Distribution of Bothrops asper in Tamaulipas, Mexico and a review of prey items.
Bothrops asper is a wide-ranging Neotropical pit viper. We follow Liner and Casas-Andreu (2008) in using their standardized English and Spanish names for the species, terciopelo and cuatro narices, respectively. Terciopelos occur on the northwestern Pacific and Caribbean versants of South America (from extreme northwestern Peru to northern Venezuela), throughout much of Central America and into eastern Mexico, with vertical distributions from sea level to 1,300 m in Mexico and Central America and up to 2,640 m in South America (Campbell and Lamar, 2004). Townsend et al. (2006) reported a maximum elevation of 1,450 m in Honduras. Bothrops asper has a relatively lengthy synonymy with twenty synonyms and combinations (McDiarmid et al., 1999). An extended discussion on the taxonomy is beyond the scope of this review; however, we note that literature specifically addressing Tamaulipas populations have used Bothrops atrox (e.g., Martin 1955, 1958), Bothrops atrox asper (e.g., Smith and Taylor, 1945), and Bothrops asper (e.g., Auth et al., 2000; Campbell and Lamar, 2004; Lavin-Murcio and Lazcano, 2010; Farr, 2015).Martin del Campo (1937) included Tamaulipas in the distribution of B. atrox asper; however, it was noted that the record "seems to be based upon probability of occurrence instead of actual specimens" (Smith and Taylor, 1945:180). A specimen from Tamaulipas (CAS-71773) collected in 1920 is notable, although no specific locality is available for the snake, and we are unaware of any references to this specimen in the literature (Appendix 1; institution abbreviations per Sabaj Perez, 2014). Martin (1955) included B. asper (as B. atrox) among 39 amphibian and reptile species representing new state records from the Gomez Farias region of Tamaulipas. Martin (1958) provided further details on specimens collected in the vicinity of Gomez Farias, with explicit localities and the associated vegetation zones. Subsequent to Martin (1955, 1958), the occurrence of B. asper in Tamaulipas has been reflected in the literature; however, like many species, additional localities have rarely been reported despite the accumulation of specimens in museums for over a half a century (Farr et al., 2013). Auth et al. (2000) reported one additional record from Tamaulipas (SMBU-BCBF 68-97; Appendix 2). Campbell and Lamar (2004) included Tamaulipas in the distribution but their map only indicted generalized shading in the state: no dots were included and specific localities or museum vouchers were not identified.
One of us (WLF) queried over 100 institutions for information on their holdings of Tamaulipan herpetofauna. Sixty-one institutions responded providing a total of 28 B. asper records from eight collections. We have examined and verified all of these specimens (Appendix 1). The localities of specimens were plotted on a map along with a literature record from Tamaulipas, literature records from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, and an additional museum specimen (TNHC, verified by personnel from that institution) from Veracruz, Mexico (Fig 1; Appendix 2). Coordinates are expressed in map datum WGS84. Coordinates and elevations for specimens we collected were recorded with a handheld global positioning system unit and are presented in parentheses in Appendix 1. For museum and literature records without coordinates in the original data, we determined the approximate coordinates using Google Earth based on recorded localities, and provide them here in brackets in Appendices 1 and 2. We follow Sabaj Perez (2014) in the abbreviations for symbolic codes of institutional resource collections. We describe the distribution and associated vegetation zones and identify all known municipality records of B. asper in Tamaulipas. A specimen (UANL-6608) with a conspicuous bulge, collected in the municipality of Tula, was dissected and we found a small mammal in the stomach. The skull of this prey item was cleaned and identified. Literature was reviewed for references identifying specific prey items (e.g., family, genus, and species) in the diet of B. asper (Table 1). Literature that only identified generalized prey items (e.g., class, order, frogs, lizards, rodents, small mammals, etc.) is not included here.
