Zinc oxide nanoparticle dispersions as unique additives for coatings.The growing availability of reliable sources of nanoparticles has resulted in significant technological advances in numerous applications, including exterior coatings with extended weatherability. However, the difficulty of dispersing nanoparticles and integrating them into polymer systems has limited the commercialization of nanoparticle-enabled products. When nanoparticles are not effectively dispersed dis·persev. dis·persed, dis·pers·ing, dis·pers·es v.tr. 1. a. To drive off or scatter in different directions: The police dispersed the crowd. b. and integrated into a formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. polymer, the desired properties can not be fully achieved. We have developed novel dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. technology for metal and metal oxide oxide, chemical compound containing oxygen and one other chemical element. Oxides are widely and abundantly distributed in nature. Water is the oxide of hydrogen. Silicon dioxide is the major component of sand and quartz. nanoparticles that enables their incorporation into polymer systems. This article illustrates the use of this dispersion technology and the effectiveness of nano-zinc oxide as a UV absorber in organic coatings. We also have uncovered Uncovered may refer to:
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] INTRODUCTION The effects of UV exposure on coatings and other polymer systems are well documented. (1-8) Photodegradation Photodegradation is degradation of a photodegradable molecule caused by the absorption of photons, particularly those wavelengths found in sunlight, such as infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet light. occurs when polymer systems absorb photons causing the molecules to become excited. Excitation excitation Addition of a discrete amount of energy to a system that changes it usually from a state of lowest energy (ground state) to one of higher energy (excited state). For example, in a hydrogen atom, an excitation energy of 10. leads to chemical reactions This is the 18th episode of television drama Men in Trees. It originally aired on June 25, 2007 on the TV2 network in New Zealand as a continuation of season 1. Recap Marin and Cash have a stew cook off, she admits his is better than hers. which cause degradation DEGRADATION, punishment, ecclesiastical law. A censure by which a clergy man is deprived of his holy orders, which he had as a priest or deacon. . (6,7) Degradation mechanisms may include chain scission scis·sion n. 1. A separation, division, or splitting, as in fission. 2. See cleavage. of covalent bonds covalent bond (kō'vā`lənt): see chemical bond. covalent bond Force holding atoms in a molecule together as a specific, separate entity (as opposed to, e.g., colloidal aggregates; see bonding). , formation of free radicals, and abstraction In object technology, determining the essential characteristics of an object. Abstraction is one of the basic principles of object-oriented design, which allows for creating user-defined data types, known as objects. See object-oriented programming and encapsulation. 1. of hydrogen. Oxygen can enhance degradation by reacting with free radicals to form peroxy per·ox·y adj. Containing the bivalent group O2. radicals and hydroperoxides. At this point, many reactions can occur to produce even more free radicals leading to further degradation of the coatings (6,7) In general, shorter wavelengths of light, such as ultraviolet light Ultraviolet light A portion of the light spectrum not visible to the eye. Two bands of the UV spectrum, UVA and UVB, are used to treat psoriasis and other skin diseases. , have the ability to break many polymer covalent bonds. (8) In some cases, such as when clearcoats and stains This article is about the French commune. For the town in Surrey, England, see Staines. For other uses, see Stain (disambiguation). Stains is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.6 km. (7.2 miles) from the center of Paris. are applied, underlying substrates also can be degraded de·grad·ed adj. 1. Reduced in rank, dignity, or esteem. 2. Having been corrupted or depraved. 3. Having been reduced in quality or value. by exposure to UV, especially with wood and plastic substrates. To minimize such failures, coatings that are exposed to UV during their service life are formulated with UV-resistant polymers, such as acrylics and aliphatic aliphatic /al·i·phat·ic/ (al?i-fat´ik) pertaining to any member of one of the two major groups of organic compounds, those with a straight or branched chain structure. al·i·phat·ic adj. polyurethanes polyurethanes (pŏl'ēy  r`əthānz), group of plastics that may be either thermosetting or thermoplastic. Polyurethane can be made into both flexible and rigid foams. . Although these systems are
resistant to UV, they provide minimal UV protection to the underlying
substrate The base layer of a structure such as a chip, multichip module (MCM), printed circuit board or disk platter. Silicon is the most widely used substrate for chips. Fiberglass (FR4) is mostly used for printed circuit boards, and ceramic is used for MCMs. . Coatings used in more demanding applications, such as
automotive, aerospace, and exterior wood, also contain additives which
absorb UV to assist in protection. These additives not only protect the
coating, but they also can protect the substrate, which may be
vulnerable to UV degradation (e.g., wood, plastics, and textiles).
