PRPF3-Associated Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa and CYP4V2-Associated Bietti's Crystalline Corneoretinal Dystrophy Coexist in a Multigenerational Chinese Family.
1. IntroductionRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) (MIM 268000) is the most common form of hereditary retinal degeneration (HRD), with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 4000 [1]. The disease can be inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR), autosomal dominant (AD), or X-linked manner [2]. Autosomal dominant RP (adRP) is the most common form of RP and typically begins with night blindness in the early teens, followed by progressive loss in the peripheral visual field, subsequent loss of vision, and eventually legal blindness. To date, mutations in 22 genes have been associated with adRP (RetNet: http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/retnet/sum-dis.htm, last updated November 16, 2016), of which five genes have been reported in Chinese adRP patients [3-7].
Bietti's crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (BCD) (MIM 210370) is an autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy that is characterized by numerous tiny glistening yellow-white crystals that are scattered at the posterior pole of the retina, progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroidal sclerosis. Patients with BCD are usually present in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life and progress to legal blindness by the 5th or 6th decade [8]. Mutations in the CYP4V2 gene (MIM 608614) are associated with BCD [9]. BCD is relatively common in the East Asian populations, especially in Chinese and Japanese populations [9-18].
BCD and RP are considered as two different types of retinal dystrophies with distinct clinical courses and features during its early stage. However, the fundus features at the later stage of BCD are occasionally similar to a severe form of RP. The interaction or coexistence of the two clinical phenotypes thus requires further elucidation. In the present study, we distinguish the inheritance patterns, clinical phenotype, and molecular genetic characteristics of the patients in a large, multigeneration Chinese family with RP and BCD.
2. Methods
2.1. Pedigree. A pedigree consisted of 56 individuals in 5 generations was recruited. The Ethics Review Board of the Southwest Hospital (Chongqing, China) approved the research protocol (number 2012-11), which adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
The proband (Figure 1, VI:1) was initially presented to our medical institution for genetic counseling based on the observation that most of the family members developed night blindness and visual loss and even complete blindness, resulting in an inability to work. This five-generation family from Southwest of China was assessed in terms of RP and BCD. Thirty-nine participants were ascertained at the Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China (Figure 1). No consanguineous marriage in the family was declared.
The proband presented clinical features that were compatible with a diagnosis of BCD (VI:1), and the family members were subsequently evaluated. Twenty-two living individuals in the family had the clinical features of RP and presented similar symptoms of night blindness and progressive reduction in their field of vision. The RP phenotype followed an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in this pedigree (Figure 1).
Thirteen affected individuals (III:9, IV:1, IV:3, IV:5, IV:6, IV:10, IV:12, IV:14, IV:20, V:3, V:9, V:12, and VI:1) and twenty-six unaffected family members (Table 1) underwent examination, including best-corrected visual acuity testing with the Snellen vision chart, fundoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, Spectralis OCT, Version 6.0; Heidelberg Engineering, Germany), full-field electroretinogram (FERG), and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). For the ages 6 months, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years old, the visual acuity was assessed using Teller acuity cards and then converted into Snellen vision chart.
2.2. Mutation Screening. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 39 family members (Table 1) using a QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's standard procedure. All coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of the CYP4V2 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers described by Li et al. [9]. The PCR products were subsequently purified with a TIANgen Mini Purification Kit (Tiangen Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) and sequenced by Sanger sequencing with an ABI BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit v3.1 (Applied Biosystems (ABI), Foster City, CA). CYP4V2 sequencing was performed in eight patients (III:9, IV:1, IV:6, IV:12, V:1, V:12, VI:1, and VI:2), and the detected mutation was further screened in 12 affected family members and 11 unaffected members.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was then applied to two affected family members with RP (III:9 and IV:1), who did not have CYP4V2 mutations, then to identify disease-causing variants in 47 RP-related genes including the PRPF31, CRB1, PRPF8, CA4, TULP1, PRPF3, ABCA4, RPE65, EYS, CERKL, NRL, FAM161A, FSCN2, TOPORS, SNRNP200, SEMA4A, PRCD, NR2E3, MERTK, USH2A, PDE6B, PROM1, KLHL7, PDE6A, RGR, CNGB1, IDH3B, SAG, GUCA1B, CNGA1, BEST1, TTC8, C2orf71, ARL6, IMPG2, PDE6G, ZNF513, DHDDS, PRPF6, CLRN1, MAK, CDHR1, FLVCR1, RLBP1, SPATA7, AIPL1, and LRAT genes. The detected variants in NGS were validated by Sanger sequencing and screened in other 6 affected and 7 unaffected individuals in the family.
