Appendices.
After a few days the boxes formed a maze within the house, where each (of the inhabitants) had a corner, their own storey, their own level, to hide away or gather together and talk about a book or some physical instrument that had started to function in some completely unexpected way.Alejo Carpentier
El siglo de las luces (1962)
GEOLOGICAL UNITS: STRATIGRAPHIC TIME DESIGNATIONS
1 No Record (Prephanerozoic)
2 Archean Eon (Prephanerozoic)
3 Proterozoic Eon (Prephanerozoic)
4 Phanerozoic Eon
a) Paleozoic Era
1] Cambrian Period
2] Ordovician Period
3] Silurian Period
4] Devonian Period
5] Carboniferous--Mississippian Period
6] Carboniferous--Pennsylvanian Period
7] Permian Period
b) Mesozoic Era
1] Triassic Period
2] Jurassic Period
3] Cretaceous Period
c) Cenozoic Era
1] Tertiary--Paleogene Period
a] Paleocene Epoch
b] Eocene Epoch
c] Oligocene Epoch
2] Tertiary--Neogene Period
a] Miocene Epoch
b] Pliocene Epoch
3] Quaternary Period
a] Pleistocene Epoch
b] Recent or Holocene Epoch
SOILS CLASSIFICATION
(National Cooperative Soil Survey)
Order 1. Alfisols
Suborder 1 Aqualfs
Gt. Group 1 Cryaqualfs
Gt. Group 2 Plinthaqualfs
Gt. Group 3 Duraqualfs
Gt. Group 4 Natraqualfs
Gt. Group 5 Fragiaqualfs
Gt. Group 6 Kandiaqualfs
Gt. Group 7 Vermaqualfs
Gt. Group 8 Albaqualfs
Gt. Group 9 Glossaqualfs
Gt. Group 10 Epiaqualfs
Gt. Group 11 Endoaqualfs
Suborder 2 Cryalfs
Gt. Group 1 Palecryalfs
Gt. Group 2 Glossocryalfs
Gt. Group 3 Haplocryalfs
Suborder 3 Ustalfs
Gt. Group 1 Durustalfs
Gt. Group 2 Plinthustalfs
Gt. Group 3 Natrustalfs
Gt. Group 4 Kandiustalfs
Gt. Group 5 Kanhaplustalfs
Gt. Group 6 Paleustalfs
Gt. Group 7 Rhodustalfs
Gt. Group 8 Haplustalfs
Suborder 4 Xeralfs
Gt. Group 1 Durixeralfs
Gt. Group 2 Natrixeralfs
Gt. Group 3 Fragixeralfs
Gt. Group 4 Plinthoxeralfs
Gt. Group 5 Rhodoxeralfs
Gt. Group 6 Palexeralfs
Gt. Group 7 Haploxeralfs
Suborder 5 Udalfs
Gt. Group 1 Natrudalfs
Gt. Group 2 Ferrudalfs
Gt. Group 3 Fraglossudalfs
Gt. Group 4 Fragiudalfs
Gt. Group 5 Kandiudalfs
Gt. Group 6 Kanhapludalfs
Gt. Group 7 Paleudalfs
Gt. Group 8 Rhodudalfs
Gt. Group 9 Glossudalfs
Gt. Group 10 Hapludalfs
Order 2. Andisols
Suborder 1 Aquands
Gt. Group 1 Cryaquands
Gt. Group 2 Placaquands
Gt. Group 3 Duraquands
Gt. Group 4 Vitraquands
Gt. Group 5 Melanaquands
Gt. Group 6 Epiaquands
Gt. Group 7 Endoaquands
Suborder 2 Cryands
Gt. Group 1 Duricryands
Gt. Group 2 Hydrocryands
Gt. Group 3 Melanocryands
Gt. Group 4 Fulvicryands
Gt. Group 5 Vitricryands
Gt. Group 6 Haplocryands
Suborder 3 Torrands
Gt. Group 1 Duritorrands
Gt. Group 2 Vitritorrands
Gt. Group 3 Haplotorrands
Suborder 4 Xerands
Gt. Group 1 Vitrixerands
Gt. Group 2 Melanoxerands
Gt. Group 3 Haploxerands
Suborder 5 Vitrands
Gt. Group 1 Ustivitrands
Gt. Group 2 Udivitrands
Suborder 6 Ustands
Gt. Group 1 Durustands
Gt. Group 2 Haplustands
Suborder 7 Udands
Gt. Group 1 Placudands
Gt. Group 2 Durudands
Gt. Group 3 Melanudands
Gt. Group 4 Hydrudands
Gt. Group 5 Fulvudands
Gt. Group 6 Hapludands
Order 3. Aridisols
Suborder 1 Cryids
Gt. Group 1 Salicryids
Gt. Group 2 Petrocryids
Gt. Group 3 Gypsicryids
Gt. Group 4 Argicryids
Gt. Group 5 Calcicryids
Gt. Group 6 Haplocryids
Suborder 2 Salids
Gt. Group 1 Aquisalids
Gt. Group 2 Haplosalids
Suborder 3 Durids
Gt. Group 1 Natridurids
Gt. Group 2 Argidurids
Gt. Group 3 Haplodurids
Suborder 4 Gypsids
Gt. Group 1 Petrogypsids
Gt. Group 2 Natrigypsids
Gt. Group 3 Argigypsids
Gt. Group 4 Calcigypsids
Gt. Group 5 Haplogypsids
Suborder 5 Argids
Gt. Group 1 Petroargids
Gt. Group 2 Natrargids
Gt. Group 3 Paleargids
Gt. Group 4 Gypsiargids
Gt. Group 5 Calciargids
Gt. Group 6 Haplargids
Suborder 6 Calcids
Gt. Group 1 Petrocalcids
Gt. Group 2 Haplocalcids
Suborder 7 Cambids
Gt. Group 1 Aquicambids
Gt. Group 2 Petrocambids