Typically, these additives are included in coating formulations at
concentrations of <5%. Some of the more common chemical classes of
organic UV absorbers are benzophenones, benzotriazoles, triazines triazinesselective herbicides including atrazine, propazine, simazine, prometone, prometryne. They are poisonous if given in sufficient quantity but the syndrome, weight loss, anorexia and weakness, is too nonspecific to be valuable diagnostically. , malonates, and oxalanilides. (9) However, due to their relatively low molecular weight, these additives can migrate out of applied coatings, either to the coating surface or into the substrate. (10-12) Also, because they are organic, they are susceptible to a number of degradation mechanisms. Many metal oxides also are known to absorb UV radiation; the most common of these are zinc oxide zinc oxide, chemical compound, ZnO, that is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalies. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white. (ZnO ZnO Zinc Oxide ) and titanium titanium (tītā`nēəm, tĭ–) [from Titan], metallic chemical element; symbol Ti; at. no. 22; at. wt. 47.88; m.p. 1,675°C;; b.p. 3,260°C;; sp. gr. 4.54 at 20°C;; valence +2, +3, or +4. dioxide (Ti[O.sub.2]). With the development of nano-particle technology, nano-particle ZnO has the ability to offer UV protection while also being transparent in the visible spectrum. Particles <onlyinclude> This is a list of particles in particle physics, including currently known and hypothetical elementary particles, as well as the composite particles that can be built up from them. with diameters less than 100 nm can be included into a polymer matrix (e.g., coatings) to yield visibly transparent materials. The transparency (1) The quality of being able to see through a material. The terms transparency and translucency are often used synonymously; however, transparent would technically mean "seeing through clear glass," while translucent would mean "seeing through frosted glass." See alpha blending. is possible due to the particle size Particle size, also called grain size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. The term may also be applied to other granular materials. being considerably less than the wavelengths of visible light (400-800 nm). As a result, nano-ZnO particles have become an option as a formulating material for UV protection. Due to the fact that they are inorganic inorganic /in·or·gan·ic/ (in?or-gan´ik) 1. having no organs. 2. not of organic origin. in·or·gan·ic n. 1. and particulate par·tic·u·late adj. Of or occurring in the form of fine particles. n. A particulate substance. particulate composed of separate particles. , they have added advantages of being stable and non-migratory within an applied coating, thus allowing them to potentially offer better effectiveness and a longer service life. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of nano-ZnO to protect coatings and underlying substrate from UV degradation, as well as determine the effects on other common coating properties. EXPERIMENTAL This effort was performed to assess nano-ZnO as an additive additive In foods, any of various chemical substances added to produce desirable effects. Additives include such substances as artificial or natural colourings and flavourings; stabilizers, emulsifiers, and thickeners; preservatives and humectants (moisture-retainers); and to enhance UV protection of coatings and underlying substrates, as compared to traditional organic UV absorbers (UVA) and hindered amine Hindered amines are chemical compounds conatining an amine functional group surrounded by a crowded steric environment. They have uses such as gas scrubbing, as stabilizers against light-induced degradation of polymers, and as reagents for organic synthesis. light stabilizers The Stabilizers were a pop/rock duo founded in the early 1980s by musicians Dave Christenson and Rich Nevens. With Christenson on lead vocals and Nevens on guitars and occasional keyboards, they spent the first few years touring the Pennsylvania area and recording original (HALS). The work was completed in two phases. In the first phase, nano-zinc oxide dispersions were evaluated and compared to a traditional organic UVA and a HALS in a UV exposure chamber. In this phase, nano-ZnO dispersions also were formulated with the UVA and HALS to determine the effects of combining these additives. The second phase was an assessment of the effects of these additives on other coating properties, such as adhesion adhesion /ad·he·sion/ (ad-he´zhun) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity. 2. the stable joining of parts to one another, which may occur abnormally. 3. , hardness, flexibility, and chemical resistance. Phase 1: Nano-ZnO Compared to and with Organic UVA and HALS The additive packages were assessed in two clearcoat polymer systems: a cycloaliphatic amine amine (əmēn`, ăm`ēn): see under amino group. amine Any of a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived, either in principle or in practice, from ammonia (NH3). (Ancamine 2143)/epoxy (Epon 828) high solids system, and a polyurethane-acrylic hybrid latex latex, emulsion of a polymer (e.g., rubber) in water (see colloid). Natural latexes are produced by a number of plants, are usually white in color, and often contain, in addition to rubber, various gums, oils, and waxes. system (Hybridur 570). The epoxy epoxy Any of a class of thermosetting polymers, polyethers built up from monomers with an ether group that takes the form of a three-membered epoxide ring. The familiar two-part epoxy adhesives consist of a resin with epoxide rings at the ends of its molecules and a curing represents a polymer that photo-degrades and severely yellows upon exposure to UV. (6) The Hybridur is fairly weather resistant without addition of UV absorbers. (13) The following additive packages were assessed in both the epoxy and Hybridur 570, respectively: * No additive (control) * 2 wt% ZnO based on total resin resin, any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Resins are found in nature and are chiefly of vegetable origin. They are typically light yellow to dark brown in color; tasteless; odorless or faintly aromatic; translucent or transparent; brittle, fracturing solids (0.4% by volume on total solids) * 4 wt% ZnO (0.8% by volume on total solids) * 7 wt% ZnO (1.3% by volume on total solids) * 2 wt% UVA (Tinuvin 1130) * 1 wt% HALS (Tinuvin 292) * 2 wt% UVA/1 wt% HALS * 2 wt% ZnO/1 wt% HALS * 2 wt% ZnO/2 wt% UVA/1 wt% HALS The epoxy and Hybridur formulas were prepared as described in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Note once again that in addition to comparing nano-ZnO to the traditional UVA and HALS additives, it also was assessed when combined with these additives. In addition to the UV absorbers being assessed in the epoxy and Hybridur coatings separately (noted as one-coat systems and illustrated in Figures 1 and 2), another set of specimens was prepared that consisted of the Hybridur clearcoats with the additives noted above applied over top of the epoxy clearcoat containing no UV additives. This is noted as the two-coat system, referring to the epoxy and Hybridur clearcoats (Figure 3). This configuration allows assessment of any UV absorbers in the Hybridur clearcoat to shield underlying coatings and substrate. UV exposure test panels were prepared by applying a highly weather resistant two-component gloss white polyurethane polyurethane Any of a class of very versatile polymers that are made into flexible and rigid foams, fibres, elastomers (elastic polymers), surface coatings, and adhesives. topcoat (Rustoleum High Performance Industrial Low-VOC Urethane urethane (yoor´ithān´), n ethyl carbamate used as an anesthetic agent for laboratory animals, formerly used as a hypnotic in humans. 