Faunal assemblages of intertidal hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from Argentinean Patagonia (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean).
INTRODUCTIONOrganisms inhabiting intertidal ecosystems, such as barnacles, mytilids, sea anemones, live under extreme environmental conditions. Variables such as submersion, air exposure, desiccation and wave action make survival, settlement and recruitment of the intertidal zone difficult, constraining composition and spatial distribution of its community (Menge & Farrell, 1989). These extreme conditions demand a series of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. Among hydroids, few species occur intertidally, and even fewer species tolerate air exposure (e.g., Halecium beanii, H. delicatulum, Sertularella mediterranea; Genzano, 1994; Gili & Hughes, 1995; Rosso & Marques, 1997; Genzano et al., 2009). Hydroids at intertidal rocky fringes usually occur in sheltered microhabitats, such as tide pools or on macroalgae, that serve as natural refuges from extreme seasonal and daily temperatures and prevent hydroid colony desiccation (Genzano, 1994; Gili & Hughes, 1995). Several delicate hydroid species live under stones or in crevices where wave hydrodynamics are reduced (Boero, 1984; Hughes, 1992; Gili & Hughes, 1995). For these reasons, information on intertidal hydroids usually focuses on morphological adaptations of particular species (e.g., thickening of the hydrocaulus in species of Leptothecata) to specific environments, such as intertidal habitats, where the water movements are stronger (e.g., Calder, 1991; Hughes, 1992; Rossi et al., 2000; Henry, 2002). Broad ecological aspects, such as zonation and seasonality of intertidal hydroid community, as well as their interaction with other organisms, have received little attention (Genzano, 1994, 2001; Brinckmann-Voss, 1996, and information therein).
Studies on southwestern Atlantic intertidal hydroid communities are rare, but include distributional inferences for the Brazilian tropical-subtropical coast (Rosso & Marques, 1997), and ecological assessments of seasonal richness, abundance, zonation and substrata for southern temperate waters (Genzano, 1994; Genzano & Rodriguez, 1998). Knowledge on intertidal hydroids is complemented by checklists including species occurring from 0[degrees] to 54[degrees]S (Migotto et al., 2002; Genzano et al., 2009; Oliveira et al., 2016), and biogeographic analyses (Miranda et al., 2015). However, the knowledge on Patagonian intertidal hydroids, living in cold temperate waters, has been neglected. Previous knowledge for the hydroids of the area is concentrated in subtidal waters either as faunal components within an ecological study (Schwindt et al., 2014) or as a source of taxonomical information from shelf areas (Vervoort, 1972; Stepanjants, 1979; Genzano et al., 1991; Blanco, 1994; El Beshbeeshy & Jarms, 2011). The majority of the Patagonian records for hydroid species are still from occasional and scattered faunal surveys (see Blanco, 1994, and references therein) and from specific taxonomic studies (Rodriguez et al., 2012; Cunha et al., 2015).
The megatidal regime of the Patagonian coast exposes extensive coastal areas, pushing physical conditions to very extreme limits. During low tides, temperature values range seasonally from cold (in summer, with temperatures varying from 12[degrees] to 16[degrees]C) to near freezing (in winter, with temperatures varying from 6[degrees] to 12[degrees]C) (Bastida et al., 2007; Bortolus et al., 2009; Schwindt et al., 2014). Fringe bottom is predominantly formed by sand and gravel sediments, but salt marshes and rocky outcrops are also frequent (Bastida et al., 2007; Bortolus et al., 2009), providing colonizable areas for hydroids. However, the lack of studies on the hydroid fauna distributed along ~2,000 km of the Patagonian coast represents a substantial gap in our biodiversity knowledge. In this study, we provide the first extensive study on Patagonian hydroids related to their taxonomy and ecology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
We sampled different rocky outcrops, breakwaters and salt marshes along ~2,000 km of the Argentinean Patagonia coast, between 42[degrees]-54[degrees]S (Fig. 1, Table I). A general description of benthic communities inhabiting the sampling sites is found in Bastida et al. (2007) and Bortolus et al. (2009).
