Plants used in traditional treatment against diarrhea in Turkey.
INTRODUCTIONDiarrhea is defined as loose stools, increased stool frequency, or urgency by patients. Although most patients use this term to describe changes in consistency (loose or watery stool), diarrhea can be considered as urgency or high stool frequency. In fact, with normal consistency, frequent defecation is often referred to as pseudodiarrhea; for this reason, an abnormal stool form and frequency should not be used to describe diarrhea. Most diarrheal episodes in developed countries are acute and self-limited and are usually caused by infections. In immunocompetent patients, acute contagious diarrhea typically resolves within 4 weeks (most often within 1 week). Therefore, chronic diarrhea is defined as that lasting longer than 4 weeks. It is estimated that 1%-5% of adults suffer from chronic diarrhea. In immunocompetent patients in developed countries, chronic diarrhea is not usually contagious (Lawrence et al. 2017).
Acute bloody diarrhea in children and adults is a difficult diagnostic problem. Acute bloody stools have different spectra between adults and children, but there are overlapping causes (infectious colitis and less frequently intussusception). Identification of patients with infectious causes is mandatory, so that they are suitably treated with antimicrobials and so that infection control measures can be fulfilled (Lori et al. 2009).
Detection of the cause of this disorder may be a problem, because there are many enteric pathogens that cause acute bloody diarrhea and several noninfectious gastrointestinal disorders; these are interpreted as loose, bloody stools, mostly diarrhea (Lori et al. 2009).
There is a battle between the host microbiology of normal flora and the exterminating microbes. Symptomatic infections for the host when invaded can alter the bowel barrier and absorptive functions, or can quickly cause a number of problems that can lead to lethal dehydration, diarrhea, toxic megacolon or shock. Asymptomatic infections may go unnoticed, but they have durable results for children's growth and development. Most are acquired through contaminated food or water; however, only few pathogens (such as Shigella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, rotaviruses, or noroviruses) can cause infection (Pawlowski et al. 2009).
Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalization among children in the world. In 2003, a world-wide estimate of rotavirus-related deaths was published, based on a review of published literature on deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus hospitalizations in children from 1986 to 1999. Studies published between 1986 and 1999 showed that rotavirus causes [approximately equal to]22% (range 17%-28%) of diarrheal hospitalizations in childhood. From 2000 to 2004, this rate increased to 39% (range 29%-45%). Application of this ratio to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave a predicted 611,000 (range 454,000-705,000) rotavirusrelated deaths (Parashar et al. 2006).
In mass tourism, traveler's diarrhea is one of the most common health problems in long-distance journeys. Globally, there are 40 million cases per year. For this reason, travelers to risky areas should be informed in advance of what measures they should take in case of acute diarrhea and which medicines to include in the first aid kit (Jelinek et al. 2017).
The first choice of treatment of acute uncomplicated traveler's diarrhea - more than 90% of all cases - is the secretion inhibitor racecadotril. Usual practice, which recommends the antimotility drug loperamide as the first option, should be rethought in favor of the last active ingredient racecadotril. Antibiotics should be used only in complicated cases. Generally, anticipation of a large number of passengers demanding antibiotic treatment should be impaired. Other therapeutic measures currently available for the treatment of acute diarrhea while traveling play a minor role (Jelinek et al. 2017).
Several studies have shown that antibiotics can reduce the rates of diarrhea in travelers to resource-limited countries. However, preventive antibiotic therapy is not recommended because of its side effects and so, if necessary, rapid-acting, single-dose antimicrobial therapy is used. In some studies, probiotics have shown benefit (Pawlowski et al. 2009).
There are a lot of kinds of diarrhea shown in this study and the drugs used for the treatment of diarrhea have many side effects. Medicinal plants have traditionally been used for the treatment of diarrhea for many decades.
In this study, we have compiled 133 taxa used in traditional treatments of diarrhea in Turkey. The aim is to give information about scientific and local names of these taxa, families, used parts and usage in diarrhea (Table 1).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, a thesis search was carried ot at the National Higher Education Center alongside an analysis of ethnobotanical studies conducted in various parts of Turkey with selecting regional plants used for the treatment of diarrhea.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plants have always been an important source for not only nutrition but also therapeutic use against a considerable number of human diseases. Recent phytochemical studies on medical plants have supported the effectiveness of folkloric medicines. Since ancient times, plants have been used for curing various diseases and infections (Singh et al. 2017).
Turkey has an extraordinary plant diversity and varies by region. Its flora consists of about 10,000 vascular plants and approximately one third of its flora (34.4 %) is endemic to the country (Demirci and Ozhatay 2012; Gurdal and Kultur 2013). Recently, the use of ethnobotanical information obtained from medicinal plant research has gained attention all around the world. For this reason, numerous ethnobotanical studies have recently been published and much has been written about medicinal plants in our country (Gurdal and Kultur 2013). Since these medicinal plants have been used in folk medicine by the public for many years, the information about how to use these plants in the treatment of illnesses has been passed down for generations.
In this study, we compiled 133 plant species used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea in Turkey from the ethnobotanical studies and the theses published at the National Higher Education Center between the years of 2002-2018.
Accordingly, this study reveals that Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch., Parietaria judaica L., Punica granatum L., Rubus canescens DC. var. glabratus (Godron) Davis and Meikle, Vitex agnus-castus L, shown as a in the table, are used for the treatment against diarrhea in both humans and animals.
Moreover, some species such as Helleborus orientalis L., Inula viscosa(L) Aiton, Phlomis pungens Willd. var. hirta Velen, Pinus brutia Ten., Taraxacum androssovii Schischk., Taraxacum fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz., Taraxacum macrolepium Schischk., Viscum album L. which are marked as b in the Table 1 are only used for the treatment of diarrhea in animals.
