Phytogeography and floristic affinities of the limestone flora of Mt. Exianling, Hainan Island, China.
IntroductionBecause of the great diversity of edaphic conditions and topography, vegetation types on limestone landform are extremely diverse and rich in endemic taxa. One of the most extensive and arguably most impressive limestone regions of the world is the Sino-Vietnamese limestone area, which is characterized by dense karst pinnacles and high biodiversity (Clements et al., 2006; Chung et al., 2014). Limestone in tropical China occurs mainly in Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces of southern China, and extensive botanical studies have been conducted in this well-formed karst region (Liang et al., 1985; Zhu, 2002; Zhu et al., 2003). The tropical island of Hainan, at the southernmost tip of China in the South China Sea, has very limited limestone formation. Of the ca. 33,000 [km.sup.2] land area, only some 1200 km consists of limestone geology. These limestone blocks are scattered in the southwestern part of the island, with the highest concentration along the Changhua River flowing towards the Gulf of Tonkin.
Despite their inaccessibility and inferiority for farming, much of the original limestone vegetation in southern China has been degraded. Valuable timbers have been taken out and farmers cleared every accessible depressions and hillslopes for subsistent agriculture. Limestone ecosystem is particularly susceptible to degradation as vegetation recovery is much slower on the usually thin top soils. Our research was conducted in one of the last remaining primary tropical limestone forest blocks in China, the spectacular Mt. Exianling (hereinafter EXIANLING) of Hainan Island, where more than 90% of the total forested area is limestone (Qin, 2006; Qin et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2005; Zhang, 2007; Zhang et al., 2007). Primary floristic and vegetation works at EXIANLING and other areas on Hainan Island have been reported elsewhere (Qin, 2006; Qin et al., 2005, 2007, 2012; Tian, 2013; Wang, 2012; Wang, et al., 2006; Wei et al., 2016; Yuan, 2016; Zhang, 2007, 2015; Zhang et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhong et al., 2014). This paper represents a synthesis of the floristics, physiognomy, and biogeographical affinities of Exianling, and conservation status of Exianling's flora.
Study Site
Hainan is a mountainous island at the northern margin of tropical Southeast Asia, it is part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and is China's largest island after Taiwan (Fig. 1). Exianling is an east-west running limestone outcrop located in the western part of the island, with an altitude range of 150 m asl in the southwest to 1232 m asl at the highest summit towards the northeast. The limestone area of Exianling is ca. 20 [km.sup.2] in size and is characterized by karst landscape with underground rivers, caves, and vertical cliffs. The area experiences typical tropical monsoon climate with an annual mean temperature of 24.5[degrees]C, and annual precipitation of ca. 1620 mm, of which more than 80% falls during the rainy season between May and October (The Local Chronicles Compilation Committee of Changjing Li Minority Autonomous County, 1998). Rock substrate is hard limestone of Ordovician and Carboniferous origin with a rugged topography. The soil is mainly brown, coarse in texture, and composed of loamy limestone with a pH of ca. 7 and ca. 4% organic matter (Gong et al., 2004).
Methods
A complete floristic inventory was made based on the identification of more than 6000 plant specimens collected from limestone habitats of Exianling during 2003-2013 and deposited mainly at the herbarium of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Qin, 2006; Zhang, 2007). The limestone flora of Exianling consists of 171 families of vascular plants, including 620 genera and 1121 species. An initial floristic analysis was made based on the inventory (Qin, 2006; Zhang, 2007). Five main vegetation types occur at Exianling: (1) Tropical limestone ravine rainforest; (2) tropical limestone evergreen forest; (3) tropical limestone semi-evergreen forest; (4) tropical limestone montane dwarf forest; and (5) monsoon rainforest.
Botanical plots were established in all five vegetation types as follow: one plot of 2300[m.sup.2] for Type 1; eight separate plots ranging in size from 1400m to 2200[m.sup.2] for Type 2; one plot of 1300[m.sup.2] for Type 3, four separate plots ranging in size from 500[m.sup.2] to 1600[m.sup.2] for Type 4, four separate plots ranging in size from 600 [m.sup.2] to 800 [m.sup.2] for Type 5. The different plot sizes reflect differential coverage of forest type and topographic restrictions. Structure and species composition of the limestone vegetation were analyzed based on plot data, and are already published (Zhang et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhang, 2007). In the present paper, plant inventory lists of the five main vegetation types were compiled from sample plots separately for the physiognomic (life form and leaf size) analysis. For criteria of life form and leaf size classes we followed Raunkiaer (1934). Ecological species groups were categorized from field observation and correspond to groups used in Shimizu (1964) and Chin (1977, 1979). Species-level biogeographical affinities were assessed for the total flora of the limestone vegetation at EXIANLING.
Significant Records from Mt. Exianling
Hainan Island has been separated from the continent since early Quaternary by a shallow strait. Although the first scientific botanical collection for Hainan was made by A. Dahl as early as 1790 (Henry, 1886), no botanists have ever visited Exianling until the late 1980s, as it is located in the rugged central highlands without vehicular access until recent decades. The first botanical exploration of the area was made in April 1988 by botanists from the South China Botanical Garden, when several new records were found (Li & Xing 1990). Since the early twenty-first century, we carried out extensive botanical fieldwork on the flora, vegetation and community ecology of the area. So far, 79 significant records have been found, including 11 species new to science and 57 species new to Hainan; nine genera and one family were also newly recorded for Hainan, as well as one new genus for China. For details see Appendix Table 8.
Classification of Limestone Vegetation on Mt. Exianling
Based on plant physiognomy, forest profile, floristic composition, and habitat, the primary limestone vegetation can be classified into five major vegetation types Within these, twelve formations (Wu, 1980; Zhang, 2007), including seventeen communities, were recognized:
(1) Ravine rainforest (including the sole formation Dehaasia hainanensis + Homalium hainanense + Bischofia javanica + Firmiana hainanensis + Cephalotaxus mannii + Dimocarpus longan + Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticill + Streblus ilicifolius)
(2) Tropical evergreen rainforest (including the following six formations: Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticill, Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticill + Streblus ilicifolius, Antidesma montanum, Ostodes paniculata, Vatica mangachapoi, Elaeocarpus sylvestris + Litchi chinensis + Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticill and Streblus ilicifolius + Arenga pinnata)
(3) Tropical semi-evergreen rainforest (including the sole formation Lagerstroemia balansae + Streblus ilicifolius + Terminalia hainaensis)',
(4) Tropical montane dwarf forest (including the following two formations: Quercus bawanglingensis and Drypetes hainanensis + Firmiana pulcherrima)-,
(5) Monsoon rainforest (including the sole formation Streblus ilicifolius + Terminalia hainaensis + Lagerstroemia balansae)',
Detailed descriptions and ecological analyses of the communities have been reported elsewhere (Zhang et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhang, 2007). Here, classification of the limestone vegetation of EXIANLING is concisely enumerated so that the biogeographical components of the limestone vegetation can be better understood.