Sampling sites were grouped according to tidal amplitude, topography and benthic communities. Northern sites at Puerto Madryn (PM, 42[degrees]46'S, 65[degrees]02'W), Rada Tilly (RT, 45[degrees]55'S, 67[degrees]34'W), Caleta Olivia (CO, 46[degrees]26'S, 67[degrees]31'W) and Puerto Deseado (PD, 47[degrees]44'S, 65[degrees]53'W) had tidal amplitudes up to 6 m, intertidal areas with large rocky boulders, deep crevices, and wide tidal pools. Mollusks were dominant on these outcrops, and were primarily colonized by the mytilid Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819), but the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus, 1758) was occasionally present (Fig. 2).
Southern sites had intertidal fringes with particular topographies. In San Julian (SJ, 49[degrees]18'S, 67[degrees]43'W), rocky boulders up to 2 m formed a complex topographic landscape, with tidal amplitudes up to 9 m. These areas were mainly colonized by patches of mytilids (B. purpuratus). Puerto Santa Cruz (PS, 50[degrees]11'S, 68[degrees]31'W) and Rio Gallegos (RG, 51[degrees]37'S, 69[degrees]13'W) had tidal amplitudes up to 13 m, extensive muddy intertidal zones with scattered rocks (up to ~0.6 m wide) in PS and wood/concrete breakwaters in RG, and small mytilid patches (B. purpuratus) in both areas. The Rio Grande (RGr, 53[degrees]47'S, 67[degrees]42'W) intertidal zone had a large rock platform with wide tidal pools and deep crevices. Mytilids covered most of the available substrate, although some denuded areas were also present. The kelp M. pyrifera developed on rocky bottoms at the lower intertidal level of SJ and RGr (Fig. 3).
Four sites (PDm, SJm, PSm, RGm; "m" indicating "marsh") had muddy marshes dominated by the glasswort Sarcocornia perennis (Mills.) that reached 0.5 m in height. These sites were characterized by scattered, wide, tidal pools and large tidal channels (Fig. 4).
Finally, Ushuaia (U, 54[degrees]48'S, 68[degrees]18'W), the southernmost intertidal area, was distinguished from other sites by its small tidal amplitude (2 m) and narrow tidal fringe dominated by the mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 5).
Sampling and ecological analysis
Hydroids were collected in austral spring (November 2010) and summer (February 2012) seasons, periods in which most species would likely be present in the cold waters at the area. Hydroid colonies were collected during low tide, individually labeled, and preserved in 4% formaldehyde seawater solution. Samples were sorted and identified in the laboratory down to the species level. Vouchers are deposited in the collections of the UNMdP and MZUSP.
Hydroid associations were analyzed by multivariate analyses (Clarke, 1993; Clarke & Warwick, 2001) using PRIMER 6.0. First, we performed a cluster analysis using the Bray-Curtis similarity index based on presence/absence data of each species. SIMPROF analysis was used to test whether the groups resulted from cluster analysis were significantly different. Subsequently, a test of similarity percentage (SIMPER) was performed to determine the contribution of each species to the similarity/dissimilarity within the groups resulted from the cluster analysis. Finally, we carried out ANOSIM analysis among (a) Patagonian intertidal heavily colonized by mytilids (B. purpuratus), (b) rocky outcrops with conspicuous patchy mytilid beds (B. purpuratus) and denude areas, and (c) muddy intertidal fringes dominated by glasswort, in order to test the null hypothesis of the absence of difference in species composition between these three different intertidal habitats.