Gt. Group 3 Anthracambids
Gt. Group 4 Haplocambids
Order 4. Entisols
Suborder 1 Aquents
Gt. Group 1 Sulfaquents
Gt. Group 2 Hydraquents
Gt. Group 3 Cryaquents
Gt. Group 4 Psammaquents
Gt. Group 5 Fluvaquents
Gt. Group 6 Epiaquents
Gt. Group 7 Endoaquents
Suborder 2 Arents
Gt. Group 1 Ustarents
Gt. Group 2 Xerarents
Gt. Group 3 Torriarents
Gt. Group 4 Udarents
Suborder 3 Psamments
Gt. Group 1 Cryopsamments
Gt. Group 2 Torripsamments
Gt. Group 3 Quartzipsamments
Gt. Group 4 Ustipsamments
Gt. Group 5 Xeropsamments
Gt. Group 6 Udipsamments
Suborder 4 Fluvents
Gt. Group 1 Cryofluvents
Gt. Group 2 Xerofluvents
Gt. Group 3 Ustifluvents
Gt. Group 4 Torrifluvents
Gt. Group 5 Udifluvents
Suborder 5 Orthents
Gt. Group 1 Cryorthents
Gt. Group 2 Torriorthents
Gt. Group 3 Xerorthents
Gt. Group 4 Ustorthents
Gt. Group 5 Udorthents
Order 5. Gelisols
Suborder 1 Histels
Gt. Group 1 Foliistels
Gt. Group 2 Glacistels
Gt. Group 3 Fibristels
Gt. Group 4 Hemistels
Gt. Group 5 Sapristels
Suborder 2 Turbels
Gt. Group 1 Histoturbels
Gt. Group 2 Aquiturbels
Gt. Group 3 Anhyturbels
Gt. Group 4 Molliturbels
Gt. Group 5 Umbriturbels
Gt. Group 6 Psammoturbels
Gt. Group 7 Haploturbels
Suborder 3 Orthels
Gt. Group 1 Historthels
Gt. Group 2 Aquorthels
Gt. Group 3 Anhyorthels
Gt. Group 4 Mollorthels
Gt. Group 5 Umbrorthels
Gt. Group 6 Argiorthels
Gt. Group 7 Psammorthels
Gt. Group 8 Haplorthels
Order 6. Histosols
Suborder 1 Folists
Gt. Group 1 Cryofolists
Gt. Group 2 Torrifolists
Gt. Group 3 Ustifolists
Gt. Group 4 Udifolists
Suborder 2 Fibrists
Gt. Group 1 Cryofibrists
Gt. Group 2 Sphagnofibrists
Gt. Group 3 Haplofibrists
Suborder 3 Saprists
Gt. Group 1 Sulfosaprists
Gt. Group 2 Sulfisaprists
Gt. Group 3 Cryosaprists
Gt. Group 4 Haplosaprists
Suborder 4 Hemists
Gt. Group 1 Sulfohemists
Gt. Group 2 Sulfihemists
Gt. Group 3 Luvihemists
Gt. Group 4 Cryohemists
Gt. Group 5 Haplohemists
Order 7. Inceptisols
Suborder 1 Aquepts
Gt. Group 1 Sulfaquepts
Gt. Group 2 Petraquepts
Gt. Group 3 Halaquepts
Gt. Group 4 Fragiaquepts
Gt. Group 5 Cryaquepts
Gt. Group 6 Vermaquepts
Gt. Group 7 Humaquepts
Gt. Group 8 Epiaquepts
Gt. Group 9 Endoaquepts
Suborder 2 Anthrepts
Gt. Group 1 Plagganthrepts
Gt. Group 2 Haplanthrepts
Suborder 3 Cryepts
Gt. Group 1 Eutrocryepts
Gt. Group 2 Dystrocryepts
Suborder 4 Ustepts
Gt. Group 1 Durustepts
Gt. Group 2 Calciustepts
Gt. Group 3 Dystrustepts
Gt. Group 4 Haplustepts
Suborder 5 Xerepts
Gt. Group 1 Durixerepts
Gt. Group 2 Calcixerepts
Gt. Group 3 Fragixerepts
Gt. Group 4 Dystroxerepts
Gt. Group 5 Haploxerepts
Suborder 6 Udepts
Gt. Group 1 Sulfudepts
Gt. Group 2 Durudepts
Gt. Group 3 Fragiudepts
Gt. Group 4 Eutrudepts
Gt. Group 5 Dystrudepts
Order 8. Mollisols
Suborder 1 Albolls
Gt. Group 1 Natralbolls
Gt. Group 2 Argialbolls
Suborder 2 Aquolls
Gt. Group 1 Cryaquolls
Gt. Group 2 Duraquolls
Gt. Group 3 Natraquolls
Gt. Group 4 Calciaquolls
Gt. Group 5 Argiaquolls
Gt. Group 6 Epiaquolls
Gt. Group 7 Endoaquolls
Suborder 3 Rendolls
Gt. Group 1 Cryrendolls
Gt. Group 2 Haprendolls
Suborder 4 Cryolls
Gt. Group 1 Duricryolls
Gt. Group 2 Natricryolls
Gt. Group 3 Palecryolls
Gt. Group 4 Argicryolls
Gt. Group 5 Calcicryolls
Gt. Group 6 Haplocryolls
Suborder 5 Xerolls
Gt. Group 1 Durixerolls
Gt. Group 2 Natrixerolls
Gt. Group 3 Palexerolls
Gt. Group 4 Calcixerolls
Gt. Group 5 Argixerolls
Gt. Group 6 Haploxerolls
Suborder 6 Ustolls
Gt. Group 1 Durustolls
Gt. Group 2 Natrustolls
Gt. Group 3 Calciustolls
Gt. Group 4 Paleustolls
Gt. Group 5 Argiustolls
Gt. Group 6 Vermustolls
Gt. Group 7 Haplustolls
Suborder 7 Udolls
Gt. Group 1 Natrudolls
Gt. Group 2 Calciudolls
Gt. Group 3 Paleudolls
Gt. Group 4 Argiudolls
Gt. Group 5 Vermudolls
Gt. Group 6 Hapludolls
Order 9. Oxisols
Suborder 1 Aquox
Gt. Group 1 Acraquox