Ravine Rainforest
Limestone ravine rainforest represents Southeast Asian tropical rainforest at its latitudinal and altitudinal limits, and shares characteristics with other non-limestone ravine rainforests of Hainan Island. These forests are evergreen, and emergent layer can reach 45 m in height. At Exianling this forest type occurs mainly in the large and deep wet valleys below 1000 m asl. This same forest type also occurs in southern Yunnan (Zhu et al., 2003) and North Vietnam (Thin, 1997), although different terms (Zhu et al, 2003; Thin, 1997) were used to describe them. The ecological structure of this forest type is almost identical to the tropical non-limestone ravine rainforest of Hainan Island (Zhang, 2007). Most species in the tropical limestone ravine rainforest of Exianling are also found in adjacent non-limestone ravine rainforest and seasonal rainforest, but the latters are more diverse with additional species, which are absent on limestone.
Tropical Evergreen Rainforest
Tropical evergreen rainforest occurs on the middle and upper limestone slopes ranging from 400 to 1000 m asl at Exianling. Emergent layer can reach 30 m in height. This vegetation type was called monsoon forest by some Chinese authors (Liu, 1987; Wu, 1980; Guangdong Institute of Botany, 1976). The term tropical evergreen rainforest is preferred here because the forest is not equivalent to Schimper's monsoon forest (Schimper, 1903) and the tropical seasonal moist forest of Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan (Zhu et al., 2003; Zhu, 2005; Wang et al., 1997), in spite of the fact that it is also affected by seasonal dryness and contains a variable percentage of deciduous tree species.
The seasonal dryness at Exianling is compensated to some extent by dense fog accompanied by low temperatures between November and April (Whitmore, 1984). This forest types mainly occurs on shaded slopes of Exianling, contributing to water conservation for the limestone forest. A small percentage of deciduous trees, such as Streblus ilicifolius, Walsura cochinchinensis, Lagerstroemia balansae and Terminalia hainaensis can be found, which shed leaves toward the end of the dry season. This suggests that deciduousness of the EXIANLING forest is influenced mainly by local microclimates rather than climatic factors of the region. Therefore, using the term monsoon forest for the evergreen or semi-evergreen forest on limestone is confusing because Schimper's monsoon forest is more or less completely leafless during the dry season (Schimper, 1903).
Tropical Semi-Evergreen Rainforest
Tropical semi-evergreen rainforest occurs mainly on lower slopes ranging from 200 to 600 m asl at EXIANLING. Emergent layer can reach 25 m (sometimes 30 m) in height. The substrate is hard limestone rock with little soil, so it's very dry during the dry season. There are some deciduous trees with the IV of 36.49%, such as Lagerstroemia balansae, Streblus ilicifolius, Terminalia hainanensis, Walsura cochinchinensis and Toon a microcarpa, etc. And the dominant species of this forest are mainly Lagerstroemia balansae, Streblus ilicifolius and Terminalia hainanensis. The forest floor is very dry almost year round. Many species grow lowly and with thorns, such as Streblus ilicifolius and Terminalia hainanensis. This forest type is of limited extent at Exianling.
Tropical Montane Dwarf Forest
Montane dwarf forest occurs only on hilltops and summits at altitudes above 300 m asl at Exianling. There is only one dwarf tree layer with a canopy height of 2-7 m. Epiphytic species and small woody climbers, such as Nephrolepis cordifolia, Acampe rigida, Eria rosea, Rhaphidophora hongkongensis, Dischidia chinensis, Aristolochia polymorpha, and non-vascular epiphytes (e.g. lichens) are abundant.
Monsoon Rainforest
Monsoon rainforest occurs mainly on lower sun-facing slopes from 200 to 600 m asl at Exianling where deciduous tree species dominate, and almost all the leaves fall during dry season. The ground is covered with hard limestone rock with little soil layer. Emergent layer can reach 15 m in height.
Plant Physiognomy or Attributes
From our plot data, life form spectra (Raunkiaer 1934) of the four main forest types (i.e. ravine rainforest, tropical evergreen rainforest, tropical montane dwarf forest and monsoon rainforest) are compiled in Table 1. Leaf size spectra, leaf form, and leaf texture are shown in Table 2. The four forest types were dominated by phanerophytes, including lianas, epiphanerophytes and stem-succulent phanerophytes.
Ecological Species Group
Based on studies of limestone floras in Japan and Taiwan, Shimizu (1964) divided limestone plants into five ecological groups:
(1) plants exclusive to limestone habitat;
(2) plants selective for and found mainly in limestone;
(3) plants preferring and dominant on limestone;
(4) taxa indifferent, with no special association with limestone;
(5) plants found only occasionally on limestone or strangers to limestone.
According to Shimizu (1964), the first three groups were characteristic species of limestone habitats and in particular his exclusive and selective taxa were calcicoles. Chin (1977, 1979) accepted the classification and similarly categorized plants on limestone in the Malay Peninsula into four groups, combining selective and prefeient plants, and he indicated the first two groups are mostly calcicoles. Similar ecological species groups have been later recognized by Chinese botanists (Liang et al., 1985; Liu et al, 1994; Zhu et al., 2003).
Following these classifications, we divided the endemic limestone flora of Exianling into four major ecological species groups (Table 3). In our study, plants exclusive to limestone make up about 2.4% of the total limestone flora of Exianling, which is far lower than the results from Nonggang limestone forest (exclusive taxa, 13%) (Liang et al., 1985) and Longhua limestone forest (exclusive taxa, 10%) (Liu et al., 1994) of Guangxi Province, and southern Yunnan limestone forest (exclusive taxa, about 10%) (Zhu et al., 2003) in China. In Exianling the combined total of exclusive and preferent taxa make up only 8.6% of the total sum, which could be termed as characteristic species for limestone habitats. Our result indicates that forest composition of Exianling is dissimilar to those from extensive limestone regions, such as Nonggang in Guangxi (with characteristic species making up 20% of the total sum) (Liang et al., 1985), Xishuangbanna in Yunnan (22.3% of the total sum) (Zhu et al., 2003) and limestone forest of Malay Peninsula (27.5% of the total sum) (Chin 1977, 1979).
