A flora of the Ballona wetlands and environs.
A list of vascular plant taxa is provided for a study area that encompasses the current Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve, Ballona Freshwater Wetlands, and areas that were part of the historic Ballona Wetlands and adjacent bluffs. The flora for this area has been documented in unpublished reports and voucher collections but not compiled into a single list. A total of 407 taxa comprise this flora, of which 40% are not indigenous to California. This percentage is higher than the percentage of non-indigenous species in California as a whole (17%). Out of 242 native species reported for the study area, 26 percent (62 species) have not been observed or collected since major hydrological alterations of the watershed began in the 1930s. Restoration planned for the Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve offers an opportunity to re-introduce some of the historically native flora, including rare and endangered species.The study area is located about two miles north of Los Angeles International Airport (Fig. 1). Limits of the study area were defined based on maps of the historical extent of the wetlands and adjacent uplands. Land use planning in this region has been controversial for at least 40 years, with various proposals ranging from development to restoration. With the exception of occasional botanical collections, systematic floristic surveys were not documented until Clark (1979), when a single season of field work was conducted in March and April of 1978. Subsequent floristic surveys in 1980-1981 by Gustafson (1981) and in 1990 by Henrickson (1991) covered more than one season. While these surveys were supported in part by voucher collections deposited with the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, results of these and subsequent surveys (Read 1995; MEC Analytical Systems 2005; Johnston 2011) were not published. This paper combines plant lists and historical collection records for the Ballona region into a single list and updates nomenclature. Historical conditions, occurrence of rare species, and occurrence of non-native invasive taxa are also discussed.
Latin nomenclature was updated based on current taxonomy (Baldwin et al. 2012). In cases of species subject to extensive taxonomic revisions, older taxonomies were used to verify identification of historical collections (Abrams 1902, 1917; Munz 1974). Historical maps were examined to locate landmarks cited in voucher collections but not present on current maps. These historical maps consisted of a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1876 (Grossinger et al. 2011) and a vegetation mapping survey of the Redondo 15-minute quadrangle by Jensen (1933). These maps were overlaid on current topography using Geographic Information System software to verify locations of historical landmarks relative to the study area. Reports of archaeological surveys (Altschul et al. 1992, 2003) were reviewed for historical land alterations potentially affecting the flora.
All plant taxa reported from the study area are listed in Table 1. This table is necessarily abbreviated for presentation here. The entire database, including details such as accession numbers and references for each observation or collection, can be provided upon request. Only taxa indigenous or naturalized in the study area were included in this table in order to make the list more meaningful for analysis, restoration and management. In other words, non-invasive, non-native ornamental taxa known to be confined to existing or abandoned landscapes were omitted. A total of 407 taxa are shown in Table 1, of which about 40 percent (165 taxa) are not native to California. Changes in taxonomy over time, especially below the species level, have a minor effect on these statistics.
Out of the 242 native taxa listed, about 26 percent (62 species) have not been observed or collected since the 1930s when there were major hydrological alterations of the area for flood control and farming. One of these historical species, Ballona cinquefoil (Potentilla multijuga), is believed to have been endemic to Ballona but extirpated sometime after its last collection in 1890 by H.E. Hasse from a "brackish area in coastal sage scrub".
Human impacts in the study area over the past two centuries have been documented extensively by others (Dark et al. 2011; Grossinger et al. 2011), so it is important to recognize that historical botanical collections from the study area do not represent pristine (pre-human disturbance) conditions or a complete flora of the region. A survey map of the wetlands was not published until 1876, which is 57 years after cattle herds were pastured in the Ballona Creek drainage beginning around 1819 (Altschul et al., 1992 p. 56). After 1819, the earliest known botanical collections from Ballona were by S.B. Parish 63 years later, in 1882.
Thus, given at least two centuries of land alteration in the region, it is not surprising that a substantial portion of the flora is not native. The proportion of non-native flora is high when compared to the proportion of 17% non-native taxa in California as a whole (1), and especially high considering the small size of the study area (1,824 ha) relative to the geographic extent of California (42,476 ha).
Most of the non-native flora has established in the absence of systematic efforts at restoring conditions suitable for sustaining native species in a heavily urbanized watershed, but not all of the invaders have been equally successful. One of the first records of non-native species is of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), collected by Abrams in 1902, yet this species has not invaded the wetlands as extensively as a relative newcomer, pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana). There are no historic collections of Cortaderia from the study area and its occurrence at Ballona was unremarked until it was reported by Clark (1979).
Coastal estuarine and saltmarsh taxa are noticeably rare in the historical collections. Most of the historic flora is composed of species associated with upland, freshwater or brackish habitats. While there could be various reasons for this, the high proportion of non-estuarine taxa in historical collections is consistent with documentation by Dark et al. (2011) of springs and seasonal ponds that were prevalent historically but no longer exist. One example of this freshwater flora is giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia), collected by Abrams in 1901 from Ballona Creek while it was still a meandering, natural stream. Another example is Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) collected by Ewan in 1932 along Ballona Creek in the area of what is now Culver City. This is the only native tree represented in the historic flora.
Examination of the plant list also reveals interesting inconsistencies in the taxonomic records. For example, Senecio californicus was collected by Abrams in 1901, but later collectors (Gustafson 1981; Henrickson 1991) identified only Senecio vulgaris, a non-native species. This may be a simple misidentification, but alternatively could be an example of niche displacement of a native Senecio by an exotic species.
Lastly, determination of which species are truly "native" to the study area is complicated by changes in taxonomy (e.g., "lumping" vs. "splitting" varieties and subspecies), misidentifications, and intentional introduction of taxa for "restoration" without documentation of variety or seed origin. A species of pincushion (Chaenactis glabriuscula), an annual herb associated with sandy soils, has been reported several times since it was first collected in 1901. This taxon persists into the current period, but tracing its history of occurrence is complicated by taxonomic re-classifications of some historical collections, and "restoration" efforts that distributed C. glabriuscula seeds of unspecified variety and unknown origin. Currently, a variety considered rare by the California Native Plant Society and identified as C. g. var. orcuttiana persists in dunes that are subject to ongoing restoration efforts, but it is not clear whether this variety is indigenous, intentionally planted, or some combination of both. Some voucher specimens from the study area are classified as the more common variety, C. g. var. glabriuscula, and deserve further study.