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Features. The demographic and clinical features of the living affected members and mutation carriers are summarized in Table 1. The age of enrollment ranged from 1 to 82 years. The visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to nonlight perception (NLP). Seven family members had refractive errors, including myopia (ranging -0.75 to -8 diopters) and astigmatism, and twelve members presented with cataract. All affected individuals except for the proband had congenital night blindness, and seven affected members already presented legal blindness. The proband's mother (V:1) and aunt (V:3) had breast cancer, and his father (V:2) had fatty liver disease.
3.2. Mutations in the CYP4V2 Gene. Two previously reported CYP4V2 mutations (c.802-8_810del17insGC and c.992A>C (p.H331P)) were detected in this family. The proband (VI:1) was compound heterozygous for both mutations. The c.8028_810del17insGC mutation was maternally derived (V:1), whereas the c.992A>C mutation was paternally inherited (V:2). Two other family members (V:9 and VII:1) were heterozygous for the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation.
3.3. Mutations in the PRPF3 Gene. Targeted NGS of two affected members (IV:1 and III:9) revealed one common missense mutation in the PRPF3 gene (c.1481C>T) (Figure 2), which was then screened by Sanger sequencing in 8 affected (III:9, IV:1, IV:3, IV:6, IV:14, V:9, V:12, and VI:1) and seven unaffected family members (IV:9, V:1,V:7, V:11, V:16, V:20, and VI:13) for cosegregation analysis.
3.4. Clinical and Molecular Manifestations of Affected Family Members. Two types of clinical and molecular manifestations were observed in this family: (i) a BCD phenotype that was related to the compound heterozygous CYP4V2 mutations and (ii) a RP phenotype that was associated with the PRPF3 mutation and followed an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
3.4.1. Type 1 (Proband VI:1). The proband was a 33-year-old man referred to us for genetic counseling based on a significant decrease in visual acuity starting at the age of 17 years. The patient developed night blindness in his early 30s. He had high myopia (-7.00 D) in both eyes, and best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was 20/30 in his both eyes. There was a history of chronic uveitis in his left eye since age 28. He was diagnosed with BCD based on clinical findings that included numerous tiny glistening yellow-white crystals scattered at the posterior pole of the retina, RPE atrophy (Figure 3), and decreased responses in FERGs and mfERGs.
Two previously reported disease-causing mutations in CYP4V2 (c.802-8_810del17insGC in exon 7 and c.992A>C (p.H331P) in exon 8) were identified in the proband [19]. The compound heterozygosity was confirmed by screening his unaffected parents; his mother (V:1) carried the c.8028_810del17insGC variant, and his father (V:2) harbored the c.992A>C mutation. The proband's unaffected son (VII:1) had the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation, whereas no pathogenic CYP4V2 mutations were detected in the apparently normal daughter (VII:2). Notably, no PRPF3 mutations were detected in the proband.
3.4.2. Type 2. In addition to the proband, other family members affected with adRP presented with night blindness since birth. Best-corrected visual acuity was from 200/400 to NLP. Fundus examination showed severe features of RP, with a mass of bone-spicule pigmentation depositions, more severe RPE atrophy involving the macular and choroidal sclerosis extending to the midperipheral retina, whereas partial attenuation of the retinal blood vessels, slight waxy pallor of the optic disc, was presented (Figure 4). FERG demonstrated undetectable responses both in scotopic and photopic conditions and extinguished mfERG.
One PRPF3 mutation, c.1481C>T (p.T494M), was detected in 13 family members, including 11 males and 2 females. No novel mutation and previously reported mutations were detected in the other 45 genes in the panel. The identified mutation (c.1481C>T) cosegregated with the RP phenotype in 11 affected family members tested and was not observed in 9 unaffected family members (Figure 1). This mutation was observed across four generations. Taken together, the c.1481C>T mutation was considered to be the main cause of adRP in this family.
4. Discussion
PRPF3 (MIM 607301) is a precursor mRNA-processing factor gene that was first identified for adRP in 2002 [20]. In the present study, a pathogenic mutation (c.1481C>T, p.T494M) in the PRPF3 gene was identified in 11 individuals presenting an adRP phenotype in a five-generation Chinese family. The molecular genetic features of a Chinese pedigree with a PRPF3 mutation have been previously reported. The c.1481C>T mutation is considered to be one of the most common mutations in PRPF3 [20-25]. Previous reports have shown that patients harboring the c.1481C>T mutation develop early-onset night blindness, visual field loss, and visual acuity loss between the ages of 30 and 40, as well as loss of ERG responses after the age of 30. Compared to those in previously reported Japanese, Spanish, Korean, Swiss, and North American families, members of this Chinese family with the c.1481C>T mutation presented a more severe disease phenotype, which included congenital blindness, severe visual acuity loss, extended RPE atrophy, and completely extinguished ERG responses.