The Flora and Its Biogeography
In the limestone forest of Exianling, 171 families of vascular plants including 620 genera and 1121 species and varieties, were recorded, of which seed plants compose of 137 families, 557 genera, and 972 species. More than 90% of these species also occur in non-limestone habitats of Hainan Island. Qin et al. (2007) prepared a checklist of vascular plant flora on limestone of Hainan Island with 1409 native species belonging to 711 genera and 179 families. EXIANLING, being the largest limestone outcrop of the island, makes up about ca. 69% of the total limestone vascular plant species in Hainan Island. Xing et al., (2012) reported a total of 4456 native vascular plant species belonging to 1239 genera and 274 families for Hainan Island, and the limestone flora makes up about 31.6% of the total species of the Hainan flora.
The distribution types of Chinese seed plants at the generic level were documented by Wu (1991) for the representative communities of the 5 main forest types, namely limestone ravine rainforest, tropical evergreen rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen rainforest, tropical montane dwarf forest and monsoon rainforest. Of which, the genera of seed plants of three communication types were documented based on Wu's document. They can be divided into 11 distribution types or geographic elements (9 genera of the Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticillata forest and 6 genera of the Quercus bawanglingensis forest, which are cosmopolitan in distribution, are not included in the geographic statistics) (Table 4).
Endemicity
Fourteen limestone-specialist species endemic to Hainan, belonging to 13 families and 14 genera, were recorded at Exianling, of which ten are endemic to Exianling (Table 5). At the generic level, the geographic elements of tropical distribution (16, Table 4) compose 90% of the total genera; the geographic elements of temperate distribution (7-10, Table 4) make up only 6.7% and the remaining 3.3% are of worldwide distribution. This indicates that the limestone flora at Exianling is predominantly tropical in nature and represents the tropical Asian flora at its northern margin.
Conservation Challenges
Prior to our botanical exploration in 1988, the biodiversity value of Exianling was little known. Subsequent studies and surveys by ecologists and conservationists confirmed the conservation significance of this limestone outcrop (Lee & Lu, 2007; Lu & Chen, 2007). Despite the recognized conservation value Exianling is not yet a statutory protected area, and the site is being degraded by overexploitation of wildlife, valuable timber and other non-timber forest products as such orchids. The fragrant rosewood Dalbergia odorifera, in particular, is in high demand for the timber market and fetches USD $1000/kg, and wood from the Exianling area is considered to be of the best quality. As such, gangs of illegal loggers comb the forest cutting all mature trees of the species, and use explosives to extract the stumps and roots amongst limestone rocks. Hunters and orchid collectors are also threatening the biodiversity of this limestone forest. Exianling has been subject to environmental threats from mining activities as well in the past two decades. Kadoorie Conservation China has heavily involved in the conservation of Exianling limestone forest and partially financed the above floristic studies. A nature reserve station was constructed in 2009. Recently, activities in exploiting of the gold mining in Exianling has been stopped by the nature reserve. In addition, the local government is putting efforts into protection of EXIANLING by organizing a team of full-time rangers patrolling the forest and the authority is in the process of establishing a nature reserve which includes all limestone habitats of Exianling.
Of the flora of Exianling a total of 26 species (2% of the total sum) belonging to 25 genera and 19 families have been assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2016), of which 16 are globally threatened. These include 7 species classified as Endangered (EN) and 9 species considered Vulnerable (VU). Table 6 provides an overview of the IUCN Red List status of plant species known from Exianling.
Of the flora of Exianling, all species have been assessed by the Biodiversity Red List of China (the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the people's Republic of China, the Chinese Academy of Science, 2013), of which, a total of 122 species (10.9% of the total sum) belonging to 93 genera and 55 families are considered nationally threatened with extinction (Table 7). These include 1 species classified as Regionally Extinct (RE), 6 considered Critically Endangered (CR), 24 species considered Endangered (EN), 33 species considered Near Threatened (NT) and 58 species considered Vulnerable (VU). Table 7 provides an overview of the Biodiversity Red List of China status of plant species known from EXIANLING.
Conclusions
Exianling is unequivocally the best-preserved tropical limestone rainforest on Hainan Island, and arguably the best in China. Based on our long-term botanical studies, the four major forest types at Exianling are: (1) tropical limestone ravine rainforest; (2) tropical limestone evergreen forest; (3) tropical limestone montane dwarf forest; (4) monsoon rainforest. The limestone flora of Exianling is principally tropical in nature and represents the tropical Asian flora at its northern margin, which is not closely affiliated with the floras of the Sino-Vietnamese limestone as one might have expected based on proximity.
With limited limestone area on Hainan Island, forest composition of Exianling is dissimilar to those from extensive and continuous limestone regions of Indochina; nevertheless a good number of significant records have been found including new species and species new to China. A total of 14 species belonging to 14 genera and 13 families are endemic to limestone forests of Hainan Island, of which 10 species belonging to 10 genera and 10 families are point endemic to Exianling. Enhanced conservation measures and systematic botanical studies are required to protect this unique limestone ecosystem.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Forestry Department of Hainan Province for granting permission for conducting fieldwork. We thank Li Fei of Kadooric Farm and Botanic Garden for kindly producing Fig. 1. and Chen Qing of Bawangling National Nature Reserve for assistance in fieldwork. The villagers of Nanlang provided much logistic supports for fieldwork and lodging. The senior author is grateful to Philip Lo of Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden for his assistance and advice in conducting this study. This project was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (41001028, 41471046), and Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.
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Appendix
Table 8 Checklist of significant plant records of Mt. Exianling,
Hainan Island, China
Num. Family name Latin name
1 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha chuniana
H.G.Ye, Y.S.Ye,
X.S.Qin & F.W.Xing,
sp.nov.
2 Aceraceae Acer cordatum Pax
3 Adiantaceae Adiantum
capillus-veneris L.
4 Adiantaceae A. edgewothii Hook.
Sp.
5 Adiantaceae A. juxtapositum
Ching
6 Sinopteridaceae Aleuritopteris
pseudofarinosa Ching
et S.K.Wu
7 Athyriaceae Allantodia alata
(Christ) Ching
8 Zingiberaceae Alpinia tonkinensis
Gagnep.