In Figure 1, there is a graph of the main families used in the treatment of diarrhea in Turkey. The plants used for the treatment of diarrhea are mainly from Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Orchidaceae, Cupressaceae, Fagaceae and Solanaceae families (Figure 1). The plants of these families mainly take bioactive molecule groups in their different parts such as fruit, seed, root, aerial parts (Bilaloglu and Harmanar 1999).
Phytomedicines have a significant role, both as traditional home remedies and as galenic preparations, in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. Three groups of preparations are particularly important: tannin-containing herbs, pectins, and a special strain of live dried yeast (Schulz et al. 2004).
Since diarrhea may occur because of fungal, bacterial, viral, and non-infectious causes and many of the plants reported in this study contain pharmaceutically bioactive compounds, including flavones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanin compounds, volatile oil, minerals, vitamins, and polysaccharides (Bilaloglu and Harmandar 1999). In these molecule groups, tannins especially are medicinally significant because of their astringent properties. Inwardly tannins are administered in cases of diarrhea, intestinal catarrh and as an antidote in cases of heavy metal poisoning (Adhikari and Kundu 2017). They can provide short-term healing and anti-inflammatory effects on the gut wall, though they are likely to rapidly reduce in transit through the tract unless they are in a slowly dispersing solid form. Effects on the bowel, can be significant if the symptom is a reflex consequence of irritation in the gastric or upper enteric passages. The use of tannins is not to be recommended as a long-term solution. Because when they are used as long-term therapy, they can cause constipation, iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Therefore long-term therapy with high doses of tannins is to be avoided (Bone and Mills 2013). In this study, Potentilla, Quercus, Camellia, Vaccinium and Alchemilla sp. are known as plant remedies traditionally used for tannin constituents (Schulz et al. 2004; Bone and Mills 2013).
For centuries, physicians have used preparations containing flavonoids as basic physiologically active components and lay healers attempt to treat human diseases (Cushnie and Lamb 2005). Up till today, plant-derived flavonoids have showed numerous biological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, antithrombotic, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, oestrogenic, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities (Cushnie and Lamb 2005; Orhan et al. 2010). Flavonoid containing poultices, infusions, spices and balms have been used in many cultures based on ethnomedicinal use for centuries (Cushnie and Lamb 2011). As stated above, there are many kinds of diarrhea and some are caused by infections. In this way, flavonoids in terms of having antimicrobial activities might show a strong ability to cure the pathogenesis. As a result, flavonoids can also be used as a drug to treat diarrhea.
Consequently, these compounds should be investigated in order to determine the main component which is effective against diarrhea and produce natural-based and effective drugs used for this common disease with fewer side effects than chemical drugs. We assume that this study would lead to the development and optimization of new antidiarrheal drugs with no side effects.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: Concept - S.K., A.S.; Design - S.K., A.S.; Supervision - A.S.; Resource - S.K., A.S.; Materials - S.K., A.S.; Data Collection andior Processing - S.K., A.S.; Analysis andior Interpretation - S.K., A.S.; Literature Search - S.K.; Writing - S.K., A.S.; Critical Reviews - S.K., A.S.
Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
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Secil Karahuseyin (1,2)[iD], Aynur Sari (1*)[iD]
(1) Department of Pharmacognosy, istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, istanbul, Turkey
(2) Department of Pharmacognosy, Cukurova University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adana, Turkey
ORCID IDs of the authors: A.S. 0000-0001-8116-7053; S.K.0000-0002-3515-2974.
Cite this article as: Karahuseyin S, Sari A (2019). Plants used in traditional treatment against diarrhea in Turkey. Istanbul J Pharm 49(1): 33-44.
Address for Correspondence:
Aynur Sari, e-mail: aynur@istanbul.edu.tr
Received: 11.03.2018
Accepted: 12.02.2019
DOI: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.404211
Table 1. List of the plants used in traditional treatment against
diarrhea in Turkey
Botanical Family Local
name name
Achillea aleppica Asteraceae Civanpercemi
DC.
subsp.
aleppica
(a) Achillea wilhelmsii Asteraceae Ayvadere, Kedicirnagi, Kedi
C. Koch. Tirnagi, Tilki otu
Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae Ossuruk agaci
(P Mill.)
Swingle
Alchemillasp. Rosaceae Aslanpencesi, Dutya
Alhagi Fabaceae Xirnuf
maurorum
Medik.
Alhagi Fabaceae Hurnif, Ceti, Coban calisi
pseudoalhagi
(Bieb.)
Desv.
Allium Liliaceae Sarimsak
sativum L.
Alyssum Brassicaceae Keselmahmut
pateri
Nydr.
subsp.
pateri
Anacamptis Orchidaceae Sahlep, Salep cicegi
pyramidalis
(L.) Rich.
Anthemis Asteraceae Papatya
cretica
L. subsp.
pontica
(Willd.)
Grierson
Artemisia Asteraceae Aciyavsan
absinthium L.
Arum conophalloides Araceae Yilan bicagi
Kotschy
ex Schott
Arum Araceae ilan purculagi, Kabargan,
dioscoriddis SM. Olum koru, Yilan purculagi
Berbers Berberidaceae Karamuk, Karamik, Kizilcik
crataegina
DC.
Berbers Berberidaceae Karamuk, Kadintuzlugu
vulgaris L.
Camellia sinensis(L.) Theaceae Siyah cay
Kuntze
Capparis Capparaceae Gebere, Kebere
spinosa
L. var.
aegyptia
(Lam.)
Boiss.
