Indigenous Uses and Pharmacological Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants in Mount Taibai, China.
1. IntroductionEthnobotany is a plant science that studies historical and current uses of medicinal plants [1, 2]. It is of great significance for the conservation of ancient medicinal cultures, as well as for understanding changes in history and culture. It is also important for the conservation of traditional medicinal plant resources [3]. Furthermore, local residents with limited access to medical technology and equipment may benefit from traditional remedies, which can form an effective indigenous healthcare system. Such research maybe significant in revealing important traditional medicinal plant species, often leading to the discovery of new drugs, and contributing to the local economy. Currently, millions of people in the developing world rely on traditional medicinal plants for primary healthcare, skin care, economic benefits, and cultural development. In areas where medical facilities are underdeveloped, traditional medicinal plants are especially important. Here, local residents may not distinguish between food, healthcare, and economic activity. This indigenous pharmacological knowledge of traditional medicinal plants should not be ignored. The global herbal remedies market was worth 19.4 billion USD in 1999 (not including shrubs and trees) [4]. Moreover, demand for traditional medicinal plants is increasing; for example, in India alone, the market is expanding at an annual rate of 20% [2]. The development of ethnobotany is expected to bring significant economic benefits, and scientific research is required to provide an evidence base for the development ofthe active ingredients of traditional medicines. Ethnobotany may also protect cultural heritage, inspire more studies of traditional medicines, and provide a basis for the discovery of new drugs.
Qinling is the most important northsouth geographical divide in China. The peak of Qinling is Mt. Taibai, which is the most important boundary in eastern mainland China in terms of climatic variation and the distribution of vegetation, and is especially significant because of its eastwest alignment and abundance of species [5]. Mt. Taibai has 1,850 species of plants belonging to 126 families, 25 of which are used in traditional Chinese medicine.
In recent years, interest has grown in the traditional medicinal plants of Mt. Taibai, both domestically and internationally. Attention has focused on biodiversity and pharmacological properties of individual species; however, few studies have attempted to evaluate their medicinal efficacy, or to explore the scientific basis of these plant medicines [6-8]. Although many of these plants have previously been investigated, most studies have been inconclusive. To provide a good evidence base for the usage of traditional medicinal plants, further studies should be carried out to investigate the distribution and usage of medicinal plants and critically evaluate their efficacy.
We investigated and documented traditional medicinal plants in Mt. Taibai and analyzed the treatment diversity of medicinal methods, identifying numerous plant parts, remedy formulations, and ailments that they were used to treat. We also evaluated the efficacy of these medicinal plants by comparing local usage with findings from published phytochemical and pharmacological studies. We believe that this research will not only help to stimulate the local economy, but also help to promote the protection and utilization of traditional medicinal plants.
2. Study Area and Methods
2.1. Study Area. Mt. Taibai (107[degrees]22'-107[degrees]5l' E, 33[degrees]49'- 34[degrees]05' N) is located in the center of the Qinling mountain range in Shaanxi Province, China. It covers Taibai County, the southern part of Mei County, and the southwestern part of Zhouzhi County. The elevation of the study region extends from 819 to 3767m (see Figure 1) [9]. The Mt. Taibai Nature Reserve was designated in September 1965 by the government of Shaanxi Province. It contains a diverse range of flora, including 1,783 seed plant species (597 genera and 126 families), 325 bryophyte species (142 genera and 62 families), and 110 fern species (40 genera and 21 families), constituting approximately 60% of the flora of the Qinling range [10-12]. Interviews and surveys, as well as specimen collection, were undertaken in the Taibai Mountains (Mt. Taibai) Nature Reserve and the surrounding areas, including villages in Taibai County, Mei County, and Zhouzhi County.
2.2. Study Methods. Pharmacological data were collected by conducting interviews with local experienced doctors of traditional Chinese medicine, and open-ended questionnaires were given to villagers. Participants were selected to include plant collectors, plant cultivators, and plant traders. In total, nine experienced doctors of traditional Chinese medicine were interviewed; all were male, five were aged more than 50 years, and four were aged 40-50 years. In addition, 41 villagers (74% male, 26% female) participated in our open-ended questionnaire, 54% of whom were aged more than 40 years. The majority (54%) had no formal education, and 46% had primary school education, of whom 21% also had secondary school education. We gathered information on the altitudes of plant distributions, plant uses, the parts of plants that are used, their modes of utilization, the formulations of remedies, and the ailments that were treated using them. For species that could not be identified with certainty, specimens were collected for identification using references and further expert knowledge. The informant consensus factor [F.sub.IC] was used to describe the variability of traditional medicinal plants. A high value of [F.sub.IC] indicates good agreement on a particular ailment, whereas a low value of [F.sub.IC] corresponds to poor agreement. High values of [F.sub.IC] thus indicate particularly interesting species in the search for bioactive compounds. [F.sub.IC] was calculated as follows [13]:
[mathematical expression not reproducible], (1)
where [N.sub.u]r is the number of individual reports of plant use for a particular illness category and [N.sub.t] is the total number of species used for this illness category.
To determine the variability, the reasonability of preparation methods, and the efficacy of the medicinal plants, we analyzed the altitudes at which the plants were grown, the taxonomic category, the parts of the plants that were used, the ailments that were treated, the chemical composition, and the pharmacological activity. Data were plotted using Sigmaplot 12.0, MapGIS 6.7, and Photoshop 6.0 for Windows.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Distribution at Different Altitudes. We recorded a total of 50 species of traditional medicinal plants grown at various altitudes on Mt. Taibai. Forty species were found at altitudes of 1000-1400 m, 23 species at altitudes of 1400-1800 m, 18 species at altitudes of 600-1000 m, 15 species at altitudes of 1800-2200 m, 14 species at altitudes of 2200-2600 m, 7 species at altitudes of 2600-3000 m, and 6 species at altitudes of 3000-3500 m (Figure 2). Therefore, we concluded that altitudes in the range of 1000-1400 m represented the best sampling location.