9700 system gloss white) to zinc phosphated Zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) is an inorganic chemical compound used as a corrosion resistant coating on metal surfaces either as part of an electroplating process or applied as a primer pigment (see also red lead). steel panels (Bonderite 952) to a dry film thickness of approximately 2 mils. Previous studies demonstrated that this coating does not change appearance during long-term Long-term Three or more years. In the context of accounting, more than 1 year. long-term 1. Of or relating to a gain or loss in the value of a security that has been held over a specific length of time. Compare short-term. exposure to accelerated weathering (e.g., QUV-A). After allowing the polyurethane white coating to cure for a suitable period (e.g., seven days at room temperature, or some equivalent cure schedule at elevated temperature), the epoxy and Hybridur coatings from Tables 1 and 2 were applied as described below. PREPARATION OF ONE-COAT SYSTEMS (Figures 1 and 2): the epoxy coatings described in Table 1 and the Hybridur coatings noted in Table 2 were applied over the polyurethane basecoat to form "one-coat systems." The epoxy coatings listed in Table 1 were applied using an RDS (1) (Remote Data Services) A set of programming interfaces from Microsoft that enables users to update data on the Internet or intranets from their ActiveX-enabled browser. rod number 44 to an approximate wet film thickness of 4 mils. This coating was cured at room temperature for approximately 16 hr, followed by curing for approximately 16 hr at 43[degrees]C. The ultimate dry film thickness of the epoxy coatings was 3 mils. Hybridur coatings listed in Table 2 were applied using a wire wound rod manufactured by RDS (rod number 70), which provides a wet film thickness of approximately 6.3 mils. The Hybridur coating systems were dried for 5 hr at room temperature, followed by approximately 16 hr at 43[degrees]C. Dry film thickness for the Hybridur coatings was approximately 1.4 mils. Figure 4 illustrates scanning electron micrographs electron micrograph n. A micrograph made by an electron microscope. of the 4% ZnO-Hybridur coating, which demonstrates the size of the nano-ZnO particles (~50 nm diameter) and that they are well dispersed throughout the polymer system. PREPARATION OF TWO-COAT SYSTEMS (Figure 3): a second series of panels were prepared by applying and curing the control epoxy clearcoat formula (no additives, 22A in Table 1) to the polyurethane topcoat as described above. At this point, the Hybridur clearcoats listed in Table 2 were applied and cured over top of the epoxy coating using the same methods as the one-coat hybrid system A hybrid system is a dynamic system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior — a system that can both flow (described by a differential equation) and jump (described by a difference equation). . After allowing these coatings to dry and cure, a series of specimens was placed in a QUV-A 340 cabinet with UV exposure (continuous UV 340 A bulb bulb, thickened, fleshy plant bud, usually formed under the surface of the soil, which carries the plant over from one blooming season to another. It may have many fleshy layers (as in the onion and hyacinth) or thin dry scales (as in some lilies)—both of which exposure with irradiance ir·ra·di·ant adj. Sending forth radiant light. [Latin irradi of 0.89 W/[m.sup.2]). The specimens were removed periodically to measure color and gloss. From these measurements, color change ([DELTA]E) and gloss retention were calculated versus pre-exposed samples. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] Phase 2: Assessment of Effects on Other Coating Properties In addition to QUV-A exposure evaluations, an unexposed set of epoxy and Hybridur-based coatings were tested for a number of common coating properties. Epoxy and Hybridur coatings for this phase were applied directly onto steel panels and cured as described above. The properties evaluated and associated test methods are listed in Table 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phase 1: Nano-ZnO Compared to Organic UVA and HALS Color change of the one-coat epoxy clearcoats as a result of QUV-A exposure duration is presented in Table 4 and Figure 5. As is common with epoxy-amine systems, these coatings yellowed quickly and severely upon UV exposure. This yellowing is caused by the formation of conjugated conjugated adj. Conjugate. estrogens, conjugated Warning - Hazardous drug! C.E.S. chromophores during polymer degradation Polymer degradation is a change in the properties - tensile strength, colour, shape, etc - of a polymer or polymer based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals. . (7) After just 20 hr of exposure, [DELTA]E color change values ranged from 3 to 5.7, which is quite considerable for such a short duration. After one week, AE values were 16-19 and after six weeks (1000 hr) they were 32-39, at which time the test was suspended sus·pend v. sus·pend·ed, sus·pend·ing, sus·pends v.tr. 1. To bar for a period from a privilege, office, or position, usually as a punishment: suspend a student from school. . There was minimal differentiation between coatings with the various additive packages, probably because of the extreme susceptibility susceptibility the state of being susceptible. Refers usually to infectious disease but may be to physical factors such as wetting or to psychological factors such as harassment. of these systems to yellow, and the quick and extensive extent of yellowing. The coatings industry has desired a "weatherable" epoxy coating for some time and there have been numerous attempts to provide such performance through polymer chemistry Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. changes and additive packages. These attempts generally have been unsuccessful. This evaluation indicates that incorporating nano-ZnO as a formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation additive dispersed throughout the applied coating is an approach which also will not provide the desired level of UV protection to epoxy-amine systems. However, as will be discussed later in this article, it is possible that improvement may be obtained by formulating such that ZnO concentrates at the surface of the applied coating. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Color change in the Hybridur 570 clearcoat system is presented in Table 5 and Figure 6. Hybridur 570 is known to be a fairly weatherable system and has been used in commercial coatings for exterior (UV exposure) applications. (13) As opposed to the epoxy system, color change in the Hybridur clearcoats is quite low. After 24 hr, [DELTA]E values range from 1 to 1.5 and after this time they increase only slightly over a 4000-hr exposure. At 4000 hr, [DELTA]E's range from 1-3, which is quite amazing a·maze v. a·mazed, a·maz·ing, a·maz·es v.tr. 1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise. 2. Obsolete To bewilder; perplex. v.intr. for such a long exposure period to QUV-A (24 weeks). Again, there was little differentiation in color change between coatings and additive packages. Another potential effect of weathering is gloss reduction due to roughening of the coating surface from polymer degradation and erosion. Twenty degree gloss results for Hybridur coatings over the 4000-hr exposure are presented in Table 6 and Figure 7. Initial 20[degrees] gloss for the control with no additives is 79, with gloss for most of the other systems being 78-80. Therefore, incorporation of the nano-ZnO at concentrations up to 7% does not adversely affect gloss. The only formulations which displayed a slight reduction in gloss are those containing 2% ZnO/HALS and 2% ZnO/UVA/HALS. There was no obvious visual cause for this gloss reduction, but it may be due to an incompatibility The inability of a Husband and Wife to cohabit in a marital relationship. incompatibility n. the state of a marriage in which the spouses no longer have the mutual desire to live together and/or stay married, and is thus a ground for divorce between these additives, causing surface roughness and/or haze. Throughout the QUV-A exposure period, the control reduces gloss from 79.2 to 70.8, an 89% gloss retention, certainly good performance for such an extended exposure. However, formulations with ZnO, UVA, and HALS, respectively, have even higher gloss retentions. In fact, the 2% and 4% ZnO formulations have gloss retentions of 94.7% and 94.5%, respectively. This is remarkable, especially considering that 20[degrees] gloss readings are severe and discriminating dis·crim·i·nat·ing adj. 1. a. Able to recognize or draw fine distinctions; perceptive. b. Showing careful judgment or fine taste: ; any degradation or roughening of the coating surface will result in a considerable reduction in 20[degrees] gloss. These results clearly indicate nano-ZnO is providing benefits during this exposure duration. The two-coat systems (i.e., epoxy clearcoat with Hybridur clear overcoat) were prepared to assess the ability of the UV absorbers in Hybridur to protect the underlying epoxy. Color change and gloss data for the two-coat systems are presented in Tables 7 and 8 as well as Figures 8 and 9. As expected based on the epoxy one-coat results, the control system with no additives has rapid and severe yellowing, with a [DELTA]E at 4000 hr of 53. Coatings with 2% ZnO, UVA, and HALS, both separately and combined, also display considerable color change with [DELTA]Es of 49 or higher. The 4% ZnO has a [DELTA]E of 43 after 4000 hr, which is improved over the control and the traditional organic UVA/HALS additives. The 7% ZnO coating provides exceptional color retention, with a [DELTA]E of only 6.1 after 4000 hr. In fact, color change for the 7% ZnO formulation was remarkable throughout the entire exposure duration. Figure 10 is a photograph of selected specimens after 4000-hr QUV-A exposure, illustrating the severe color change of the control versus exceptional color retention of the 7% ZnO specimen SPECIMEN. A sample; a part of something by which the other may be known. 