Cardiospermum Sapindaceae Balon sarmasigi, Japon
helicacabum L. feneri
Celtis tournefortii Ulmaceae Derdogan
Lam.
Centaurea Asteraceae Sermnik
pterocaula
Trautv.
Centaurea solstitialis Asteraceae ishal dikeni
L. subsp.
solstitialis
Cerasus avium Rosaceae Kiraz
(L.) Moench
Ceratonia Fabaceae Buynuz, Harip, Harnup,
siliqua L. Keciboynuzu, Kecibuynuzu
Ceterach Aspleniaceae Altin otu, Mayasil otu
officinarum DC.
Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Kedi uzumu, Kus uzumu
foliosum Aschers
Cicer arietinum L. Fabaceae Nohut
Cistus creticus L. Cistaceae Pamuk otu
Citrus limonL. Rutaceae Limon, Limon agaci
Convolvulus Convolvulaceae Basirik (Bagirsak) otu,
arvensis L. Mahmude otu
Cornus mas L. Cornaceae Kizilcik, Kiren, Zaye
Crataegus Rosaceae Alic, Eksi musmula, Keci
monogyna alici, Kiz elmasi, Kocakari
Jacq. subsp. hurmasi
monogyna
Cupressus Cupressaceae Mezarlik selvisi, Selvi
sempervirens L.
Cydonia Rosaceae Ayva
oblonga
Miller
Cyperus Cyperaceae Topalak otu
rotundus L.
Diospyros Ebenaceae Laz hurmasi, Kara hurma
lotus L.
Elaeagnus Elaeagnaceae igde
angustifolia L.
Erica manipuliflora Ericaceae Funda, Puren, Supurge otu
Salisb.
Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae Malta erigi, Musmula
(Thunb.) Lindly
Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Hekletis, Sutlegen otu
denticulata Lam.
Fagus oriental's Fagaceae Dogu kayini
Lipsky
Ficus carica L. subsp. Moraceae incir
carica
Glaucium Papaveraceae Gelincik
leiocarpum
Boiss.
Gundelia tournefortii L. Asteraceae Kenger
Helichrysum Asteraceae Altin otu Leaf
arenarium (L.)
Moench.
Helichrysum plicatum Asteraceae Ari Cicegi, Olmez Cicek,
DC. subsp. plicatum Yayla Cicegi
(b) Helleborus Ranunculaceae Bohca, Bohca otu, Cop otu,
orientalis L. Copleme
Hordeum Poaceae Arpa
vulgare L.
Hypericum Hypericaceae Kantaron, Kucuk Kantaron
cerastoides (Spach)
N. Robson
Hypericum Hypericaceae Mide otu, Yara otu
scabrum L.
(b) Inula viscosa (L.) Asteraceae Khiskes, Micve, Yerce,
Aiton Zimbit
Juglans Juglandaceae Ceviz
regia L.
Juniperus Cupressaceae Andiz
drupacea L.
Juniperus Cupressaceae Ardic
oxycedrus L.
Jurinella moschus Asteraceae Gazangulpu, Kazankulpu
(Habl.) Bobrov
subsp.
pinnatisecta
(Boiss.)
Danin and PH.Davis
Lysimachia vulgaris Primulaceae Giya baluk
(L.) Pohl
Malva neglecta Malvaceae Ebegumeci, Ebemkomeci
Wallr.
Matricaria chamomilla Asteraceae Papatya
L. var. recutita (L.)
Grierson
Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae Ogul otu
Mentha longifolia (L.) Lamiaceae Bung, Pung, Yarpiz, Yarpuz
Hudson subsp. longifolia
Mentha x piperita L. Lamiaceae Bunk, Mentol nane, Kedi
nanesi, Tibbi nane
Mespilus germanica L. Rosaceae Besbiyik, Dongel, Musmula,
Tongel
Morus alba L. Moraceae Akdut, Beyaz dut, Dut
Musa sapientum L. Musaceae Muz
Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae Mersin, Murt
Olea europaea L.var Oleaceae Zeytin
sylvestris(Mill.) Lehr
Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae Frenk inciri, Kaynana dili,
(L.) Mill. Tin sabir
Orchis coriophora L. Orchidaceae Sahlep
Orchis palustris Jacq. Orchidaceae Sahlep
Orchis punctulata Orchidaceae Sahlep
Steven ex Lindley
Origanum onites L. Lamiaceae Beyaz kekik, Deli kekik,
Esek kekigi, Guve otu,
Karakekik, Kekik
Paliurus spinachristi Rhamnaceae Calti
Miller
Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Afyon, Afyon cicegi,
L.var. somniferum Hashas, Hashas kozagi,
Yelegen mavi
(a) Parietaria judaica L. Urticaceae Duvar reyhani, Yapisik ot
(b) Phlomis pungens Lamiaceae Ayikulagi, Calba
Willd.var.
hirta Velen
(b) Pinus brutia Pinaceae Cam, Kizilcam
Ten.
Pinus nigra Pinaceae Cam gidisi, Karacam
Aitonsubsp.
pallasiana (Lamb.)
Holmboe
Pinus pinea L. Pinaceae Fistik cami
Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt Anacardiaceae Menengec
Pistacia terebinthus L. Anacardiaceae Menengic
Pistacia vera L. Anacardiaceae Kaliki-fistiga
Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Sinir otu, Sinirli ot
Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Damar otu, Kara kabarcik,
subsp. major Sigilli ot, Sinir otu,
Sinirli ot
Platanus orientals L. Platanaceae Cinar Kavak
Populus tremula L. Salicaceae Bodur kavak
Potentilla recta L. Rosaceae Aci hayit, Besparmak otu
Potentilla reptans L. Rosaceae Besparmak otu
Prosopis farcta Fabaceae Ceti, Hishas
(Banks and Sol.)