RESULTS
A total of 26 species of hydroids were found at different intertidal habitats at the Argentinean Patagonia coast (Fig. I), with 22 leptothecate and 4 anthoathecate species (Table 2). SJ and RGr rocky intertidal areas presented high species richness, with 21 and 15 hydroid species, respectively, followed by PS (7 species), then all other sites showed with variable and lower number of species. Remarkably, no hydroids were found at PM and U. Intertidal areas dominated by salt marshes also had lower number of species (RG with 7 species, SJ and PS with 2 species) and PDm also had no hydroid species recorded, as in some rocky intertidal areas (SJ, RGr).
The most frequent hydroid species was Amphisbetia operculata, present in 8 of the 10 sites, followed by Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus and Nemertesia ramosa (5 sites). Some less frequent species occurred in high abundances in each site, such as Orthopyxis integra, Obelia geniculata and Ectopleura crocea. Other less frequent species were usually represented by few colonies (Table 2).
Nine epizoic species were colonizing at least 12 other hydroid species (Table 2). Fronds of the giant kelp M. pyrifera were also used as substrate by four epiphytic hydroids, two of them (Silicularia rosea and O. geniculata) found exclusively on this algae. Sites with low species richness (RT, CO, PD) had all hydroids species we sampled exclusively on M. pyrifera. Four species were found attached to rocks and occasionally on other substrata, such as mussel shells (Table 2).
SIMPROF analysis resulted in three significant groups, all with internal similarity higher than 40% (Fig. 6). Group 1 (G1) comprises the northern sampling sites (RT, CO, PD) and five species, and two of them contributed for the internal similarity (O. geniculata, 80.6%; Plumularia setacea, 19.4%). Group 2 (G2) comprises intertidal muddy salt marshes (SJm, PSm, RGm) or breakwaters (RG), including 7 species, from which 3 mostly contributed for the internal similarity (A. operculata, 52%; N. ramosa, 21.4%; Hartlaubella gelatinosa, 21.4%). Group 3 (G3), comprising rocky intertidal outcrops (PS, SJ, RGr), is the richest group (26 species), with 4 species mostly collaborating for their internal similarity (Amphisbetia operculata, S. subdichotomus, Clytia gracilis and P. setacea, with 14.6% each). ANOSIM analysis rejected the null hypothesis of absence of difference between the hydroid composition among the intertidal fringes, showing significant differences between them (global R = 0.927; P = 0.2).
DISCUSSION
We listed 26 hydroids typical of intertidal habitats distributed along the ~2,000 km of the Argentinean Patagonia coast, and inferred their ecological distribution among the different sites. This corresponds to ~9% (26 of 295 species recorded) and less than 1% (26 of 3,428 species recorded) of the hydrozoan species recorded for the Argentinean Patagonia and worldwide, respectively (Oliveira et al, 2016; Schuchert, 2016), showing that the knowledge on the biodiversity of hydroids at intertidal habitats of Argentinean Patagonia is still scarce. Most of the 26 species were already reported for adjacent subtidal communities, but Bougainvillia muscus and Phialella belgicae were previously reported only for the Buenos Aires coast and the northern Patagonia (Genzano et al., 2009), and N. ramosa is firstly reported for the Argentinean Continental Shelf. Previous records of N. ramosa for the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean were from depths greater than 400 and 800 m (Vervoort, 1972; Blanco, 1976), referred as Plumularia insignis (Allman, 1883) (see Stepanjants, 1979; Ramil & Vervoort, 1992).
All hydroids herein recorded have wide bathymetrical ranges, commonly found at the austral hemisphere as well as worldwide. Seven species (Coryne eximia, B. muscus, E. crocea, Hybocodon unicus, Halecium delicatulum, P. setacea and C. gracilis), however, were also reported at intertidal fringes (Genzano & Zamponi, 2003; Genzano et al., 2009).