Mutations in the CYP4V2 gene (MIM 608614) are the only known causative factor for BCD to date. The CYP4V2 gene consists of 11 exons and encodes a 525 amino acid protein belonging to the CYP450 family. CYP4V2 is widely expressed in tissues, including the retina, RPE, lymphocytes, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas, which has been thought to play a crucial role in fatty acid and corticosteroid metabolism. In the present study, two compound heterozygous mutations in CYP4V2 (c.802-8_810del17insGC and c.992A>C) were identified in the proband who presented typical BCD. In our previous study, CYP4V2 mutation screening among 92 Chinese patients with BCD showed that c.802-8_810del17insGC and c.992A>C are common pathogenic mutations in Chinese with BCD [26]. The parents of the proband are not a consanguineous marriage couple. So we speculate that these heterozygous mutations in Chinese population may be universal. This phenomenon may be related to the common ancestor based on the huge population of China. The heterozygous state of the same gene carried by parents is consistent with the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. This will be important for prenatal testing for family planning, early finding carrier status, and determining risk of inheritance in Chinese.
Coexistence of variants in two or three genes associated with retinal degeneration has rarely been reported in a family [3]. In the present study, we identified the coexistence of two distinct phenotypes in one family, namely, BCD and RP, which were caused by the pathogenic variants in the CYP4V2 and PRPF3 genes, respectively. The mode of inheritance of the two diseases was maintained in this family, in which BCD demonstrated an autosomal recessive trait and RP showed an autosomal dominant trait.
Two types of clinical and molecular manifestations identified in this study include (i) a BCD phenotype related to CYP4V2 mutations and (ii) an RP phenotype related to PRPF3 variants. Clinical features for (i) BCD and (ii) RP of this family were similar to those in previous reports. The proband affected with BCD in this family had a later onset for night blindness and relatively slow progression, with a predominantly affected choroid at the posterior pole. On the other hand, family members with RP caused by the PRPF3 mutation showed a more severe phenotype. Our study provides a better understanding of the genotypephenotype correlation in a family with two independent pathogenic gene mutations and may be used in clinics for the differential diagnosis of retinal degenerations.
In summary, this is the first report on PRPF3-associated adRP and CYP4V2-associated arBCD in a large multigenerational Chinese family. The inheritance pattern of each gene mutation is independent. Our study provides an insight into the clinical effects of two independent gene mutations in a large family to facilitate accurate diagnosis and disease counseling.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4156386
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Chen Sun, Mingfang Zhang, Gang Wang, and Min Wang for their great support. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2013CB967002 and 2013CB967003) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81200710).
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Xiaohong Meng, (1,2) Qiyou Li, (1,2) Hong Guo (3), Haiwei Xu, (1,2) Shiying Li, (1,2) and Zhengqin Yin (1,2)
(1) Southwest Hospital and Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
(2) Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
(3) Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Shiying Li; shiying_li@126.com and Zhengqin Yin; qinzyin@aliyun.com
Received 16 May 2017; Accepted 2 July 2017; Published 7 August 2017
Academic Editor: Mineo Kondo
Caption: Figure 1: Pedigree plot. The proband is indicated by an arrow. One affected patient with red solid box showed clinical findings compatible to the diagnosis of Bietti's crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (VI:1), and the other affected members with black solid box presented clinical features of retinitis pigmentosa. Males and females are represented by squares and circles, respectively. Filled symbols: affected members; open symbols: unaffected members.
Caption: Figure 2: The depth and coverage of next-generation sequencing of the PRPF3 gene and the chromatogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (patient III:9). (a) The rectangle shows the averaged sequencing depth and coverage of the family for all 16 exons of the PRPF3 gene as screened by next-generation sequencing. (b) Sanger sequencing detected a heterozygous mutation (c.1481C>T, p.Thr494Met) in PRPF3.
Caption: Figure 3: Fundal images and chromatograms of the proband with a clinical diagnosis with Bietti's crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy and harboring compound heterozygous mutations in the CYP4V2 gene (patient VI:1). Fundal photographs (a, b), autofluorescence images (c, d), and near-infrared images (e, f) of both eyes are shown on the left, and chromatograms of two mutations are demonstrated on the right (g, h).
Caption: Figure 4: Fundal photographs and chromatogram of a patient with severe phenotype of retinitis pigmentosa and harboring PRPF3 mutations (patient IV:12). Fundal photographs of the right eye (a, b) and the left eye (c, d), and chromatogram of the PRPF3 mutation (c.1481C>T, p.T494M) is shown (e).
Table 1: Demographic and clinical features and genotypes of PRPF3
and CYP4V2 mutations in a family with adRP and arBCD.