J.FMacbr
Prunus cerasus L. Rosaceae Visne
Prunus divaricata Rosaceae Dag erigi, Gakka, Kus erigi
Ledeb.
Prunus x domestica L. Rosaceae Erik
Prunus persica Rosaceae Seftali
(L.) Batsch.
Prunus spinosa L. Rosaceae Dag erigi
(a) Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Hennar Hinar Nar
Pyrus amygdaliformis Rosaceae Ahlat, Cakal armudu, Corduk
Vill. subsp. armudu, Del armut, Yaban
amygdaliformis armudu
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Rosaceae Dag armudu, Yabani armut
Pall. subsp.
elaeagnifolia
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Rosaceae Ahlat, Ahlet, Deli armut,
Pall. subsp. kotschyana Tas armut
(Boiss.) Browicz.
Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Rosaceae Cakal armut, Dag armudu,
var. syriaca Yaban armudu
Quercus coccifera L. Fagaceae Kermes mesesi, Piynar
Quercus ithaburensis Fagaceae Mese palamudu
subsp. macrolepis
(Kotschy) Hedge
and Yalt.
Rhus coriaria L. Anacardiaceae Simak, Sumak
Rosa canina L. Rosaceae Itburnu, itgulu, Kusburnu,
Okuzgozu
Rosa damascenaMill. Rosaceae Gul
(a) Rubus canescens Rosaceae Bogurtlen, Kapina, Karamik
DC. var. glabratus
(Gordon) Davis and
Meikle
Rubus sanctus Schreb. Rosaceae Bogurtlen
Rumex acetosella L. Polygonaceae Eksilik, Kuzukulagi
Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae Eksi ot, Gicirgicir Labada
Rumex patientia L. Polygonaceae Ebelik, Kalmuk cayi,
Labada, Tirsika karan,
Yilkikulak
Salvia tomentosa Mill. Lamiaceae Bogac otu, Boscapula, Ellik
otu, Sanci otu, Sabila,
Salpa, Yaki otu
Sanguisorba minor Rosaceae Amel otu, Cayir dugmesi,
Scop. subsp. magnolii Kara gomdurme, Kelek otu
(Spach) Briq.
Scolymus hispanicus L. Asteraceae Altin dikeni, Saridiken
Secale cereale L. Poaceae Cavdar
Sideritis tmolea Lamiaceae Sari cicekli yaki otu
PH. Davis
Silene vulgaris Caryophyllaceae Cirvinik
(Moench) Garcke.
var. vulgaris
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Kopek sirkeni
Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae Gumpir, Kitola, Kumpir,
Patates, Patati
Sorbus aucuparia L. Rosaceae Kus uvezi
Sorbus domestica L. Rosaceae Huvez
(b) Taraxacum Asteraceae Acigici, Hapsuruk otu, Zeze
androssovii Schischk.
Taraxacum farinosum Asteraceae Hindiba, Karahindiba
Hausskn. and Bornm.
ex Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum Asteraceae Acigici, Hapsuruk otu, Zeze
fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum Asteraceae Acigici, Hapsuruk otu, Zeze
macrolepium
Schischk.
Teucrium chamaedrys Lamiaceae Bodur Mahmut, Bodurca
L. subsp. chamaedrys Mahmut, Cuce Mahmut
Teucrium polium L. Lamiaceae Aci Yavsan, Egzama otu,
Kirmizi ballibaba, Mayasil
otu, Meryemkot, Oglan otu
Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Cakir dikeni, Coban
cokerten, Demir diken, Deve
cokerten
Trifoliumpratense L. Fabaceae Yonca
Triticum sp. Poaceae Bugday
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Isirgan otu
Vaccinium Ericaceae Ayi uzumu, Lifos, Likarba
arctostaphylos L.
Viburnum lantana L. Caprifoliaceae Germeso, Germisek
Vicia faba L. Fabaceae Bakla, Pakla
(b) Viscum album L. Loranthaceae Okse otu
(a) Vitex agnus-castus L. Verbenaceae Hayit
Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Uzum, Asma, Tevek
Botanical Plant parts Preparation,
name used administration and use
Achillea aleppica Aerial Dec.,
DC. parts Int.
subsp.
aleppica
(a) Achillea wilhelmsii Aerial + Milk,
C. Koch. parts Dec. or Inf., Int
Crushed, Ext. Dec., Int.
Inf., Int.
Ailanthus altissima Branches Dec., Int.
(P Mill.)
Swingle
Alchemillasp. Aerial parts, Inf.,
Flower Int.
Alhagi Fruit Raw, Int.
maurorum
Medik.
Alhagi Fruit Dried Fruits Eaten
pseudoalhagi Crushed, Int.
(Bieb.)
Desv.
Allium Bulb +Yoghurt, Fac.
sativum L.
Alyssum Aerial Dec.,
pateri parts Int.
Nydr.
subsp.
pateri
Anacamptis Root Dec., Int.
pyramidalis
(L.) Rich.
Anthemis Capitulum Inf., Int.
cretica
L. subsp.
pontica
(Willd.)
Grierson
Artemisia Leaf Take as a pill, Int.
absinthium L.
Arum conophalloides Seed Raw, Swallowed
Kotschy
ex Schott
Arum Cooked, Int.
dioscoriddis SM.
Berbers Flowering and Dec.,
crataegina Fruity Branches Int.
DC. Fruit Raw, Int.
Berbers Fruit Raw, Int.
vulgaris L.
Camellia sinensis(L.) Leaf Inf., Int. Raw or Inf.,
Kuntze Int.