Bothrops asper occurs in a relatively limited area of south-central Tamaulipas, where it is generally associated with humid, mid-low elevations on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental and adjacent lowlands (Fig. 1). Martin (1958) reported B. asper from tropical deciduous forest, tropical evergreen forest, and lower sections of cloud forest in Tamaulipas (vegetation zones defined therein). To that we add habitat in the municipality of Tula along the Rio Gallos Grandes, where B. asper follows the river well into the Sierra Madre Oriental. The riparian areas there have elements of temperate Madrean oak woodlands, characterized by conspicuous stands of what appear to be Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple), although we were unable to verify the identification of these trees with certainty. The slopes above the riparian areas to the west are slightly more arid with Quercus (oak) and Juniperus (juniper) forest. The slopes above the riparian areas to the east are more humid with Quercus (oak) and Sabal (palm). We confirmed B. asperfrom seven municipalities: Antiguo Morelos, El Mante, Gomez Farias, Llera, Ocampo, Tula, and Xicotencatl. The occurrence of B. asper should be anticipated from the municipality of Nuevo Morelos with near certainty, as every adjacent municipality holds records, including two municipalities (El Naranjo and Ciudad Valles) in the neighboring state of San Luis Potosi, (Taylor, 1949; Auth et al., 2000; Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013). A vertical distribution between 98-1,190 m can be confirmed in Tamaulipas. Bothrops asper is apparently absent from the lower elevations to the east which support semiarid thorn scrub habitat in Tamaulipas. However, literature and museum records are available from lower elevations to the east in adjacent areas in San Luis Potosi and Veracruz (Fig. 1; Appendix 2). An extensive area of marshlands and lagoons associated with the Rio Tamesi on the Veracruz border, which sustain extensive Cyperus and Typha vegetation, might be a factor in limiting the dispersal of the species in southeast Tamaulipas.
Bothrops asper reaches range-wide distributional limits in Tamaulipas. A record (UANL-6608) from the Sierra Madre Oriental in the municipality of Tula represents the westernmost locality, located less than 17 km east of Chihuahua Desert scrub in the Tula Valley. The arid environment of the Mexican Plateau presents a natural barrier, and the species should not be anticipated significantly west of this locality. Three specimens from the municipality of Llera (LACM-20229, 20230, 20231) represent the northernmost locality, approximately 37 km south of the Tropic of Cancer. Significant areas of tropical deciduous forest extend northward to the general vicinity of the Tropic of Cancer and the Rio Guayalejo, and future collecting might produce new records 25-50 km to the north, but this remains to be demonstrated. Martin (1958) noted that B. asper should be anticipated in the tropical deciduous forest of the Sierra de Tamaulipas. We are unaware of any literature or museum records from the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Much of the habitat in the Sierra de Tamaulipas would appear suitable for the species, but this mountain range is isolated on the costal plan and separated from the tropical deciduous forest associated with the Sierra Madre Oriental by [mayor que o igual a]35 km of low-elevation arid thorn scrub habitat.
We found a juvenile B. asper, approximately 325 mm in total length, with a conspicuous bulge in its abdomen (UANL-6608). Although this snake was found dead on the road, the head was pulverized or shredded beyond recognition but the rest of its body was in relatively good condition, suggesting it might not have been run over by a vehicle but deliberately killed by a predator or perhaps a person. The specimen was later dissected and the stomach content was identified from its skull as a Cryptotis parva (North American least shrew or musarana), now in the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mammal Collection (UANL-4320). Averaging 79 mm and 4-7.5 g, C. parva are notable as one of the smallest mammals of North America (Schmidly, 1994). To our knowledge the genus Cryptotis, the Family Soricidae, or the order Eulipotyphla have not previously been reported in the diet of B. asper.