Gt. Group 2 Plinthaquox
Gt. Group 3 Eutraquox
Gt. Group 4 Haplaquox
Suborder 2 Torrox
Gt. Group 1 Acrotorrox
Gt. Group 2 Eutrotorrox
Gt. Group 3 Haplotorrox
Suborder 3 Ustox
Gt. Group 1 Sombriustox
Gt. Group 2 Acrustox
Gt. Group 3 Eutrustox
Gt. Group 4 Kandiustox
Gt. Group 5 Haplustox
Suborder 4 Perox
Gt. Group 1 Sombriperox
Gt. Group 2 Acroperox
Gt. Group 3 Eutroperox
Gt. Group 4 Kandiperox
Gt. Group 5 Haploperox
Suborder 5 Udox
Gt. Group 1 Sombriudox
Gt. Group 2 Acrudox
Gt. Group 3 Eutrudox
Gt. Group 4 Kandiudox
Gt. Group 5 Hapludox
Order 10. Spodosols
Suborder 1 Aquods
Gt. Group 1 Cryaquods
Gt. Group 2 Alaquods
Gt. Group 3 Fragiaquods
Gt. Group 4 Placaquods
Gt. Group 5 Duraquods
Gt. Group 6 Epiaquods
Gt. Group 7 Endoaquods
Suborder 2 Cryods
Gt. Group 1 Placocryods
Gt. Group 2 Duricryods
Gt. Group 3 Humicryods
Gt. Group 4 Haplocryods
Suborder 3 Humods
Gt. Group 1 Placohumods
Gt. Group 2 Durihumods
Gt. Group 3 Fragihumods
Gt. Group 4 Haplohumods
Suborder 4 Orthods
Gt. Group 1 Placorthods
Gt. Group 2 Durorthods
Gt. Group 3 Fragiorthods
Gt. Group 4 Alorthods
Gt. Group 5 Haplorthods
Order 11. Ultisols
Suborder 1 Aquults
Gt. Group 1 Plinthaquults
Gt. Group 2 Fragiaquults
Gt. Group 3 Albaquults
Gt. Group 4 Kandiaquults
Gt. Group 5 Kanhaplaquults
Gt. Group 6 Paleaquults
Gt. Group 7 Umbraquults
Gt. Group 8 Epiaquults
Gt. Group 9 Endoaquults
Suborder 2 Humults
Gt. Group 1 Sombrihumults
Gt. Group 2 Plinthohumults
Gt. Group 3 Kandihumults
Gt. Group 4 Kanhaplohumults
Gt. Group 5 Palehumults
Gt. Group 6 Haplohumults
Suborder 3 Udults
Gt. Group 1 Plinthudults
Gt. Group 2 Fragiudults
Gt. Group 3 Kandiudults
Gt. Group 4 Kanhapludults
Gt. Group 5 Paleudults
Gt. Group 6 Rhodudults
Gt. Group 7 Hapludults
Suborder 4 Ustults
Gt. Group 1 Plinthustults
Gt. Group 2 Kandiustults
Gt. Group 3 Kanhaplustults
Gt. Group 4 Paleustults
Gt. Group 5 Rhodustults
Gt. Group 6 Haplustults
Suborder 5 Xerults
Gt. Group 1 Palexerults
Gt. Group 2 Haploxerults
Order 12. Vertisols
Suborder 1 Aquerts
Gt. Group 1 Salaquerts
Gt. Group 2 Duraquerts
Gt. Group 3 Natraquerts
Gt. Group 4 Calciaquerts
Gt. Group 5 Dystraquerts
Gt. Group 6 Epiaquerts
Gt. Group 7 Endoaquerts
Suborder 2 Cryerts
Gt. Group 1 Humicryerts
Gt. Group 2 Haplocryerts
Suborder 3 Xererts
Gt. Group 1 Duroxererts
Gt. Group 2 Calcixererts
Gt. Group 3 Haploxererts
Suborder 4 Torrerts
Gt. Group 1 Salitorrerts
Gt. Group 2 Gypsitorrerts
Gt. Group 3 Calcitorrerts
Gt. Group 4 Haplotorrerts
Suborder 5 Usterts
Gt. Group 1 Dystrusterts
Gt. Group 2 Salusterts
Gt. Group 3 Gypsiusterts
Gt. Group 4 Calciusterts
Gt. Group 5 Haplusterts
Suborder 6 Uderts
Gt. Group 1 Dystruderts
Gt. Group 2 Hapluderts
BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY
A. Superkingdom Prokarya (Prokaryotes)
Kingdom 1 Bacteria (Prokaryotae, Procaryotae, Monera)
Subkingdom 1 Archaea
Division 1 Mendosicutes (Deficient Walls)
Phylum 1 Euryarchaeota [Methanogenic (Methane-Producing) and Halophilic (Salt-Loving) Bacteria]
Phylum 2 Crenarchaeota [Thermoacidophilic (Hot-Acid-Loving) Bacteria)]
Subkingdom 2 Eubacteria
Division 1 Gracilicutes (Gram-Negative Walls)
Phylum 1 Proteobacteria (Purple Bacteria)
Phylum 2 Spirochaetae (Spirochetes, Corkscrew Bacteria with Internal Flagella)
Phylum 3 Cyanobacteria [Blue-Green Bacteria and Chloroxybacteria (Grass Green Bacteria), Oxygenic Photosynthesizers]
Class 1 Coccogoneae [Coccoid (Spherical) Cyanobacteria]
Class 2 Hormogoneae (Filamentous Cyanobacteria)
Phylum 4 Saprospirae (Fermenting Gliders)
Phylum 5 Chloroflexa (Green Nonsulfur Phototrophs)
Phylum 6 Chlorobia (Anoxygenic Phototrophic Green Sulfur Bacteria)
Division 2 Tenericutes (No Walls)
Phylum 1 Aphragmabacteria (Mycoplasmas, Wall-Less Bacteria)
Division 3 Firmicutes (Gram-Positive Walls)