Capparis Gemma Swallowed
spinosa
L. var.
aegyptia
(Lam.)
Boiss.
Cardiospermum Young Dec., Int.
helicacabum L. Shoots
Celtis tournefortii Fruit Raw, Int.
Lam.
Centaurea Leaf Dec., Int.
pterocaula
Trautv.
Centaurea solstitialis Aerial parts Inf., Int.
L. subsp.
solstitialis
Cerasus avium Stem and Dec., Int.
(L.) Moench Branch Bark
Ceratonia Fruit Raw, Int. Jam, Int. Mac.,
siliqua L. Int.
Ceterach Aerial parts Cooked, Int. Dec., Int.
officinarum DC.
Chenopodium Aerial parts Inf., Int.
foliosum Aschers
Cicer arietinum L. Seed Cooked, Int.
Cistus creticus L. Leaf Dec., Int.
Citrus limonL. Fruit Juice, Int.
Convolvulus Branches Dec., Int.
arvensis L. and
Leaves
Cornus mas L. Fruit Raw, Int. Syrup, Int.
Dec., Int. Inf., Int.
Crataegus Fruit Eaten
monogyna Leaf, Inf., Int.
Jacq. subsp. Flower
monogyna
Cupressus Cone Dec., Int.
sempervirens L.
Cydonia Leaf Inf., Int.
oblonga Seed Dec., Int.
Miller Flower Dec., Int. Inf., Int.
Cyperus Root Crushed, Ext.
rotundus L.
Diospyros Leaf Inf., Int.
lotus L.
Elaeagnus Seed Dec., Int.
angustifolia L. Fruit Eaten
Leaf Inf., Int.
Erica manipuliflora Young Dec., Int.
Salisb. Shoots
Eriobotrya japonica Leaf Inf., Int. Dec., Int.
(Thunb.) Lindly
Euphorbia Latex Int.
denticulata Lam.
Fagus oriental's Stem Bark Dec., Int.
Lipsky
Ficus carica L. subsp. Leaf Raw, Int. Dec., Int.
carica
Glaucium Flower Inf., Int. Dec., Int.
leiocarpum
Boiss.
Gundelia tournefortii L. Root Latex, Eaten Inf., Int.
Helichrysum Capitulum, 2015)
arenarium (L.)
Moench.
Helichrysum plicatum Aerial parts Inf., Int.
DC. subsp. plicatum Flowering Inf., Int.
Branches
(b) Helleborus Leaf, Rhizome Eaten
orientalis L.
Hordeum Spike Inf., Int.
vulgare L. Whole plant Inf., Int.
Hypericum Aerial parts Dec., Int.
cerastoides (Spach)
N. Robson
Hypericum Aerial parts Inf., Int.
scabrum L.
(b) Inula viscosa (L.) Leaf Eaten
Aiton
Juglans Seed Inf., Int.
regia L. Leaf Dec., Int.
Fruit Dec., Int.
Bark
Juniperus Tar +Water Int.
drupacea L.
Juniperus Leaf,
oxycedrus L. Branches
Jurinella moschus Whole plant Dec., Int.
(Habl.) Bobrov
subsp.
pinnatisecta
(Boiss.)
Danin and PH.Davis
Lysimachia vulgaris Leaf Dec., Int.
(L.) Pohl
Malva neglecta Aerial parts Dec., Int.
Wallr.
Matricaria chamomilla Aerial parts Inf., Int.
L. var. recutita (L.) (Without Flower)
Grierson
Melissa officinalis L. Leaf and Inf., Int.
Young Shoots
Mentha longifolia (L.) Leaf Inf., Int
Hudson subsp. longifolia
Mentha x piperita L. Aerial parts Dec., Int.
Mespilus germanica L. Leaf Inf., Int.
Fruit Dec., Int. Eaten
Morus alba L. Leaf Inf., Int.
Musa sapientum L. Fruit Eaten
Myrtus communis L. Leaf Dec., Int. Inf., Int.
Olea europaea L.var Leaf and Inf., Int.
sylvestris(Mill.) Lehr Stem Bark
Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit Eaten
(L.) Mill.
Orchis coriophora L. Root Dec., Int.
Orchis palustris Jacq. Root Dec., Int.
Orchis punctulata Root Dec., Int.
Steven ex Lindley
Origanum onites L. Aerial parts Cooked with +Monk's
Leaf pepper, Thyme, Flour,
Water, Ext. Inf. or Dec.,
Int. Aromatic Water, Int.
Inf., Int.
Paliurus spinachristi Fruit Inf., Int.
Miller
Papaver somniferum Fruit Bark Dec., Int.
L.var. somniferum
(a) Parietaria judaica L. Aerial parts Inf., Int. Eaten
(b) Phlomis pungens Aerial parts Eaten
Willd.var.
hirta Velen
(b) Pinus brutia Dried Stem Bark Crushed, Int.
Ten. and Mastic
Pinus nigra Tar Ext.
Aitonsubsp.
pallasiana (Lamb.)
Holmboe
Pinus pinea L. Branches Dec., Int.
Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt Fruit Eaten
Pistacia terebinthus L. Fruit
Pistacia vera L. Fruit Bark Dec., Int.
Plantago lanceolata L. Seed Int. Dec., Int.
Plantago major L. Flower Dec., Int.
subsp. major Seed Dec., Int. +Yoghurt, Int.
Platanus orientals L. Fruit Dec., Int.
Leaf Inf., Int.
Stem Bark Dec., Int. Dec., Int.
Populus tremula L. Stem Bark Dec., Int.
Potentilla recta L. Root Dec., Int.
Potentilla reptans L. Leaf Dec., Int.