9 Aspleniaceae Asplenium
austrochinense Ching
10 Aspleniaceae A. coenobiale Hance
11 Aspleniaceae A. planicaule Wall.
12 Aspleniaceae A. sampsoni Hance
13 Aspleniaceae A. saxicola
Rosenstock
14 Aspidiaceae Ataxipteris
dianguiensis W.M.Chu
& H.G.Zhou
15 Balanophoraceae Balanophora saxicola
Xing et Z. X.Li,
sp.nov.
16 Acanthaceae Blepharis
maderaspatensis
(Linn.)Roth
17 Papilionaceae
18 Ulmaceae Celtis biondii Pamp.
19 Sinopteridaceae Cheilosoria chusana
(Hook.)Ching et
Shing
20 Orchidaceae Cleisostoma
menghaiense Z.H.Tsi
21 Ranunculaceae Clematis uncinata
Champ.
22 Aspidiaceae Ctenitis rhodolepis
(Clarke)Ching
23 Labiatae Coleus carnosifolius
(Hemsl.)Dunn.
24 Thelypteridaceae Cyclosoms calvescens
China
25 Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium fortunei
J. Sm.
26 Dryopteridaceae C. hemionitis Christ
27 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea
changjiangensis Xing
et Z.X.Li.sp.nov.
28 Boraginaceae Ehretia
changjiangensis Xing
et Z.X.Li, sp.,nov.
29 Gesneriaceae Epithema camosum
Benth.
30 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia
hainanensis Croizat
31 Araliaceae Hedera nepalensis K.
Koch var. sinensis
(Tobl.) Rehd.
32 Rubiaceae Hedyotis ovalifolia
Cav.
33 Davalliaceae Humata tyermanni
Moore
34 Hypodematiaceae Hvpodematium
crenatum
(Foisk.)Kuhn
35 Hypodematiaceae H.squamuloso-pilosum
Ching
36 Aquifoliaceae Ilex latifolia
Thunb.
37 Urticaceae Laportea bulbifera
(Sieb. Et
Zucc.)Weed.
38 Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea conformis
Ching
39 Orchidaceae Liparis nervosa
(Thunb.) Lindl.
40 Lygodiaceae Lygodium
subareolatum Christ
41 Berberidaceae Mahonia hainanensis
H.L.X.,sp. nov.
42 Euphorbiaceae Maliotus milliettii
Levi.
43 Celastraceae Mavtenus
dongfangensis
F.W.Xing, X.S.Qin &
R.J.Zhang, sp. Nov.
44 Thelypteridaceae Mesopteris
tonkinensis (C.
Chr.) Ching
45 Dennslaedtiaceae Microlepia
platyphylla
(Don)J.Sm.
46 Polypodiaeeae Microsorum steerei
(Harr.) Ching
47 Orchidaceae Mischobulbum
cordifolium (Hook.
f.)Schltr.
48 Orchidaceae Mischobulbum
longiscapum Seilenf
ex H.Tumer
49 Rutaceae Murrava
euchrestifolia
Hayata
50 Aspleniaceae Neottopteris
humbertii
(Tard-Blot)Tagawa
51 Orchidaceae Nervilia fordii
(Hance) Schltr.
52 Gesneriaceae Paraboea
changjiangensis Xing
et Z.X.Li
53 Gesneriaceae P. dictyoneura
(Hance) Burtt
54 Piperaceae Peperomia cavaleriei
C. DC.
55 Dryopteridaceae Polystichum deitodon
(Bak.) Diels
56 Simarubaceae Picrasma quassioides
Benn.
57 Urticaceae Pilea cavaleriei
Levi.
58 Urticaceae P. peltata Hance
59 Polygalaceae Polygala
bawanglingensis
F.W.Xing & Z.X.Li
60 Dryopteridaceae Polystichum
kwangtungense Ching
61 Pteridaceae Pteris
changjiangensis
X.-L.Zheng &
F.-W.Xing
62 Pteridaceae Pteris decrescens
Christ
63 Pteridaceae Pteris majestica
Ching ex Ching et S.
H. Wu
64 Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia calvata
(Bak.)Ching
65 Fagaceae Quercus
bawanglingensis
Huang.Li et Xing
,sp.nov.
66 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus brachypoda
C.Y.Wu
67 Rosaceae Rubus pinfaensis
Levi. Et Vant.
68 Rhamnaceae Sageretia thea
(Osbeck) Johnst.
69 Euphorbiaceae Sapium insigne
Benth. Et Hook.
70 Saxifragaceae Schizophragma
integrifolium
(Franch.) Oliv.
71 Orchidaceae Schoenorchis
venoverbeghii Ames
72 Crassulaeeae Sedum
stellariifolium
Franch.
73 Selaginellaceae Selaginella
moellendorffii
Hieron
74 Selaginellaceae S. pulvinata (Hook,
et Grev.) Maxim
75 Rubiaceae Serissa serissoides
(DC.)Druce
76 Rubiaceae
Sinoadina racemosa
(Sieb. Et Zucc.)
Ridsdale
77 Sapotaceae Sinosideroxylon
wightianum (Hook. et
Am.) Aubr.
78 Aspidiaceae Tectaria polymorpha
(Wall. Ex Hook.)
Copel.
79 Compositae Tithonia
diversifolia A. Gray
80 Orchidaceae Tropidia angulosa
(Lindl.)Bl.
81 Ulmaceae Ulmus changii Cheng
var. kunmingensis
(Cheng) Cheng et L.