Martins et al. (2002) reviewed the feeding habits of 22 species of Bothrops and found 32 prey items in the digestive tracts of their B. asper sample, although the prey items were not identified beyond class, order, or suborder. Martins et al. (2002) concluded B. asper is a diet generalist, with an ontogenetic diet shift from a greater percentage of ectotherms in juveniles to a higher percentage of endotherms, particularly small mammals, in adults. Boada et al. (2005) dissected 21 B. asper from Ecuador and found prey items in 14 specimens. Boada et al. (2005) found no clear distinction between juveniles and adults regarding ectothermic and endothermic prey, suggesting B. asper is a diet generalist regardless of size or age, although they noted their sample size was limited. Sasa et al. (2009) reviewed the natural history of the terciopelo in Costa Rica and analyzed the gut contents of 56 adult or subadult terciopelos. They published a remarkable table identifying 33 species and seven additional genera and orders of prey items in the diet of B. asper gleaned from both literature and their samples. We reviewed the literature identifying specific prey items of B. asper and found a number of items reported both prior and subsequent to Sasa et al. (2009) that were not included in their review (Table 1). These data do support a generalized ontogenetic diet shift from a greater percentage of ectothermic prey in juveniles to a higher percentage of endothermic prey in adults. However, clearly B. asper will opportunistically prey on a remarkably wide spectrum of both ectothermic and endothermic species regardless of size or age. Only Aves (birds) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are exclusively identified in the diet of adults.
Several authors have reported invertebrate and insect remains in the digestive systems of B. asper including Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera. Most authors interpreted these as instances of secondary ingestion from anuran and lizard prey. Boada et al. (2005) interpreted insect remains found in specimens along with anuran and lizard remains as secondary ingestion, but in specimens containing only insect remains (Coleoptera and Hemiptera) as primary prey. Boada et al. (2005) found plant matter (leaves) in the digestive tract of one specimen, presumably ingested with insect prey. Sasa et al. (2009) noted that centipedes, squamata, and fishes were an infrequent but important part of the diet, particularly for juveniles, but they did not include any examples of the latter. March (1928) commented that young opossums appear to be the favorite food in the region ofTela, Honduras, although no data were provided. Picado (1931) referred to zorrillos (skunks) in the diet of B. asper; however, no further details were provided and it is not clear if this was a documented prey item or simply an example of a small mammal that might fall prey to B. asper. Cannibalism has been reported for juveniles of both captive (Burger and Smith, 1950; Tryon, 1985; Correa Sanchez et al., 1998) and wild individuals (Buttenhoff and Vogt, 1995). Scavenging of anurans and rodents has been reported (Logan and Montero, 2009; Sasa et al., 2009). Ryan et al. (2010) provided an account of a B. asper succumbing to the toxins of a Leptodactylus savagei while preying on the frog, and Boada et al. (2005) noted an observation in which a Bufo marinus (=Rhinella horribilis) was suspected in contributing to the death of a B. asper found dead on a road. Beebe (1946) identified Leptodactylus pentadactylus, ameivas and other unidentified lizards, a small snake, remains of mice, spiny rats, and fur of a small mammal as prey items of B. atrox from two localities, Kartabo, British Guiana and Caripito, Venezuela. His samples from British Guiana were clearly B. atrox, but specimens from Venezuela were likely B. asper. Unfortunately, Beebe (1946) did not distinguish which specimens or prey items came from which localities.