2. The act of congress of July 4, 1836, section 6, requires the inventor or discoverer of an invention or discovery to accompany his petition and specification for a patent with specimens . Similar trends, but with some differences, are observed with 20[degrees] gloss and gloss retention (Table 8 and Figure 9). Gloss of the control dropped considerably, with a gloss retention of only 57.1% after 4000 hr. The 2% ZnO and 2% ZnO/HALS systems also did not fair well. The UVA, HALS, and UVA/HALS systems had gloss retentions of 85-90%, which is considerably good for this exposure duration. However, the 4% and 7% ZnO, as well as the 2% ZnO/UVA/HALS, had excellent gloss retention throughout the exposure time, with nearly 100% after 4000 hr. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] The results of the two-coat systems clearly illustrate that the nano-ZnO is providing UV protection to Hybridur and also the underlying epoxy coating, even more so than the traditional organic UVA/HALS additives. This is indicated by excellent gloss retention of the Hybridur and minimal color change of the epoxy. It should be considered that ZnO is quite stable, both chemically and physically, especially compared to organic UVA and HALS additives. Previous reports (10-12) have documented that UVA and HALS additives can migrate out of coating systems to the surface, or to the substrate. Being organic in nature, they also are susceptible to degradation. Therefore, although they have been used extensively and are effective over shorter periods of time, they can be rendered ineffective over longer durations. In contrast, nano-ZnO particles are more prone to be anchored in these polymer systems and will not migrate. Also, they are chemically stable as dispersed in these polymer systems. So, as the results herein illustrate, they are effective for much longer exposure periods. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] [FIGURE 9 OMITTED] [FIGURE 10 OMITTED] It is interesting to compare [DELTA]E results from the epoxy one-coat system to those from the two-coat system. As noted above, [DELTA]Es for the epoxy one-coat system were all above 30, even after just three weeks (~500 hr) exposure, indicating that none of the UV absorbers were providing much protection in the formulation. In contrast, some of the two-coat systems had much less color change over this time, and the 7% system was remarkably better, even at 4000 hr. One main differentiation is that in the one-coat system, the UV absorbers are dispersed throughout the coating and therefore not concentrated at the surface. This allows UV rays to penetrate deeper into the coating where they can cause photodegradation of polymer chains closer to the coating surface where they are exposed to UV. In the two-coat system, the UV absorbers are in a coating above the epoxy, and therefore have the ability to absorb considerable UV radiation before penetrating penetrating breaching the tissues of the body. into the epoxy coating. This is suspected to be the difference. If it is possible to formulate formulate /for·mu·late/ (for´mu-lat) 1. to state in the form of a formula. 2. to prepare in accordance with a prescribed or specified method. the epoxy coating, or any other coating, such that the UV absorbers (nano-ZnO in this case) rise to the surface of the coating and are concentrated there in the dry, applied coating, this may provide substantial absorption of incident UV radiation and thereby protect the underlying polymer even further. In order to understand the fundamental cause for the protection observed during the QUV-A exposures, some of the Hybridur coatings were evaluated for transmission through the UV-visible spectrum. These results are illustrated in Figures 11 and 12. Figure 12 magnifies transmission in the UV region. The control with no additive has well over 20% UV transmission at wavelengths greater than 230 nm. The UVA/HALS coatings at both 3% and 8% total concentration have a large spike A burst of extra voltage in a power line that lasts only a few nanoseconds. See power surge, power swell, sag and surge suppression. (jargon) spike - To defeat a selection mechanism by introducing a (sometimes temporary) device that forces a specific result. in the 240 to 290 nm range. The 4% ZnO coating has a transmittance of <2% throughout nearly the entire UV spectrum; the 7% ZnO system has virtually no transmittance over this range, which explains such exceptional UV protection in the coating systems evaluated. Phase 2: Assessment of Effects on Other Coating Properties The second phase of this effort focused on determining if other coating properties are affected by incorporation of nano-ZnO. Tables 9 and 10 list results for the epoxy and Hybridur systems, respectively. For the epoxy system, nearly all of the properties remain consistent, with the exception of scrape See scraping. adhesion and especially wet scrape adhesion. The dry scrape adhesion values range from 6.5 kg for the control to 8.5 and 9.5 kg for the coatings containing 4% and 7% ZnO. From these results, it appears that the nano-ZnO is improving the toughness and/or adhesion of the coating. In the wet scrape adhesion, almost all of the adhesion values decrease considerably relative to the dry scrape, with most results being in the 3.5 to 4.5 kg range, which is approximately a 50% reduction. This is somewhat expected. In this test, a coated specimen is immersed im·merse tr.v. im·mersed, im·mers·ing, im·mers·es 1. To cover completely in a liquid; submerge. 2. To baptize by submerging in water. 3. in water for 24 hr at 70[degrees]F. Upon removal, the specimen is tested for scrape adhesion of the coating to the substrate. Water will plasticize plas·ti·cize tr. & intr.v. plas·ti·cized, plas·ti·ciz·ing, plas·ti·ciz·es To make or become plastic. plas and soften many coatings, as well as decrease adhesion, so it is expected to have lower values for the wet versus dry scrape adhesion. In general, the overall results for the epoxy coatings are quite good and somewhat expected due to the excellent hardness, adhesion, and water-resistance of epoxy coatings. However, even more notable is the dramatic improvement of wet scrape adhesion of the coatings with 4% and 7% ZnO (relative to those without ZnO), which have values of 7 and 8.5 kg, respectively. Not only are these coatings notably harder than those without nano-ZnO, there is only a minimal reduction in scrape adhesion due to water immersion immersion /im·mer·sion/ (i-mer´zhun) 1. the plunging of a body into a liquid. 2. the use of the microscope with the object and object glass both covered with a liquid. (i.e., dry scrape versus wet scrape). [FIGURE 11 OMITTED] [FIGURE 12 OMITTED] [FIGURE 13 OMITTED] Results with the Hybridur coatings are presented in Table 10. In these tests, ZnO had the most notable effects with improved alcohol resistance (IPA IPA - International Phonetic Alphabet double rubs) and humidity resistance. This polyurethane-acrylic, as with other polyurethane-acrylic hybrids and polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) in general, are susceptible to alcohols as observed with double rub tests, spot tests, and immersion. In many cases with these polymers, alcohols severely soften and sometimes actually dissolve A Web site design technique borrowed from the film and video industry in which the transition between two Web pages is represented visually by one page fading into another. Also known as a "soft cut," the result is achieved in the HTML coding of the images to gradual pre-determined the polymer. In these current evaluations, all of the coatings without nano-ZnO have IPA double rubs <100, while all of the Hybridur coatings with nano-ZnO have IPA double rubs of 200 or greater. To assess alcohol resistance further, we performed spot tests by placing a 0.5 x 0.5 in. non-extractable towel, soaking the towel with IPA for 30 min, removing, and then assessing effects on the coatings. Again, dramatic improvements were observed with coatings containing nano-ZnO. Coatings without ZnO softened soft·en v. soft·ened, soft·en·ing, soft·ens v.tr. 1. To make soft or softer. 