K. Fu.
Num. Family name Specimen Depository
1 Euphorbiaceae Fuwu Xing et al.
14,983 (holotype
IBSC; isotype TNM)
2 Aceraceae Fuwu Xing,et al. IBSC
13,768; Zexian Li &
Fuwu Xing 4185
3 Adiantaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5114
4 Adiantaceae Fuwu Xing s.n. IBSC
5 Adiantaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5291
6 Sinopteridaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5106
7 Athyriaceae Fuwu Xing,et al. IBSC
14759,15,031,15,034
8 Zingiberaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5101
9 Aspleniaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing3588
10 Aspleniaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5077
11 Aspleniaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5070
12 Aspleniaceae Fuwu Xing,et al. IBSC
13,689
13 Aspleniaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5078
14 Aspidiaceae Shiyong Dong 1062 PE
15 Balanophoraceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5251(holotype);
Zexian Li &
Fuwu Xing5368
16 Acanthaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5087
17 Papilionaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5080
18 Ulmaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5081
19 Sinopteridaceae Fuwu Xing.et al. IBSC
13,701
20 Orchidaceae Xiqiang Song 060802 PE
21 Ranunculaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5100
22 Aspidiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4221
23 Labiatae Zexian Li & Fuwu [BSC
Xing4215
24 Thelypteridaceae Kerui Huang, Hui CSH
Shang, Jiangping Shu
& Jinhong Wei SG2886
25 Dryopteridaceae Xinsheng Qin 849 IBSC
26 Dryopteridaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5292
27 Dioscoreaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5116(holotype)
28 Boraginaceae Fuwu Xing5136 (Typus
SCBI),5139
29 Gesneriaceae Xilong Zheng 835 IBSC
30 Euphorbiaceae Xinsheng Qin & IBSC
Rongjing Zhang
529;Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing 6287
31 Araliaceae Fuwu Xing.et al. IBSC
13.770
32 Rubiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5093
33 Davalliaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5110
34 Hypodematiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5079
35 Hypodematiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5123
36 Aquifoliaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5111
37 Urticaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5094
38 Lindsaeaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4360
39 Orchidaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5108
40 Lygodiaceae Fuwu Xing, et al. IBSC
13,889
41 Berberidaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu Holotypus IBSC
Xing 5117, 5275
42 Euphorbiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5091
43 Celastraceae Xinsheng Qm et al.
942(Holotype:IBSC)
44 Thelypteridaceae Kerui Huang, Hui CSH
Shang, Jiangping Shu
& Jinhong Wei
SG2883, SG2888
45 Dennslaedtiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4303
46 Polypodiaeeae Fuwu Xing,et al. IBSC
14.826
47 Orchidaceae Xiqiang Song 060502 PE
48 Orchidaceae Lin Li 057 IBSC
49 Rutaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5120
50 Aspleniaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4195
51 Orchidaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5095
52 Gesneriaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing
5134(holotype);Fuwu
Xing5142
53 Gesneriaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5294
54 Piperaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4174
55 Dryopteridaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5289
56 Simarubaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4198
57 Urticaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5082
58 Urticaceae Xinsheng Qin et al. IBSC
192.
59 Polygalaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing
5140(holo.,SCBI)1989.5.20.;
Fuwu Xing & Xinsheng Qin
13,765
60 Dryopteridaceae Xinsheng Qin 965 IBSC
61 Pteridaceae Xilong Zheng IBSC
733(holotype);Xilong
Zheng 1019(paratype)
62 Pteridaceae Fuwu Xing.et al.13900 IBSC
63 Pteridaceae Fuwu Xing.et al.15015 IBSC
64 Polypodiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4165
65 Fagaceae Fuwu Xing IBSC
s.n.(fruit,holotype);
Zexian Li 4148(male
inflorescence
specimen)
66 Rhamnaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4140
67 Rosaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing3172
68 Rhamnaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5112
69 Euphorbiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu
Xing5090
70 Saxifragaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing3877
71 Orchidaceae Xinsheng Qin et al. IBSC
803
72 Crassulaeeae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5122
73 Selaginellaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5088
74 Selaginellaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5109
75 Rubiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing5083
76 Rubiaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5097
77 Sapotaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing4150
78 Aspidiaceae Shiyong Dong 1057, PE
1060
79 Compositae Fuwu Xing. et al. IBSC
14,085
80 Orchidaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5104
81 Ulmaceae Zexian Li & Fuwu IBSC
Xing 5102
Num. Family name Collecting time
1 Euphorbiaceae 2004.4.15.
2 Aceraceae 1988.5.5.; 2003.3.31.
3 Adiantaceae 1989.3.20.
4 Adiantaceae 1989.4.5.
5 Adiantaceae 1991.11.17.
6 Sinopteridaceae 1989.3.25.
7 Athyriaceae
2003.10.24.; 2004.4.10.-
;2004.4.15.
