Influence of magnetic field on blood viscosity.
INTRODUCTIONSince 1980, the effects of applying a magnetic field to liquid water have been intensively studied. it has been shown that the water vaporization rate, an essential process for all biological processes, is significantly affected by the application of a static magnetic field in both air and oxygen environments [1].
Studies have found that various aspects of the liquid water structure, including the size of the water cluster change when exposed to a magnetic field. [2,3]
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness [4],also viscosity known as kinematic viscosity, absolute viscosity or simple viscosity and defined mathematically as the ratio of the shearing stress to the velocity gradient in a fluid [5], due to Newton's equation for fluids, which similar to Newton's second law of motion [6] as follows:
[eta] = [[F/A]/[DELTA] [v.sub.x]/[DELTA]x] = [f/A]/d[v.sub.x]/dx
[eta] = the fluid Viscosity.
[DELTA][v.sub.x] = The viscosity gradient in a fluid.
F: force.
A: area.
f: friction force
Blood viscosity is a measure of resistance to flowing speed of blood; it can also be described as the thickness and stickiness of blood [7]. It is a direct measure of the ability of blood to flow through the vessels; also it is a key screening test that measures how much friction the blood causes against the vessels, how hard the heart has to work to pump blood, and how much oxygen is delivered to organs and tissues. Importantly, high blood viscosity is easily modifiable by safe lifestyle-based interventions. The viscosity of blood is approximately (1.8)times the viscosity of water at (37C[degrees]) and is related to the protein composition of the plasma. Also, viscosity changes as temperature and blood flow changes [viscosity increases (2%) for each degree Celsius (C[degrees])] increased. Low blood flow results are an increase viscosity due to the cell-to-cell and protein adhesive interactions that can cause erythrocytes to adhere to one another. Blood density is (1.060 Kg/[m.sup.3]) at (37[degrees]C) [8].
MATERIALS AND METHOD
1) A(110) donors, mostly males, we prepared at work site (in order to avoid differences in time and temperature) donors their age between 24 to 58 years.
2) 18 to 20 ml of blood was extracted from a_vein_in the arm of donors and the samples were placed in a laboratory tube containing (anti-coagulant) to prevent clotting of the blood.
The samples which had been extracted from donors were divided (each donor) into two parts by (8ml each sample).The first part is control sample. The second part of the samples (for each donor) was exposed to a magnetic field, from Magnetic Resonance Imaging_(MRI) ((in Al-Amal Hospital of cancers in Baghdad) produce the German company Siemens in 2011), which gives a fixed magnetic field by 1.5 T.
3) Blood which had been extracted exhibited to magnetic field (1,3,5,7,9,1113,15,17,19,21) minutes.
4) The density of blood samples (blood controls and exposed to a magnetic field) was calculated (in laboratory temperature (25C[degrees])), by taking a tube (5 ml volume).
5) The weight of tubes has been measured with and without blood using a sensitive electronic scale.
The density of blood viscosity obtained by using the following equations
[W.sub.b] = [W.sub.b+t] - [W.sub.t] (1)
Were:
[W.sub.b]: The net weight of the blood.
[W.sub.b+t]: The weight of the blood withe tube.
[W.sub.t]: The net weight of the tube.
d = weight (w)/volume (V) ... (2)
7) By using U-tube Viscometer or Wilhelm Ostwald the viscosity tube the flowing speed of each blood sample has been measured. The viscosity of blood samples obtained from the following formula:
[[eta].sub.1]/[[eta].sub.2] = [d.sub.1][t.sub.1]/[d.sub.2][t.sub.2] ... (3)
Where:
[[eta].sub.1] Blood viscosity.
[[eta].sub.2:] Distilled water viscosity
[d.sub.1]: Blood density.
[d.sub.2]: Distilled water density.
[t.sub.1]: Flowing time of blood
[t.sub.2]: Flowing time of distilled water.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of the magnetic field was studied on kinematic blood viscosity of fresh blood for 110 donors, this effect studied by changing the exposure time of magnetic field influence. The results treated statistically, and arranged in the table (1) which shows in variation of blood viscosity with increasing of the time effect of magnetic field with compare to their value in control samples (samples before the influence of magnetic field).
We can discuss the decrease of blood viscosity with the exposure time due influence of magnetic field as follows:
1--The blood viscosity was reduced by applying a high magnetic field of one tesla or above parallel to the blood flow direction. One magnetic field of 1.5 T lasting [approximately equal to] 1 min. Can reduce the blood viscosity by (20% to 30%).
2--Red blood cells (RBC) travel in clusters typical of fatigue, stress or health problems present in most people in varying degrees, but by supplementary of the magnetic field of influences the iron in the blood cells, spinouts the cells around and points them in one direction as in fig (1) [12,22]. that means that the (RBCs),it becomes more free in movement, which increases the speed of the blood flow in the Viscometer tube.
3--The strong magnetic field aggregates red blood cells along the field direction to form short chains [9].
4--Polarization of the red blood cells allows the cells repel each other and frees up much more surface area to carry oxygen and release more carbon dioxide (22,23), this Why red blood cells become lighter because the molecular weight of the (C[O.sub.2.sup.(i)]) is the largest of oxygen ([O.sub.2.sup.(ii)]).