APPENDIX 1--Specimens Examined--MUNICIPIO DE ANTIGUO MORELOS: AMNH 172091, 12 mi [19.3 km] SW of Mante on Mexico 80 [22.60076[degrees]N, 99.03015[degrees]W; elev. 278 m.]. UANL 4456, Antiguo Morelos- Cd. Valles a 4.6 Km al W del Antiguo Morelos [22.55250[degrees]N, 99.14750[degrees]W; elev. 397 m.]. UANL-6452, Near cave at Al Abra, 8 km NE of Antiguo Morelos (22.60666[degrees]N, 99.02430[degrees]W; elev. 263 m.). MUNICIPIO DE EL MANTE: AMNH 161864, 7 mi. S Ciudad Mante [22.65369[degrees]N, 99.02221[degrees]W; elev. 109 m.]. MUNICIPIO DE GOMEZ FARIAS: AMNH 172092, AMNH 172093 (2), Gomez Farias, between Cd. Victoria and Cd. Mante, in sugar cane fields [23.02214[degrees]N, 99.09088[degrees]W; elev. 98 m.]. TCWC 71142, Gomez Farias, estacion Los Cedros [23.04726[degrees]N, 99.15498[degrees]W; elev. 391 m.]. TU 15681, 7 km. NE. Gomez Farias [23.09676[degrees]N, 99.11260[degrees]W; elev. 134 m.]. UANL-6508 (skin only), In the town of Gomez Farias (23.03388[degrees]N, 99.15000[degrees]W; elev. 364 m.). UANL-7874, 3 km al SE del Ej. San Jose [23.02738[degrees]N, 99.22388[degrees]W; elev. 1173 m.]. UIMNH 51144, 2.5 mi W Gomez Farias [23.05541[degrees]N, 99.19327[degrees]W; elev. 913 m.]. UMMZ 101263 (head only), Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW of Gomez Farias [23.10000[degrees]N, 99.19250[degrees]W; elev. 1190 m.]. UMMZ 101264, Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW of Gomez Farias [23.10000[degrees]N, 99.19250[degrees]W; elev. 1190 m.]. UMMZ 110824, Gomez Farias [23.04726[degrees]N, 99.15498[degrees]W; elev. 391 m.]. UMMZ 110825, Gomez Farias [23.04726[degrees]N, 99.15498[degrees]W; elev. 391 m.]. UMMZ 111348 (head only), UMMZ 111349 (head only), Gomez Farias, near [ca. 23.04726[degrees]N, 99.15498[degrees]W; elev. 391 m.]. UMMZ 112901, Gomez Farias, 3 mi. NNE of at Ejido La Azteca [23.08217[degrees]N, 99.12704[degrees]W; elev. 116 m.]. MUNICIPIO DE LLERA: LACM-20229, LACM-20230, LACM-20231, Rio Sabinas, 2 mi. W Encino [23.14181[degrees]N, 99.14586[degrees]W; elev. 145 m.]. MUNICIPIO DE OCAMPO: UANL-6573, On hwy 66, 18.5 km NW of Ocampo (22.91527[degrees]N, 99.49975[degrees]W; elev. 651 m.). UMMZ 111053, Ocampo, 7.2 airline mi. N of on road to Refugio [ca. 22.97652[degrees]N, 99.35948[degrees]W; elev. 1000 m.]. UMMZ 111350 (head only), Aserradero del Paraiso (near), 9 mi. NNW of Chamal [ca. 22.96306[degrees]N, 99.19276[degrees]W; elev. 500 m.]. MUNICIPIO DE TULA: UANL-6608, 11 km. SE of Gallos Grandes along the Rio Gallos Grandes, 43.5 km SE of Tula (22.643532[degrees]N, 99.543063[degrees]W; elev. 814 m.). MUNICIPIO DE XICOTENCATL OR GOMEZ FARIAS: UMMZ 102911, Pano Ayuctle [=El Azteca], 5 mi. NE of Gomez Farias along the Rio Sabinas [23.11300[degrees]N, 99.14340[degrees]W; elev. 123 m.]. UMMZ 104114, Pano Ayuctle [=El Azteca], 5 mi. NE of Gomez Farias along the Rio Sabinas [23.11300[degrees]N, 99.14340[degrees]W; elev. 123 m.]. MUNICIPIO UNKNOWN: CAS 71773, Tamaulipas.
