Endosymbiotic actinidic archaeal synthesis of neurotransmitters by cholesterol catabolism regulates brain function.
INTRODUCTIONEndomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of EMF [1,2,3,4]. Bacterial synthesis of neurotransmitters plays a role in quorum sensing and motility. The possibility of endogenous neurotransmitter synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in EMF and systemic diseases like neuoronal degeneration, psychiatric disease, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and malignancy [5-8]. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea in the above mentioned disease states is described [7,9].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following groups were included in the study:-endomyocardial fibrosis, alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, metabolic syndrome x with cerebrovascular thrombosis and coronary artery disease, schizophrenia, autism, seizure disorder, creutzfeldt jakob disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. There were 10 patients in each group and each patient had an age and sex matched healthy control selected randomly from the general population. The blood samples were drawn in the fasting state before treatment was initiated. Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Cholesterol substrate was prepared as described by Richmond [10]. Aliquots were withdrawn at zero time immediately after mixing and after incubation at 37[degrees]C for 1 hour. The following estimations were carried out:--Cytochrome F420, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, acetyl choline and glutamate [11-13]. Cytochrome F420 was estimated flourimetrically (excitation wavelength 420 nm and emission wavelength 520 nm). The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA.
RESULTS
Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma casued a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics to the patient's plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels but the extent of change was more in patient's sera as compared to controls. The results are expressed in tables 1-3 as percentage change in the parameters after 1 hour incubation as compared to the values at zero time.
DISCUSSION
There was increase in cytochrome F420 indicating archaeal growth. The archaea can synthesise and use cholesterol as a carbon and energy source [6,14]. The archeal origin of the enzyme activities was indicated by antibiotic induced suppression. The study indicates the presence of actinide based archaea with an alternate actinide based enzymes or metalloenzymes in the system as indicated by rutile induced increase in enzyme activities [15]. The archaeal cholesterol oxidase activity results in generation of pyruvate [14]. The pyruvate gets converted to glutamate and GABA by the GABA shunt pathway. The pyruvate generated by cholesterol oxidase activity can also get converted to acetyl CoA and acetyl choline. The archaeal aromatization of cholesterol generating norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine was also detected [16]. The archaea can undergo magnetite and calcium carbonate mineralization and can exist as calcified nanoforms [17].
The archaea and viroids can regulate the nervous system including the NMDA/GABA thalamocorticothalamic pathway mediating conscious perception [4,18]. NMDA/GABA receptors can be modulated by cholesterol catabolism generated glutamate and GABA. The archaea can regulate limbic lobe transmission with archaeal cholesterol aromatase/ring oxidase generated norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and acetyl choline [16]. The increased integration of archaea into the neuronal genome can produce increased cholesterol oxidase and aromatase mediated monoamine and NMDA transmission producing schizophrenia and autism. The archaeal cholesterol catabolism generated glutamate can produce NMDA excitotoxicity producing neuronal degeneration. The archaeal glutamate and GABA synthesis can play a role in neurodegeneration, autism and schizophrenia.
Archaeal cholesterol catabolism generated glutamate and serotonin can produce immune activation and acetyl choline can produce immunosuppression. The balance between the two sets of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive neurotransmitters can contribute to autoimmune disease. Parasympathetic neuropathy and vagal blockade can lead to autoimmune disease. Immunity is regulated by the vagal reflex. Archaeal cholesterol catabolism generated glutamate and GABA can regulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells contributing to metabolic syndrome x. Metabolic syndrome x has been attributed to alteration in the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance. There is vagal suppression and sympathetic overactivity. This produces hyperinsulinism, immune activation and metabolic syndrome x. Sympathetic overactivity and vagal blockade can lead to vasospasm, microangiopathy and vascular disease. Sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic blockade can produce malignant cell proliferation. The Warburg phenotype can be induced by vagal blockade induced immune activation [19]. Thus the archaeal synthesis of acetyl choline and catecholamines can regulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system contributing to metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and malignancy.
The archaeal neurotransmitters may control the human nervous system regulating visceral functions and consciousness.
DOI: 10.3968/j.ans.1715787020120501.1065
REFERENCES
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Ravikumar Kurup A. (1) *; Parameswara Achutha Kurup (1)
(1) The Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, TC 4/1525, Gouri Sadan, Kattu Road, North of Cliff House, Kowdiar PO, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
* Corresponding author.