Species richness differed according to the type of sea bottom and to the biotic community of the different sites. Intertidal rocky fringes heavily colonized by mytilids had none (PM and U) or few hydroid species (RT, CO, PD; Group 1 in the cluster analysis). When present in these habitats, hydroids were growing over large kelp fronds. Conversely, southern outcrops with patchy mytilid beds and denuded areas (SJ, PS and RGr, Group 3 of the cluster analysis; Fig. 6) had higher hydroid richness, most likely because of their diverse topographical complexity. The hydroids colonized different microhabitats of these areas (tide pools, crevices, rocky joints, fractures, and other cryptic surfaces), as well as other hydroid clumps and kelps. The only intertidal outcrop from northern temperate waters of the southwestern Atlantic richer than these areas are the quartzite rocks of Mar del Plata (38[degrees]S, with 10 species). Both regions possess a high habitat heterogeneity given by crevices, small caves, and channels (Genzano, 1994; Genzano & Zamponi, 2003).
Most of the hydroid species we sampled were attached to other organisms. Fronds of M. pyrifera were a frequent substrate and two hydroid species, O. geniculata and S. rosea, were found exclusively on this alga. Even previous records from the same area report these hydroids in association with M. pyrifera (Blanco, 1964; Blanco & Morris, 1977; G. Genzano, pers. observ.), indicating a specialized epiphytic/basibiont relationship (see Oliveira & Marques, 2007, 2011).
This association might be related to the important role played by kelps as humid substrates for initial settlement and recruitment of delicate species, such as O. integra (cf. Cunha et al., 2015). The use of stems of hydroids as substrata for other hydroid species is also a common phenomenon for the temperate southwestern Atlantic (e.g., stems of Amphisbetia operculata, Plumularia setacea; Genzano, 1994; Genzano et al., 2009; Meretta & Genzano, 2015). Species with bushy habits or grouped in clumps, such as large colonies of A. operculata, N. ramosa, Hybocodon chilensis and E. crocea, were frequently used as substrata by smaller hydroid species (e.g., P. belgicae, Filellum sp., C. gracilis, O. integra). This epizoic pattern is known to be a strategy to avoid the negative effect of sediment deposition and the competition for space, also providing better water flow conditions for suspension feeders, such as hydroids (Gili & Hughes, 1995; Genzano et al., 2009; Meretta & Genzano, 2015).
Some intertidal fringes dominated by mud, scattered pebbles, and cobbles embedded in the sediment were colonized by relatively few hydroid species, most commonly A. operculata and N. ramosa. These species formed clumps laid on mud during the low tide, indicating a high tolerance to the negative effects of the deposition of fine sediments, as well as extreme daily temperature changes when exposed. Some clumps of A. operculata were attached to breakwaters ~0.6 m above sea level, completely exposed to the air during low tide, demonstrating a remarkable tolerance to desiccation stress.
Finally, some muddy intertidal fringes dominated by the S. perennis had an unexpectedly rich hydroid fauna composition (Group 2 in the cluster analysis; Fig. 6). This is a remarkable novelty for the hydroid literature, never reported before for salt marshes. Even a specific revision of Patagonian salt marsh communities (Bortolus et al., 2009) did not report cnidarians among the marine invertebrates inhabiting these extensive areas. We found only few specimens of microcrustaceans and polychaetes in the studied austral Patagonian pool marshes. But, remarkably, there were up to seven hydroid species living in pristine waters at marsh pools, usually settled on pebbles. These microhabitats also retain water during the low tide periods, and provide favorable and almost continuously protected areas for the development of colonies (Bastida et al., 2007). Glasswort stems had no epiphytic hydroid and only hydrocauli fragments were present on the macrophyte. This pattern might be related with predation, competition, seasonality or other intrinsic factor concerning the species' preference. Whatever the process is, this is out of the scope of this study and would be better investigated and discussed under an ecological/physiological approach.
This study provides a list of hydroid species, their distributions, richness and ecological associations between salt marshes and intertidal outcrops of the SW Atlantic Patagonia. We found three main faunal clusters along the studied area. Each cluster was characterized by a particular hydroid composition and a series of biotic associations unique to those habitats. The picture presented here of the composition and richness of hydroids species from SW Atlantic Patagonia provides a small outline of the high marine benthic biodiversity within this region that is little studied and faces an increasing range of environmental threats.