2. To undermine or reduce the strength, morale, or resistance of. 3. dramatically and were easily removed from the substrate, while coatings with nano-ZnO softened and swelled only slightly and had a crosslinked character. The other property that was substantially improved with inclusion of nano-ZnO was humidity resistance. As illustrated in Figure 13, the non-ZnO coatings formed blisters within 24-hr exposure in the humidity chamber, while the ZnO coatings lasted 30 days with no blisters or other coating defects. The coatings were removed from the chamber at 30 days. To further study effects of nano-ZnO, other waterborne polymer systems were evaluated, including PUDs, other hybrids, acrylic acrylic, artificial fiber made from a special group of vinyl compounds, primarily acrylonitrile. Acrylic fibers are thermoplastic (i.e., soften when heated, reharden upon cooling), have low moisture regain, are low in density, and can be made into bulky fabrics. , and vinyl vinyl /vi·nyl/ (vi´nil) the univalent group CH2dbondCH—. vinyl chloride a vinyl group to which an atom of chlorine is attached; the monomer which polymerizes to polyvinyl chloride; it is toxic acetate-ethylene co-polymers. All of the waterborne polymers tested that had carboxyl carboxyl /car·box·yl/ (kahr-bok´sil) the monovalent radical —COOH, occurring in those organic acids termed carboxylic acids. car·box·yl n. functionality displayed improvements in alcohol resistance. Based on all of these test results and observations, it clearly appears that the nano-ZnO has a self-crosslinking effect on carboxy functional polymers Functional polymers are polymers with advanced optic and/or electronic properties. Advantages of functional polymers are low cost, ease of processing and a range of attractive mechanical characteristics for functional organic molecules. , which significantly improves chemical resistance and humidity resistance from the properties tested, and possibly other properties which have not been evaluated to date. The potential of self-crosslinking of these polymer systems led to a question of their shelf stability as a raw material and in a formulated coating. Sets of the prepared Hybridur formulations containing 4% and 7% of the S44Z nano-ZnO were placed in sealed containers and kept at room temperature (70[degrees]F) for six months and another set was placed in an oven at 129[degrees]F for four weeks. The containers were evaluated periodically for viscosity and pH, and the coatings were applied and tested for IPA double rub resistance. No substantial changes were observed in either the room temperature or elevated temperature coatings and all of the applied coatings containing nano-ZnO passed 200 IPA double rubs. These results provide evidence of shelf-stable, self-crosslinking polymer systems. CONCLUSIONS * Epoxy coatings (one-coat systems) yellow severely when exposed to UV without UV absorbers and also with UVA/HALS and nano-ZnO. * Hybridur coatings (one-coat systems) maintain color and gloss very well without and with UV absorbers. * Two-coat systems containing an epoxy clearcoat with a Hybridur clear overcoat yellow severely with no UV absorbers and with UVA and HALS. Coating systems with 4% nano-ZnO in the Hybridur clear overcoat have less yellowing, especially over extended durations (up to 4000 hr) in QUV-A. Coating systems with 7% ZnO have exceptional color and gloss retention over the 4000 hr QUV-A exposure. UV transmission results indicate that this exceptional performance is due to nearly 100% absorption of UV, especially compared to the organic UVA additives. * Hybridur coatings containing 4% and 7% nano-ZnO have dramatically improved alcohol and humidity resistance. Similar improvements were observed in other polymers such as polyurethane dispersions, acrylic latex, and polyurethane-acrylic hybrids. IPA double rub and spot test results provided clear indication that systems with nano-ZnO are self-crosslinking. * The 4% and 7% Hybridur coatings were shelf stable at 70[degrees]F for >6 months and at 129[degrees]F for >4 weeks, indicating a shelf-stable, self-crosslinking polymer. References (1) JCT JCT Junction JCT Jerusalem College of Technology JCT Joint Contracts Tribunal (UK build contracts governing body) JCT Journal of Coatings Technology JCT John Christner Trucking JCT Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Symposium symposium In ancient Greece, an aristocratic banquet at which men met to discuss philosophical and political issues and recite poetry. It began as a warrior feast. Rooms were designed specifically for the proceedings. in Print: UV Degradation, in J. COAT. TECHNOL., 74, No. 924, 33-92 (2002). (2) Croll, S.G. and Skaja, A.D., "Quantitative Spectroscopy spectroscopy Branch of analysis devoted to identifying elements and compounds and elucidating atomic and molecular structure by measuring the radiant energy absorbed or emitted by a substance at characteristic wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (including gamma ray, to Determine the Effects of Photodegradation on a Model Polyester-Urethane Coating," J. COAT. TECHNOL., 75, No. 945, 85 (2003). (3) Skaja, A.D. and Croll, S.G., "Mechanical Property Changes and Degradation During Accelerated Weathering of Polyester-Urethane Coatings," J. COAT. TECHNOL. RES., 3, No. 1, 41 (2006). (4) Chin, J.W. and Byrd, E., "Validation See validate. validation - The stage in the software life-cycle at the end of the development process where software is evaluated to ensure that it complies with the requirements. of the Reciprocity Law
(5) Sung, L.P. and Martin, J.W., "Use of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique used to increase micrograph contrast and/or to reconstruct three-dimensional images by using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light or flare in specimens that are thicker than the focal plane. for Characterizing Changes in Film Thickness and Local Surface Morphology morphology In biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of organisms in relation to some principle or generalization. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, morphology explains the shapes and arrangement of parts of organisms in terms of such of UV-Exposed Polymer Coatings," J. COAT. TECHNOL. RES., 1, No. 4, 267 (2004). (6) Zhang, G., Pitt, W.G., Goates, S.R., and Owen, N.L., "Studies on Oxidative ox·i·da·tive adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by oxidation. oxidative, adj having the ability or property to oxidize. oxidative pertaining to or emanating from oxidation. Photodegradation of Epoxy Resins epoxy resins, group of synthetic resins used to make plastics and adhesives. These materials are noted for their versatility, but their relatively high cost has limited their use. by IR-ATR Spectroscopy," J. Applied Polymer Science Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. , vol. 54, 419 (1994). (7) Sedriks, W., "Environmentally Degradable de·grad·a·ble adj. That can be chemically degraded: degradable plastic wastes. de·grad Polymers," Process Economics Program, Stanford Research Institute Stanford Research Institute - Former name of SRI International. , Menlo Park Menlo Park. 1 Residential city (1990 pop. 28,040), San Mateo co., W Calif.; inc. 1874. Electronic equipment and aerospace products are manufactured in the city. Menlo College and a Stanford Univ. research institute are there. 2 Uninc. , CA, August 1977. (8) Daniels, C.A., Polymers: Structure and Properties, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, PA, 1989. (9) Calbo, L.J., Handbook
This article is about reference works. For the subnotebook computer, see .