Phylum 1 Endospora (Endospore-Forming and Related Low-G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
Phylum 2 Pirellulae (Stalked Protein-Walled Bacteria and Their Relatives)
Phylum 3 Actinobacteria [Actinomycetes and Related High-G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria, Mycelial (Fungus-Like) Bacteria]
Phylum 4 Deinococci (Radiation-Resistant or Heat-Resistant Gram-Positive Micrococci, Tiny Spheroidal Bacteria)
Phylum 5 Thermotogae (Thermophilic Fermenters)
B. Superkingdom Eukarya (Eucaryota, Eukaryotes)
Kingdom 2 Protoctista
Subkingdom 1 Cells Lack Mitochondria
Division 1 Superphylum Amitochondriata
Phylum 1 Archaeprotista (Amitochondriates, Amebas and Mastigotes without Mitochondria)
Class 1 Archamoebae (Caryoblastea, Mastigamoebae)
Class 2 Metamonada (Diplomonads, Pyrsonymphids)
Class 3 Parabasalia (Trichomonads, Devescovinids, Calonyphids, Hypermastigotes)
Phylum 2 Microspora (Microsporida, Microsporans)
Class 1 Rudimicrosporea
Class 2 Microsporea
Subkingdom 2 Mitochondriates (Amoeboids)
Division 1 Amoeboids
Phylum 1 Rhizopoda (Amastigote Amebas and Cellular Slime Molds)
Class 1 Lobosea (Naked and Testate Amebas)
Class 2 Filosea (Naked and Testate Amebas with Filose Pseudopodia)
Class 3 Acrasiomycota (Cellular Slime Molds)
Class 4 Acarpomyxea (Amebas with Branched Cells)
Phylum 2 Chlorarachnida ("Green Amebas")
Phylum 3 Granuloreticulosa [Foraminifera (Marine Ameboid Protists with Granular Pseudopodial Network) and Relatives]
Class 1 Reticulomyxia (Reticulomyxids, "Naked Forams")
Class 2 Foraminifera (Reticulopodate with Shell, Foraminiferans, Forams) Phylum 4 Xenophyophora (Large Deep-Sea Benthic Protoctists)
Class 1 Psamminida
Class 2 Stannomida
Phylum 5 Myxomycota (Myxogastria, Plasmodial Slime Molds)
Class 1 Cercomonadida
Class 2 Protostelia
Class 3 Eumycetozoa
Division 2 Superphylum Alveolata (Alveolar Sacs at Cell Surface)
Phylum 1 Dinomastigota (Dinoflagellata, Dinophyta, Whirling Biundulipodiated Cells)
Class 1 Dinophyceae
Class 2 Syndiniophyceae
Phylum 2 Ciliophora (Ciliates, Micronucleated Unicells)
Sbphy. 1 Postciliodesmatophora
Class 1 Karyorelicta
Class 2 Spirotrichea
Sbphy. 2 Rhabdophora
Class 1 Prostomatea
Class 2 Litostomatea
Sbphy. 3 Cyrtophora
Class 1 Phyllopharyngea
Class 2 Nassophorea
Class 3 Oligohymeno-phorea
Class 4 Colpodea
Phylum 3 Apicomplexa (Sporozoa, Telosporidea, Symbiotrophs with Apical Complex)
Class 1 Gregarinia (Gregarines)
Class 2 Coccidia (Coccidians)
Class 3 Hematozoa (Hemosporans and Piroplasmids)
Division 3 Swimming Mastigotes
Phylum 1 Haptomonada (Prymnesiophyta, Haptophyta, Prymnesiophytes, Coccolithophorids and Other YellowBrown Planktic Unicells with Haptoneme Filaments)
Class 1 Prymnesiophyceae
Phylum 2 Cryptomonada (Cryptophyta, Cryptophytes, Flattened Asymmetric Unicells, Usually Photosynthetic and Motile)
Class 1 Cryptophyceae
Phylum 3 Discomitochondria (Mastigotes, Zoomastigotes, "Zooflagellates," Unicells with Discoid Cristae, Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids, Mastigote Amebas)
Class 1 Amoebomastigota (Schizopyrenida)
Class 2 Kinetoplastida
Class 3 Euglenoidia
Class 4 Pseudociliata
Class 5 Hemimastigophora
Division 4 Heterokonts (Stramenopiles, Bearers of Mastigonemes)
Phylum 1 Chrysomonada (Chrysophyta, Chrysophytes, Golden-Brown Algae)
Class 1 Chrysophyceae (Chrysophytes)
Class 2 Pedinellophyceae (Pedinellophytes)
Class 3 Dictyochophyceae (Dictyochophytes, Silicomastigotes)
Class 4 Synurophyceae incertae sedis (Sarcinochrysidales and Parmales)
Class 5 Raphidophyta
Phylum 2 Xanthophyta (Yellow-Green Algae, Tribophyta)
Class 1 Xanthophyceae
Phylum 3 Eustigmatophyta (Green Eyespot Mastigote Algae)
Class 1 Eustigmatophyceae
Phylum 4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms, Bacillariophytes)