DOI: 10.3856/vol45-issue1-fulltext-17
Received: 15 March 2016; Accepted: 30 November 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank to Mr. B. Vera who provided logistic support and assistance during field works, Miss Paula Genzano for help during field surveys in Rio Grande, and to the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. This work was supported by CONICET (Grant PIP 0152), UNMdP (Grant EXA 734/15), FAPESP (grants 2010/52324-6, 2010/069270, 2011/50242-5, 2013/50484-4, 2014/24407-5), CAPES PROEX, and CNPq (142269/2010-7, 474672/ 2007-7, 562143/2010-6, 477156/2011-8, 301039/20135, 305805/2013-4, 445444/2014-2).
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Gabriel Genzano (1), Claudia S. Bremec (1), Luciana Diaz-Briz (1), John H. Costello (2) Andre C. Morandini (3), Thais P. Miranda (3) & Antonio C. Marques (3,4)
(1) Estacion Costera Nagera, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) CONICET--UNMdP, Mar del Plata, Argentina
(2) Department, Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
(3) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
(4) Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil
Corresponding author: Thais P. Miranda (thaispmir@ib.usp.br)
Corresponding editor: Sergio Palma
Caption: Figure 1. Intertidal sampled sites at Argentinean Patagonia shelf. Stars: rocky outcrops; Circles: salt marshes.
Caption: Figure 2. General view of rocky intertidal areas with mussel beds at a) Puerto Madryn, and b) Caleta Olivia.
Lyenda: Figure 3. General view of intertidal zone at a) Puerto Santa Cruz, and b) detailed view of boulders with colonies of Amphisbetia operculata (yellow arrow). Rocky outcrops at c-d) San Julian, and e-f) Rio Grande with areas covered by Macrocystis pyrifera fronds.
Caption: Figure 4. a) General view of salt marsh community dominated by the glasswort Sarcocornia perennis at Rio Gallegos intertidal fringe, b) Detail of marsh pool, and c) Amphisbetia operculata (yellow arrow) colony attached on glasswort.
Caption: Figure 5. Narrow intertidal fringe at Ushuaia.
Caption: Figure 6. Dendrogram showing significant faunal groups (G1, G2, G3) resulted from cluster and SIMPROF analyses among the sampled sites. Code of sites: RT (Rada Tilly), CO (Caleta Olivia), PD (Puerto Deseado), SJ (San Julian), SJm (San Julian salt marsh), PS (Puerto Santa Cruz), PSm (Puerto Santa Cruz salt marsh), RG (Rio Gallegos), RGm (Rio Gallegos salt marsh), RGr (Rio Grande).
Table 1. Habitats and location of samplings along the
Argentinean Patagonia coast with respective tidal amplitude
and topographic characterization. Information on the
coordinates of each site is in Figure 1 and Material
and Methods section. Code of sites: RT (Rada Tilly),
CO (Caleta Olivia), PD (Puerto Deseado), SJ (San
Julian), SJm (San Julian salt marsh), PS (Puerto
Santa Cruz), PSm (Puerto Santa Cruz salt marsh),
RG (Rio Gallegos), RGm (Rio Gallegos salt marsh),
RGr (Rio Grande).
Habitat Sites Tidal amplitude
Rocky outcrops PM, RT, Up to 6 m
and break CO, PD
waters SJ Up to 9 m
PS, RG, RGR Up to 13 m
U 2 m
Salt marshes PDm, SJm,
PSm, RGm
Habitat Sites Topography
Rocky outcrops PM, RT, Rocky boulders, deep crevices and wide
and break CO, PD tidal pools; colonized by the
waters mytilid Brachidontes purpuratus and
by the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera.