3.2. Taxonomic Categories. All of these species were angiosperms, with 46 genera belonging to 32 families. There were 41 species of herb (82%), 6 species of shrub (12%), and 3 species of climber (6%; see Figure 3). Shrubs and grassland are important habitats for medicinal plants [14]. The herb layer is more complex and variable than the shrub layer, and the interaction between species is strong. Owing to the heterogeneity of the herb layer, it has rich species diversity [15]. It is believed that the more abundant the plant, the more the medicinal virtues it may possess [16, 17].
3.3. Part of the Plant Used for Medicine. Medicinal formulations can be prepared from roots, rhizomes, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, or the whole plant. In this study, the most commonly used part was the whole plant (27 species), followed by roots (18 species), fruits (11 species), seeds (7 species), leaves (5 species), rhizomes (5 species), stems (3 species), and flowers (3 species) (Figure 4). The use of multiple plant parts was also recorded in some cases, including Iris lactea, where the leaves, roots, seeds, or flowers may be used for medicine, and Acorus calamus, where the roots, flowers, or leaves are used. It has been shown that some traditional medicinal plants may have effects when used in the form of preparations made using roots, leaves, and flowers. Deng and Hou [18] carried out chemical analyses and pharmacological experiments using 18 plant roots, leaves, and flowers, with clinical observations and a comparative study showing that many nonmedicinal parts of plants had medicinal value, which is significant for the development of new medicinal resources. Many traditional Chinese medicines in nonmedicinal parts of in-depth research have new insights, in the development of new resources.
3.4. Ailments Treated. Gastrointestinal disorders, coughs, colds, urological problems, dermatological infections, heart diseases, fever, headaches, liver complaints, weakness, dizziness, respiratory problems, ophthalmological problems, cuts, and wounds were treated using traditional medicinal plants. Coughs and colds were treated with the greatest diversity of plant species (22 species), followed by urological problems (19 species) and gastrointestinal disorders (17 species). Respiratory problems, heart disease, and toothache were treated with the lowest diversity of plant species (5, 2, and 2, resp.) (Figure 5). Many species were used to treat multiple ailments, such as Solanum nigrum, Origanum vulgare, Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza cuneata, Carum carvi, and Valeriana officinalis, which were used to treat four to five ailments (Table 1). This suggests that there is significant potential value among these species. Some species were used to treat few ailments, such as Acorus calamus, which was used to treat only cough and toothache. Some species were used to treat only a single ailment, such as Thlaspi arvense, which was used to treat urological problems only (Table 1). The reasons why coughs, urological problems, and gastrointestinal disorders were treated with such a diversity of species maybe related to the local climate conditions, living environment, and habits.
3.5. Formulations. We found that 85 medicinal formulations were prepared using the 50 traditional medicinal plants identified in this study. Methods/applications included decoctions, pastes, juices, chewing, steaming, and medicated baths (Table 2). The most common formulation was decoction (42), followed by paste (25), juice (8), medicated bath (5), chewing (3), and steaming (2). Polygonum aviculare, Portulaca oleracea, Sanguisorba officinalis, Lespedeza cuneata, Tribulus terrestris, Pyrola rotundifolia, Verbena officinalis, and Veronicastrum sibiricum were processed into three different formulations (Figure 6). A total of 19 species were prepared as two different formulations, and all of the remaining 23 species were only prepared as a single formulation. Decoction was the most widely used preparation, which may be because of its simplicity and convenience (the processes of applying medicated baths, chewing, and steaming are more complicated or less convenient). Additional preparations have also been reported; for example, Chen et al. [19] described a preparation made using a combination of egg, tea leaves, and yellow wine, which was used as an embrocation to treat skin diseases, as well as the use of rice or other foods to enable swallowing or topical applications.
3.6. Informant Consensus Factor. The level of informant agreement was medium-high (mean [F.sub.IC] = 0.65). [F.sub.IC] values for most diseases were in the range of 0.60-0.70. Respiratory problems, menstrual disorders, and urological problems exhibited relatively low levels of consensus ([F.sub.IC] = 0.56, 0.67, and 0.57, resp.). High values of [F.sub.IC] were obtained for toothache and heart disease (0.88 and 0.83, resp.), showing that locals had reached good agreement on the plant species (Polygonatum odoratum, Valeriana officinalis, Acorus calamus, and Asarum sieboldii) to be used for these ailments. With the development of national medicine, a variety of herbs may contribute to traditional medicines and can complement the development of traditional Chinese medicine theory and practice [20]. These species may have significant value, so further investigation of their active compounds is warranted (Table 3).
3.7. Efficacy of Traditional Medicinal Plants. By collecting phytochemical and pharmacological data on the 50 traditional medicinal plants based on questionnaire data from local residents, and comparing this with bioefficacy data from literature reports, we found that the use of traditional medicinal plants in Mt. Taibai was consistent with known phytochemical or pharmacological properties in 84% of cases. In total, 28 medicinal species showed complete correspondence and 14 (Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Tribulus terrestris, Paeonia obovata, Thlaspi arvense, Polygonatum odoratum, Actinidia arguta, Astragalus chrysopterus, Lespedeza bicolor, Solanum nigrum, Cynanchum wilfordii, Metaplexis japonica, Daucus carota, and Anaphalis sinica) showed partial correspondence. These results showing only partial phytochemical and pharmacological correspondence warrant further research into the uses of these plants. It was difficult to evaluate the pharmacological activity of the following eight species: Iris lactea, Lespedeza cuneata, Oxalis acetosella, Sophora flavescens, Lepidium apetalum, Leonurus pseudomacranthus, Ranunculus sceleratus, and Cephalanoplos segetum. Although many of these have been shown to contain active substances, further research is required to investigate their efficacy. The species Oxalis acetosella, Sophora flavescens,and Leonurus pseudomacranthus (Table 4) have not been widely studied, and their pharmacological activity is largely unknown. To help promote local economic development, we conclude that the previous 42 medicinal species should be given sufficient attention, but that the final eight species are also worthy of further research, with potential applications in drug development.