Prosopis farcta Fruit Eaten
(Banks and Sol.) Root Dec., Int.
J.FMacbr
Prunus cerasus L. Fruit Juice, Int. Eaten
Prunus divaricata Fruit Juice, Int.
Ledeb.
Prunus x domestica L. Fruit Boiled with Turkish
Coffee, Int.
Prunus persica Fruit Eaten
(L.) Batsch. Flower Inf., Int.
Prunus spinosa L. Fruit Eaten
(a) Punica granatum L. Fruit Juice, Int.
Seed Cooked in Cinder, Ext.
Fruit Bark Eaten Crushed, Int.
Pyrus amygdaliformis Leaf Dec., Int.
Vill. subsp. Fruit Eaten
amygdaliformis
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Fruit Eaten
Pall. subsp.
elaeagnifolia
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ImmatureFruit Raw, Eaten
Pall. subsp. kotschyana Flower Inf., Int.
(Boiss.) Browicz.
Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Fruit Eaten
var. syriaca
Quercus coccifera L. Gall Dec., Int.
Quercus ithaburensis Gall Eaten
subsp. macrolepis
(Kotschy) Hedge
and Yalt.
Rhus coriaria L. Fruit Eaten
Seed Inf., Int.
Leaf Dec., Int. Dec., Int.
Mac., Int.
Rosa canina L. Fruit Dec., Int. Inf., Int.
Eaten Marmalade, Int.
Rosa damascenaMill. Flower Inf., Int.
(a) Rubus canescens Root Dec., Int. Eaten
DC. var. glabratus
(Gordon) Davis and
Meikle
Rubus sanctus Schreb. Root Dec., Int.
Rumex acetosella L. Leaf Eaten
Rumex crispus L. Root Dec., Int.
Leaf Inf., Int.
Seed Eaten
Rumex patientia L. Leaf Dec., Int.
Root Inf., Int.
Salvia tomentosa Mill. Aerial parts Inf., Int.
Sanguisorba minor Aerial parts Raw, Eaten
Scop. subsp. magnolii
(Spach) Briq.
Scolymus hispanicus L. Leaf, Capitulum Dec. Int.
Secale cereale L. Seed Inf., Int.
Sideritis tmolea Aerial parts Inf., Int.
PH. Davis with Flower
Silene vulgaris Aerial parts Dec., Int.
(Moench) Garcke.
var. vulgaris
Solanum nigrum L. Fruit Cooked with +Thyme,
Monk's pepper Flour
Water, Ext.
Solanum tuberosum L. Tuber Cooked, Int.
Sorbus aucuparia L. Fruit Jam
Sorbus domestica L. Fruit Eaten
(b) Taraxacum Capitulum Dec., Int.
androssovii Schischk.
Taraxacum farinosum Leaf Inf., Int.
Hausskn. and Bornm.
ex Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum Capitulum Dec., Int.
fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum Capitulum Dec., Int.
macrolepium
Schischk.
Teucrium chamaedrys Aerial parts Dec., Int.
L. subsp. chamaedrys Leaf Inf., Int. Dec., Int.
Teucrium polium L. Aerial parts Dec., Int.
Leaf and Flower Inf., Int.
Leaf Boiled with Molasses,
Ext. Inf., Int. Inf.,
Int.
Tribulus terrestris L. Fruit Dec., Int. Inf., Int.
Trifoliumpratense L. Aerial Parts Dec., Int.
Triticum sp. Seed Flour, Int.
Urtica dioica L. Leaf with Seed Dec., Int.
Vaccinium Leaf Dec., Int.
arctostaphylos L.
Viburnum lantana L. Fruit Dec., Int.
Vicia faba L. Seed Eaten
(b) Viscum album L. Leaf Dec., Int.
(a) Vitex agnus-castus L. Seed Dec., Int.
Branches Swallowed, Int. Crushed,
Int. Poultice, Ext.
Vitis vinifera L. Fruit Juice, Int.
Botanical Reference
name
Achillea aleppica (Dogan 2014)
DC.
subsp.
aleppica
(a) Achillea wilhelmsii (Oral 2007) (Senkardes 2014) (Tuzlaci 2016)
C. Koch.
Ailanthus altissima (Gunes et al. 2017)
(P Mill.)
Swingle
Alchemillasp. (Karagoz and Serteser 2017)
Alhagi (Dalar et al. 2018)
maurorum
Medik.
Alhagi (Korkut 2006; Gencay 2007) (Tuzlaci 2016)
pseudoalhagi
(Bieb.)
Desv.
Allium (Uysal 2008)
sativum L.
Alyssum
pateri
Nydr. (Kaval et al. 2014; Tuzlaci 2016) (Dogan
subsp. 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
pateri
Anacamptis
pyramidalis
(L.) Rich.
Anthemis (Tutenocakli 2014)
cretica
L. subsp.
pontica
(Willd.)
Grierson
Artemisia (Yildirim 2015)
absinthium L.
Arum conophalloides (Gunes et al. 2017)
Kotschy
ex Schott
Arum (Yildirim 2015)
dioscoriddis SM.
Berbers (Ozkan 2002; Tuzlaci 2016) (Yesil and Akalin
crataegina 2009; Vural 2008)
DC.
Berbers (Korkmaz and Karakus 2013)
vulgaris L.
Camellia sinensis(L.) (Sarac et al. 2013; Tuzlaci 2016) (Uysal
Kuntze 2008)
Capparis (Kazan 2007)
spinosa
L. var.
aegyptia
(Lam.)
Boiss.
Cardiospermum (Guzel et al 2015)
helicacabum L.
Celtis tournefortii (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Lam.