Historical maps show "marsh" but are silent on the issue of what proportion of the wetlands consisted of freshwater vs. saltwater or brackish marsh. However, botanical records show that the study area was occupied by a highly diverse ecosystem. The area encompassed not just wetlands, but a wide variety of other habitat types including dunes, freshwater marshes, seasonal ponds, and riparian communities. Taxonomic inconsistencies in the botanical record introduce some margin of error in calculating species richness, but this is largely of academic interest. Habitat restoration in the study area offers a unique opportunity to reverse a decades-old trend of exotic invasion at the expense of native diversity, while recognizing that significant alterations of the watershed render it impossible to fully restore the historic flora. This study provides a starting point for enhancing function and diversity of the Ballona Wetlands.
Literature Cited
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Altschul, J.H., J.A. Homburg, and R.S. Ciolek-Torrello. 1992. Life in the Ballona: Archaeological Investigations at the Admiralty Site (CA-LAN-47) and the Channel Gateway Site (CA-LAN-1596-H). Statistical Research, Inc. Technical Series No. 33.
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E.A. Read
E Read and Associates, Inc. Orange, CA 92866, marshmistress@msn.com
(1) Calculated from Baldwin et al. (2012), p. 1521.
Table 1. Checklist of the Flora of the Ballona Wetlands and Environs. FERNS Equisetaceae Horsetail Family Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. ssp. braunii (J. Milde) Hauke giant horsetail MAGNOLIDS Lauraceae Laurel Family Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. California bay Saururaceae Lizard's-Tail Family Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Am. yerba mansa EUDICOTS Adoxaceae Muskroot Family Sambucus nigra L. ssp. caerulea (Raf.) Bolli blue elderberry Aizoaceae Iceplant Family Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes * baby sun rose Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. * freeway iceplant Delosperma litorale (Kensit) L. Bolus * ice plant coppery Malephora crocea (Jacq.) Schwantes * mesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. * common iceplant slender-leaved Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. * iceplant Sesuvium verrucosum Raf. western sea-purslane Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze * New Zealand spinach Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family Amaranthus albus L. * tumbleweed Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson procumbent pigweed Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) S. Watson Californian amaranth large fruited Amaranthus deflexus L. * amaranth Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer var. rudis (J.D. Sauer) Costea & Tardif * common waterhemp Anacardeaceae Sumac Family Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams laurel sumac Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Rothr. lemonade berry Rhus ovata S. Watson sugar bush Schinus molle L. * pepper tree Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi * tree Apiaceae Carrot Family Apium graveolens L. * celery Conium maculatum L. * poison hemlock Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Britton & P. Wilson * marsh parsley Foeniculum vulgare Mill. * fennel Oenanthe sarmentosa DC. water parsley Apocynaceae Dogbane Family Asclepias fascicular is Decne. narrow-leaf milkweed Asteraceae Sunflower Family Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. * Russian knapweed Amblyopappus pusillus Hook. & Am. dwarf coastweed Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. annual bursage Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene beach bur-sage Ambrosia psilostachya DC. western ragweed Anthemis cotula L. * mayweed Artemisia californica Less. California sagebrush Artemisia douglasiana Besser mugwort Artemisia dracunculus L. tarragon Baccharis glutinosa Pers. marsh baccharis Baccharis pilularis DC. coyote brush Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. mulefat Bidens laevis (L.) Britton et al. bur-marigold California Brickellia californica (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray brickellbush Centaurea melitensis L. * tocalote Centromadia parryi (Greene) Greene ssp. australis (D.D. Keck) B.G. Baldwin southern tarplant Chaenactis glabriuscula DC. var. orcuttiana (Greene) H.M. Hall Orcutt's pincushion Chondrilla juncea L. * skeleton weed Cichorium intybus L. * chicory Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. * bull thistle Coreothrogyne filaginifolia (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. Califomia-aster Cotula australis (Spreng.) Hook, f. * Australian cotula Cotula coronopifolia L. * brass-buttons Deinandra fasciculata (DC.) Greene clustered tarplant Deinandra paniculata (A. Gray) Davidson & Moxley paniculate tarplant trailing African Dimorphothecafruticosa (L.) DC. * daisy California Encelia californica Nutt. brittlebush Ericameria ericoides (Less.) Jeps. California goldenbush Ericameriapinifolia (A. Gray) H.M. Hall pine-bush Erigeron bonariensis L. * flax-leaved horseweed Erigeron canadensis L. horseweed Euryopspectinatus (L.) Cass. * gray-leaf euryops Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. western goldenrod treasure flower, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce * African daisy Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach * garland or crown daisy Grindelia camporum Greene common gumplant Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dum.-Cours. * Crete weed Helianthus annuus L. common sunflower Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub * bristly ox-tongue Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. telegraph weed Hypochaeris glabra L. * smooth cat's ear Isocoma menziesii (Hook. & Am.) coastal goldenbush Iva axillaris Pursh poverty weed fleshy jaumea, marsh Jaumea camosa (Less.) A. Gray jaumea Lactuca serriola L. * prickly lettuce Lactuca virosa L. * bitter lettuce Laennecia coulteri (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom Coulter's horseweed Lasthenia califomica Lindl. California goldfields crowned or royal Lasthenia coronaria (Nutt.) Omduff goldfields Lasthenia glabrata Lindl. ssp. coulteri (A. Gray) Omduff Coulter's goldfields Logfia filaginoides (Hook. & Am.) Morefield California cottonrose Malacothrix saxatilis (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray cliff aster Matricaria discoidea DC. * pineapple weed Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. odorata saltmarsh fleabane two-color rabbit- Pseudognaphalium bioletti Anderb. tobacco Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) Anderb. ladies' tobacco Pseudognaphalium canescens (DC.) Anderb. cudweed Pseudognaphalium microcephalum (Nutt.) Anderb. Wright's cudweed Pseudognaphalium ramosissimum (Nutt.) Anderb. pink cudweed Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) Anderb. cottonbatting plant Senecio califomicus DC. California ragwort Senecio vulgaris L. * common groundsel Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. * milk thistle Solidago velutina DC. ssp. californica (Nutt.) Semple California goldenrod Sonchus asper (L.) Hill * prickly sow