Class 1 Coscinopisco-phyceae (Centrales, Centric Diatoms)
Class 2 Bacillariophyceae (Pennales, Pennate Diatoms)
Phylum 5 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
Class 1 Phaeophyceae
Phylum 6 Labyrinthulata (Slime Nets and Thraustochytrids)
Class 1 Labyrinthulea (Slime Nets)
Class 2 Thraustochytridea
Phylum 7 Plasmodiophora (Symbiotrophs with Multinucleate Cytoplasm, Plasmodia)
Class 1 Plasmodiophoro-mycetes
Phylum 8 Oomycota (Oomycetes, Oomycotes, Egg Molds, Zoosporic Conjugators)
Class 1 Peronosporo-mycetes
Class 2 Saprolegnio-mycetes
Phylum 9 Hyphochytrio-mycota (Zoosporic Fresh Water Osmotrophs with Single Anteriorly Directed Undulipodium)
Class 1 Anisolpidia
Class 2 Rhizidiomycetae
Class 3 Hyphochytria
Division 5 Propagule-Forming Symbiotrophs
Phylum 1 Haplosporidia (Haplospora, with Haplosporosomes, Unicells in Tissues of Marine Animals)
Class 1 Haplosporea
Phylum 2 Paramyxa (Paramyxea, Nesting Cells Formed by Endogenous Budding in Tissues of Marine Animals)
Class 1 Paramyxidea
Class 2 Marteiliidea
Phylum 3 Myxospora (Myxozoa, Myxosporidians, Multicellular
Polar Filament-Formers in Tissues of Fish, Sipunculans, and Annelids)
Class 1 Myxosporea
Class 2 Actinosporea (Actinomyxids)
Division 6 Conjugating Algae
Phylum 1 Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
Class 1 Bangiophycids
Class 2 Florideophycids
Phylum 2 Gamophyta (Conjugaphyta, Conjugating Green Algae)
Class 1 Conjugatophyceae
Division 7 Glaucocystophytes
Phylum 1 Glaucocystophyta
Class 1 Glaucocystophyceae
Division 8 Radiolariates
Phylum 1 Actinopoda ("Sun Animalcules," Marine Planktic AxopodFormers)
Class 1 Heliozoa
Class 2 Phaeodaria
Class 3 Polycystina
Class 4 Acantharia
Division 9 Protoctists Ancestral to Plants
Phylum 1 Chlorophyta (Green Algae, Plant Ancestors)
Class 1 Prasinophyceae
Class 2 Chlorophyceae
Class 3 Ulvophyceae
Class 4 Charophyceae incertae sedis (Pedinomonadales, Microthamniales, Prasiolales, and Trentepohliales)
Division 10 Protoctists Ancestral to Fungi
Phylum 1 Chytridiomycota (Chytrid Water Molds, Fungal Ancestors)
Class 1 Chytridiales
Class 2 Spizellomycetales
Class 3 Monoblepharidales
Class 4 Blastocladiales
Division 11 Protoctists Ancestral to Animals
Phylum 1 Zoomastigota [Zoomastigotes (Zooflagellates), Opalinids, Choanomonads (Animal Ancestors)]
Class 1 Jakoba
Class 2 Bicoeca (Bicoecids)
Class 3 Proteromonada
Class 4 Opalinata
Class 5 Choanomastigota (Choanomastigotes, "Choanoflagellates")
Kingdom 3 Animalia
Superphylum 1 Parazoa
Phylum 1 Porifera (Sponges, Poriferans)
Class 1 Calcarea (Calcareous Sponges)
Class 2 Demospongia (Horny Sponges)
Class 3 Sclerospongiae (Coralline Sponges)
Phylum 2 Symplasma (Glass Sponges)
Class 1 Hexactinellida
Superphylum 2 Phagocytellozoa
Phylum 1 Placozoa (Trichoplaxes)
Superphylum 3 Radiata
Phylum 1 Cnidaria [Cnidarians, Hydroids (Hydras), Medusas (Jellyfish)]
Sbphy. 1 Medusozoa
Class 1 Hydrozoa (Hydras)
Class 2 Scyphozoa (True Jellyfish)
Class 3 Cubozoa (Sea Wasps)
Sbphy. 2 Anthozoa (Corals and Sea Anemones)
Class 1 Alcyonaria
Class 2 Zoantharia
Phylum 2 Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Class 1 Tentaculata
Class 2 Nuda
Superphylum 4 Mesozoa
Phylum 1 Rhombozoa (Rhombozoans, Dicyemids and Heterocyemids)
Class 1 Dicyemida
Class 2 Heterocyemida
Superphylum 5 Acoelomata
Phylum 1 Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Class 1 Turbellaria
Class 2 Trematoda (Flukes)
Class 3 Monogenea
Class 4 Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Phylum 2 Orthonecta (Orthonectids)
Phylum 3 Gnathostomula (Gnathostomulids, Jaw Worms)
Phylum 4 Gastrotricha (Gastrotrichs) incertae sedis (Xenoturbellids, Buddenbrockids, and Lobatocerebrids)
Superphylum 6 Aschelminthes
Phylum 1 Priapula (Priapulida, Priapulids)