SJ Rocky boulders up to 2 m wide;
colonized by patches of mytilids
(B. purpuratus).
PS, RG, RGR Muddy intertidal zones with scattered
rocks up to 0.6 m wide, large rock
platform with wide tidal pools and
deep crevices, wood/concrete
breakwaters; colonized by small
mytilid patches (B. purpuratus) and
by the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera.
U Narrow tidal fringe dominated by the
mussel Mytilus edulis.
Salt marshes PDm, SJm, Scattered, wide, tidal pools and
PSm, RGm large tidal channels; muddy marshes
dominated by the glasswort
Sarcocornia perennis.
Table 2. Hydroid species collected at Argentinean
Patagonian intertidal shelf. Code of sites: RT (Rada
Tilly), CO (Caleta Olivia), PD (Puerto Deseado), SJ
(San Julian), SJm (San Julian salt marsh), PS (Puerto
Santa Cruz), PSm (Puerto Santa Cruz salt marsh), RG
(Rio Gallegos), RGm (Rio Gallegos salt marsh), RGr
(Rio Grande). Classification follows recent
phylgoenetic updates (Maronna et al., 2016;
Cunha et al, 2017).
Taxa Occurrence Remarks
Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843
"Superorder
Anthoathecata"
Cornelius, 1992
"Order Filifera"
Kuhn, 1913
Family Bougainvilliidae
Lutken, 1850
Bougainvillia muscus RG Immature colonies,
(Allman, 1863) epizoic on H.
Order Capitata Kuhn, 1913 chilensis.
sensu stricto
Family Corynidae
Johnston, 1836
Coryne eximia SJ; RG Abundant mature colonies
Allman, 1859 with small gonophores,
commonly settled on
E. crocea hydrocauli.
Order Aplanulata Collins,
Winkelman, Hadrys,
Schierwater, 2005
Family Tubulariidae
Fleming, 1828
Ectopleura crocea SJ; PS Large clumps of mature
L. Agassiz, 1862) colonies mainly
attached to rocks,
sometimes on mussel
valves.
Hybocodon chilensis RG Mature colonies on
Hartlaub, 1905 rocks. Species
status clarified by
Rodriguez et al.
(2012).
Superorder Leptothecata
Cornelius, 1992
Order Lafoeida Bouillon,
1984
Family Lafoeidae A.
Agassiz, 1865
Filellum sp. RGr Stolonal, immature
colonies commonly
on S. tenella and
G. abietina.
Colonies without
gonophores prevent
identification (viz.
Marques et al, 2011).
Grammaria abietina PS, RGr Large, immature
(M. Sars, 1851) colonies detached
from substrate, but
presumably on rocks.
Order Statocysta Leclere,
Schuchert, Cruaud,
Couloux, Manuel, 2009
Family Phialellidae
Russell, 1953
Phialella belgicae SJ; RGr Small colonies without
(Hartlaub, 1904) gonophores, epizoic
on E. crocea, C.
eximia and H.
chilensis.
Family Campanulariidae
Johnston, 1836
Campanularia subantarctica SJ; RG Scarce and immature
Millard, 1971 colonies, epizoic on
P. setacea (SJ) and
N. ramosa (RGm salt
marsh).
Orthopyxis integra CO; SJ; Mature colonies mainly
(McGillivray, 1842) RGr on M. pyrifera, E.
crocea, S. tenella,
S. subdichotomus.
Frequently reported
in Patagonia under
different names
(status clarified by
Cunha et al., 2015).
Silicularia rosea Meyen, SJ; RGr Colonies epiphytic on
1834 M. pyrifera.
Family Obeliidae Haeckel,
1879
Hartlaubella gelatinosa PS; RG Large colonies with
(Pallas, 1766) gonothecae, mostly
in salt marshes
(tide pools of PSm
and RGm), sometimes
on wood breakwaters
(RG).