3.8. Suggestions for Further Exploitation and Protection. By comparing information on the use of traditional medicinal plants with the Chinese Materia Medica and other related research, we found that the properties of many of the identified species exhibited similar results. This shows that the use of traditional medicinal plants is self-consistent. This self-consistent knowledge of traditional medicinal plant species is extremely valuable and may promote research into the culture of traditional remedies and expedite the development of medicine. Therefore, knowledge of traditional medicinal plants is significant and should be conserved. Further development and utilization and effective cultivation and preparation methods, as well as education and regulation, are important strategies that can help exploit the benefits of these medicinal plants. Against this background, we make the following proposals.
First, regulations should be issued by government to control and standardize the use and trade of traditional medicinal plants. Second, the traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal plant is very important, but local residents may not take this seriously unless they realize the value of these traditional medicinal plants. Therefore, effective communication/publicity is important. Third, improvements should be made to the market for medical plants. Trade is an important factor in the use of medicinal plants, and protection for traders is therefore important. To promote economic development of local medicinal plants, protection and production should be taken into consideration. If such regulation is impractical, medicinal botanical gardens maybe a good option. Training and demonstrations are important not only to preserve the germplasm resources of wild medicinal plants, but also to improve publicity. Finally, support from government is an important factor, as the implementation of the above strategies requires support from government. Only government has the capabilities to ensure sustainable development of these medicinal plant resources.
4. Conclusions
Mt. Taibai is rich in medicinal plant resources, and the local people possess a systematic and self-consistent knowledge of these native medicinal plants, including identification, application, and treatment modalities. Altitudes in the range of 1000-1400 m were found to be most promising for sample collection. Herbs were the most widely used plant species because of their abundance and the relative ease of collection, preparation, and storage. The most frequently used parts of plants were roots. Coughs and colds were the ailments that were treated with the greatest diversity of medicinal plant species. Decoction was the most widely used formulation.
The level of informant agreement was medium-high (mean [F.sub.IC] = 0.65). The highest values of [F.sub.IC] were obtained for toothache and heart disease (0.88 and 0.83, resp.), indicating good agreement in terms of the plant species used to treat these conditions (P. odoratum, V. officinalis, A. calamus, and A. sieboldii). These species therefore have significant value, and further research into their active compounds is warranted. We found 84% self-consistency of traditional plant use, which, together with scientifically proven phytochemical and pharmacological properties, indicates that traditional medical theories and formulations may be important and effective aspects of healthcare. We found that 14 species (P. viviparum, R. acetosa, T. terrestris, P. obovata, T. arvense, P odoratum, A. arguta, A. chrysopterus, L. bicolor, S. nigrum, C. wilfordii, M. japonica, D. carota, and A. sinica) exhibited only partial correspondence in terms of pharmacological activity and that 8 (I. lacteal, L. cuneata, O. acetosella, S. flavescens, L. apetalum, L. pseudomacranthus, R. sceleratus, and C. segetum) showed inconclusive results; however, there may be significant potential for the use of these plants, and further investigation is warranted for all species. The chemical compounds contained in the species O. acetosella, S. flavescens, and L. pseudomacranthus have not been reported, and their pharmacological activity is largely unknown. More complete and systematic knowledge of the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of traditional medicinal plants is desirable, and medicinal plants have considerable potential for healthcare applications. Therefore, we attach importance to the conservation of biodiversity, as well as traditional knowledge of the medicinal use of these plants. Proper management and exploitation of traditional medicinal plants may provide a sustainable source of income for local communities. This provides incentives for conservation to ensure the long-term availability of these traditional medicinal plants, both for use as indigenous drugs and for commercial exploitation.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8329817
Disclosure
The English in this document has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English. For a certificate, please see http://www.textcheck.com/certificate/ mgkiQ5.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the program from the Special Fund for Forestry Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201504320).
References
[1] N. G. Njoroge, W. R. Bussmann, B. Gemmill et al., "Utilization of weed species as source of traditional medicines in central Kenya," Lyonia, vol. 7, pp. 71-87, 2004.
[2] S. Pei, "Review on two decades development of ethnobotany in China," Acta Botanica Yunnanica, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 505-509, 2008.
[3] T. Gemedo-Dalle, B. L. Maass, and J. Isselstein, "Plant biodiversity and ethnobotany of Borana pastoralists in southern Oromia, Ethiopia," Economic Botany, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 43-65, 2005.
[4] A. R. Pierce and S. A. Laird, "In search of comprehensive standards for non-timber forest products in the botanicals trade," International Forestry Review, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 138-147, 2003.
[5] Z. Tang and J. Fang, "Temperature variation along the northern and southern slopes of Mt. Taibai, China," Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 139, no. 3-4, pp. 200-207, 2006.
[6] J. Zhang, S. Du, X. Duan, and S. Zhang, "Effects of ultrahigh pressure processing on the physicochemical characteristics of Taibai Kudzu starch," Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 269-271, 2007.
[7] M. Yue and H. X. Zhou, "Diversity of higher plants in deciduous broadleaved forests on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain," Acta Botanica Yunnanica, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 171-176, 1996.
[8] L. Zhang and J. Y. Fang, "Reserves and species diversity of soil seed banks in four types of forest on Mt. Taibai, Qinling Mountains," Biodiversity Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 131-136, 2004.
[9] L. Tang, T. Li, D. Li, and X. Meng, "Elevational patterns of plant richness in the Taibai Mountain, China," Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 309053,13 pages, 2014.
[10] X. Ren, G. Yang, F. Zhu et al., "Plant communities, species richness and life-forms along elevational gradients in Taibai Mountain, China," African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1834-1848, 2012.