Class 1 Seticoronaria
Class 2 Priapulida
Phylum 2 Kinorhyncha (Kinorhynchs)
Class 1 Homalorhagida
Class 2 Cyclorhagida
Phylum 3 Loricifera (Loriciferans)
Phylum 4 Nematomorpha (Nematomorphs, Gordian Worms, Horsehair Worms)
Phylum 5 Nematoda (Nematodes, Thread Worms, Roundworms)
Class 1 Adenophorea (Aphasmida)
Class 2 Secernentea (Phasmida)
Phylum 6 Rotifera (Rotifers)
Class 1 Seisonidea
Class 2 Bdelloidea
Class 3 Monogonata
Phylum 7 Acanthocephala (Thorny-Headed Worms)
Superphylum 7 Panarthropoda
Phylum 1 Onychophora (Onychophorans, Velvet Worms, Peripatuses)
Phylum 2 Tardigrada (Tardigrades, Water Bears)
Class 1 Heterotardigrada
Class 2 Eutardigrada
Class 3 Mesotardigrada
Phylum 3 Crustacea (Crustaceans and Pentastomes)
Class 1 Remipedia
Class 2 Malacostraca (Amphipods, Isopods, and Decapods)
Class 3 Cephalocarida
Class 4 Branchiopoda
Class 5 Mystacocarida
Class 6 Branchiura
Class 7 Copepoda
Class 8 Tantulocarida
Class 9 Cirripedia (Barnacles)
Class 10 Ostracoda
Phylum 4 Pentastoma (Pentastomida, Linguatulida, Tongue Worms)
Phylum 5 Chelicerata (Chelicerates, Chelicerate Arthropods, Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, and Sea Spiders)
Class 1 Merostomata (Horseshoe Crabs)
Class 2 Arachnida (Spiders, Harvestmen, Scorpions, Mites, Ticks, etc.)
Class 3 Pycnogona (Pycnogonida, Sea Spiders)
Phylum 6 Uniramia (Mandibulata, Mandibulates, Mandibulate Arthropods)
Sbphy. 1 Myriapoda (Centipedes and Millipedes)
Class 1 Chilopoda
Class 2 Symphyla (Garden Centipedes)
Class 3 Diplopoda
Class 4 Pauropoda
Sbphy. 2 Hexapoda (Insecta, Insects)
Class 1 Apterogota
Class 2 Pterogota
Superphylum 8 Eutrochozoa
Phylum 1 Nemertea (Nemertines, Rhynchocoela, Nemertinea, Ribbon Worms)
Class 1 Anopla
Class 2 Enopla
Phylum 2 Mollusca (Mollusks)
Class 1 Chaetodermomorpha
Class 2 Neomeniomorpha
Class 3 Polyplacophora (Chitons)
Class 4 Monoplacophora
Class 5 Gastropoda (Snails and Slugs)
Class 6 Bivalvia (Pelecypoda, Clams and Their Allies)
Class 7 Scaphopoda (Tooth Shells)
Class 8 Cephalopoda (Octopods, Cuttlefish, Squids, and Nautiloids)
Phylum 3 Sipuncula (Sipunculans, Sipunculids, Peanut Worms)
Class 1 Sipunculidea
Class 2 Phascolosomatidea
Phylum 4 Echiura (Echiurans, Echiurids, Spoon-Worms)
Phylum 5 Annelida (Annelid Worms)
Class 1 Polychaeta (Marine Paddle-Footed Bristle Worms)
Class 2 Myzostomaria
Class 3 Aphanoneura
Class 4 Clitellata (Freshwater and Terrestrial Bristle Worms, Leeches)
Phylum 6 Pogonophora (Pogonophorans, Beard Worms, Tube Worms)
Class 1 Perviata (Perviates)
Class 2 Vestimentifera (Obturata, Vestimentiferans)
Phylum 7 Entoprocta (Entoprocts)
Phylum 8 Cycliophora
Superphylum 9 Lophophorata
Phylum 1 Phorona (Phoronida, Phoronids)
Phylum 2 Brachiopoda (Brachiopods, Lampshells)
Class 1 Inarticulata
Class 2 Articulata
Phylum 3 Bryozoa (Ectoprocta, Ectoprocts, Bryozoans, Moss Animals)
Class 1 Phylactolaemata
Class 2 Stenolaemata
Class 3 Gymnolaemata
Superphylum 10 Deuterostomia
Phylum 1 Hemichordata (Enteropneusts (Acorn Worms), Pterobranchs, Tongue Worms)
Class 1 Pterobranchia
Class 2 Enteropneusta (Acorn Worms)
Class 3 Planctosphaeroidea
Phylum 2 Echinodermata [Echinoderms (Sea Urchins, Sea Stars or Starfish, and Sea Cucumbers)]
Sbphy. 1 Crinozoa (Pelmatozoa)
Class 1 Crinoidea (Sea Lillies and Feather Stars)
Sbphy. 2 Asterozoa (Eleutherozoa)
Class 1 Asteroidea (Sea Stars)
Class 2 Ophiuroidea (Brittle and Basket Stars)
Class 3 Concentri-cycloidea (Sea Daisies)
Class 4 Echinoidea (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars)
Class 5 Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)
Phylum 3 Chordata
Sbphy. 1 Urochordata [Ascidians (Tunicates or Sea Squirts), Larvaceans (Appendicularians), Thaliaceans (Salps, Doliolids, and Chain Tunicates)]