Centaurea (Kaval et al. 2014)
pterocaula
Trautv.
Centaurea solstitialis (Senkardes 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
L. subsp.
solstitialis
Cerasus avium (Kural 2012; Tuzlaci 2016)
(L.) Moench
Ceratonia (Bulut 2006; Tuzlaci 2016; Gurdal and Kultur
siliqua L. 2013; Yildirim 2015)
Ceterach (Guzel et al. 2015) (Bulut 2006; Tuzlaci
officinarum DC. 2016)
Chenopodium (Dogan 2014; Senkardes 2014; Tuzlaci and
foliosum Aschers Senkardes 2011; Tuzlaci 2016)
Cicer arietinum L. (Uysal 2008; Tuzlaci 2016)
Cistus creticus L. (Onar 2006; Tuzlaci 2016)
Citrus limonL. (Sargin et al. 2013)
Convolvulus (Gunes et al. 2017)
arvensis L.
Cornus mas L. (Kocyigit and Ozhatay 2006; Ayan 2015;
Tuzlaci 2016) (Polat 2010; Korkmaz and
Karakurt 2014) (Karci 2013) (Guler et al.
2015)
Crataegus (Sargin et al. 2013) (Furkan 2016)
monogyna
Jacq. subsp.
monogyna
Cupressus (Uysal 2008; Tuzlaci 2016)
sempervirens L.
Cydonia (Sargin et al. 2013)
oblonga (Gunes et al. 2017; Uysal 2008; Metin 2009;
Miller Kayabasi 2011; Deniz 2008; Kincal 2018;
Tuzlaci 2016) (Uysal 2008; Yuzbasioglu 2010;
Tuzlaci 2016) (Yildirim 2015)
Cyperus (Uysal 2008)
rotundus L.
Diospyros (Sarac et al.2013; Tuzlaci 2016)
lotus L.
Elaeagnus (Altundag 2009) (Guzel et al 2015; Korkmaz
angustifolia L. and Karakurt 2014) (Polat 2010)
Erica manipuliflora (Bulut 2006)
Salisb.
Eriobotrya japonica (Uysal 2008)
(Thunb.) Lindly (Tuzlaci 2016)
Euphorbia (Kaval et al. 2014;
denticulata Lam. Tuzlaci 2016)
Fagus oriental's (Kural 2012)
Lipsky
Ficus carica L. subsp. (Alkac 2013)
carica (Tuzlaci 2016)
Glaucium (Dogan 2014)
leiocarpum (Tuzlaci 2016)
Boiss.
Gundelia tournefortii L. (Hayta et al. 2014;
Cakilcioglu and
Turkoglu 2010)
Helichrysum (Akan and
arenarium (L.) Sade
Moench.
Helichrysum plicatum (Arisan 2010)
DC. subsp. plicatum (Altundag 2009)
(b) Helleborus (Kizilarslan and Ozhatay 2012)
orientalis L.
Hordeum (Sargin et al. 2013)
vulgare L. (Korkmaz and Karakurt 2014)
Hypericum (Kizilarslan and Ozhatay 2012; Tuzlaci 2016)
cerastoides (Spach)
N. Robson
Hypericum (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
scabrum L.
(b) Inula viscosa (L.) (Guzel et al. 2015)
Aiton
Juglans (Aktan 2011)
regia L. (Senkardes 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Sargin et al. 2013)
Juniperus (Orhan 2011)
drupacea L.
Juniperus (Orhan 2011)
oxycedrus L.
Jurinella moschus (Altundag 2009)
(Habl.) Bobrov
subsp.
pinnatisecta
(Boiss.)
Danin and PH.Davis
Lysimachia vulgaris (Dalar et al. 2018)
(L.) Pohl
Malva neglecta (Altundag 2009)
Wallr.
Matricaria chamomilla (Sargin et al. 2013)
L. var. recutita (L.)
Grierson
Melissa officinalis L. (Bulut 2006; Tuzlaci 2016)
Mentha longifolia (L.) (Altundag 2009; Tuzlaci 2016)
Hudson subsp. longifolia
Mentha x piperita L. (Akan and Sade 2015)
Mespilus germanica L. (Karci 2013)
(Onar 2006; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Bulut 2006; Kural 2012; Guler et al. 2015;
Tuzlaci 2016)
Morus alba L. (Sargin et al. 2013)
Musa sapientum L. (Uysal 2008; Tuzlaci 2016)
Myrtus communis L. (Gunes et al. 2017)
(Tuzlaci 2016)
Olea europaea L.var (Bulut 2006)
sylvestris(Mill.) Lehr
Opuntia ficus-indica (Guzel et al 2015; Guler et al. 2015)
(L.) Mill.
Orchis coriophora L. (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Orchis palustris Jacq. (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Orchis punctulata (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Steven ex Lindley
Origanum onites L. (Uysal 2008)
(Gurdal and Kultur 2013; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Tutenocakli 2014)
Paliurus spinachristi (Bulut and Tuzlaci 2009)
Miller
Papaver somniferum (Sargin et al. 2013; Tuzlaci 2016)
L.var. somniferum
(a) Parietaria judaica L. (Tuzlaci and Senkardes 2011)
(b) Phlomis pungens (Vural 2008)
Willd.var.
hirta Velen
(b) Pinus brutia (Gunes et al. 2017)
Ten.
Pinus nigra (Arisan 2010)
Aitonsubsp.
pallasiana (Lamb.)