[11] J. S. Ying, Y. F. Li, Q. F. Guo et al., "Observations on the flora and vegetation of Taibai Shan, Qinling Mountain Range, Southern Shaanxi, China," Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, vol. 28, pp. 261-293, 1990.
[12] Y. Kang, L. Luczaj, J. Kang, and S. Zhang, "Wild food plants and wild edible fungi in two valleys of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, central China)," Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 9, no. 1, article 26, 2013.
[13] Y. Uprety, H. Asselin, E. K. Boon, S. Yadav, and K. K. Shrestha, "Indigenous use and bio-efficacy of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa District, Central Nepal," Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 6, article no. 3, 2010.
[14] W. Wang, Y. N. Wu, and Y. Liu, "Survey on the resources of medicinal angiosperm in Xunyang County," Journal of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 38, pp. 85-88,2015.
[15] Y. Zang, G. H. Dong, Y. L. Duetal., "Flora characteristics of wild medicinal plants in typical vegetation areas in Taibai Mountain," Journal of Northwest A&F University, vol. 41, pp. 51-66, 2013.
[16] P. M. Shrestha and S. S. Dhillion, "Medicinal plant diversity and use in the highlands of Dolakha district, Nepal," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 81-96, 2003.
[17] F. G. Coe and G. J. Anderson, "Ethnobotany of the garifuna of Eastern Nicaragua," Economic Botany, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 71-107, 1996.
[18] J. G. Deng and X. T. Hou, "Overview of traditional Chinese medicinal parts," Journal of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, vol. 15, pp. 68-72, 2012.
[19] G. X. Chen, L. Xu, and W. Luo, "Study on traditional medicinal plant resource usage of Tujia nationality trough ethnobotanical approaches in the Yongding District of the Zhangjiajie City," Journal of MUC (Natural Sciences Edition), vol. 20, pp. 54-58, 2011.
[20] B. D. Yang, "Discussion on the choice of non medicinal parts of traditional Chinese Medicine," Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 56-57, 1994.
[21] K. Chan, M. W. Islam, M. Kamil et al., "The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 445-451, 2000.
[22] Q. Wang, Y. N. Zhang, and F. H. Chen, "Research development in chemical constituents and pharmacological action of total flavonoids of Bidens bipinnata L.," Anhui Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 13, pp. 1011-1013, 2009.
[23] H. Matsuda, T. Morikawa, H. Xie, and M. Yoshikawa, "Antiallergic phenanthrenes and stilbenes from the tubers of Gymnadenia conopsea," Planta Medica, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 847-855, 2004.
[24] H. M. Lu, Y. Z. Liang, L. Z. Yi, and X. J. Wu, "Anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata injection," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 104, no. 1-2, pp. 245-249, 2006.
[25] K. Hayashi, M. Kamiya, and T. Hayashi, "Virucidal effects of the steam distillate from Houttuynia cordata and its components on HSV-1, influenza virus, and HIV," Planta Medica, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 237-241,1995.
[26] L. X. Gong and Z. P. Ding, "Research advance of Humulus scandens and flavonoids," Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, pp. 1618-1620, 2009.
[27] Z. D. Li, X. R. Chen, P. Li et al., "Identification of Polygonum viviparum endophytic bacteria Z5 and determination of the capacity to secrete IAA and antagonistic capacity towards pathogenic fungi," Acta Prataculturae Sinica, vol. 19, pp. 61-68, 2010.
[28] D. W. Zhou, W. Y. Zhu, Z. H. Teng et al., "Antioxidative compounds of Polygonum viviparum L. from different altitudes," Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, vol. 9, pp. 489-492, 2003.
[29] N.-J. Lee, J.-H. Choi, B.-S. Koo et al., "Antimutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the constituents from the aerial parts of Rumex acetosa," Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2158-2161, 2005.
[30] F.-H. Wu, J.-Y. Liang, P. Yu, and S.-F. Cai, "Studies on the hypoglycemia and lipids regulating effects of Plantago depressa var. montata," China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, vol. 30, no. 15, pp. 1179-1183, 2005.
[31] Y. Xu, M. M. Li, Z. H. R. Liu et al., "Research progress in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Polygonum aviculare L.," Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, vol. 39, pp. 812-815, 2012.
[32] I. Samojlik, N. Lakic, N. Mimica-Dukic, K. Dakovic-Svajcer, and B. Bozin, "Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and Caraway (Carum carvi L.) (Apiaceae)," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 15, pp. 8848-8853, 2010.
[33] S. Lahlou, A. Tahraoui, Z. Israili, and B. Lyoussi, "Diuretic activity of the aqueous extracts of Carum carvi and Tanacetum vulgare in normal rats," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 458-463, 2007.
[34] H. X. Wang and T. B. Ng, "Concurrent isolation of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity and a novel lectin from Pseudostellaria heterophylla roots," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 349-353, 2006.
[35] C. K. Wong, K. N. Leung, K. P. Fung, and Y. M. Choy, "The immunostimulating activities of anti-tumor Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla," Immunopharmacology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 1994.
[36] M. Fu, S. G. Liu, and X. J. Wu, "Stuies on bacteriostastic comparison of Rubus tephrodes Hance and Xanthium sibiricum Patrin," Huazhong Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban),vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 245-248, 2005.
[37] L. Y. Qi, L. L. Liu, P. R. Yu et al., "Preliminary studies on antifungal activity of Xanthium sibiricum and the endophytic fungi," Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, vol. 36, pp. 12780-12782, 2008.
[38] S. D. Chu, W. J. Qu, M. Li, and Q. Cao, "Research advance on chemical component and pharmacological action of tribulus terrestris," Chinese Wild Plant Resources, vol. 22, pp. 4-7, 2003.
[39] B.-J. Cao, Q.-Y. Meng, and N. Ji, "Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of Ranunculus japonicus extract," Planta Medica, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 496-498, 1992.