APPENDIX 2--Literature Records and Other Museum Specimens--San Luis Potosi: MUNICIPIO DE CIUDAD VALLES: 3.2 km E of Ciudad Valles (21.9833[degrees]N, 98.9833[degrees]W; 99 elev. m.) (Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013). 17.2 km W, 14.2 km E of Tamuin (21.9671[degrees]N, 98.9000[degrees]W; 181 elev. m.) (Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013). MUNICIPIO DE EBANO: Ebano. [22.2117[degrees]N, 098.3696[degrees]W; 56 elev. m.] (Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013). KU-24032, Hda. Limon, 10 mi. [16.09 km] W of Ebano [22.1504[degrees]N, 98.5114[degrees]W; 29 elev. m.] (Taylor, 1950). MUNICIPIO DE EL NARANJO: BCB-7546, El Salto [22.5861[degrees]N, 99.3825[degrees]W; 427 elev. m.] (Auth et al., 2000). KU-24033, El Salto [22.5861[degrees]N, 99.3825[degrees]W; 427 elev. m.] (Taylor, 1949). Tamaulipas: MUNICIPIO DE OCAMPO: SMBU BCBF 68-97, Chamal, 6 mi. NW of - [22.90224[degrees]N, 99.26285[degrees]W; elev. 354 m.] (Auth et al., 2000). Veracruz: MUNICIPIO DE TAMPICO ALTA: TNHC-87818, 32 km S of Tampico [21.9350[degrees]N, 97.7607[degrees]W; elev. 68 m].
Submitted 17 June 2016. Accepted 6 February 2017.
Associate Editor was Neil B. Ford.
We thank the following individuals who provided data, allowed us the opportunity to examine voucher specimens held in the respective institutions, or both: D. R. Frost, D. Kizirian, D. Dickey, M. Arnold, A. Schweitzer, R. Pascocello (AMNH); J. Vindom (CAS); R. Brown, D. Blackburn, A. Campbell, L. Trueb (KU); G. Pauly, N. Camacho (LACM); J. Rosado (MCZ); J. R. Dixon, T. J. Hibbitts (TCWC); D. Cannatella, T. J. LaDuc (TNHC); H. Dundee, N. Rios (TU); C. Phillips, D. Wylie, M. Dreslik (UIMNH); G. Schneider, R. A. Nussbaum (UMMZ); R. Heyer, T. Hartsell, S. Gotte, K. Tighe (USNM);J. A. Campbell, C. Franklin (UTA); and C. Lieb, R. Couvillon (UTEP). T. J. LaDuc (TNHC) verified a specimen on our behalf, and we thank A. N. Ruiz Heredia for help identifying Cryptotis parva. We thank the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon and its research programs (Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica CN361-15). N. Ford provided some difficult-to-obtain literature. Fieldwork was conducted under Secretaria del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (now Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico) permits 7150/97, FAUT-0045, 1624/05, 0800/06, 1085/07, 1255/08.
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WILLIAM L. FARR * AND DAVID LAZCANO
11019 Wainfleet Lane, Houston, TX 77096 (WLF)
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Apartado Postal 513, San
Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, C.P. 66450, Mexico (DL)
* Correspondent: williamfarr@sbcglobal.net
Caption: FIG. 1--The distribution of Bothrops asper in Tamaulipas and adjacent San Luis Potosi and Veracruz, Mexico. Solid dots = verified museum vouchers, open dots = literature records, question mark = area of probable occurrence.