8 Zingiberaceae 1989.3.25.
9 Aspleniaceae 1988.4.21.
10 Aspleniaceae 1988.10.20.
11 Aspleniaceae 1988.4.21.
12 Aspleniaceae 2003.4.1.
13 Aspleniaceae 1988.10.20.
14 Aspidiaceae
15 Balanophoraceae 1991.11.16.; 1991.11.28.
16 Acanthaceae 1989.10.1.
17 Papilionaceae 1988.10.15.
18 Ulmaceae 1988.10.20.
19 Sinopteridaceae 2003.4.1
20 Orchidaceae 2006.5.20.
21 Ranunculaceae 1989.3.25.
22 Aspidiaceae 1988.5.5.
23 Labiatae 1988.5.5.
24 Thelypteridaceae 2015.3.22.
25 Dryopteridaceae 2005.1.17.
26 Dryopteridaceae 1991.11.17.
27 Dioscoreaceae 1989.3.28.
28 Boraginaceae 1989.07.24.
29 Gesneriaceae 2007.9. 18.
30 Euphorbiaceae 1940
31 Araliaceae 2003.3.31.
32 Rubiaceae 1989.10.1.
33 Davalliaceae 1989.3.26.
34 Hypodematiaceae 1988.10.20.
35 Hypodematiaceae 1989.3.27.
36 Aquifoliaceae 1989.3.26.
37 Urticaceae 1989.10.1.
38 Lindsaeaceae 1988.6.10.
39 Orchidaceae 1989.3.25.
40 Lygodiaceae 2003.4.1
41 Berberidaceae 1994
42 Euphorbiaceae 1989.10.1.
43 Celastraceae 2005.1.20.
44 Thelypteridaceae 2015.3.22.
45 Dennslaedtiaceae 1988.5.10.
46 Polypodiaeeae 2004.3.26.
47 Orchidaceae 2006.5.10.
48 Orchidaceae 2006.7.16.
49 Rutaceae 1989.3.25.
50 Aspleniaceae 1988.5.5.
51 Orchidaceae 1989.10.1.
52 Gesneriaceae 1989.7.25.; 1989.9.30.
53 Gesneriaceae 1991.11.27.
54 Piperaceae 1988.5.5.
55 Dryopteridaceae 1991.11.17.
56 Simarubaceae 1988.5.5.
57 Urticaceae 1988.10.20.
58 Urticaceae 2004.7 .13.
59 Polygalaceae 1989.5.20.
60 Dryopteridaceae 2005.1.20.
61 Pteridaceae 2007.9.16.; 2007.10.10.
62 Pteridaceae 2003.3.30.
63 Pteridaceae 2004.4.15.
64 Polypodiaceae 1988.5.5.
65 Fagaceae 1988.11.5.
66 Rhamnaceae 1988.5.5.
67 Rosaceae 1988.4.15.
68 Rhamnaceae 1989.3.26.
69 Euphorbiaceae 1989.9.29.
70 Saxifragaceae 1988.4.27.
71 Orchidaceae 2005.1.11.
72 Crassulaeeae 1989.3.27.
73 Selaginellaceae 1989.9.29.
74 Selaginellaceae 1989.3.25.
75 Rubiaceae 1988.10.20.
76 Rubiaceae 1989.3.15.
77 Sapotaceae 1988.5.5.
78 Aspidiaceae
79 Compositae 2003.3.27.
80 Orchidaceae 1989.3.25.
81 Ulmaceae 1989.3.25.
Num. Family name Collecting location
1 Euphorbiaceae Wangxia, on
limestone mountains,
alt.700 m
2 Aceraceae on the limestone in
Wangxia
3 Adiantaceae at the gully of
Wangxia, alt. 700 m
4 Adiantaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia
5 Adiantaceae the limestone
mountain of Wangxia,
alt. 1100 m
6 Sinopteridaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, 1000 m
7 Athyriaceae Wangxia, alt. 700
m;Wangxia, alt. 750
m; Sanpai village of
Wangxia town,alt.
650 m
8 Zingiberaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
9 Aspleniaceae on the tree stem of
the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 1100
m
10 Aspleniaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 950 m
11 Aspleniaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 1000
m
12 Aspleniaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia
13 Aspleniaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 950 m
14 Aspidiaceae Exian mountain, alt.
900-980 m
15 Balanophoraceae the limestone of
Wulie, alt.350 m;
the limestone of
Houmiling in
Dongfang, alt. 390 m
16 Acanthaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 800 m
17 Papilionaceae
18 Ulmaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 950 m
19 Sinopteridaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia
20 Orchidaceae Exian mountain
21 Ranunculaceae between the
limestone of
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
22 Aspidiaceae in the dense forest
of the limestone
mountain towards
Bawangling, alt. 900
m
23 Labiatae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
24 Thelypteridaceae on the limestone
evergreen broadleaf
forest of Mt.
Exianling, alt.
900-1000 m
25 Dryopteridaceae Jiulong Mountain of
Nanlang village in
Donghe town, alt.l
100 m
26 Dryopteridaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia, alt. 1100 m
27 Dioscoreaceae the limestone
mountain of Wangxia,
alt. 380 m
28 Boraginaceae the top of the
limestone mountain
towards Bawangling
Mountain,300 m
29 Gesneriaceae Sanpai village of
Wangxia, on the
sheer cliff of
limestone mountain,
alt 400-600 m
30 Euphorbiaceae the top of the
mountain at Nanlang;
the limestone
mountain of Wangxia
31 Araliaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia
32 Rubiaceae on the limestone of
Wangxia, alt.800 m
33 Davalliaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, 1100 m
34 Hypodematiaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 950 m
35 Hypodematiaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia,400 m
36 Aquifoliaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
37 Urticaceae Wangxia, in the
sparse forest on the
limestone hilltop,
alt. 850 m
38 Lindsaeaceae in the forest of the
limestone mountain
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
39 Orchidaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 700 m
40 Lygodiaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia,alt.500 m
41 Berberidaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt.
800-1250
42 Euphorbiaceae between the
limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
43 Celastraceae Donghe Town, Nanlang
village, Jiulong ML,
alt.900 m, on the
top of limestone
mountains
44 Thelypteridaceae on the limestone
evergreen broadleaf
forest of Mt.
Exianling, alt.
900-1000 m
45 Dennslaedtiaceae at the margin of the
limestone gully
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
46 Polypodiaeeae Wangxia, alt. 800 m,
47 Orchidaceae Exian mountain
48 Orchidaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 680 m
49 Rutaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
50 Aspleniaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
51 Orchidaceae on the grassland on
the limestone
hilltop of Wangxia,
alt. 800 m
52 Gesneriaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 600 m
53 Gesneriaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
54 Piperaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
55 Dryopteridaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia, alt. 1100 m
56 Simarubaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
57 Urticaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt Q SO m
58 Urticaceae ait. yjKj m on the
top of the limestone
mountain in Wangxia,
alt. 600-1000 m
59 Polygalaceae the limestone
mountain of Wangxia,
alt. 1000 m;between
the limestone of
Wangxia
60 Dryopteridaceae Jiulong Mountain
ofNanlang village in
Donghe town, alt.900
m
61 Pteridaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt.
400-800 m
62 Pteridaceae Wangxia, in the
forest on limestone,
alt. 600 m
63 Pteridaceae Sanpai village of
Wangxia town, on the
limestone mountain,
alt. 700 m
64 Polypodiaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt. 900 m
65 Fagaceae the limestone
mountain towards
Bawangling Mountain,
alt. 980 m, 900 m
66 Rhamnaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain, alt QSO m
67 Rosaceae an. yj\j m at the
forest margin of the
limestone mountain
towards Bawangling,
alt. 900 m
68 Rhamnaceae in the limestone
monsoon forest of
Wangxia. alt. 1000 m
69 Euphorbiaceae between the
limestone in
Wangxia, alt.850 m
70 Saxifragaceae in the forest of the
limestone mountain
towards Bawangling,
ait. 1000 m
71 Orchidaceae the tree stem on the
top of Nanlang, alt.
1100 m
72 Crassulaeeae between the
limestone on the
limestone mountain
of Wangxia, alt.
1200 m
73 Selaginellaceae between the
limestone in
Wangxia, alt. 1000 m
74 Selaginellaceae on the limestone in
Wangxia, 1100 m
75 Rubiaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain. alt. 950 m
76 Rubiaceae
on the top of
limestone mountain
in Wangxia, alt.
1000 m
77 Sapotaceae on the limestone
towards Bawangling
Mountain. alt. 950 m
78 Aspidiaceae in the forest of
Exian mountain, alt.