thistle Sonchus oleraceus L. * common sow thistle Stephanomeria diegensis Gottlieb wreathplant Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. small wirelettuce Stephanomeria virgata Benth. twiggy wreath plant Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom annual saltmarsh aster Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. * common dandelion Tragopogon porrifolius L. * purple salsify Xanthium spinosum L. spiny cocklebur Xanthium strumarium L. cocklebur Betulaceae Birch Family Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. white alder Boraginaceae Borage Family Amsinkia intermedia Fisch. & C.A. Mey common fiddleneck Amsinkia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey seaside amsinkia Cryptantha clevelandii Greene cryptantha Cryptantha clevelandii Greene var. florosa I.M. Johnst. coastal cryptantha Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) Greene common cryptantha Cryptantha microstachys (A.Gray) Greene Tejon cryptantha Heliotropium curassavicum L. var. oculatum (A. Heller) Tidestr. seaside heliotrope Phacelia parryi Torr. Parry's phacelia Phacelia ramosissima Lehm. branching phacelia Brassicaceae Mustard Family Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch * black mustard Brassica rapa L. * field mustard Cakile maritima Scop. * sea-rocket Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hook. & Am.) Payson California mustard Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling tansy mustard Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. menziesii (D.C.) Detling Menzies' tansy mustard suffrutescent Erysimum suffrutescens (Abrams) Rossbach wallflower Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Fossat * summer mustard Lepidium didymum L. * lesser swine cress Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. shaggyfruit pepperweed Lepidium latipes Hook. dwarf peppergrass Lepidium latifolium L. * perennial pepperweed Lepidium nitidum Nutt. peppergrass Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb. * featherleaf pepperweed Lepidium virginicum L. ssp. menziesii (DC.) Thell. wild peppergrass Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. * sweet alyssum Raphanus sativus L. * radish Sinapis alba L * white mustard Sisymbrium altissimum L. * tumble mustard Sisymbrium irio L. * London rocket Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. slender keel fruit Cactaceae Cactus Family Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell coast prickly-pear Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Polycarpon depressum Nutt. California allseed Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. var. tetraphyllum * four-leaved all seed Silene gallica L. * small-flower catchfly Spergula arvenis L. * stickwort, startwort Spergularia bocconi (Scheele) Graebn. * Boccone's sand-spurrey Spergularia macrotheca (Cham. & Schltdl.) Heynh. sticky sand-spurrey Spergularia marina (L.) Besser saltmarsh sand-spurrey Spergularia villosa (Pers.) Cambess. * hairy sand-spurrey Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standi pickleweed Atriplex argentea Nutt. var. exparna (S. Watson) S.L. Welsh & Reveal silverscale Atriplex californica Moq. California orach Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson big saltbush Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson subsp. lentiformis big saltbush Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr beach saltbush Atriplex nummularia Lindl. * bluegreen saltbush Atriplex patula L. spear orach A trip lex prostrata DC. * fat-hen Atriplex rosea L. * tumbling orach Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. * Australian saltbush Atriplex suberecta I. Verd. * sprawling saltbush Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze * five hom bassia Beta vulgaris L. * common beet Chenopodium album L. * lamb's quarters Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. pitseed goosefoot Chenopodium murale L. * nettle leaf goosefoot Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants * Mexican tea Dysphania pumilio (R.Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants * Tasmanian goosefoot Salicomia pacifica Standi pickleweed Salsola tragus L. * Russian thistle Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq homed seablite Suaeda californica S. Watson California seablite Suaeda taxifolia (Standi.) Standi. woolly sea-blite Cleomaceae Spiderflower Family Peritoma arborea (Nutt.) H.H. litis bladderpod Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae Family Calystegia macrostegia (Greene) Brummit ssp. cyclostegia (House) Brummit coast morning glory Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. beach morning glory Convolvulus arvensis L. * orchard morning glory Cressa truxillensis Kunth alkali weed Cuscuta californica Hook. & Am. chaparral dodder Cuscuta indecora Choisy var. indecora large-seeded dodder Cuscuta campestris Yunck field dodder Cuscuta salina Engelm salt dodder Dichondra occidentalis House western dichondra Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger pygmy-weed Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britton & Rose lance leaf liveforever Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. * wild watermelon calabazilla, buffalo Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth. gourd Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & A. Gray) Small rattlesnake weed Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small * spotted spurge Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. small seeded spurge Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small * creeping spurge Croton californicus Mull. Arg. California croton Croton setigerus Hook. turkey-mullein Euphorbia peplus L. * petty spurge Euphorbia terracina L. * carnation weed Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. * leafy spurge Ricinus communis L. * castor bean Fabaceae Legume Family Acacia bailey ana F. Muell. * Cootamundra wattle Acacia cyclops G. Don * western coastal wattle Acacia dealbata Link * silver wattle Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. * Sydney golden wattle Acacia neriifolia A. Cunn. ex Benth * black wattle American bird's foot Acmispon americanus (Nutt.) Rydb. var. americanus trefoil deerweed, California Acmispon glaber (Vogel) Brouillet broom Acmispon heermannii (Durand & Hilg.) Brouillet Heermann's lotus Acmispon strigosus (Nutt.) Brouillet strigos lotus Albizia distachya J.F. Macbr. * Australian albizia Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth. * plume acacia Astragaluspycnostachyus A. Gray var. lanosissimus (Rydb.) Ventura marsh milk Munz & McBumey vetch coastal dunes milk Astragalus tener A. Gray var. titi (Eastw.) Bameby vetch Santa Barbara Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray milkvetch Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray var. lonchus (M.E. Santa Barbara Jones) Bameby milkvetch Hoffmanseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert pig-nut, hog potato Lupinus bicolor Lindl. miniature lupine Lupinus chamissonis Eschsch. beach blue lupine, dune lupine Lupinus excubitus M.E. Jones var. hallii grape soda lupine Lupinus longifolius (S. Watson) Abrams longleaf bush lupine Lupinus succulentus K. Koch arroyo lupine Lupinus truncatus Nutt. blunt leaved lupine Medicago polymorpha