Initially a textbook publisher, they went to encyclopedia publishing in the late 1990's. , Inc., New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1987. (10) Haacke, G., Andrawes, F.F., and Campbell, B.H., "Migration of Light Stabilizers in Acrylic/Melamine Clearcoats," J. COAT. TECHNOL, 68, No. 855, 57 (1996). (11) Yaneff, P.V., Adamsons, K., Cliff, N., and Kanouni, M., "Article Title: Migration of Reactable UVAs and HALS in Automotive Plastic Coatings," J. COAT. TECHNOL. RES., J, No. 3, 201 (2004). (12) Haake, G., Andrawes, F.F., Brinen, J.S., and Campbell, B.H., "Chemisorption chem·i·sorb also chem·o·sorb tr.v. chem·i·sorbed, chem·i·sorb·ing, chem·i·sorbs To take up and chemically bind (a substance) onto the surface of another substance. and Physical Adsorption adsorption, adhesion of the molecules of liquids, gases, and dissolved substances to the surfaces of solids, as opposed to absorption, in which the molecules actually enter the absorbing medium (see adhesion and cohesion). of Light Stabilizers on Pigment pigment, substance that imparts color to other materials. In paint, the pigment is a powdered substance which, when mixed in the liquid vehicle, imparts color to a painted surface. and Ultrafine Particles in Coatings," J. COAT. TECHNOL., 71, No. 888, 87 (1999). (13) Hegedus, C.R. and Kloiber, K.A., "Aqueous aqueous /aque·ous/ (a´kwe-us) 1. watery; prepared with water. 2. see under humor. a·que·ous adj. Acrylic-Polyurethane Hybrid Dispersions and Their Use in Industrial Coatings An industrial coating is a paint or coating defined by its protective, rather than its aesthetic properties, although it can provide both. The most common use of industrial coatings is for corrosion control of steel or concrete. ," J. COAT. TECHNOL., 68, No. 860, 39 (1996). by Charles Hegedus, Frank Pepe, Denise Lindenmuth, and Detlef Burgard Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.* Presented at the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology's 2007 FutureCoat! Conference, October 3-5, 2007, in Toronto, Ont., Canada. *7201 Hamilton Hamilton, city, Bermuda Hamilton, city (1990 est. pop. 3,100), capital of Bermuda, on Bermuda Island. It is a port at the head of Great Sound, a huge lagoon and deepwater harbor protected by coral reefs. Blvd., Allentown, PA 18195-1501.
Table 1 -- Epoxy Clearcoats Evaluated in Phase 1
Formulation Designations 22A 22B 22C 22D 22E
Additive Package No additive 2% ZnO 4% ZnO 7% ZnO 2% UVA
PART A
EPON 828 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Toluene 44.80 32.00 19.20 0.00 44.80
BYK-333 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
ZnO dispersion (S41Z) -- 16.00 32.00 56.00 --
Total Pre-Mix 145.40 148.60 151.80 156.60 145.40
PART B
Ancamine 2143 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00
Tinuvin 292 -- -- -- -- 1.60
Tinuvin 1130 -- -- -- -- 3.20
Total 205.40 208.60 211.80 216.60 208.60
Formulation Designations 22F 22G 22H 22I
2% ZnO w/
Additive Package 1% HALS UVA & HALS ZnO w/UVA UVA & HALS
PART A
EPON 828 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Toluene 44.80 44.80 32.00 32.00
BYK-333 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
ZnO dispersion (S41Z) -- -- 16.00 16.00
Total Pre-Mix 145.40 145.40 148.60 148.60
PART B
Ancamine 2143 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00
Tinuvin 292 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
Tinuvin 1130 -- 3.20 -- 3.20
Total 207.00 210.20 210.20 213.40
(a) Formulation 22A also used as a basecoat in Phase 2.