Received 3 January 2012; accepted 14 March 2012.
Table 1
Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Cytochrome F420 and Glutamate
CYT F420 % CYT F420 %
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.48 0.15 18.24 0.66
Schizo 23.24 2.01 58.72 7.08
Seizure 23.46 1.87 59.27 8.86
AD 23.12 2.00 56.90 6.94
MS 22.12 1.81 61.33 9.82
NHL 22.79 2.13 55.90 7.29
DM 22.59 1.86 57.05 8.45
AIDS 22.29 1.66 59.02 7.50
CJD 22.06 1.61 57.81 6.04
Autism 21.68 1.90 57.93 9.64
EMF 22.70 1.87 60.46 8.06
F value 306.749 F value 130.054
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
Glutamate% change Glutamate% change
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.34 0.21 18.43 0.82
Schizo 20.99 1.46 61.23 9.73
Seizure 20.94 1.54 62.76 8.52
AD 22.63 0.88 56.40 8.59
MS 21.59 1.23 60.28 9.22
NHL 21.19 1.61 58.57 7.47
DM 20.67 1.38 58.75 8.12
AIDS 21.21 2.36 58.73 8.10
CJD 21.07 1.79 63.90 7.13
Autism 21.91 1.71 58.45 6.66
EMF 22.29 2.05 62.37 5.05
F value 321.255 F value 115.242
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
Table 2
Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Noradrenaline and Acetyl Choline
Noradrenaline % Noradrenaline %
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.43 0.19 18.13 0.63
Schizo 22.50 1.66 60.21 7.42
Seizure 23.81 1.19 61.08 7.38
AD 22.65 2.48 60.19 6.98
MS 21.14 1.20 60.53 4.70
NHL 23.35 1.76 59.17 3.33
DM 23.27 1.53 58.91 6.09
AIDS 23.32 1.71 63.15 7.62
CJD 22.86 1.91 63.66 6.88
Autism 23.52 1.49 63.24 7.36
EMF 23.29 1.67 60.52 5.38
F value 380.721 F value 171.228
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
Acetyl choline % Acetyl choline %
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.40 0.10 18.48 0.39
Schizo 22.52 1.90 66.39 4.20
Seizure 22.83 1.90 67.23 3.45
AD 23.67 1.68 66.50 3.58
MS 22.38 1.79 67.10 3.82
NHL 23.34 1.75 66.80 3.43
DM 22.87 1.84 66.31 3.68
AIDS 23.45 1.79 66.32 3.63
CJD 23.17 1.88 68.53 2.65
Autism 23.20 1.57 66.65 4.26
EMF 22.29 2.05 61.91 7.56
F value 372.716 F value 556.411
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
Table 3
Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Dopamine and Serotonin
DOPAMINE % DOPAMINE %
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.41 0.15 18.63 0.12
Schizo 21.88 1.19 66.28 3.60
Seizure 22.29 1.33 65.38 3.62
AD 23.66 1.67 65.97 3.36
MS 22.92 2.14 67.54 3.65
NHL 23.81 1.90 66.95 3.67
DM 24.10 1.61 65.78 4.43
AIDS 23.43 1.57 66.30 3.57
CJD 23.70 1.75 68.06 3.52
Autism 22.76 2.20 67.63 3.52
EMF 22.28 1.52 64.05 2.79
F value 403.394 F value 680.284
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
5 HT % change 5 HT % change
(Increase with (Decrease with
Rutile) Doxy+Cipro)
Group Mean [+ or -] SD Mean [+ or -] SD
Normal 4.34 0.15 18.24 0.37
Schizo 23.02 1.65 67.61 2.77
Seizure 22.13 2.14 66.26 3.93
AD 23.09 1.81 65.86 4.27
MS 21.93 2.29 63.70 5.63
NHL 23.12 1.71 65.12 5.58
DM 22.73 2.46 65.87 4.35
AIDS 22.98 1.50 65.13 4.87
CJD 23.81 1.49 64.89 6.01
Autism 22.79 2.20 64.26 6.02
EMF 22.82 1.56 64.61 4.95
F value 348.867 F value 364.999
P value < 0.001 P value < 0.001
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| Author: | Kurup A., Ravikumar; Kurup, Parameswara Achutha |
|---|---|
| Publication: | Advances in Natural Science |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Geographic Code: | 9INDI |
| Date: | Mar 31, 2012 |
| Words: | 2151 |
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