L. * California burclover Melilotus albus Medik. * white sweetclover Melilotus indicus (L.) All. * sourclover Phaseolus limensis Macfad. * lima bean Spartium junceum L. * Spanish broom Frankeniaceae Frankenia Family Frankenia salina (Molina) I.M. Johnst. alkali heath Geraniaceae Geranium Family Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. * broad leaf filaree Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton * redstem filaree Erodium moschatum (L.) Aiton * greenstem filaree Grossulariaceae Gooseberry Family Ribes malvaceum Sm. chaparral currant Hamamelidaceae Witch-Hazel Family Liquidambar styraciflua L. * sweet-gum Juglandaceae Walnut Family southern California Juglans californica S. Watson black walnut Juglans regia L. * English walnut Lamiaceae Mint Family Lycopus americanus W.P.C. Barton bugleweed Marrubium vulgare L. * horehound Mentha x piperita L. * peppermint Mentha x smithiana R. A. Graham * redstem mint Salvia apiana Jeps. white sage Salvia carduacea Benth. thistle sage Salvia columbariae Benth. chia Salvia leucophylla Greene purple sage Stachys ajugoides Benth. hedge-nettle Stachys albens A. Gray white hedge-nettle Stachys bergii G.A. Mulligan & D. B. Munro Berg's hedge-nettle Lythraceae Loosestrife Family Lythrum californicum Torr. & A. Gray California loosestrife Lythrum hyssopifolia L. * hyssop loosestrife Malvaceae Mallow Family Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene chaparral mallow Malva nicaeensis All. * bull mallow Malvaparviflora L. * cheeseweed Malvapseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. * Cretan mallow Malvella leprosa (Ortega) Krapov. alkali-mallow Miner's Lettuce Montiaceae Family Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. red maids Myrsinaceae Myrsine Family Anagallis arvensis L. * scarlet pimpernel Myrtaceae Myrtle Family Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. * red gum, river red gum Eucalyptus globulus Labill. * blue gum Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. * forest red gum Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. * manna gum Nyctaginaceae Four O' Clock Family Abronia maritima S. Watson red sand-verbena Abronia umbellata Lam. beach sand-verbena Oleaceae Olive Family Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon ash Fraxinus velutina Torr. velvet ash Evening-Primrose Onagraceae Family Camissoniopsis bistorta (Torr. & A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch California sun cup Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia (Spreng.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch ssp. suffruticosa beach evening-primrose Lewis' evening Camissoniopsis lewisii (P.H. Raven) W.L. Wagner & Hoch primrose Camissoniopsis micrantha (Spreng.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch miniature suncup Epilobium campestre (Jeps.) Hoch & W.L. Wagner smooth boisduvalia Epilobium ciliatum Raf. slender willow herb Oenothera elata Kunth. evening primrose Orobanchaeae Broomrape Family Castilleja exserta (A. Heller) T.I. Chuang & Heckard ssp. exserta purple owl's-clover Chloropyron maritimum (Benth.) A. Heller ssp. maritimum (h) salt marsh bird's beak Oxalidaceae Oxalis Family Oxalis pilosa Nutt. hairy wood sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae L. * Bermuda buttercup Papaveraceae Poppy Family Eschscholzia californica Cham. California poppy Papaver heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene wind poppy Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Antirrhinum coulterianum A. DC. Coulter's snapdragon Antirrhinum nuttallianum A. DC. ssp. nuttalianum Nuttall's snapdragon Plantago erecta E. Morris California plantain Plantago lanceolata L. * English plantain Plantago major L. * common plantain Platanaceae Sycamore Family Platanus racemosa Nutt. western sycamore Polygonaceae Buckwheat Family San Fernando Valley Chorizanthe parryi Wats, vax. fernandina (Wats.) Jeps. spineflower Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. California buckwheat coastal California Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. var. fasciculatum buckwheat Eriogonum gracile Benth. slender buckwheat Eriogonum parvifolium Sm. seacliff wild buckwheat Lastarriaea coriacea (Goodman) Hoover leather-spineflower Mucronea californica Benth. California spineflower Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small false waterpepper Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray willow weed Persicaria maculosa Gray * lady's thumb Polygonum aviculare L. * knotweed, knotgrass Rumex conglomeratus Murray * clustered dock Rumex crispus L. * curly dock Rumex fueginus Phil. golden dock Rumex salicifolius Weinm. willow dock Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. western virgin's bower Delphinium parryi A. Gray larkspur Delphinium parryi A. Gray ssp. maritimum (Davidson) M. J. Wamock maritime larkspur Rosaceae Rose Family Heteromeles arhutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roem. toyon Horkelia cuneata Lindl. var. sericea A. Gray Kellogg's horkelia Potentilla anserina L. ssp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi Pacific silverweed Potentilia multijuga Lehm. Ballona cinquefoil Pyracantha cf. crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem. * Himalayan firethom Rosa californica Cham. & Schltdl. California rose Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. California blackberry Rubiaceae Madder Family Galium angustifolium A. Gray narrowly leaved bedstraw Salicaceae Willow Family Populus fremontii S. Watson ssp. fremontii Fremont cottonwood Salix exigua Nutt. var. exigua narrow-leaved willow Salix goodingii C.R. Ball Gooding's black willow Salix laevigata Bebb red willow Salix lasiolepis Benth. arroyo willow Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Myoporum laetum G. Forst. * myoporum Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schltdl. California figwort Verbascum virgatum Stokes * wand mullein Solanaceae Nightshade Family Datura wrightii Regel Jimson weed Lycium ferocissimum Miers * African boxthom Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. * tomato Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray Cleveland's tobacco Nicotiana glauca Graham * tree tobacco Petunia parviflora Juss. wild petunia American black Solanum americanum Miller nightshade Solanum douglasii Dunal Douglas' nightshade Solanum nigrum L. * black nightshade Solanum physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds * nightshade Solanum xanti A. Gray chaparral nightshade Tamariscaceae Tamarisk Family Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. * saltcedar Ulmaceae Elm Family Chinese elm, lacebark Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. * elm Urticaceae Nettle Family Urtica dioica L. ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thome hoary nettle Urtica urens L. * dwarf nettle Verbenaceae Vervain Family Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene lance leaf lippia Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. bracted verbena Verbena lasiostachys Link western verbena Verbena lasiostachys Link var. lasiostachys western vervain Zygophyllaceae Caltrop Family Tribulus terrestris L. * puncture vine MONOCOTS Agavaceae Century Plant Family Hesperoyucca whipplei (Torr.) Trel. chaparral yucca Water-Plantain Alismataceae Family Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl ssp. calycina (Engelm.) arrowhead Amaryllidaceae Amaryllus Family Narcissus tazetta L. * paper white Araceae Arum Family Lemna minuta Kunth duckweed Arecaeae Palm Family Phoenix canariensis Chabaud * Canary Island palm Phoenix dactylifera L. * date palm Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. * fan palm Cyperaceae Sedge Family Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla saltmarsh bulrush Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama saltmarsh bulrush Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Sojak seacoast bulrush black creeper, freeway Carex praegracilis W. Boott sedge Cyperus eragrostis Lam. tall flatsedge Cyperus esculentus L. yellow nutgrass Cyperus involucratus Rottb. * umbrella sedge Eleocharis macrostachya Britton creeping spike rush Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth sand spikerush Olney's three-square Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Schinz & R. Keller bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Sojak southern bulrush Iridaceae Iris Family Iris pseudacorus L. * horticultural iris western blue-eyed- Sisyrinchium bellum S. Watson grass Juncaceae Rush Family Juncus acutus L. spiny rush Juncus balticus Willd. subsp. ater (Rydb.) Snogerup Baltic rush Juncus bufonius L. toad rush Juncus mexicanus Willd. Mexican rush Juncus textilis Buchenau mat or basket rush Poaceae Grass Family Agrostis stolonifera L. * creeping bent Arundo donax L. * giant reed Avena barbata Link * slender wild oat A vena fatua L. * wild oat Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. * false brome Bromus carinatus Hook. & Am. var. marginatus (Steud.) Barkworth & Anderton mountain brome Bromus catharticus Vahl var. catharticus * rescue grass Bromus diandrus Roth * ripgut grass Bromus hordeaceus L. * soft chess Bromus madritensis L. ssp. rubens (L.) Husn. * red brome Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf * purple pampas grass Uruguayan pampas Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn. * grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. * Bermuda grass Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. * hairy crab grass Distichlis littoralis (Engelm.) H.L. Bell & Columbus shore grass Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene salt grass Echinochloa cnis-galli (L.) P. Beauv. * barnyard grass Ehrharta erecta Lam. * panic veldt grass Elymus condensatus J. Presl. giant wild-rye Elymus glaucus Buckley western wild-rye Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinn, ssp. trachycaulus slender wheatgrass Elymus triticoides Buckley beardless wild rye Festuca arundinacea Schreb. * tall fescue Festuca myuros L. * rattail sixweeks grass Festuca perennis (L.) Columbus & J.P. Sm. * rye grass Festuca tementula (L.) Columbus & J.P. Sm. * Darnel ryegrass Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter * barb grass Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski meadow barley Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. * hare barley Hordeum intercedens Nevski bobtail barley Hordeum vu/gare L. * barley Koelaria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. June grass Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench * goldentop Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. uninervia (J. Presl) N. Snow Mexican sprangletop Melica imperfecta Trin. little California melica Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. * sickle grass Paspalum dilatatum Poir. * dallis grass Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. * crimson fountain grass Mediterranean canary Phalaris minor Retz. * grass Phalaris paradoxa L. * Hood canary grass Poa annua L. * annual blue grass Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. * annual beard grass Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. * water beard grass Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. * Mediterranean grass Setaria parvijlora (Poir.) Kerguelen knotroot bristle grass Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. * Johnson grass Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze * Saint Augustine grass Stipa cernua Stebbins & Love nodding needle grass Stipa lepida Hitchc. foothill needle grass Stipa miliacea (L.) Hoover var. miliacea * smilo grass Stipa pulchra Hitchc. purple needle grass Ruppiaceae Ditch-Grass Family Ruppia maritima L. ditch-grass Themidaceae Brodiaea Family Dichelostemma capitatum (Benth.) Alph. Wood blue dicks Typhaceae Cattail Family Sparganium erectum L. ssp. stoloniferum (Grabner) C. Cook & M.S. Nicholls bur reed Typha domingensis Pers. southern cattail Typha latifolia L. broad-leaved cattail Earliest FERNS Reference Collection Equisetaceae Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. ssp. braunii (J.Milde) Hauke DS, POM 1901 MAGNOLIDS Lauraceae Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. FWM R Saururaceae Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Am. POM, RSA.UC 1902 EUDICOTS Adoxaceae Henrickson 1991, Sambucus nigra L. ssp. caerulea (Raf.) Bolli FWM R Aizoaceae Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes * RSA 1981 Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. * RSA 1980 Delosperma litorale (Kensit) L. Bolus * RSA 1981 Malephora crocea (Jacq.) Schwantes * RSA 1981 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. * Henrickson 1991 R Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. * RSA 1980 Sesuvium verrucosum Raf. UC 1902 Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze * RSA 1981 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L. * RSA 1930 Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson RSA 1980 Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) S. Watson Gustafson 1981 R Amaranthus deflexus L. * RSA 1981 Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer var. rudis (J.D. Sauer) Costea & Tardif * Henrickson 1991 R Anacardeaceae Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams POM 1980 Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Rothr. Gustafson 1981 R Rhus ovata S. Watson RSA 1981 Schinus molle L. * RSA 1980 Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi * Henrickson 1991 R Apiaceae Apium graveolens L. * RSA 1902 Conium maculatum L. * RSA 1981 Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Britton & P. Wilson * RSA 1981 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. * POM,RSA.UC 1902 Oenanthe sarmentosa DC. POM, UC 1902 Apocynaceae Asclepias fascicular is Decne. RSA 1930 Asteraceae Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. * POM 1980 Amblyopappus pusillus Hook. & Am. DS 1901 Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. RSA 1980 Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene DS,POM,RSA 1899 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. DS,POM,UC,RSA 1902 Anthemis cotula L. * DS 1901 Artemisia californica Less. DS,RSA,UC 1902 Artemisia douglasiana Besser DS,POM,RSA 1901 Artemisia dracunculus L. DS,RSA,UC 1902 Baccharis glutinosa Pers. DS,POM 1903 Baccharis pilularis DC. POM 1980 Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. POM,UC 1907 Bidens laevis (L.) Britton et al. DS,UC 1902 Brickellia californica (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray Henrickson 1991 R Centaurea melitensis L. * POM 1980 Centromadia parryi (Greene) Greene ssp. australis (D.D. JEPS,POM,RSA,U Keck) B.G. Baldwin C 1890 Chaenactis glabriuscula DC. var. orcuttiana (Greene) H.M. Hall POM,RSA 1980 Chondrilla juncea L. * POM 1981 Cichorium intybus L. * POM 1980 Gustafson 1981, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. * Henrickson 1991 R Coreothrogyne filaginifolia (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. DS,POM 1899 Gustafson 1981, Cotula australis (Spreng.) Hook, f. * Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Cotula coronopifolia L. * Henrickson 1991 R Deinandra fasciculata (DC.) Greene POM 1980 Deinandra paniculata (A. Gray) Davidson & Moxley Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Dimorphothecafruticosa (L.) DC. * Henrickson 1991 R Encelia californica Nutt. DS 1899 Ericameria ericoides (Less.) Jeps. POM 1981 Ericameriapinifolia (A. Gray) H.M. Hall Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Erigeron bonariensis L. * Henrickson 1991 R Erigeron canadensis L. POM 1980 Euryopspectinatus (L.) Cass. * Henrickson 1991 R Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. RSA,UC 1902 Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce * Henrickson 1991 R Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach * UCR 1996 Grindelia camporum Greene POM 1980 Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dum.-Cours. * POM 1981 Helianthus annuus L. POM 1980 Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub * RSA 1980 Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. POM 1980 Hypochaeris glabra L. * Henrickson 1991 R Isocoma menziesii (Hook. & Am.) FWM R Iva axillaris Pursh FWM R Jaumea camosa (Less.) A. Gray POM.UC 1899 Lactuca serriola L. * POM 1902 Lactuca virosa L. * Henrickson 1991 R Laennecia coulteri (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom POM 1980 Lasthenia califomica Lindl. POM.RSA 1901 Lasthenia coronaria (Nutt.) Omduff JEPS.POM 1901 Lasthenia glabrata Lindl. ssp. coulteri (A. Gray) Omduff POM 1903 Logfia filaginoides (Hook. & Am.) Morefield POM 1901 Gustafson 1981, Malacothrix saxatilis (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray Henrickson 1991 R Matricaria discoidea DC. * POM 1981 Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. odorata UC 1902 Pseudognaphalium bioletti Anderb. POM 1901 Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) Anderb. POM.UCR 1981 Pseudognaphalium canescens (DC.) Anderb. POM 1981 Pseudognaphalium microcephalum (Nutt.) Anderb. POM.UC 1902 Pseudognaphalium ramosissimum (Nutt.) Anderb. POM 1981 Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) Anderb. POM 1981 Senecio califomicus DC. POM 1901 Senecio vulgaris L. * RSA 1930 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. * RSA 1981 Solidago velutina DC. ssp. californica (Nutt.) Semple Henrickson 1991 R Sonchus asper (L.) Hill * RSA 1981 Sonchus oleraceus L. * RSA 1981 Stephanomeria diegensis Gottlieb RSA 1980 Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. Gustafson 1981 R Stephanomeria virgata Benth. RSA 1981 Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom POM.UC 1901 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. * Henrickson 1991 R Tragopogon porrifolius L. * UC 1897 Xanthium spinosum L. RSA 1981 Xanthium strumarium L. UC 1902 Betulaceae Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. FWM R Boraginaceae Amsinkia intermedia Fisch. & C.A. Mey POM 1901 Amsinkia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey RSA 1951 Cryptantha clevelandii Greene UCR 2011 Cryptantha clevelandii Greene var. florosa I.M. Johnst. POM 1901 Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) Greene POM 1901 Cryptantha microstachys (A.Gray) Greene POM 1901 Heliotropium curassavicum L. var. oculatum (A. Heller) Tidestr. POM 1930 Phacelia parryi Torr. Henrickson 1991 R Phacelia ramosissima Lehm. POM.RSA 1901 Brassicaceae Gustafson 1981, Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch * Henrickson 1991 R Brassica rapa L. * RSA 1930 Gustafson 1981, Cakile maritima Scop. * Henrickson 1991 R Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hook. & Am.) Payson DS 1899 Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling DS 1901 Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. menziesii (D.C.) Detling POM 1901 Erysimum suffrutescens (Abrams) Rossbach DS,POM,RSA 1901 Gustafson 1981, Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Fossat * Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Lepidium didymum L. * Henrickson 1991 R Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. DS,POM 1901 Lepidium latipes Hook. DS 1904 Lepidium latifolium L. * Henrickson 1991 R Lepidium nitidum Nutt. RSA 1954 Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb. * RSA 1981 Lepidium virginicum L. ssp. menziesii (DC.) Thell. RSA 1930 Gustafson 1981, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. * Henrickson 1991 R Raphanus sativus L. * UCR 1996 Gustafson 1981, Sinapis alba L * Henrickson 1991 R Sisymbrium altissimum L. * Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Sisymbrium irio L. * Henrickson 1991 R Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. UC 1897 Cactaceae Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell Henrickson 1991 R Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon depressum Nutt. POM 1901 Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. var. tetraphyllum * RSA,UCR 1981 Silene gallica L. * RSA,UCR 1980 Spergula arvenis L. * RSA 1981 Spergularia bocconi (Scheele) Graebn. * Henrickson 1991 R Spergularia macrotheca (Cham. & Schltdl.) Heynh. POM,RSA 1901 Spergularia marina (L.) Besser CDA,POM 1901 Spergularia villosa (Pers.) Cambess. * Henrickson 1991 R Chenopodiaceae Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standi POM,RSA,UC 1902 Atriplex argentea Nutt. var. exparna (S. Watson) S.L. Welsh & Reveal UC 1902 Atriplex californica Moq. RSA 1981 Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson RSA 1981 Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson subsp. lentiformis UC 1902 Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr RSA,UC 1899 Atriplex nummularia Lindl. * Henrickson 1991 R Atriplex patula L. RSA 1980 A trip lex prostrata DC. * RSA 1980 Atriplex rosea L. * RSA,UC 1902 Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. * RSA,UC 1902 Atriplex suberecta I. Verd. * RSA 1981 Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze * RSA 1980 CDA,POM,RSA,U Beta vulgaris L. * C 1902 Chenopodium album L. * RSA 1981 Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. RSA 1980 Chenopodium murale L. * CDA,RSA 1930 Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants * RSA,UC 1902 Dysphania pumilio (R.Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants * Henrickson 1991 R Salicomia pacifica Standi RSA,UC 1902 Salsola tragus L. * RSA 1980 Gustafson 1981, Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq Henrickson 1991 R Suaeda californica S. Watson Gustafson 1981 R Suaeda taxifolia (Standi.) Standi. POM,RSA 1901 Cleomaceae Peritoma arborea (Nutt.) H.H. litis DS,POM 1899 Convolvulaceae Calystegia macrostegia (Greene) Brummit ssp. cyclostegia (House) Brummit RSA 1981 Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. SFV 1994 Convolvulus arvensis L. * RSA 1930 Cressa truxillensis Kunth POM,RSA,UCR 1901 Cuscuta californica Hook. & Am. RSA 1981 Cuscuta indecora Choisy var. indecora Henrickson 1991 R Cuscuta campestris Yunck RSA 1981 Cuscuta salina Engelm RSA,UC 1902 Dichondra occidentalis House Henrickson 1991 R Crassulaceae Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger POM,RSA 1901 Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britton & Rose POM 1901 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. * RSA 1981 Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth. RSA 1980 Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & A. Gray) Small RSA 1981 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small * RSA 1981 Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. RSA 1981 Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small * RSA 1980 Croton californicus Mull. Arg. POM,RSA 1899 Croton setigerus Hook. RSA 1930 Euphorbia peplus L. * RSA 1981 Euphorbia terracina L. * RSA,UCR 1996 Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. * Henrickson 1991 R Ricinus communis L. * RSA,UCR 1981 Fabaceae Acacia bailey ana F. Muell. * RSA 1981 Acacia cyclops G. Don * RSA,UCR 1996 Gustafson 1981, Acacia dealbata Link * Henrickson 1991 R Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. * Henrickson 1991 R Acacia neriifolia A. Cunn. ex Benth * Henrickson 1991 R Acmispon americanus (Nutt.) Rydb. var. americanus RSA 1980 Acmispon glaber (Vogel) Brouillet RSA 1980 Acmispon heermannii (Durand & Hilg.) Brouillet UC 1902 Acmispon strigosus (Nutt.) Brouillet RSA 1981 Gustafson 1981, Albizia distachya J.F. Macbr. * Henrickson 1991 R Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth. * CDA,RSA 1981 Astragaluspycnostachyus A. Gray var. lanosissimus (Rydb.) Munz & McBumey NY,POM,RSA,UC 1882 Astragalus tener A. Gray var. titi (Eastw.) Bameby DS 1891 Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray Henrickson 1991 R Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray var. lonchus (M.E. Jones) Bameby DS 1901 Hoffmanseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert Henrickson 1991 R Lupinus bicolor Lindl. POM 1981 Lupinus chamissonis Eschsch. POM,RSA 1917 Lupinus excubitus M.E. Jones var. hallii RSA,UCR 1980 Lupinus longifolius (S. Watson) Abrams POM 1901 Lupinus succulentus K. Koch RSA 1981 Lupinus truncatus Nutt. POM,RSA 1899 Medicago polymorpha L. * POM 1981 Melilotus albus Medik. * POM 1980 Melilotus indicus (L.) All. * POM,UCD,UCR 1978 Phaseolus limensis Macfad. * POM 1981 Spartium junceum L. * Henrickson 1991 R Frankeniaceae Frankenia salina (Molina) I.M. Johnst. POM,RSA 1917 Geraniaceae Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. * RSA,UCR 1981 Gustafson 1981, Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton * Henrickson 1991 R Erodium moschatum (L.) Aiton * UCR 1996 Grossulariaceae Ribes malvaceum Sm. RSA 1981 Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. * Henrickson 1991 R Juglandaceae Juglans californica S. Watson FWM R Juglans regia L. * Henrickson 1991 R Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus W.P.C. Barton uc 1902 Marrubium vulgare L. * RSA 1981 Mentha x piperita L. * UC 1902 Mentha x smithiana R. A. Graham * POM 1902 Salvia apiana Jeps. FWM R Salvia carduacea Benth. POM.UCR 1901 Salvia columbariae Benth. POM.UCR 1901 Salvia leucophylla Greene FWM R Stachys ajugoides Benth. POM.UC 1917 Stachys albens A. Gray POM,RSA,UC 1902 Stachys bergii G.A. Mulligan & D. B. Munro UC 1932 Lythraceae Lythrum californicum Torr. & A. Gray POM,RSA,UC 1902 Lythrum hyssopifolia L. * RSA.UCR 1980 Malvaceae Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene RSA 1981 Malva nicaeensis All. * POM 1902 Malvaparviflora L. * RSA,UC 1932 Malvapseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. * RSA.UCR 1981 Malvella leprosa (Ortega) Krapov. POM,RSA.UCR 1917 Montiaceae Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. UC 1897 Myrsinaceae Anagallis arvensis L. * RSA 1980 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. * RSA 1981 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. * Henrickson 1991 R Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. * Gustafson 1981 R Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. * RSA 1981 Nyctaginaceae Abronia maritima S. Watson POM 1901 Abronia umbellata Lam. POM,RSA 1901 Oleaceae Fraxinus latifolia Benth. UC 1932 Fraxinus velutina Torr. RSA 1981 Onagraceae Camissoniopsis bistorta (Torr. & A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch POM.RSA.UC 1897 Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia (Spreng.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch ssp. suffruticosa POM.RSA.UCD 1901 Camissoniopsis lewisii (P.H. Raven) W.L. Wagner & Hoch POM 1899 Camissoniopsis micrantha (Spreng.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch RSA 1981 Epilobium campestre (Jeps.) Hoch & W.L. Wagner POM 1901 Epilobium ciliatum Raf. RSA 1930 Oenothera elata Kunth. RSA 1981 Orobanchaeae Castilleja exserta (A. Heller) T.I. Chuang & Heckard ssp. exserta POM,RSA 1901 Chloropyron maritimum (Benth.) A. Heller ssp. maritimum (h) DS,POM 1901 Oxalidaceae Oxalis pilosa Nutt. Henrickson 1991 R Gustafson 1981, Oxalis pes-caprae L. * Henrickson 1991 R Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica Cham. Henrickson 1991 R Papaver heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene RSA 1899 Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum coulterianum A. DC. POM 1911 Antirrhinum nuttallianum A. DC. ssp. nuttalianum UC 1902 Plantago erecta E. Morris POM 1899 Plantago lanceolata L. * POM,RSA 1902 Plantago major L. * RSA 1980 Platanaceae Platanus racemosa Nutt. FWM R Polygonaceae Chorizanthe parryi Wats, vax. fernandina (Wats.) Jeps. DS 1901 Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. RSA 1981 Gustafson 1981, Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. var. fasciculatum Henrickson 1991 R Eriogonum gracile Benth. POM,RSA 1901 Eriogonum parvifolium Sm. RSA,UC 1902 Lastarriaea coriacea (Goodman) Hoover POM 1901 Mucronea californica Benth. DS,POM 1899 Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small POM,UC 1901 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray RSA 1930 Persicaria maculosa Gray * RSA 1980 Polygonum aviculare L. * CDA,RSA 1930 Rumex conglomeratus Murray * RSA 1930 Rumex crispus L. * RSA 1930 Rumex fueginus Phil. POM,RSA 1902 Rumex salicifolius Weinm. RSA 1981 Ranunculaceae Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. RSA 1981 Delphinium parryi A. Gray DS 1901 Delphinium parryi A. Gray ssp. maritimum (Davidson) M. J. Wamock DS 1901 Rosaceae Heteromeles arhutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roem. Henrickson 1991 R Horkelia cuneata Lindl. var. sericea A. Gray Abrams 1902 R Potentilla anserina L. ssp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi POM,UC,UCR 1900 Potentilia multijuga Lehm. POM 1890 Pyracantha cf. crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem. * Henrickson 1991 R Rosa californica Cham. & Schltdl. Henrickson 1991 R Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. FWM R Rubiaceae Galium angustifolium A. Gray POM 1980 Salicaceae Populus fremontii S. Watson ssp. fremontii POM 1981 Salix exigua Nutt. var. exigua FWM R Salix goodingii