500-1500 m
79 Compositae on the sandbeach at
the foot of the
Tiger mountain of
Baoyou village,
Qichai town, alt. 42
m; Nanlang
80 Orchidaceae in the dense forest
on the limestone in
Wangxia, alt. son m
81 Ulmaceae ouu m on the
limestone in
Wangxia, 1000 m
Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Flora of China are the
authoritative sources for specific and infraspecific names except
for those with recently revised taxonomy in IPNI (www.ipni.org) and
TROPICOS (http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html). Family
names of angiosperms follow the Angiospcrm Phylogeny Website
(http://www.mobot. org/MOBOT/rescarch/APweb/)
SH new record for Hainan, NS new species, GSH newly recorded genera
& species for Hainan, FGSH newly recorded family, genera & species
for Hainan. GSC newly recorded genera & species for China
IBSC South China Botanical Garden Herbarium, PF. Herbarium,
Institute of Botany, CAS
Rongjing Zhang (1) * Xinsheng Qin (2) * Hongfeng Chen (3) * Bosco Pui Lok Chan (4) * Fuwu Xing (3,5) * Zhe Xu (1)
(1) College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
(2) College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou. Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
(3) South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
(4) Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, New Territories, Hong Kong
(5) Author for Correspondence; e-mail: xinfw@scib.ac.cn
Published online: 4 April 2017
Caption: Fig. 1 Location of Mt. Exianling, Hainan Island, China (Prepared by Li Fci)
Table 1 Life form of the limestone forest at Mt. Exianling, Hainan
Island, China
Vegetation Meg Mes Mic N
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 8 45 19 4
% of total species 6.6 36.9 15.6 3.3
Tropical evergreen N of spp. 4 79 32 9
rainforest % of total spp. 2.5 48.5 19.6 5.5
Tropical montane N of spp. 2 24 28 19
dwarf forest % of total species 1.5 17.9 20.9 14.2
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 0 22 16 6
% of total species 0 26.5 19.3 7.2
Vegetation L E S Hph
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 22 5 1 14
% of total species 18.0 4.1 0.8 11.5
Tropical evergreen N of spp. 28 1 0 1
rainforest % of total spp. 17.2 0.6 0 0.6
Tropical montane N of spp. 22 6 6 17
dwarf forest % of total species 16.4 4.5 4.5 12.7
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 20 3 0 3
% of total species 24.1 3.6 0 3.6
Vegetation C G Th All
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 1 2 1 122
% of total species 0.8 1.6 0.8
Tropical evergreen N of spp. 8 1 1 164
rainforest % of total spp. 4.9 0.6 0.6
Tropical montane N of spp. 0 1 9 134
dwarf forest % of total species 0 74.6 6.7
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 11 1 1 83
% of total species 13.3 1.2 1.2
Meg Megaphanerophytes, Mes Mesophanerophytes, Mic Mierophanerophytes,
N Nanophanerophytes, L Linophanerophytes, E Epiphanerophytes, S
Succulent phanerophytes, Hph Hemicryptophytes, C Chamae-phytes, G
Geophytes, Th Therophytes (Raunkiaer, 1934)
Table 2 Leaf form, texture and size of the limestone forest at Mt.
Exianling. Hainan Island, China
Forest type Leaf form
S c
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 100 22
% of total species 82.0 18.0
Tropical evergreen N. of spp. 138 26
rainforest % of total species 84.2 15.9
Tropical montane N. of spp. 109 25
dwarf forest % of total species 81.3 18.7
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 58 25
% of total species 69.9 30.1
Forest type Leaf texture
H Co F M
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 16 97 4 5
% of total species 13.1 79.5 3.3 4.1
Tropical evergreen N. of spp. 62 94 3 5
rainforest % of total species 37.8 57.3 1.8 3.1
Tropical montane N. of spp. 33 84 17 0
dwarf forest % of total species 24.6 62.7 12.7 0
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 33 36 9 5
% of total species 39.8 43.4 10.8 6.0
Forest type Leaf size
Meg Ma Me Mi
Ravine rainforest N of spp. 8 17 68 26
% of total species 6.7 14.3 57.1 21.9
Tropical evergreen N. of spp. 3 10 116 35
rainforest % of total species 1.8 6.1 70.7 21.3
Tropical montane N. of spp.
dwarf forest % of total species
Monsoon rainforest N. of spp. 2 9 44 22
% of total species 2.4 10.9 53.0 26.5
S Simple leaves, C Compound leaves, H Herbaceous, Co Coriaceous, F
Fleshy, M Membranous, Meg Mcgaphyll (larger than 164,025 [mm.sup.2]),
Ma Macrophyll (to 164,025 [mm.sup.2]), Me Mesophyll (to 18,222
[mm.sup.2]), Mi Microphyll (to 2025 [mm.sup.2]) (Raunkiaer, 1934)
Table 3 Characteristic ecological species groups of Mt. Exianling,
Hainan Island, China
Ecological species groups Num. of % of total
species species
plants exclusive to limestone habitats 27 2.4
plants dominant on limestone 69 6.2
plants no restriction on limestone 870 77.6
Plants found occasionally on limestone 155 13.8
Total 1121 100
Table 4 Genera distribution types of three communities at Mt.
Exianling, Hainan Island, China
Ravine rainforest
Distribution types Genus num. % Per.
World
1. Pantropic 25 28.1
2. Trop. Asia & Trop. Amer. disjuncted 2 2.3
3. Old World Tropics 13 14.6
4. Trop. Asia to Trop. Australasia 9 10.1
5. Tropical Asia & Trop. Africa 3 3.4
6. Trop. Asia (India-Malaysia) 31 34.8
7. Temperate 2 2.3
8. E. Asia & N. Amer. disjuncted
9. Old World Temperate
10. E. Asia 3 3.4
11. Endemic to China 1 1.1
Total 89 100
Tropical evergreen
rainforest
Distribution types Genus num. % Per.
World 9 .
1. Pantropic 39 33.3
2. Trop. Asia & Trop. Amer. disjuncted 2 1.7
3. Old World Tropics 10 8.6
4. Trop. Asia to Trop. Australasia 10 8.6
5. Tropical Asia & Trop. Africa 8 6.8
6. Trop. Asia (India-Malaysia) 42 35.9
7. Temperate 1 0.9
8. E. Asia & N. Amer. disjuncted
9. Old World Temperate
10. E. Asia 3 2.6
11. Endemic to China 2 1.7
Total 126 100
Tropical montane
dwarf forest
Distribution types Genus num. % Per.