To explain the effect of magnetic field, the average of control samples for all (110) donors has been taken, which was (6.88cSt) this value considered as (0) Min, as shown in Fig (1):
The percentage of reducing with exposure time to magnetic field appeared in Fig (2):
Conclusion:
1--Exposing fresh whole blood to 1 minute of the magnetic field 1.5 T, using MRI decreasing blood viscosity [approximately equal to] 23%.
2--Exposing fresh whole blood to 15 minutes a magnetic field of 1.5 T lead to decreasing viscosity [approximately equal to] 35%, this is considered very useful decreasing viscosity value can be depending in treatment to people with high viscosity.
3--Increasing time of exposure to magnetic field up 15 min till 20 min, increasing viscosity to normal levels, so is not harmful in Magnetic resonance imaging RMI.
Received 28 December 2015; Accepted 28 January 2016; Available online 24 February 2016
REFERENCES
[1] Iwasaka, M. and S. Ueno, 1998.Structure of water molecules under 14 T magnetic field. J. Appl. Phys., 83: 6459.
[2] Kai-Tai Changa and Cheng-I. Wengb, 2006. The effect of an external magnetic field on the structure of liquid water using molecular dynamics simulation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 100, 043917; 043917(1-6).
[3] Lee, S.H., M. Takkeda and K. Nishigakia, 2003. An investigation of the influence of electromagnetic fields on the properties of the aqueous solutions Jpn. J. Appl. Phy. part1, 42: 1828.
[4] Symon, Keith, 1971. Mechanics. Third ed. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-07392-7.
[5] Streeter, Victor Lyle; Wylie, E. Benjamin and Bedford, W. Keith, 1998. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-062537-9 Viscosity. The Physics Hypertextbook By Glenn Elert
[6] Kumar Engineering, K.L., 1976. Fluid Mechanics. Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd.
[7] Baskurt, O.K., H.J. Meiselman, 2003. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Seminars in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 29: 435-450 doi:10.1055/s-2003-44551. PMID 14631543.
[8] Cokelet, G.R., H.J. Meiselman, 2007. Blood rheology. In: Baskurt OK, et al. Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics. IOS Press, 45-71.
[9] Tao, R. and K. Huang, 2011. Reducing blood viscosity with magnetic fields. American Physical Society; PACS number(s): 87.19.rh 83.50.Ha, 83.60.Np, 83.85.Jn; DOI: 10.1103/Phys. Rev E.00.001900;15393755/2011 /00(0)/001900(5)
[10] American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, 2004. Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. ASTM Standard D792-00.81.01. American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken. PA.
[11] Ralph, E., Holsworth, Jr., DO & V. Jonathan, M.D. Wright, 2012. Blood Viscosity: The Unifying Parameter In Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Spring, 13(1-18): 141.
[12] "MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF RED BLOOD CELLS" Website reference The Bio-Magnetic Space Ag; www.space-age.com/micro.html.
(1) Dr. Alia Ahmed Kadhim, (2) Baidaa Taher Seah and (3) Dr. Alauldeen Mudhafar Zubair
(1) Department of Physics/Faculty of Science/University of Baghdad, 1RAQ.
(2,3) FIBMS (Hematopathology)/Department of Pathology/College of Medicine/Al-Mustansiriya University. IRAQ.
Address For Correspondence:
Dr. Alia Ahmed Kadhim, Department of Physics/Faculty of Science/University of Baghdad, IRAQ. Tel: +964 7702981542; E-mail: alia_ahmed35@yahoo.com_
Table 1: effect of magnetic field on blood viscosity in
different exposure time.
Viscosity(cSt *) Time of Viscosity(cSt) after P value
of control Samples exposure magnetic field from
(min) baseline
Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Range Range
6.834 [+ or -] 1.230 1 5.220 [+ or -] 0.947 0.0001 *
(4.786-8.454) (3.675-6.547)
6.738 [+ or -] 0.922 3 5.804 [+ or -] 0.966 0.071
(5.650-8.160) (4.654-7.405)
6.615 [+ or -] 1.346 5 5.546 [+ or -] 1.334 0.145
(4.766-8.528) (3.890-7.877)
7.071 [+ or -] 0.780 7 5.815 [+ or -] 0.845 0.004 *
(6.003-8.564) (4.443-7.098)
6.679 [+ or -] 0.881 9 5.464 [+ or -] 0.933 0.0001 *
(5.423-7.873) (4.329-6.547)
6.949 [+ or -] 1.279 11 5.583 [+ or -] 1.265 0.0001 *
(5.110-8.788) (4.110-7.324)
6.824 [+ or -] 1.148 13 5.415 [+ or -] 1.028 0.0001 *
(5.679-8.943) (4.032-7.057)
7.410 [+ or -] 0.991 15 4.746 [+ or -] 0.579 0.0001 *
(5.432-8.766) (3.995-5.633)
7.017 [+ or -] 1.213 17 5.559 [+ or -] 1.095 0.0001 *
(5.254-8.989) (4.134-7.323)
6.841 [+ or -] 0.983 19 5.492 [+ or -] 0.861 0.0001 *
(5.032-8.543) (4.088-7.229)
6.731 [+ or -] 0.859 21 5.462 [+ or -] 0.829 0.0001 *
(5.785-8.654) (4.769-7.547)
* Significant difference between two dependent means using
Paired-t-test at 0.05 levels.
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| Author: | Kadhim, Alia Ahmed; Seah, Baidaa Taher; Zubair, Alauldeen Mudhafar |
|---|---|
| Publication: | Advances in Environmental Biology |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Date: | Jan 1, 2016 |
| Words: | 1780 |
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