Holmboe
Pinus pinea L. (Kokcu 2015)
Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Pistacia terebinthus L. (Akan and Sade 2015)
Pistacia vera L. (Dagli 2015)
Plantago lanceolata L. (Genc and Ozhatay 2006)
(Kolac 2018)
Plantago major L. (Genc and Ozhatay 2006)
subsp. major
(Karatas 2007)
(Kizilarslan and Ozhatay 2012)
Platanus orientals L. (Bulut and Tuzlaci 2009; Kokcu 2015; Tuzlaci
2016)
(Kocyigit and Ozhatay 2006)
(Vural 2008)
(Polat 2010)
Populus tremula L. (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Potentilla recta L. (Deniz 2008)
Potentilla reptans L. (Yilmaz 2011; Ozturk 2006;
Tuzlaci 2016)
Prosopis farcta (Gencay 2007; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Banks and Sol.)
J.FMacbr (Balos and Akan 2007)
Prunus cerasus L. (Korkmaz and Karakurt 2014)
(Metin 2009)
Prunus divaricata (Korkmaz and Karakurt 2014)
Ledeb.
Prunus x domestica L. (Kolac 2018)
Prunus persica (Korkmaz and Karakus 2013; Metin 2009; Kolac
(L.) Batsch. 2018)
(Kolac 2018)
Prunus spinosa L. (Esen 2008)
(a) Punica granatum L. (Gencay 2007)
(Uysal 2008)
(Guzel et al 2015)
(Balos and Akan 2007)
Pyrus amygdaliformis (Uysal 2008)
Vill. subsp. (Deniz 2008; Tuzlaci 2016)
amygdaliformis
Pyrus elaeagnifolia (Tuzlaci and Senkardes 2011; Tsetsekos 2006;
Pall. subsp. Guldas 2009; Keskin 2011)
elaeagnifolia
Pyrus elaeagnifolia (Korkmaz and Karakurt 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Pall. subsp. kotschyana
(Boiss.) Browicz.
(Yildirim 2015)
Pyrus syriaca Boiss. (Furkan 2016; Tuzlaci 2016)
var. syriaca
Quercus coccifera L. (Metin 2009; Cilden 2011)
Quercus ithaburensis (Akan and Sade 2015; Tuzlaci 2016)
subsp. macrolepis
(Kotschy) Hedge
and Yalt.
Rhus coriaria L. (Guldas 2009)
(Balos and Akan 2007)
(Metin 2009)
(Metin 2009)
(Furkan 2016)
Rosa canina L. (Sargin et al. 2013; Karatas 2007)
(Gunes et al. 2017)
(Karagoz and Serteser 2017)
(Karagoz and Serteser 2017;
Keskin 2011; Tuzlaci 2016)
Rosa damascenaMill. (Guler et al. 2015; Tuzlaci 2016)
(a) Rubus canescens (Genc and Ozhatay 2006; Tuzlaci 2016)
DC. var. glabratus
(Gordon) Davis and (Kayabasi 2011)
Meikle
Rubus sanctus Schreb. (Uysal 2008)
Rumex acetosella L. (Guler et al. 2015)
Rumex crispus L. (Oral 2007)
(Oral 2007)
(Kokcu 2015)
Rumex patientia L. (Uysal 2008)
(Yesil and
Akalin 2009)
Salvia tomentosa Mill. (Sargin et al. 2013)
Sanguisorba minor (Furkan 2016)
Scop. subsp. magnolii
(Spach) Briq.
Scolymus hispanicus L. (Metin 2009)
Secale cereale L. (Yildirim 2015)
Sideritis tmolea (Sargin et al. 2013)
PH. Davis
Silene vulgaris (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Moench) Garcke.
var. vulgaris
Solanum nigrum L. (Uysal 2008)
Solanum tuberosum L. (Uysal 2008;
Korkmaz and Karakus 2013; Karakurt 2014;
Ayandin 2010; Saday 2009; Yildirim 2015;
Tuzlaci 2016; Kincal 2018; Kolac 2018)
Sorbus aucuparia L. (Kural 2012)
Sorbus domestica L. (Kokcu 2015)
(b) Taraxacum (Altundag 2009)
androssovii Schischk.
Taraxacum farinosum (Gunes et al. 2017)
Hausskn. and Bornm.
ex Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum (Altundag 2009)
fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz.
(b) Taraxacum (Altundag 2009)
macrolepium
Schischk.
Teucrium chamaedrys (Oral 2007)
L. subsp. chamaedrys (Oral 2007)
(Alkac 2013)
Teucrium polium L. (Han and Bulut 2015)
(Akan and Sade 2015; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Metin 2009)
(Bulut 2006)
(Tetik et al. 2013)
Tribulus terrestris L. (Dogan 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Tetik et al. 2013)
Trifoliumpratense L. (Hayta et al. 2014; Tuzlaci 2016)
Triticum sp. (Gunbatan et al. 2016)
Urtica dioica L. (Uysal 2008)
Vaccinium (Kural 2012)
arctostaphylos L.
Viburnum lantana L. (Altundag 2009; Tuzlaci 2016)
Vicia faba L. (Yildirim 2015)
(b) Viscum album L. (Sarag et al. 2013)
(a) Vitex agnus-castus L. (Sargin et al. 2013)
(Polat 2010; Tuzlaci 2016)
(Uysal 2008)
(Gurdal and Kultur 2013)
Vitis vinifera L. (Furkan 2016)
Int: Internal, Dec: Decoction, Ext: External, Fac: Fruits are crushed,
Inf: Infusion, Mac: Maceration
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| Author: | Karahuseyin, Secil; Sari, Aynur |
|---|---|
| Publication: | Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Istanbul University |
| Date: | Apr 1, 2019 |
| Words: | 6794 |
| Previous Article: | Real time monitoring of cytotoxicity of Callistemon citrinus against Colo-205 cell line. |
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