Class 1 Ascidiacesa (Ascidians, Sea Squirts, Tunicates)
Class 2 Thaliacea (Salps or Chain Tunicates)
Class 3 Larvacea (Appendicularia)
Sbphy. 2 Cephalochordata (Amphioxus, Lancelets, Acrania)
Sbphy. 3 Vertebrata
Class 1 Agnatha (Cyclostomata, Lampreys and Hagfish)
Class 2 Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)
Class 3 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Class 4 Amphibia (Amphibians)
Class 5 Reptilia (Reptiles)
Class 6 Aves (Birds)
Class 7 Mammalia (Mammals)
Phylum 4 Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms)
Kingdom 4 Fungi
Phylum 1 Zygomycota (Zygomycotes, Zygomycetes, Molds)
Class 1 Zygomycetes
Class 2 Trichomycetes
Phylum 2 Basidiomycota [Basidiomycotes or Basidiomycetes (Mushrooms, Puffballs, Rusts, Smuts, Jelly Fungi, and some Fungi Imperfecti)]
Class 1 Phragmobasidiomycetes (Jelly and Ear Fungi)
Class 2 Holobasidiomycetes (Mushrooms, Shelf or Bracket Fungi, Puffballs, and Stinkhorns)
Class 3 Teliomycetes (Rusts)
Class 4 Ustomycetes (Smuts)
Phylum 3 Ascomycota [Ascomycotes or Ascomycetes (Molds, Yeasts, Lichens and some Fungi Imperfecti)]
Class 1 Euascomycetes
Class 2 Hemiascomycetes
Class 3 Taphrinomycetes
Kingdom 5 Plantae
Phylum 1 Bryophyta (Muscopsida, Mosses)
Class 1 Marchantiopsida (Hepaticae, Hepatophyta, Hepaticopsida, Liverworts)
Class 2 Anthocerotopsida (Anthocerophyta, Hornworts, Horned Liverworts)
Class 3 Bryopsida (Mosses)
Phylum 2 Tracheophyta
Sbphy. 1 Pteridophytina
Class 1 Lycopodiopsida (Lycophyta, Lycopsida, Lycophytes, Lycopods, Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, Quillworts)
Class 2 Equisetopsida (Sphenophyta, Sphenophytes, Equisetophyta, Arthrophyta, Horsetails, Scouring Rushes)
Class 3 Polypodiopsida (Filicinophyta, Pterophyta, Pterodatina, Pteridophyta, Psilophytes, Psilopsids, Ferns, Whisk Fern)
Sbphy. 2 Coniferophytina (Gymnosperms)
Class 1 Pinopsida (Conifers)
Class 2 Ginkgopsida (Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree)
Class 3 Cycadopsida (Cycads)
Class 4 Gnetopsida [Ephedra (Joint Fir), Gnetum, Welwitschia]
Sbphy. 3 Magnoliophytina (Angiosperms, Flowering Plants)
Class 1 Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones, Dicots)
Class 2 Liliopsida (Monocotyledones, Monocots)
VIRUS TAXONOMY
Viruses, composed of only one kind of nucleic acid (single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA, single stranded RNA, double stranded RNA) and a limited number of proteins are not live organisms. Although, like DNA molecules in solution, they are capable of replication, they lack any metabolism and only replicate inside living cells. Virtually all organisms potentially harbor viruses. When the rate of replication of the virus is the same as that of the cell in which it resides the virus is harmless. When the rate of virus replication exceeds that of the cell many viruses per cell may be produced. Excessive virus production may lead to cell death and viruses released to the surroundings. The official international committee that names and classifies viruses, the Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, has published a 1995 edition. Here we briefly list of the groups of viruses (called genera, organized into families) according to the taxonomy of the live organisms they infect. The abbreviations ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA after each virus name refer to the genetic organization of the mature virus protein-coated particle. Mature viruses, like stable crystalline chemicals, are resistant to environmental fluctuations of temperature, salt concentration, desiccation and the like. The are packages of protected genes that, in principle, may disperse their genetic information to susceptible organisms throughout the biosphere.