C.R. Ball FWM R Salix laevigata Bebb DS.POM 1901 Salix lasiolepis Benth. DS,POM,UC 1932 Scrophulariaceae Myoporum laetum G. Forst. * RSA 1981 Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schltdl. RSA 1930 Verbascum virgatum Stokes * RSA 1981 Solanaceae Datura wrightii Regel RSA 1980 Lycium ferocissimum Miers * CDA.RSA 1978 Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. * RSA 1981 Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray POM,RSA 1901 Nicotiana glauca Graham * RSA 1980 Petunia parviflora Juss. RSA 1981 Solanum americanum Miller RSA 1981 Solanum douglasii Dunal POM,RSA,UCR 1901 Gustafson 1981, Solanum nigrum L. * Henrickson 1991 R Solanum physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds * RSA 1981 Solanum xanti A. Gray Henrickson 1991 R Tamariscaceae Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. * Henrickson 1991 R Ulmaceae Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. * Henrickson 1991 R Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thome POM,RSA 1902 Urtica urens L. * RSA 1981 Verbenaceae Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene POM.UC 1902 Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. POM 1902 Verbena lasiostachys Link RSA 1981 Verbena lasiostachys Link var. lasiostachys RSA 1930 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. * RSA 1980 MONOCOTS Agavaceae Hesperoyucca whipplei (Torr.) Trel. FWM R Alismataceae Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl ssp. calycina (Engelm.) RSA 1981 Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta L. * RSA 1981 Araceae Lemna minuta Kunth RSA 1930 Arecaeae Phoenix canariensis Chabaud * RSA 1981 Phoenix dactylifera L. * MEC 2005 R Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. * Henrickson 1991 R Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla DS,RSA 1904 Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama RSA,UCR 1981 Gustafson 1981, Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Sojak Henrickson 1991 R Carex praegracilis W. Boott CAS, DS, POM 1889 Cyperus eragrostis Lam. RSA,SD,UCR 1980 Cyperus esculentus L. RSA 1981 Gustafson 1981, Cyperus involucratus Rottb. * Henrickson 1991 R Eleocharis macrostachya Britton RSA 1930 Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth DS,RSA 1904 Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Schinz & R. Keller DS,RSA 1900 Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Sojak DS,RSA 1901 Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus L. * RSA 1981 Sisyrinchium bellum S. Watson FWM R Juncaceae Juncus acutus L. DS 1901 Gustafson 1981, Juncus balticus Willd. subsp. ater (Rydb.) Snogerup Henrickson 1991 R Juncus bufonius L. RSA 1981 Juncus mexicanus Willd. RSA 1981 Juncus textilis Buchenau RSA 1930 Poaceae Gustafson 1981, Agrostis stolonifera L. * Henrickson 1991 R Arundo donax L. * RSA 1981 Avena barbata Link * Henrickson 1991 R A vena fatua L. * RSA 1981 Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. * Henrickson 1991 R Bromus carinatus Hook. & Am. var. marginatus (Steud.) Barkworth & Anderton Gustafson 1981 R Bromus catharticus Vahl var. catharticus * POM 1981 Bromus diandrus Roth * POM 1930 Bromus hordeaceus L. * POM 1981 Bromus madritensis L. ssp. rubens (L.) Husn. * POM 1901 Gustafson 1981, Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf * Henrickson 1991 R Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn. * RSA 1980 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. * RSA 1930 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. * POM 1981 Distichlis littoralis (Engelm.) H.L. Bell & Columbus Henrickson 1991 R Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene UC 1902 Echinochloa cnis-galli (L.) P. Beauv. * POM 1981 Ehrharta erecta Lam. * POM.UCR 1981 Elymus condensatus J. Presl. Henrickson 1991 R Elymus glaucus Buckley POM 1901 Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinn, ssp. trachycaulus Abrams 1902 R Elymus triticoides Buckley POM 1901 Festuca arundinacea Schreb. * Henrickson 1991 R Festuca myuros L. * POM 1913 Festuca perennis (L.) Columbus & J.P. Sm. * POM,RSA,UCR 1902 Festuca tementula (L.) Columbus & J.P. Sm. * POM 1901 Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter * POM,UCD 1901 Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski POM 1930 Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. * POM 1981 Hordeum intercedens Nevski POM 1901 Gustafson 1981, Hordeum vu/gare L. * Henrickson 1991 R Koelaria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. POM 1901 Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench * Henrickson 1991 R Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. uninervia (J. Presl) N. Snow POM 1981 Melica imperfecta Trin. POM 1901 Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. * POM 1981 Paspalum dilatatum Poir. * POM 1980 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. * Henrickson 1991 R Phalaris minor Retz. * uc 1932 Phalaris paradoxa L. * POM 1981 Poa annua L. * RSA 1981 Gustafson 1981, Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. * Henrickson 1991 R Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. * RSA 1930 Gustafson 1981, Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. * Henrickson 1991 R Setaria parvijlora (Poir.) Kerguelen RSA 1981 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. * UC 1902 Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze * RSA 1981 Stipa cernua Stebbins & Love Henrickson 1991 R Stipa lepida Hitchc. FWM R Stipa miliacea (L.) Hoover var. miliacea * POM 1981 Stipa pulchra Hitchc. FWM R Ruppiaceae Ruppia maritima L. RSA 1980 Themidaceae Dichelostemma capitatum (Benth.) Alph. Wood Henrickson 1991 R Typhaceae Sparganium erectum L. ssp. stoloniferum (Grabner) C. Cook & M.S. Nicholls RSA,UC 1902 Typha domingensis Pers. RSA 1981 Typha latifolia L. RSA 1980 Asterisk (*) indicates taxon not native to California. Grey background indicates a native taxon known only from historical (pre-1940) collections or reports. References: For herbarium specimens, the following acronyms from the Consortium of California Herbaria are used: CAS (California Academy of Sciences); CDA (California Department of Food and Agriculture); DS (Dudley Herbarium in CAS); JEPS (Jepson Herbarium, UC Berkeley); NY (New York Botanical Garden); POM (Pomona Herbarium in the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden); RSA (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden); SFV (California State University Northridge); UC (University Herbarium, UC Berkeley); UCD (UC Davis); UCR (UC Riverside). Where an author and year are cited, the taxon was reported but no voucher specimens could be located. "FWM" refers to a taxon that was observed by this author as having been planted at the constructed Ballona Freshwater Marsh but no records or reports of historical occurrence at Ballona were found. Earliest Collection: year of oldest voucher specimen is given. "R" means reported with no record of collection.
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Author: | Read, E.A. |
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Publication: | Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences) |
Geographic Code: | 1U9CA |
Date: | Dec 1, 2015 |
Words: | 7734 |
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