World 6 4.6
1. Pantropic 40 30.7
2. Trop. Asia & Trop. Amer. disjuncted 2 1.5
3. Old World Tropics 12 9.2
4. Trop. Asia to Trop. Australasia 21 16.2
5. Tropical Asia & Trop. Africa 10 7.7
6. Trop. Asia (India-Malaysia) 32 24.6
7. Temperate 5 3.9
8. E. Asia & N. Amer. disjuncted 3 2.3
9. Old World Temperate 2 1.5
10. E. Asia 3 2.3
11. Endemic to China
Total 136 100
Table 5 Limestone specialist
species endemic to Hainan found
at Mt. Exianling, Hainan Island,
China
Species Exianling endemics
(denoted by "*")
1. Allantodia wangii
2. Mahonia hainanensis *
3. Aristolochia polymorpha *
4. Polygala bawanglingensis *
5. Impatiens hainanensis
6. Acalypha chuniana
7. Euphorbia hainanensis *
8. Quercus bawanglingensis *
9. Maytenus dongfangensi *
10. Balanophora saxicola *
11. Clausena hainanensis *
12. Ardisia crassirhiza
13. Ehretia changjiangensis *
14. Dioscorea changjiangensis *
Table 6 Status of plant species
in the HJCN Red List of Threatened
Species at Mt. Exianling,
Hainan Island, China
Species Category
1. Cyrtomium hemionitis EN
2. Cycas changjiangensis EN
3. Alphonsea hainanensis EN
4. Vatica mangachapoi EN
5. Begonia peltatifolia EN
6.Gastrochilus calceolaris EN
7. Phalaenopsis hainanensis EN
8. Cephalotaxus mannii VU
9. Alphonsea monogyna VU
10. Chieniodendron hainanense VU
11. Miliusa prolifica VU
12. Aquilaria sinensis VU
13. Hydnocarpus hainanensis VU
14. Firmiana hainanensis VU
15. Dalbergia odorifera VU
16. Litchi chinensis VU
17. Podocarpus neriifolius LC
18. Cephalotaxus sinensis LC
19. Gentum parivifolium LC
20. Bulbophyllum delitescens LC
21. Cratoxylum cochinchinense LR/LC
22. Scleropyrum wallichianum LR/LC
23. Toona ciliata LR/LC
24. Dimocarpus longan LR/NT
25. Pholidota chinensis NT
26. Magnolia paenetalauma DD
Table 7 Status of plant specics in the Biodiversity Red List of China
at Mt. Exianling, Hainan Island, China
Category Num. /% Species
RE 1/0.08 Tectaria ebenina
CR 6/0.5 Cycas changjiangensis, Dalbergia
odorifera, Platea parvifolia,
Paranephelium hainanense, Lasianthus
calycinus, Phalaenopsis hainanensis
EN 24/2.1 Cyrtomium hemionitis, Lygodium merrilii,
Oleandra undulata, Pteris tripartita,
Aleuritopteris squamosa, Ataxipteris
dianguiensis, Cyclosorus terminans,
Cephalotaxus mannii, Chieniodendron
hainanense, Fissistigma tungfangense,
Stephania hainanensis, Tinospora
sagittata var. sagittata, Homalium
stenophyllum, Lagerstroemia balansae,
Syzygium brachyantherum, Firmiana
pulcherrima, Euphorbia hainanensis,
Ellipanthus glabrifolius, Richeriella
gracilis, Acanthephippium striatum, Eria
rosea, Liparis fissilabris, Renanthera
coccinea, Vanda subconcolor
NT 33/2.9 Adiantum diaphanum, A. induratum,
Asplenium belangeri, A. saxicola,
Dtynaria rigidula, Alphonsea
hainanensis, Litsea baviensis,
Albertisia laurifolia, Arcangelisia
gusanlung, Lagerstroemia fordii,
Hibiscus grewiifolius, Impatiens
hainanensis, Grewia concolor, Firmiana
hainanensis, Bauhinia hainanensis,
Christia hainanensi, Mucuna bracteata,
Celtis philippensis var. consimilis,
Antiaris toxicaria, Clausena
hainanensis, Argyreia acuta, Paraboea
hainanensis, Tacca chantrieri,
Distyliopsis tutcheri, Hybanthus
enneaspermus, Scutellaria luzonica var.
lotungensis, Scindapsus maclurei,
Liparis fargesii, Dendrobium
hercoglossum, Nervilia fordii, Oberonia
gammiei, Pomatocalpa spicatum, Tropidia
angulosa
VU 58/5.2 Oleandra hainanensis, Ceratopteris
thalictroides, Leptochilus cantoniensis,
Pyrrosia longifolia, Pinus latteri,
Podocarpus neriifolius, Cephalotaxus
sinensis var. sinensis, Alphonsea
monogyna, Miliusa prolifica, Orophea
hainanensis, Horsfieldia kingii,
Aristolochia howii, Aristolochia
polymorpha, Polygala bawanglingensis,
Aquilaria sinensis, Hydnocarpus
hainanensis, Homalium ceylanicum,
Ancistroladus tectorius, Vatica
mangachapoi, Croton laui, Trigonostemon
chinensis, Dalbergia hainanensis, D.
peishaensis, Cyclobalanopsis
disciformis, Quercus bawanglingensis,
Aglaia lawii, Toona ciliata, Cephaelis
laui, Scutellaria hainanensis, Hedychium
villoswn, Acanthephippium sylhetense,
Bulbophyllum delitescens, Ceratostylis
hainanensis, Cleisostoma simondii var.
guangdongense, C. striatum, Cymbidium
ensifolium, C. goeringii, C. kanran, C.
sinense, Dendrobium aduncum, D.
densiflorum, D. hainanense, D.
loddigesii, D. nobile, D. salaccens,
Eria lasiopetala, E. obvia, Esmeralda
clarkei, Flickingeria angustifolia,
Liparis luteola, Phreatia formosana,
Vanda pumila
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| Author: | Zhang, Rongjing; Qin, Xinsheng; Chen, Hongfeng; Chan, Bosco Pui Lok; Xing, Fuwu; Xu, Zhe |
|---|---|
| Publication: | The Botanical Review |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Geographic Code: | 9CHIN |
| Date: | Mar 1, 2017 |
| Words: | 8455 |
| Previous Article: | Research progress on karst tiankeng ecosystems. |
| Next Article: | Pollination syndromes of Chinese gesneriaceae: a comparative study between Hainan Island and neighboring regions. |
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