Table 2 -- Hybridur Clearcoats Evaluated in Phases 1 and 2
Formulation Designations 21A 21B 21C 21D 21E
Additive Package No additive 2% ZnO 4% ZnO 7% ZnO 2% UVA
PRE-MIX
DPnB 9.83 9.83 9.83 9.83 9.83
BYK-346 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
Tinuvin 292 -- -- -- -- --
Tinuvin 1130 -- -- -- -- 0.64
Total Pre-Mix 10.27 10.27 10.27 10.27 10.91
LETDOWN
Hybridur 570 74.23 74.23 74.23 74.23 74.23
Dee Fo PI-4 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
ZnO dispersion (S44Z) -- 3.50 7.01 12.27 --
Water 15.28 12.41 9.53 5.22 15.28
Total 100.00 100.63 101.26 102.21 100.64
Formulation Designations 21F 21G 21H 21I
ZnO w/
Additive Package 1% HALS UVA & HALS ZnO w/UVA UVA & HALS
PRE-MIX
DPnB 9.83 9.83 9.83 9.83
BYK-346 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
Tinuvin 292 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
Tinuvin 1130 -- 0.64 -- 0.64
Total Pre-Mix 10.59 11.23 10.59 11.23
LETDOWN
Hybridur 570 74.23 74.23 74.23 74.23
Dee Fo PI-4 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
ZnO dispersion (S44Z) -- -- 3.50 3.50
Water 15.28 15.28 12.41 12.41
Total 100.32 100.96 100.95 101.59
Table 3 -- Test Properties and Methods
Property Method
Gloss -- White Leneta (20[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Gloss -- White Leneta (60[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Gloss -- White Leneta (85[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Gloss -- Black Leneta (20[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Gloss -- Black Leneta (60[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Gloss -- Black Leneta (85[degrees]) ASTM D 523
Contrast ratio (y black/y white) --
Dry scrape ASTM D 2197
Wet scrape (24 HR/RT) ASTM D 2197
Dry tape ASTM D 3359
Wet tape (24 HR/RT) ASTM D 3359
Water immersion (24 HR/RT) --
Humidity (100[degrees]F/100% RH) ASTM D 4585
IPA double rubs ASTM D 4752
Toluene double rubs ASTM D 4752
MEK double rubs ASTM D 4752
Gardner impact (in./lb) Direct ASTM D 2794
Gardner impact (in./lb) Reverse ASTM D 2794
Persoz hardness ASTM D 4366/ANS/ISO 1522
Pencil hardness ASTM D 3363
Table 4 -- Color Change of Epoxy One-Coat Systems During QUV-A Exposure
[DELTA]E [DELTA]E [DELTA]E [DELTA]E
COLOR L,a,b Exposure Time 20 hr 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk
Control--no additives 2.99 15.96 28.87 36.18
2% ZnO 3.63 18.00 31.33 37.24
4% ZnO 4.05 18.84 31.41 37.38
7% ZnO 5.01 19.49 30.20 35.99
UVA 5.04 18.17 28.72 32.69
HALS 3.00 16.32 29.99 35.55
UVA/HALS 4.50 16.02 24.37 31.09
2% ZnO/HALS 3.56 16.05 29.20 36.55
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 5.73 16.98 26.34 32.39
COLOR L,a,b Exposure Time [DELTA]E 4 wk [DELTA]E 5 wk [DELTA]E 6 wk
Control--no additives 37.41 37.45 37.92
2% ZnO 38.16 38.13 38.36
4% ZnO 38.05 38.07 38.17
7% ZnO 36.71 36.53 36.65
UVA 32.86 32.67 33.08
HALS 35.91 35.97 36.58
UVA/HALS 32.84 32.06 31.99
2% ZnO/HALS 38.17 38.46 38.69
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 33.28 33.28 33.58
Table 5 -- Color Change of Hybridur One-Coat Systems During QUV-A
Exposure
COLOR L,a,b
Exposure Time (hr) [DELTA]E 24 [DELTA]E 500 [DELTA]E 1000
Control--no additives 1.12 1.62 2.04
2% ZnO 1.14 1.53 1.97
4% ZnO 1.18 1.64 2.13
7% ZnO 1.46 2.00 2.69
UVA 1.06 1.59 2.05
HALS 1.00 1.48 2.02
UVA/HALS 1.07 1.57 1.94
2% ZnO/HALS 1.26 1.43 1.98
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 1.51 1.92 2.33
COLOR L,a,b
Exposure Time (hr) [DELTA]E 2000 [DELTA]E 3000 [DELTA]E 4000
Control--no additives 1.79 1.65 2.12
2% ZnO 1.64 1.34 1.95
4% ZnO 1.99 1.52 2.23
7% ZnO 2.34 2.10 3.12
UVA 1.99 1.75 2.27
HALS 1.49 1.25 1.84
UVA/HALS 1.84 1.77 2.51
2% ZnO/HALS 1.63 1.35 2.09
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 2.32 2.08 2.65
Table 6 -- 20[degrees] Gloss of Hybridur One-Coat Systems During QUV-A
Exposure
20[degrees] Gloss Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Gloss
Exposure Time (hr) Initial 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 Ret. (%)
Control--no additives 79.2 78.4 74.3 75.1 73.9 70.8 89.4
2% ZnO 79.0 76.9 73.7 75.6 75.4 74.8 94.7
4% ZnO 78.8 76.3 75.9 75.5 76.3 74.5 94.5
7% ZnO 78.2 75.9 76.4 76.9 78.1 69.5 88.9
UVA 80.7 78.1 77.7 76.8 74.6 72.6 90.0
HALS 79.9 77.0 75.4 73.4 70.6 70.7 88.5
UVA/HALS 80.4 76.5 73.2 70.9 68.1 68.3 85.0
2% ZnO/HALS 75.7 74.1 71.4 72.4 72.7 73.5 97.1
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 77.3 73.7 72.3 71.5 69.8 72.8 94.2
Table 7 -- Color Change of Two-Coat Systems During Exposure in QUV-A
COLOR L,a,b
Exposure Time (hr) [DELTA] E 24 [DELTA] E 1000 [DELTA] E 2000
HY570--no additives 2.84 41.30 46.33
2% ZnO 1.27 34.28 50.07
4% ZnO 0.51 7.36 23.09
7% ZnO 0.54 1.33 2.42
UVA 0.52 13.97 35.52
HALS 3.22 40.78 44.66
UVA/HALS 0.30 8.88 33.58
2% ZnO/HALS 1.43 35.71 48.56
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 0.41 5.45 22.91
COLOR L,a,b