TABLE 1--Specific prey items identified in the diet of Bothrops asper. Prey Note Size Invertebrates Invertebrates Dissection Juvenile Class Chilopoda Scolopendra Dissection Adult Scolopendra -- Juvenile Scolopendra Dissection Juvenile Scolopendra angulata Dissection Juvenile Class Insecta Coleoptera Dissection Juvenile Diptera Dissection -- Hemiptera Dissection Juvenile Hymenoptera Dissection -- Orthoptera Dissection -- Orthoptera -- Juvenile Orthoptera Dissection Adult Class Malacostraca Crayfish -- -- Class Actinopterygii Synbranchus marmoratus Dissection Adult Class Amphibia Dermophis parviceps In situ observation Sub adult Anuran In situ Sub adult observation (b) Acris gryllus Captivity Juvenile Craugastor fitzingeri Dissection -- Dendrobatid frogs In situ Juvenile observation (c) Eleutherodactylus In situ observation Juvenile Eleutherodactylus -- Juvenile Eleutherodactylus Dissection Juvenile [Craugastor] rhodopis Eleutherodactylus Dissection Juvenile [Pristimantis] achatinus Hyla crucifer Captivity Juvenile Leptodactylus bolivianus Dissection -- Leptodactylus savagei In situ Adult observation (c) Leptodactylus savagei Dissection Adult Lithobates forreri In situ observation Adult Lithobates forreri Dissection Adult Lithobates vaillanti Dissection -- Lithobates warzewitzchi Dissection -- Mannophryne trinitatis -- Juvenile Rhinella marina Dissection -- Bufo [Rhinella] marinus In situ observation Subadult Smilisca baudinii Dissection Juvenile Smilisca phaeota Dissection -- Smilisca sordida Dissection -- Class Reptilia Amphisbaena alba Dissection Adult Ameiva [Holcosus] festiva Dissection -- Ameiva [Holcosus] undulata Dissection Juvenile Anolis Captivity Adult Anolis Captivity Juvenile Anolis -- Juvenile Anolis limifrons Dissection Juvenile Ctenosaura similis Dissection Adult Gonatodes fuscus [albogularis] -- -- Lepidophyma reticulatum Dissection Adult Lepidophyma tuxtlae In situ observation Sub adult Lygosoma [Sphenomorphus] Dissection -- cherriei Skinks -- Juvenile Bothrops asper Captivity (c) Juvenile Bothrops asper Dissection Juvenile Bothrops asper Dissection Juvenile Bothrops asper Captivity Juvenile Bothrops asper Captivity Juvenile Crotalus horridus Captivity (c) Juvenile Erythrolamprus bizona -- Adult Ninia atrata -- -- Ninia sebae Dissection -- Storeria dekayi Captivity Juvenile Class Aves Feathers Dissection -- Feathers Dissection -- Unidentified passerines (feathers) Dissection Adult Cantorchilus [Thryothorus] Dissection Adult nigricapillus Eucometis penicllata In situ observation Adult Troglodytes Dissection Adult Volantinia jacarina Dissection Adult Class Mammalia Hair Dissection Adult Mammalian hair Dissection Juvenile Small marsupials -- Adult Full-grown opossum -- Adult Caluromys derbianus Dissection Adult Didelphis -- Adult Didelphis marsupialis -- Adult Didelphis marsupialis A. B. Carr story Adult Philander -- Adult Philander opossum Dissection Adult Rat sized rodent Dissection Adult Muridae Dissection Subadult Heteromys -- Adult Heteromys desmarestianus Dissection -- Melanomys caliginosus Dissection -- Mus musculus Dissection -- Mus musculus Captivity Juvenile Mus musculus Captivity Juvenile Oligoryzomys fulvescens Dissection Adult Oryzomys Dissection Adult Proechimys semispinosus Dissection Adult Proechimys semispinosus Dissection Adult Rattus rattus Dissection Juvenile Rattus rattus Dissection Juvenile Rattus rattus "probably" Dissection Adult Sigmodon hirsutus Dissection -- Sigmodon peruanus Dissection Subadult Wood Rat [Neotoma] -- -- Coendou rothschildi Dissection Adult Sylvilagus brasiliensis -- Adult Skunks -- Adult Cryptotis parva Dissection Juvenile Prey Country