Dr. Ricard Guerrero
Doctor of Biology
Professor of the Microbiology Department of the Universitat de Barcelona
A. Viruses of More than One Host
Family 1 Iridoviridae
Genus 1 Iridovirus
Genus 2 Chloriridovirus
Genus 3 Ranavirus
Genus 4 Lymphocystivirus "Goldfish Virus 1-like"
Family 2 Poxviridae
Sbfam. 1 Entomopoxvirinae
Sbfam. 2 Chordopoxvirinae
Family 3 Parvoviridae
Sbfam. 1 Entomoparvovirinae
Sbfam. 2 Chordoparvovirinae
Family 4 Reoviridae
Genus 1 Phytoreovirus
Genus 2 Fijivirus
Genus 3 Oryzavirus
Genus 4 Cypovirus
Genus 5 Orthoreovirus
Genus 6 Orbivirus
Genus 7 Coltivirus
Genus 8 Rotavirus
Genus 9 Aquareovirus
Family 5 Bunyaviridae
Genus 1 Tospovirus
Genus 2 Tenuivirus
Genus 3 Bunyavirus
Genus 4 Hantavirus
Genus 5 Nairovirus
Genus 6 Phlebovirus
Family 6 Picornaviridae
Family 7 Rhabdoviridae
Genus 1 Cytorhabdovirus
Genus 2 Nucleorhabdovirus
Genus 3 Lyssavirus
Genus 4 Vesiculovirus
Genus 5 Ephemerovirus
Family 8 Togaviridae
Family 9 Flaviviridae
Family 10 Birnaviridae
Genus 1 Entomobirnavirus
Genus 2 Aquabirnavirus
Genus 3 Avibirnavirus
Family 11 Partitiviridae
Genus 1 Partitivirus
Genus 2 Chrysovirus
Genus 3 Alphacryptovirus
Genus 4 Betacryptovirus
B. Viruses of Bacteria
Family 1 Lipothrixviridae
Family 2 Myoviridae
Family 3 Siphoviridae
Family 4 Podoviridae
Family 5 Plasmaviridae
Family 6 Corticoviridae
Family 7 Fuselloviridae
Family 8 Tectiviridae
Family 9 Microviridae
Family 10 Inoviridae
Genus 1 Plectrovirus
Genus 2 Inovirus
Family 11 Cystoviridae
Family 12 Leviviridae
C. Viruses of Animals Except Vertebrates
Family 1 Baculoviridae
Family 2 Polydnaviridae
Genus 1 Ichnovirus
Genus 2 Bracovirus
Family 3 Tetraviridae
Family 4 Nodaviridae
D. Viruses of Vertebrates
Family 1 Herpesviridae
Family 2 Papovaviridae
Family 3 Adenoviridae
Family 4 Hepadnaviridae
Family 5 Circoviridae
Family 6 Orthomyxoviridae
Family 7 Paramyxoviridae
Family 8 Arenaviridae
Family 9 Filoviridae
Family 10 Retroviridae
Family 11 Caliciviridae
Family 12 Astroviridae
Family 13 Coronaviridae
* "African Swine Fever-Like
* Viruses"
Genus Arterivirus
E. Viruses of Protoctists and Fungi
Family 1 Phycodnaviridae Genus Rhizidiovirus
Family 2 Totiviridae
Family 3 Hypoviridae
Family 4 Barnaviridae
F. Viruses of Plants
Genus Caulimovirus
Genus Badnavirus
Family 1 Geminiviridae
"Subgroup I, II Geminivirus"
"Subgroup III Geminivirus"
Family 2 Sequiviridae
Family 3 Tombusviridae
Family 4 Bromoviridae
Genus 1 Cucumovirus
Genus 2 Bromovirus
Genus 3 Ilarvirus
Genus 4 Alfamorvirus
Family 5 Comoviridae
Family 6 Potyviridae
Genus Dianthovirus
Genus Luteovirus
Genus Machlomovirus
Genus Marafivirus
Genus Necrovirus
Genus Sobemovirus
Genus Tymovirus
Genus Enamovirus
Genus Idaeovirus
Genus Tobamovirus
Genus Tobravirus
Genus Hordeivirus
Genus Furovirus
Genus Potexvirus
Genus Capillovirus
Genus Trichovirus
Genus Carlavirus
Genus Closterovirus
Genus Tenuivirus
Genus Umbravirus
Abbreviations
Gt. = great
Sbphy. = subphylum
Sbfam. = subfamily
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| |
| Publication: | Encyclopedia of the Biosphere |
|---|---|
| Article Type: | Appendix |
| Geographic Code: | 1USA |
| Date: | Nov 1, 2000 |
| Words: | 3983 |
| Previous Article: | Bibliography. |
| Next Article: | Introduction. |
| Topics: | |