Exposure Time (hr) [DELTA] E 3000 [DELTA] E 4000
HY570--no additives 49.91 52.77
2% ZnO 54.00 58.25
4% ZnO 34.80 43.07
7% ZnO 3.85 6.13
UVA 46.84 49.77
HALS 48.58 51.56
UVA/HALS 46.42 49.22
2% ZnO/HALS 51.70 54.73
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 37.27 46.45
Table 8 -- 20[degrees] Gloss of Two-Coat Systems During Exposure in
QUV-A
20[degrees] Gloss Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Gloss
Exposure Time (hr) Initial 1000 2000 3000 4000 Ret. (%)
HY570--no additive 80.3 76.4 67.9 56.0 45.7 57.1
2% ZnO 77.6 73.5 67.2 56.7 42.0 54.1
4% ZnO 76.3 73.5 76.1 76.5 75.2 99.6
7% ZnO 76.5 75.1 72.1 77.6 78.0 102
UVA 81.6 77.6 76.3 71.6 69.3 84.9
HALS 80.7 76.6 76.1 72.7 71.8 89.0
UVA/HALS 79.8 76.6 73.9 73.0 72.0 90.2
2% ZnO/HALS 76.6 73.5 70.7 59.2 46.8 61.1
2% ZnO/UVA/HALS 77.8 76.2 76.5 77.1 77.2 99.2
Table 9 -- Properties of Epoxy Based Coating Systems
Formulation
Designations 22A 22B 22C 22D
Additive Package No additive 2% ZnO 4% ZnO 7% ZnO
Dry scrape (kg) pass 6.5 pass 7.5 pass 8.5 pass 9.5
Wet scrape, 24 hr/70 pass 3.5 pass 4.0 pass 7.0 pass 8.5
F (kg)
Dry tape 5A 5A 5A 5A
Wet tape, 24 hr/70 F 4A 5A 4A 4A
Water immersion, 24 Pass Pass Pass Pass
hr/70 F
Humidity--30 Pass Pass Pass Pass
days(100[degrees]F/
100% RH)
IPA double rubs 200 200 200 200
Toluene double rubs 200 200 200 200
MEK double rubs 200 200 200 200
Gardner impact (in./ 84 108 88 88
lb) Direct
Gardner impact (in./ 72 72 72 72
lb) Reverse
Pencil hardness 3H 3H 3H 3H
Formulation
Designations 22E 22F 22G 22H 22I
2% ZNO
2% ZNO w/ w/UVA &
Additive Package 2% UVA 1% HALS UVA HALS UVA HALS
Dry scrape (kg) pass 7.5 pass 7.5 pass 7.5 pass 8.0 pass 8.0
Wet scrape, 24 hr/70 pass 3.5 pass 4.0 pass 4.5 pass 4.0 pass 5.5
F (kg)
Dry tape 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A
Wet tape, 24 hr/70 F 5A 4A 5A 5A 5A
Water immersion, 24 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
hr/70 F
Humidity--30 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
days(100[degrees]F/
100% RH)
IPA double rubs 200 200 200 200 200
Toluene double rubs 200 200 200 200 200
MEK double rubs 200 200 200 200 200
Gardner impact (in./ 92 84 76 84 112
lb) Direct
Gardner impact (in./ 64 68 96 76 72
lb) Reverse
Pencil hardness 3H 3H 3H 3H 3H
Table 10 -- Properties of Hybridur-Based Coating Systems
Formatuion
Designations 21A 21B 21C 21D
Additive Package No additive 2% ZnO 4% ZnO 7% ZnO
Gloss -- white 67.7 65.9 59.5 63.4
(20[degrees])
Gloss -- white 88.4 88.0 87.9 88.4
(60[degrees])
Gloss -- white 97.3 97.3 96.8 97.1
(85[degrees])
Gloss -- black 71.0 62.6 64.2 64.3
(20[degrees])
Gloss -- black 86.6 85.7 85.8 85.9
(60[degrees])
Gloss -- black 97.2 97.3 97.2 96.9
(85[degrees])
Haze -- white 20.7 22.1 28.4 25.0
(60[degrees]-
20[degrees])
Haze -- black 15.6 23.1 21.6 21.6
(60[degrees]-
20[degrees])
Contrast ratio (y 0.0075 0.0082 0.0094 0.0112
black/y white)
Dry scrape (kg) pass 3.0 pass 3.0 pass 2.5 pass 2.5
Wet scrape, 24 hr/70 pass 1.5 pass 2.0 pass 1.0 pass 1.0
F (kg)
Dry tape 5A 5A 5A 5A
Wet tape, 24 hr/70 F 5A 5A 5A 5A
Water immersion, 24 Pass Pass Pass Pass
hr/70 F
Humidity--30 Fail Pass Pass Pass
days(100[degrees]F/
100% RH)
IPA double rubs 92 200 200 200
Toluene double rubs 200 200 200 200
MEK double rubs 200 200 200 200
Gardner impact (in./ 160 160 144 152
lb) Direct
Gardner impact (in./ 160 160 160 160
lb) Reverse
Persoz hardness 135 144 140 148
Pencil hardness 3B B HB 2B
Pencil hardness Control +2 +3 +1
(increase)
Formatuion
Designations 21E 21F 21G 21H 21I
2% ZNO
2% ZNO w/UVA &
Additive Package 2% UVA 1% HALS UVA HALS w/UVA HALS
Gloss -- white 62.8 63.3 63.4 61.4 60.6
(20[degrees])
Gloss -- white 89.3 88.2 88.7 87.6 88.2
(60[degrees])
Gloss -- white 96.4 96.9 97.1 96.8 97.1
(85[degrees])
Gloss -- black 61.7 63.8 64.1 63.4 53.6
(20[degrees])
Gloss -- black 85.8 86.0 86.2 85.8 86.5
(60[degrees])
Gloss -- black 96.3 96.8 97.4 97.2 96.3
(85[degrees])
Haze -- white 26.5 24.9 25.3 26.2 27.6
(60[degrees]-
20[degrees])
Haze -- black 24.1 22.2 22.1 22.4 32.9
(60[degrees]-
20[degrees])
Contrast ratio (y 0.0074 0.0076 0.0079 0.0083 0.0082
black/y white)
Dry scrape (kg) pass 2.5 pass 2.5 pass 2.5 pass 2.5 pass 2.5
Wet scrape, 24 hr/70 pass 1.5 pass 2.0 pass 1.0 pass 1.5 pass 1.0
F (kg)
Dry tape 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A
Wet tape, 24 hr/70 F 3A 5A 4A 5A 5A
Water immersion, 24 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
hr/70 F
Humidity--30 Fail Fail Fail Pass Pass
days(100[degrees]F/
100% RH)
IPA double rubs 60 70 53 200 200
Toluene double rubs 200 200 200 200 200
MEK double rubs 200 200 200 200 200
Gardner impact (in./ 160 152 140 160 144
lb) Direct
Gardner impact (in./ 160 160 160 160 160
lb) Reverse
Persoz hardness 125 140 126 144 132
Pencil hardness B 2B B B B
Pencil hardness +2 +1 +2 +2 +2
(increase)
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