[40] N. Hu, H. Y. Xu, Z. W. Chen et al., "The pharmacology research progress of Paeoniflorin," Journal of Qiqihar University of Medicine, vol. 28, pp. 1093-1095, 2007.
[41] M. S. C. Pedras, P. B. Chumala, and M. Suchy, "Phytoalexins from Thlaspi arvense, a wild crucifer resistant to virulent Leptosphaeria maculans: structures, syntheses and antifungal activity," Phytochemistry, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 949-956, 2003.
[42] F. Meng, X. Luo, J. O. Gong et al., "verview of pharmacological research of Sedum L.," Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 8, pp. 31-32, 2010.
[43] L.-C. Chiang, W. Chiang, M.-Y. Chang, and C.-C. Lin, "In vitro cytotoxic, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica," American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 225-234, 2003.
[44] L. Kokoska, Z. Polesny, V. Rada, A. Nepovim, and T. Vanek, "Screening of some Siberian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 51-53, 2002.
[45] S. J. Lee, K. H. Son, H. W. Chang, S. S. Kang, and H. P. Kim, "Antiinflammatory activity of Lonicera japonica," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 445-447, 1998.
[46] Q. Yang, A. H. Ju, W. F. Bai et al., "The research advance in chemical constituents and pharmacology activity for the Valeriana officinalis Linn. var. latiofolia Miq," The Chinese Journal of Modern Applied Pharmacy, vol. 25, no. Z1, pp. 613-616, 2008.
[47] H. Chen, R. Feng, Y. Guo, L. Sun, and J. Jiang, "Hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati in mice and rats," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 225-229, 2001.
[48] P. C. Dandiya and H. Cullumbine, "Studies on Acorus calamus (III): some pharmacological actions of the volatile oil," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 353-359, 1959.
[49] K. C. Lange, D. D. Olcott, J. E. Miller et al., "Effect of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) fed as hay, on natural and experimental Haemonchus contortus infections in lambs," Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 141, no. 3-4, pp. 273-278, 2006.
[50] J.-U. Shim, P.-S. Oh, and K.-T. Lim, "Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract from Geranium sibiricum Linne," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 90-95, 2009.
[51] J.-P. Lai, X.-W. He, Y. Jiang, and F. Chen, "Preparative separation and determination of matrine from the Chinese medicinal plant Sophora flavescens Ait by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction," Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 375, no. 2, pp. 264-269, 2003.
[52] F. Takano, T. Tanaka, E. Tsukamoto, N. Yahagi, and S. Fushiya, "Isolation of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin from Actinidia arguta as bone marrow cell proliferation promoting compounds," Planta Medica, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 321-326, 2003.
[53] Z. Ruan, R. J. Chen, Y. Y. Yu et al., "Research progresses on chemical constituents of Genus Daphne genus and their bioactivities," Food Science, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 249-258, 2009.
[54] H. K. Wang, K. He, H. X. Xu et al., "The structure of astrachrysosid A and the study of 2D-NMR on astrasieversianin XV and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-beta-D-glycoside," Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 445-450, 1990.
[55] O. B. Maximov, N. I. Kulesh, L. S. Stepanenko, and P. S. Dmitrenok, "New prenylated isoflavanones and other constituents of Lespedeza bicolor," Fitoterapia, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 96-98, 2004.
[56] S.-J. Kim, C. G. Zhang, and J. T. Lim, "Mechanism of antinociceptive effects of Asarum sieboldii Miq. Radix: potential role of bradykinin, histamine and opioid receptor-mediated pathways," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 5-9, 2003.
[57] S. Geetha, M. Sai Ram, V. Singh, G. Ilavazhagan, and R. C. Sawhney, "Anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)--an in vitro study," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 373-378, 2002.
[58] M. S. Akhtar and M. Munir, "Evaluation op the gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 163-176, 1989.
[59] T. Kosuge, M. Yokota, K. Sugiyama, T. Yamamoto, T. Mure, and H. Yamazawa, "Studies on bioactive substances in crude drugs used for arthritic diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. II. Isolation and identification of an anti-inflammatory and analgesic principle from the root of Angelica pubescens MAXIM," Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 5351-5354, 1985.
[60] H.-Y. Zhao, M.-X. Fan, J.-L. Shi, A.-Q. Wang, and J.-L. Li, "Isolation and structure identification of chemical constituents from seeds of Lepidium apetalum," Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 14-18, 2010.
[61] W.-J. Xiang, L. Ma, and L.-H. Hu, "C21 steroidal glycosides from Cynanchum wilfordii," Helvetica ChimicaActa, vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 2659-2674, 2009.
[62] X. F. Tao, J. L. Xu, and R. S. Zhang, "Research progress on C21 steroidal glycosides from Asclepiadaceae," Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, vol. 18, pp. 40-42, 2009.
[63] M. I. Calvo, "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Verbena officinalis L.," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 380-382, 2006.
[64] B. Zhou and X. Meng, "Pharmacological study on Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell," China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 493-496,1992.
[65] A. Bishayee, A. Sarkar, and M. Chatterjee, "Hepatoprotective activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in mouse liver," Journal ofEthnopharmacology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 69-74, 1995.
[66] M. R. Loizzo, A. Said, R. Tundis et al., "Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Diospyros lotus L. extract and isolated compounds," Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 264-270, 2009.
[67] Y. Hua and H.-Q. Wang, "Chemical components of Anaphalis sinica hance," Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 409-415, 2004.
[68] T. Peng, Y. J. Xing, Q. J. Zhang et al., "Chemical constituents in herb of Ranunculus sceleratus," Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, vol. 17, pp. 66-67, 2011.
[69] J. Q. Zhou, A. L. Xu, and G. F. Wang, "Study on the determination methods of chlorogenic acids from Cephalanoplos segetum," Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, pp. 12902-12905, 2009.
[70] F. Juteau, V. Masotti, J. M. Bessiere, M. Dherbomez, and J. Viano, "Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil," Fitoterapia, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 532-535, 2002.