Invertebrates Invertebrates Mexico Class Chilopoda Scolopendra Ecuador Scolopendra Guatemala Scolopendra Colombia Scolopendra angulata Colombia Class Insecta Coleoptera Ecuador Diptera Ecuador Hemiptera Ecuador Hymenoptera Ecuador Orthoptera Ecuador Orthoptera Guatemala Orthoptera Costa Rica Class Malacostraca Crayfish Trinidad Class Actinopterygii Synbranchus marmoratus Venezuela Class Amphibia Dermophis parviceps Costa Rica Anuran Costa Rica Acris gryllus Mexico Craugastor fitzingeri Costa Rica Dendrobatid frogs Venezuela Eleutherodactylus Costa Rica Eleutherodactylus Guatemala Eleutherodactylus Mexico [Craugastor] rhodopis Eleutherodactylus Ecuador [Pristimantis] achatinus Hyla crucifer Mexico Leptodactylus bolivianus Costa Rica Leptodactylus savagei Costa Rica Leptodactylus savagei Costa Rica Lithobates forreri Costa Rica Lithobates forreri Costa Rica Lithobates vaillanti Costa Rica Lithobates warzewitzchi Costa Rica Mannophryne trinitatis Trinidad Rhinella marina Costa Rica Bufo [Rhinella] marinus Ecuador Smilisca baudinii Mexico Smilisca phaeota Costa Rica Smilisca sordida Costa Rica Class Reptilia Amphisbaena alba Venezuela Ameiva [Holcosus] festiva Costa Rica Ameiva [Holcosus] undulata Mexico Anolis Costa Rica Anolis Costa Rica Anolis Guatemala Anolis limifrons Panama Ctenosaura similis Costa Rica Gonatodes fuscus [albogularis] Colombia Lepidophyma reticulatum Costa Rica Lepidophyma tuxtlae Mexico Lygosoma [Sphenomorphus] Guatemala cherriei Skinks Guatemala Bothrops asper Mexico Bothrops asper Mexico Bothrops asper Mexico Bothrops asper Mexico Bothrops asper Costa Rica Crotalus horridus Mexico Erythrolamprus bizona Costa Rica Ninia atrata Trinidad Ninia sebae Costa Rica Storeria dekayi Mexico Class Aves Feathers Costa Rica Feathers Guatemala Unidentified passerines (feathers) Costa Rica Cantorchilus [Thryothorus] Ecuador nigricapillus Eucometis penicllata Panama Troglodytes Venezuela Volantinia jacarina Costa Rica Class Mammalia Hair Panama Mammalian hair Ecuador Small marsupials Costa Rica Full-grown opossum Honduras Caluromys derbianus Costa Rica Didelphis Mexico Didelphis marsupialis Costa Rica Didelphis marsupialis Trinidad Philander Guatemala Philander opossum Costa Rica Rat sized rodent Ecuador Muridae Ecuador Heteromys Guatemala Heteromys desmarestianus Costa Rica Melanomys caliginosus Costa Rica Mus musculus Costa Rica Mus musculus Mexico Mus musculus Costa Rica Oligoryzomys fulvescens Costa Rica Oryzomys Costa Rica Proechimys semispinosus Ecuador Proechimys semispinosus Costa Rica Rattus rattus Mexico Rattus rattus Mexico Rattus rattus "probably" Costa Rica Sigmodon hirsutus Costa Rica Sigmodon peruanus Ecuador Wood Rat [Neotoma] Trinidad Coendou rothschildi Ecuador Sylvilagus brasiliensis Costa Rica Skunks Costa Rica Cryptotis parva Mexico Prey Reference (a) Invertebrates Invertebrates Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Class Chilopoda Scolopendra Boada et al. (2005) Scolopendra Campbell (1998) Scolopendra Greene (1992) Scolopendra angulata Parker (1926) Class Insecta Coleoptera Boada et al. (2005) Diptera Boada et al. (2005) Hemiptera Boada et al. (2005) Hymenoptera Boada et al. (2005) Orthoptera Boada et al. (2005) Orthoptera Campbell (1998) Orthoptera Sasa et al. (2009) Class Malacostraca Crayfish Emsley (1977) (1'2'3) Class Actinopterygii Synbranchus marmoratus Hertz et al. (2009) Class Amphibia Dermophis parviceps Jones et al. (2014) Anuran Logan and Montero (2009) Acris gryllus Burger and Smith (1950) Craugastor fitzingeri Sasa et al. (2009) Dendrobatid frogs Lemos-Espinal and Dixon (2013) Eleutherodactylus Greene (1997) Eleutherodactylus Campbell (1998) Eleutherodactylus Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) [Craugastor] rhodopis Eleutherodactylus Boada et al. (2005) [Pristimantis] achatinus Hyla crucifer Burger and Smith (1950) Leptodactylus bolivianus Sasa et al. (2009) Leptodactylus savagei Ryan et al. (2010) Leptodactylus savagei Sasa et al. (2009) Lithobates forreri Campbell and Lamar (2004) Lithobates forreri Sasa et al. (2009) Lithobates vaillanti Sasa et al. (2009) Lithobates warzewitzchi Sasa et al. (2009) Mannophryne trinitatis Mole (1924) (1) Rhinella marina Sasa et al. (2009) Bufo [Rhinella] marinus Boada et al. (2005) Smilisca baudinii Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Smilisca phaeota Sasa et al. (2009) Smilisca sordida Sasa et al. (2009) Class Reptilia Amphisbaena alba Hertz et al. (2009) Ameiva [Holcosus] festiva Sasa et al. (2009) Ameiva [Holcosus] undulata Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Anolis Picado (1931) Anolis Picado (1931) Anolis Campbell (1998) Anolis limifrons Sexton and Heatwole (1965) Ctenosaura similis Sasa et al. (2009) Gonatodes fuscus [albogularis] Niceforo-Maria (1930) (2,3) Lepidophyma reticulatum Sasa et al. (2009) Lepidophyma tuxtlae Urbina-Cardona (2009) Lygosoma [Sphenomorphus] Stuart (1948) cherriei Skinks Campbell (1998) Bothrops asper Burger and Smith (1950) Bothrops asper Buttenhoff and Vogt (1995) Bothrops asper Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Bothrops asper Correa Sanchez et al (1998) Bothrops asper Tryon (1985) Crotalus horridus Burger and Smith (1950) Erythrolamprus bizona Sofirzano (2004) Ninia atrata Murphy (1997) Ninia sebae Sasa et al. (2009) Storeria dekayi Burger and Smith (1950) Class Aves Feathers Picado (1931) Feathers Barbour and Loveridge (1929) (2,3) Unidentified passerines (feathers) Sasa et al. (2009) Cantorchilus [Thryothorus] Boada et al. (2005) nigricapillus Eucometis penicllata Moody (2015) Troglodytes Hertz et al. (2009) Volantinia jacarina Sasa et al. (2009) Class Mammalia Hair Sexton and Heatwole (1965) Mammalian hair Kuch et al. (2004) Small marsupials Picado (1931) Full-grown opossum March (1928) Caluromys derbianus Hirth (1964) Didelphis Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Didelphis marsupialis Greene and Hardy (1989) Didelphis marsupialis Mole (1924) (1'2'3) Philander Campbell (1998) Philander opossum Sasa et al. (2009) Rat sized rodent Kuch et al. (2004) Muridae Kuch et al. (2004) Heteromys Campbell (1998) Heteromys desmarestianus Sasa et al. (2009) Melanomys caliginosus Sasa et al. (2009) Mus musculus Sasa et al. (2009) Mus musculus Correa Sanchez et al (1998) Mus musculus Tryon (1985) Oligoryzomys fulvescens Sasa et al. (2009) Oryzomys Sasa et al. (2009) Proechimys semispinosus Segovia-Nunez et al. (2014) Proechimys semispinosus Sasa et al. (2009) Rattus rattus Buttenhoff and Vogt (1995) Rattus rattus Buttenhoff and Vogt (1997) Rattus rattus "probably" Hirth (1964) Sigmodon hirsutus Sasa et al. (2009) Sigmodon peruanus Kuch et al. (2004) Wood Rat [Neotoma] Mole (1924) (1) Coendou rothschildi Segovia-Nunez et al. (2014) Sylvilagus brasiliensis Greene and Hardy (1989) Skunks Picado (1931) Cryptotis parva This study (a) Reference: fide Murphy (1997); fide Campbell and Lamar (2004); fide Sasa et al. (2009). (b) Scavenged. (c) Attempted.
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Title Annotation: | Notes |
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Author: | Farr, William L.; Lazcano, David |
Publication: | Southwestern Naturalist |
Article Type: | Report |
Geographic Code: | 1MEX |
Date: | Mar 1, 2017 |
Words: | 5466 |
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