Obelia dichotoma SJ; RG Immature colonies on
(Linnaeus, 1758) mytilid shells and
rock (SJ), or in salt
marsh tide pools
(RGm).
Obelia geniculata RT, CO, Many colonies found
(Linnaeus, 1758) PD, SJ exclusively on M.
pyrifera, some with
small gonothecae.
Family Clytiidae Maronna,
Miranda, Pena Cantero,
Barbeitos, Marques,
2016
Clytia gracilis (M. SJ; PS; Immature colonies
Sars, 1851) RGr epizoic on N. ramosa
and E. crocea.
Order Macrocolonia
Leclere, Schuchert,
Cruaud, Couloux,
Manuel, 2009
Family Haleciidae Hincks,
1868
Halecium delicatulum SJ Small, immature
Coughtrey, 1876 colonies attached on
colonies of A.
operculata.
Halecium sp. SJ Fragments of colonies
detached from
rocks, with few
and immature
gonophores
different from
H. delicatulum;
poor condition
of colonies
prevents species
identification.
Family Sertulariidae PD; SJ; PS; Large clumps of mature
Lamouroux, 1812 RG; RGr colonies common in
most of intertidal
zones studied
herein, mainly
attached on rocks,
less frequently on
mussel bivalves,
rarely on algae.
Living colonies in
salt marsh tide
pools (SJm, PSm,
RGm) and numerous
dead fragments
common among stems
of Sarcocornia
perennis. Species
on wood breakwaters
in PS, completely
exposed during
low tide, several
meters above
bottom; other
colonies attached
on small pebbles
lying on muddy
bottom.
Amphisbetia operculata
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Family Sertularellidae SJ; RGr Small, immature colony
Maronna, Miranda, on algae.
Pena Cantero,
Barbeitos, Marques, 2016
Sertularella antarctica
Hartlaub, 19OO
Sertularella picta SJ Mature colonies
(Meyen, 1834) epiphytic or on rocks.
Sertularella tenella CO; SJ; RGr Immature colonies
(Alder, 1856) Family usually associated to
Symplectoscyphidae A. operculata.
Maronna, Miranda, Pena
Cantero, Barbeitos,
Marques, 2016
Symplectoscyphus SJ; RGr Few immature colonies
milneanus usually associated
(d'Orbigny, 1839) to A. operculata.
Symplectoscyphus SJ; PS; RG; Abundant colonies,
subdichotomus RGr most with gonothecae.
(Kirchenpauer, 1884) Predominantly on
rocks, some on G.
abietina and wood
breakwaters. Few
colonies in salt
marsh tide pools
(RGm).
Symplectoscyphus sp. SJ; RG Immature colonial
fragment, distinct
from S.
subdichotomus,
on rocky intertidal
zone detached from
substrate (S), or
in salt marsh tide
pool associated
with A. operculata
(RGm).
Family Thyroscyphidae SJ Large, immature
Stechow, 192O colonies detached
Parascyphus repens from substrate.
(Jaderholm, 1904)
Family Plumulariidae SJ; PS; RG Abundant, most
McCrady, 1859 colonies with
Nemertesia ramosa gonothecae.
(Lamarck, 1816) Frequent at areas
with soft muddy
sediments, on
rocks, wood
breakwaters, or
tidal pools;
numerous dead
fragments among
stems of
Sarcocornia
perennis in
salt marshes
(SJm; RGm).
Plumularia setacea CO; PD; SJ; Mature and immature
(Linnaeus, 1758) PS; RGr colonies attached
on rocks or sponges
in southern areas,
but epiphytic on M.
pyrifera in northern
areas dominated by
mussels (CO and PD).
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| Title Annotation: | Research Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Genzano, Gabriel; Bremec, Claudia S.; Diaz-Briz, Luciana; Costello, John H.; Morandini, Andre C.; Mi |
| Publication: | Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research |
| Date: | Mar 1, 2017 |
| Words: | 5070 |
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