[71] C.-C. Lin, J.-M. Lin, J.-J. Yang, S.-C. Chuang, and T. Ujiie, "Antiinflammatory and radical scavenge effects of Arctium lappa," American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 127-137, 1996.
Na Chang, (1) Ziwen Luo, (2) Dengwu Li, (2) and Huiying Song (2)
(1) College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
(2) College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Dengwu Li; dengwuli@163.com
Received 10 October 2016; Revised 13 January 2017; Accepted 22 January 2017; Published 20 February 2017
Academic Editor: Jairo Kennup Bastos
Caption: Figure 1: Location of Taibai Mountains Nature Reserve in Shaanxi, China.
Caption: Figure 2: Distribution frequencies (number of species) of medicine plants.
Caption: Figure 4: Use frequencies (number of species) of different plant parts in traditional medicine preparation.
Caption: Figure 5: Number of remedies used for various ailments.
Caption: Figure 6: Use frequencies (number of medicinal formulations) of different remedy preparation techniques.
Table 1: Medicinal plants used to cure various ailments.
Ailment Plants
Cough and cold Acorus calamus Linn., Polygonatum
odoratum Mill., Iris lactea Pall.
var. chinensis Koidz., Humulus
scandens (Lour.) Merr., Asarum
sieboldii Miq., Pseudostellaria
heterophylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax et
Hoffm., Lepidium apetalum Willd.,
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Hippophae
rhamnoides Linn., Daucus carota
Linn., Carum carvi Linn., Pyrola
rotundifolia Linn. subsp. Chinensis
H. Andres., Metaplexis japonica
(Thunb.) Makino., Origanum vulgare
Linn., Veronicastrum sibiricum
(Linn.) Penell., Lonicera japonica
Thunb., Valeriana officinalis
Linn., Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex
Widder., Bidens parviflora Willd.,
Cephalanoplos segetum (Bge.)
Kitam., Anaphalis sinica Hance.,
Arctium lappa Linn.
Kidney and urethra Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Humulus
problems scandens, Polygonum aviculare
Linn., Portulaca oleracea Linn.,
Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.,
Thlaspi arvense Linn., Astragalus
chrysopterus Bge., Lespedeza
bicolor, Daucus carota, Carum
carvi, Diospyros lotus Linn.,
Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.)
Hemsl., Metaplexis japonica,
Leonurus pseudomacranthus Kitag.,
Origanum vulgare, Plantago depressa
Widd., Plantago asiatica Linn.,
Valeriana officinalis,
Cephalanoplos segetum
Gastrointestinal Rumex acetosa Linn., Portulaca
disorders oleracea, Sophora flavescens Ait.,
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G.
Don., Geranium sibiricum Linn.,
Daphne giraldii Nitsche., Hippophae
rhamnoides, Daucus carota, Carum
carvi, Origanum vulgare, Solanum
nigrum Linn., Plantago depressa,
Lonicera japonica, Valeriana
officinalis, Artemisia annua Linn.,
Bidens parviflora, Anaphalis sinica
Cuts and wounds Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br.,
Polygonum viviparum Linn., Paeonia
obovata Maxim., Lepidium apetalum,
Sedum aizoon Linn., Sanguisorba
officinalis Linn., Astragalus
chrysopterus, Lespedeza cuneata,
Oxalis acetosella Linn., Geranium
sibiricum, Pyrola rotundifolia,
Verbena officinalis Linn.
Dermatological Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus japonicus
infections Thunb., Sophora flavescens,
Astragalus chrysopterus, Oxalis
acetosella, Diospyros lotus,
Verbena officinalis, Solanum
nigrum, Artemisia annua, Bidens
parviflora
Fever and headache Humulus scandens, Polygonum
viviparum, Portulaca oleracea,
Lespedeza bicolor, Origanum
vulgare, Solanum nigrum,
Veronicastrum sibiricum (Linn.)
Penell, Artemisia annua, Anaphalis
sinica
Weakness and Polygonatum odoratum, Gymnadenia
dizziness conopsea, Pseudostellaria
heterophylla, Lepidium apetalum,
Lespedeza bicolor, Carum carvi,
Cynanchum wilfordii, Metaplexis
japonica
Menstrual disorders Ranunculus sceleratus, Paeonia
obovata, Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et
Zucc.) Planch., Pyrola
rotundifolia, Verbena officinalis,
Leonurus pseudo-macranthus,
Origanum vulgare
Ophthalmological Lespedeza cuneata, Tribulus
problems terrestris Linn., Diospyros lotus,
Solanum nigrum, Plantago depressa,
Plantago asiatica
Liver complaint Iris lactea, Gymnadenia conopsea,
Tribulus terrestris, Actinidia
arguta, Plantago depressa, Plantago
asiatica
Respiratory problems Houttuynia cordata, Ranunculus
sceleratus, Lespedeza cuneata,
Diospyros lotus, Solanum nigrum
Heart diseases Polygonatum odoratum, Valeriana
officinalis
Toothache Acorus calamus, Asarum sieboldii
Table 2: Common forms of preparation methods for remedies
made of medicinal plants.
Preparation Description
method
Paste Fresh plant parts are crushed with
a stone pestle and mortar.
Juice Obtained by squeezing or crushing
plant parts. Sometimes requires
addition of other liquids for
dilution.
Chewing Fresh plant parts are chewed.
Steamed dew Drugs are extracted from medicinal
raw materials by distillation and
then modulated into distilled
liquid for drinking, wiping, or
other uses.
Decoction Plant parts are boiled in water and
the extract (crude drug) is used.
Medicate bath Fresh flowers or other plant parts
are immersed in hot water for
bathing.
Table 3: Informant consensus factor ([F.sub.IC]) for
different ailment categories.
