroquine 15 20.83
DMARDs combinations 9 12.50
Biological therapy 9 12.50
T-score (< -2.5)
(n=58)
n % Mean[+ or -]SD
Demographic variables
Age (years) 67.76[+ or -]6.79
Weight (kg) 63.52[+ or -]9.34
Height (cm) 1.56[+ or -]0.07
Body mass index (kg/[m.sup.2]) 26.22[+ or -]3.47
Menarche (years) 14.60[+ or -]2.44
Menopause (years) 46.05[+ or -]5.28
Duration of menopause (years) 21.71[+ or -]6.35
Smoker 14 24.14
Former-smoker 6 10.34
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis stage
II 15 25.86
III 22 37.93
IV 21 36.21
Rheumatoid factor, 55 95.83
Extra-articular manifestations 27 46.55
Age at rheumatoid arthritis 55.72[+ or -]13.25
onset (years)
Duration of rheumatoid 12.03[+ or -]9.78
arthritis (years)
Modified Health Assessment 1.73[+ or -]0.45
Questionnaire
Disease Activity Score 5.24[+ or -]0.98
Erythrocyte sedimentation 65.26[+ or -]30.80
rate (mm/h)
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) 15.41[+ or -]25.78
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Corticosteroids 40 68.97
Medications
Methotrexate 37 63.79
Sulfasalazine 9 15.52
Leflunomide 27 46.55
Hydroxychloroquine 6 10.34
DMARDs combinations 18 31.03
Biological therapy 3 5.17
P
Demographic variables
Age (years) <0.0001
Weight (kg) 0.0003
Height (cm) 0.673
Body mass index (kg/[m.sup.2]) 0.0003
Menarche (years) 0.002
Menopause (years) 0.534
Duration of menopause (years) <0.0001
Smoker 0.134
Former-smoker 0.434
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis stage
II <0.0001
III 0.162
IV 0.0002
Rheumatoid factor, <0.0001
Extra-articular manifestations <0.0001
Age at rheumatoid arthritis 0.369
onset (years)
Duration of rheumatoid <0.0001
arthritis (years)
Modified Health Assessment 0.021
Questionnaire
Disease Activity Score <0.0001
Erythrocyte sedimentation <0.0001
rate (mm/h)
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) <0.0001
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Corticosteroids 0.045
Medications
Methotrexate 0.0002
Sulfasalazine 0.810
Leflunomide 0.830
Hydroxychloroquine 0.169
DMARDs combinations 0.017
Biological therapy 0.258
SD: Standard deviation; DMARD: Disease Modifying Antirheumatic
Drug.
Difference between patients with and without osteoporosis was
analyzed by applying the Student's t-test (continuous data with
normal distribution), Mann-Whitney U test (continuous data with
non-normal distribution), and Chi-square test (dichotomous
variables); P was considered statistically significant at a value
of less than 0.05.
Table 3. Logistic regression usage for evaluating the implication
of demographic variables (independent variables) in the occurrence
of osteoporosis (dependent variables)
Variable Coefficient SD P Odds ratio
Age 0.51 0.14 0.0004 1.67
Body mass index -0.73 0.20 0.0003 0.47
Duration of menopause 0.19 0.08 0.0228 1.20
Variable 95% CI
Age 1.26 to 2.22
Body mass index 0.32 to 0.71
Duration of menopause 1.02 to 1.41
SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval.
Logistic regression shows that age, BMI and duration of menopause
may be independent risk factors for osteoporosis.
Table 4. Logistic regression usage for identifying rheumatoid
arthritis variables (independent variables) which may be risk
factors for osteoporosis
Variable Coefficient SD P
Rheumatoid factor 2.25 0.85 0.0052
Extra-articular manifestations 2.51 0.90 0.0051
Rheumatoid arthritis duration 0.31 0.09 0.0003
mHAQ 2.94 0.98 0.0027
DAS28 0.61 0.31 0.0492
C-reactive protein 0.15 0.05 0.0026
Variable Odds ratio 95% CI
Rheumatoid factor 9.5 1.96 to 46.12
Extra-articular manifestations 12.32 2.12 to 71.52
Rheumatoid arthritis duration 1.36 1.16 to 1.61
mHAQ 0.05 0.01 to 0.36
DAS28 1.83 1.00 to 3.35
C-reactive protein 1.15 1.05 to 1.27
SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval; mHAQ: Modified
health assessment questionnaire; DAS28: Disease Activity Score 28.
Logistic regression shows that rheumatoid factor, extra-articular
manifestations, rheumatoid arthritis duration, mHAQ score, DAS28,
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein may be risk
factors for osteoporosis.
Table 5. Logistic regression usage for evaluating mHAQ score and
DAS28 contribution (independent variables) to the occurrence of
osteoporosis (dependent variables)
Variable Coefficient SD P Odds ratio 95% CI
mHAQ 0.37 0.42 0.3837 1.44 0.63 to 3.29
DAS28 0.60 0.18 0.0009 1.82 1.28 to 2.61
CI: Confidence interval; mHAQ: Modified Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS28: Disease Activity Score 28. Logistic
regression shows that mHAQ score and DAS28 do not contribute
independently to the occurrence of osteoporosis.
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| Title Annotation: | ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|---|---|
| Author: | Ileana, Mihailov Claudia; Nelutu, Mitroi Adrian |
| Publication: | Turkish Journal of Rheumatology |
| Date: | Dec 1, 2014 |
| Words: | 4010 |
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