Number Gender Age First symptom Phenotype BCVA
OD OS
111:8 Female 76 None Normal 20/250 20/250
111:9 Male 80 Night blindness RP LP LP
111:10 Female 80 None Normal 20/50 20/50
IV: 1 Female 82 Night blindness RP LP LP
IV: 3 Male 57 Night blindness RP LP LP
IV: 5 Male 57 Night blindness RP LP LP
IV: 6 Male 57 Night blindness RP LP LP
IV: 7 Female 54 None Normal 20/30 20/30
IV: 10 Male 39 Night blindness RP 20/200 20/200
IV: 12 Male 35 Night blindness RP 20/400 LP
IV: 14 Male 55 Night blindness RP 20/100 20/200
IV: 15 Female 50 None Normal 20/35 20/35
IV: 16 Female 51 None Normal 20/35 20/20
IV: 18 Male 49 None Normal 20/20 20/20
IV20 Male 45 Night blindness RP 20/100 20/200
VI Female 57 None Normal 20/20 20/25
V:2 Male 60 None Normal 20/30 20/30
V:3 Female 55 Night blindness RP 20/10 20/200
V:7 Male 45 None Normal 20/30 20/30
V:8 Female 46 None Normal 20/18 20/18
V:9 Male 43 Night blindness RP 20/200 LP
VI1 Male 24 None Normal 20/18 20/18
V12 Male 22 Night blindness RP 20/100 20/100
V13 Male 13 None Normal 20/30 20/20
V15 Female 8 None Normal 20/20 20/20
V17 Male 37 None Normal 20/25 20/25
V18 Female 35 None Normal 20/18 20/18
V19 Female 35 None Normal 20/25 20/20
V20 Male 33 None Normal 20/18 20/18
V31 Male 15 None Normal 20/18 20/18
VI: 1 Male 33 Decreased vision BCD 20/25 20/30
VI:2 Female 29 None Normal 20/40 20/50
VL10 Female 22 None Normal 20/18 20/18
VI:12 Male 15 None Normal 20/20 20/20
VI:14 Male 13 None Normal 20/20 20/20
VI: 15 Male 10 None Normal 20/20 20/20
VI: 16 Male 9 None Normal 20/20 20/20
VII: 1 Male 5 None Normal 20/30 20/30
VII:2 Female 1 None Normal 20/30 20/200
Number Eye Systemic diseases PRPF3 mutation
complications C.1481C>G
111:8 Cataract ND
111:9 Cataract MT
111:10 Cataract ND
IV: 1 Cataract MT
IV: 3 Cataract ND
IV: 5 Cataract ND
IV: 6 Cataract MT
IV: 7 None Wild
IV: 10 None MT
IV: 12 None ND
IV: 14 Cataract MT
IV: 15 None ND
IV: 16 None ND
IV: 18 None ND
IV20 None MT
VI None Breast cancer ND
V:2 Cataract Fatty liver disease ND
V:3 None Breast cancer MT
V:7 Myopia Wild
V:8 None Wild
V:9 Myopia MT
VI1 None Wild
V12 Myopia MT
V13 None ND
V15 None ND
V17 None ND
V18 High myopia ND
V19 Myopia ND
V20 None Wild
V31 Myopia ND
VI: 1 Myopia, uveitis Wild
VI:2 High myopia ND
VL10 Myopia ND
VI:12 None ND
VI:14 None ND
VI: 15 None ND
VI: 16 None ND
VII: 1 None ND
VII:2 Hyperopia ND
Number CYP4V2 mutations
c.802-8_8 lOdell c.992A>C
7insGC
111:8 ND ND
111:9 Wild Wild
111:10 ND ND
IV: 1 Wild Wild
IV: 3 Wild Wild
IV: 5 ND ND
IV: 6 Wild Wild
IV: 7 Wild Wild
IV: 10 Wild Wild
IV: 12 Wild Wild
IV: 14 Wild Wild
IV: 15 ND ND
IV: 16 ND ND
IV: 18 ND ND
IV20 Wild Wild
VI MT Wild
V:2 Wild MT
V:3 Wild Wild
V:7 Wild Wild
V:8 Wild Wild
V:9 Wild Wild
VI1 Wild Wild
V12 Wild Wild
V13 Wild Wild
V15 Wild Wild
V17 Wild Wild
V18 ND ND
V19 ND ND
V20 Wild Wild
V31 ND ND
VI: 1 MT MT
VI:2 ND ND
VL10 Wild Wild
VI:12 Wild Wild
VI:14 Wild Wild
VI: 15 Wild Wild
VI: 16 Wild Wild
VII: 1 MT Wild
VII:2 Wild Wild
MT: mutation; ND: not detected; LP: light perception;
NLP: nonlight perception.
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| Title Annotation: | Research Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Meng, Xiaohong; Li, Qiyou; Guo, Hong; Xu, Haiwei; Li, Shiying; Yin, Zhengqin |
| Publication: | Journal of Ophthalmology |
| Date: | Jan 1, 2017 |
| Words: | 4262 |
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