Ailment Number of taxa Number of use
([N.sub.t]) reports
([N.sub.ur])
Cough and cold 22 54
Kidney and urethra problems 19 43
Gastrointestinal disorders 17 47
Cuts and wounds 14 41
Dermatological infections 10 25
Fever and headache 9 21
Weakness and dizziness 8 18
Menstrual disorders 7 15
Ophthalmological problems 6 14
Liver complaint 6 17
Respiratory problems 5 10
Heart diseases 2 7
Toothache 2 9
Total 127 321
Ailment Informant
consensus
factor
([F.sub.IC])
Cough and cold 0.60
Kidney and urethra problems 0.57
Gastrointestinal disorders 0.65
Cuts and wounds 0.68
Dermatological infections 0.63
Fever and headache 0.60
Weakness and dizziness 0.59
Menstrual disorders 0.57
Ophthalmological problems 0.62
Liver complaint 0.69
Respiratory problems 0.56
Heart diseases 0.83
Toothache 0.88
Total
Table 4: Comparison of local use and phytochemical/pharmacological
properties of medicinal plants.
Species The main usage in
local place (present
study)
Portulaca oleracea Whole plant soup is
taken for enteritis
and constipation
Iris lactea Seeds and flowers
are applied on heat-
clearing and
detoxifying
Gymnadenia conopsea Whole plant and
rhizomes are used
for wounds,
weakness, and
dizziness
Houttuynia cordata Whole plant is taken
for respiratory and
kidney problems
Humulus scandens Whole plant is used
for fever, cough,
and urethra problem
Polygonum viviparum Rhizomes are taken
for wounds, cough,
and cold
Rumex acetosa Whole plant is
applied on
dermatological
infections and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Plantago depressa Used for hepatitis
and seeds are
applied on diarrhea
or eye diseases
Polygonum aviculare Whole plant is used
for kidney and
urethra problems
Carum carvi Fruits are taken for
dyspepsia, coughs,
diuresis, and
stomachache
Pseudostellaria Roots are taken for
heterophylla cough, weakness, and
dizziness
Xanthium sibiricum Leaves are applied
on wind chill and
colds
Tribulus terrestris Fruits are applied
for eye diseases,
menstrual disorders,
and liver problems
Ranunculus japonicas Used for
dermatological
infections
Paeonia obovate Roots are taken for
cough and menstrual
disorders
Thlaspi arvense Whole plant and
seeds are applied
for kidney and
urethra problems
Sedum aizoon Whole plant an roots
are taken for cuts
and wounds
Plantago asiatica Used for diarrhea,
hepatitis, and red
swollen and painful
eye
Sanguisorba Roots are used for
officinalis cuts and wounds
Lonicera japonica Used for
gastrointestinal
disorders, colds,
and fever
Valeriana Roots are taken for
officinalis cough, heart
diseases, and
lubricating the
intestines
Polygonatum Roots are taken for
odoratum palpitation, coughs,
and physical
weakness
Acorus calamus Used for febrile
pain, colds, and
toothache
Lespedeza cuneata Used for
Gastrointestinal
disorders, wounds,
and respiratory
problems
Oxalis acetosella Used for wounds and
dermatological
infections
Geranium sibiricum Whole plant and
roots are taken for
wounds and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Root are used for
Sophora flavescens dermatological
infections and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Actinidia argute Used for menstrual
disorders and liver
complaint
Daphne giraldii Used for headache,
arthralgia, and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Astragalus Whole plant is taken
chrysopterus for wounds, heart
diseases, and
dermatological
infections
Lespedeza bicolor Leaves and stems are
applied for cough,
fever, weakness, and
kidney problems
Asarum sieboldii Roots are applied
for cold, headache,
and toothache
Hippophae rhamnoides Fruits are taken for
coughs, colds, and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Solanum nigrum Whole plant is taken
for stomachache,
headache, hot eyes,
and faucitis
Pyrola rotundifolia Used for cough,
wounds, and
menstrual disorders
Origanum vulgare Used for colds,
fever, vomiting, and
menstrual disorder
Lepidium apetalum Seeds are applied
for fending offthe
cold and coughs and
nourishing
Cynanchum wilfordii Roots are taken for
weakness and kidney
problems
Metaplexis japonica Used for cough,
dizziness, and
urethra problems
Verbena officinalis Whole plant is used
for wounds,
dermatological
infections, and
menstrual disorders
Leonurus Used for menstrual
pseudomacranthus disorders and kidney
and urethra problems
Veronicastrum Whole plant and
sibiricum roots are taken for
cough, fever, and
headache
Daucus carota Fruits are applied
on invigorating
stomach, coughs,
nourishing,
cystolith, and
kidney stone
Diospyros lotus Fruit juice is
applied for malaria,
diarrhea, and
removal of black
spots
Anaphalis sinica Whole plant is used
for fever, cough,
and gastrointestinal
disorders
Ranunculus Used for phlegm,
sceleratus menstrual disorder,
and diuresis
Bidens parviflora Whole plant is used
for cough,
dermatological
infections, and
gastrointestinal
disorders
Cephalanoplos Used for cough,
segetum kidney, and urethra
problems
Artemisia annua Used for fever,
intestinal tract
disease, and skin
disease
Arctium lappa Fruits are taken for
coughs, fever, and
sore swollen throat
Species Phytochemical/
pharmacological
properties
(literature review)
Portulaca oleracea Alkaloid extract may
possess anti-
inflammatory
properties [21]
Iris lactea Containing more than
seven kinds of
flavonoids [22], but
seldom
pharmacological
research
Gymnadenia conopsea Antiallergic effect
[23]
Houttuynia cordata Anti-inflammatory
and virucidal
effects [24, 25]
Humulus scandens Antibacterial,
antihypertensive,
and antiphlogistic
properties [26]
Polygonum viviparum Antioxidative
activity [27, 28]
Rumex acetosa Antimutagenicity and
antigenotoxic
activity [29], but
seldom
pharmacological
research
Plantago depressa Hypoglycemia and
lipids regulating
effects [30]
Polygonum aviculare Diuretic,
antihypertensive,
antibacterial, and
antioxidant effect
[31]
Carum carvi Antioxidant,
hepatoprotective,
and diuretic
properties [32, 33]
Pseudostellaria Antifungal and
heterophylla immunostimulating
activities [34, 35]
Xanthium sibiricum Bacteriostatic and
antifungal
activities [36, 37]
Tribulus terrestris Having several
effects on central
neural system, sex
function, and
muscular system [38]
Ranunculus japonicas Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effects
[39]
Paeonia obovate Hypoglycemic
activity and
immunocompetence
ofpaeoniflorin [40]
Thlaspi arvense Antibacterial and
antifungal
activities [41]
Sedum aizoon Improving the immune
function and
relieving swelling
and pain [42]
Plantago asiatica Antiviral and
immunomodulatory
effects [43]
Sanguisorba Antimicrobial
officinalis activity [44]
Lonicera japonica Anti-inflammatory
activity [45]
Valeriana Having effect on
officinalis circulatory system
and respiratory
system [46]
Polygonatum Hypoglycemic effects
odoratum [47]
Acorus calamus Reduction of body
temperature and
potentiation
ofhypnotic activity
[48]
Lespedeza cuneata Contains tannins
[49]
Oxalis acetosella Seldom report on
physiological
activity
Geranium sibiricum Antibacterial and
anti-inflammatory
activities [50]
Sophora flavescens Contains matrine
[51]
Actinidia argute Contains
sesquiterpenes,
monoterpenes,
benzene, and other
compounds [52]
Daphne giraldii Anti-inflammatory
analgesic activity
[53]
Astragalus Contains
chrysopterus soyasaponin,
triterpenoid,
glycoside
daucosterol, beta-
sitosterol, and
other compounds [54]
Lespedeza bicolor Contains ethyl
caffeate, caffeic
acid, protocatechuic
acid, betulinic
acid, [beta]-
sitosterol, and many
active compounds
[55]
Asarum sieboldii Antinociceptive
effects [56]
Hippophae rhamnoides Antioxidant and
immunomodulatory
properties [57]
Solanum nigrum Gastric
antiulcerogenic
effects [58]
Pyrola rotundifolia Anti-inflammatory
and analgesic
activities [59]
Origanum vulgare Antimicrobial and
cytotoxic activities
[59]
Lepidium apetalum Contains flavonoids
[60]
Cynanchum wilfordii Contains more than
eight c21 steroidal
glycosides [61]
Metaplexis japonica Anticancer activity
and improving immune
function [62]
Verbena officinalis Anti-inflammatory
and analgesic
activity [63]
Leonurus Seldom report on
pseudomacranthus physiological
activity
Veronicastrum Anti-inflammatory
sibiricum and analgesic
activities [64]
Daucus carota Hepatoprotective
activity [65]
Diospyros lotus Antioxidant and
antiproliferative
activity [66]
Anaphalis sinica More than twenty
components were
isolated and many
flavonoids were
identified [67]
Ranunculus Many chemical
sceleratus compounds were
detected [68], but
seldom
pharmacological
research
Bidens parviflora Antihyperlipidemia,
anti-inflammatory
activities and
protecting stomach
[22]
Cephalanoplos Contains high
segetum content of
chlorogenic acid
[69], but seldom
pharmacological
research
Artemisia annua Antibacterial and
antioxidant
activities [70]
Arctium lappa Anti-inflammatory
activity [71]
Local use coherent with
Species known phytochemi-
cal/pharmacological
properties
Portulaca oleracea Yes
Iris lactea Unknown
Gymnadenia conopsea Yes
Houttuynia cordata Yes
Humulus scandens Yes
Polygonum viviparum Partial
Rumex acetosa Partial
Plantago depressa Yes
Polygonum aviculare Yes
Carum carvi Yes
Pseudostellaria Yes
heterophylla
Xanthium sibiricum Yes
Tribulus terrestris Partial
Ranunculus japonicas Yes
Paeonia obovate Partial
Thlaspi arvense Partial
Sedum aizoon Yes
Plantago asiatica Yes
Sanguisorba Yes
officinalis
Lonicera japonica Yes
Valeriana Yes
officinalis
Polygonatum Partial
odoratum
Acorus calamus Yes
Lespedeza cuneata Unknown
Oxalis acetosella Unknown
Geranium sibiricum Yes
Sophora flavescens Unknown
Actinidia argute Partial
Daphne giraldii Yes
Astragalus
chrysopterus Partial
Lespedeza bicolor Partial
Asarum sieboldii Yes
Hippophae rhamnoides Yes
Solanum nigrum Partial
Pyrola rotundifolia Yes
Origanum vulgare Yes
Lepidium apetalum Unknown
Cynanchum wilfordii Partial
Metaplexis japonica Partial
Verbena officinalis Yes
Leonurus Unknown
pseudomacranthus
Veronicastrum Yes
sibiricum
Daucus carota Partial
Diospyros lotus Yes
Anaphalis sinica Partial
Ranunculus Unknown
sceleratus
Bidens parviflora Yes
Cephalanoplos Unknown
segetum
Artemisia annua Yes
Arctium lappa Yes
Figure 3: Percentage distributions of medicinal plant species
according to life form.
Herbs 82%
Shrubs 12%
Climbers 6%
Note: Table made from pie chart.
 Printer friendly
 Cite/link
 Email
 Feedback
| |
| Title Annotation: | Research Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Chang, Na; Luo, Ziwen; Li, Dengwu; Song, Huiying |
| Publication: | Evidence - Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
| Date: | Jan 1, 2017 |
| Words: | 7243 |
| Previous Article: | Extract from Periostracum cicadae Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Ultraviolet B Irradiation on HaCaT Keratinocytes. |
| Next Article: | Brazilian Amazon Traditional Medicine and the Treatment of Difficult to Heal Leishmaniasis Wounds with Copaifera. |
| Topics: | |