Writing for Multimedia 101.

In which our intrepid reporter ventures down the information superhighway...only to find he needs to make a pit stop before proceeding.

So, you want to write for multimedia. At least, you think you do, after getting hammered with that and a dozen other buzzwords every time you read a magazine or switch on a cable TV show about emerging technologies. Everything else is changing on a daily basis; isn't the way we write next?

Let me tell you a little secret: Multimedia has been with us for a very long time. Film maker D.W. Griffith probably invented the entire industry in 1915. "Birth of a Nation" had it all, incorporating visuals, text and sound (in the form of a piano player in your local theater). German filmmakers of the 1920s added art to the mix, employing expressionist artists as set designers. But the true master of multimedia was Orson Welles. Just imagine Citizen Kane as Microsoft Hearst and the comparison is not hard tO draw. Welles used newsreel footage, graphics, even musical numbers to tell the story of Charles Foster Kane. Yet for all its visual panache, Kane's innovations were rooted in a superior script. Need proof? The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, but captured just one: Best Original Screenplay.

As professional communicators, we know that words count; it's our job to make sure they do. But multimedia writing also demands adaptability. Just as different topics require varied approaches in style, computer-based multimedia necessitates that a writer become knowledgeable about audio, video, text, graphics and animation. In other words, you must write for the medium you're using. Simple enough, until you consider that multimedia itself varies: Education, training, promotion, reference, entertainment and games are only the six most basic forms. Presentation media also comes in a variety of flavors. Multimedia can be distributed on CD-ROM or floppy disks, accessed through the World Wide Web, or even run from a video disk platform such as CDI or DVI.

Luckily, while we can experiment with new media and nontraditional methods, the rules of the English language remain much the same. It is instead our task to responsibly adapt our native tongue to the demands and opportunities presented by computer technology. Here are some general guidelines:

* When writing a multimedia script, think conciseness. William Strunk Jr. put it best, "Vigorous writing is concise." When trying to explain a procedure or process, the simpler the explanation, the easier the concept is to understand.

* Keep scripts in the active voice. Active voice is more direct, and usually shorter than a passive construction.

* Try to present information in digestible chunks.

* When writing an audio script, make sure all text can be easily understood. The best way to test conversational writing is to read your scripts out loud.

* Video and other visuals require you to write for the ear, but remember to let your pictures and other media help tell the story, in concert with the script. Conversely, don't use a piece of media just because it looks cool.

Now, let's throw in another buzzword: interactivity. For someone to truly learn how to use a program or a product, it's essential that they actually use it. Interactivity allows each user to actively participate in the viewing process, instead of passively watching the material presented. The nature of your material determines the amount of interactivity you should use. Some programs lead the user by the nose through little more than a slide show (which is perfectly fine if they're learning to assemble hand grenades). Games such as Myst or programs like Microsoft Bookshelf give users complete control over where they go and what they view.

Here's an example of giving the user control: Let's say you're writing a tutorial on how to drive a car. For a new user, it's probably not a good idea to skip the lesson on braking. On the other hand, not everyone is a novice. Some users may only need to view the lesson on using manual transmissions. That's why it's a good idea to present the user with a recommended course of action, but the option to view material in any order. Interactivity should reinforce the information provided. You need to find a balance, providing enough interactivity to engage the user, but not at the expense of information or clarity. Interactivity is a means to an end, not an end in itself.

You've probably heard the terms linear and nonlinear bandied about lately. Linear refers to a progression in a straight line, like reading the chapters in a book (or an article about multimedia writing). Nonlinear refers to items that can be selected out of order, much like the "shuffle" feature on a compact disc player. Nonlinear writing is nothing new. William Faulkner (who wrote the screenplays for "To Have and Have Not" and "The Big Sleep"), wrote "The Sound and the Fury" in 1929, when color and sound were still movie novelties. Kurt Vonnegut's "Slaughterhouse Five" is so nonlinear, it's now available as a CD-ROM. As a multimedia writer, you'll need to get "out of the box" and think in a nonlinear fashion, since you are often writing sections out of order. Ironically, nonlinear writing requires diligent organization (usually in the form of flow charts or, in my case, indecipherable notes).

Instead of proceeding from Point A to Point C via Point B, nonlinear organization allows you to proceed directly to Point C (or D or F or even Z).

Interactive multimedia uses a technique known as branching. Branching allows you to send users in specific directions. For instance, let's say we're writing a tutorial on an application available for both the Macintosh and the PC. It functions the same way on both platforms, but with some slight differences. When those differences occur, buttons appear, allowing the user to select their platform. Only information specific to their platform is displayed, bypassing the information for the other type of computer.

When writing nonlinear script sections, make sure all the possible iterations flow together. Transitions should be smooth and invisible, not jarring and blatantly obvious. Again, a good way to check your transitions is to read them out loud.

Multimedia writing offers its share of pitfalls. When using computer terms, it's often difficult to locate the correct spelling or case. (Is the plural of mouse mouses, or mice?) Occasionally, you may have to use the force and wing it. If you get hopelessly stuck, there are some avenues of help. The editors of Wired magazine recently released "Wired Style: Principles of English Usage in the Digital Age" (HardWired, U.S. $17.95). Hmmm. Should there be a period after a web site address? Readers might think it's part of the actual address...

You get the picture. Welcome to the 21st Century!

Great Moments in Multimedia History

The history of art, music and literature is too immense to cover in this chronology, but let's just say we owe a lot to Marcel Duchamp, the Beatles and Shakespeare.

c. 15,000-13,000 B.C. - Prehistoric humans paint images on the walls of their caves (including a narrative composition) in the Grotte de Lascaux, France.

c. 3500 B.C. - The roots of Western music are developed in Mesopotamia. Future artifacts will include an indecipherable song carved in stone (800 B.C.).

c. 1450 - Johann Gutenberg invents movable type, allowing mass production of documents.

1834 - Charles Babbage designs the first automatic digital computer, the Analytical Engine. A working model is not built until 1991.

1837 - Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype, the first practical form of photographic reproduction.

1837 - Samuel Morse debuts the telegraph.

1841 - William Henry Fox Talbot patents the Calotype, a negative-positive photo process.

1877 - Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.

1880 - While tabulating the 1880 U.S. census, statistician Herman Hollerith invents an electromechanical machine that reads holes in perforated cards. In 1896 he founds the Tabulating Machine Company, which later becomes International Business Machines Corporation.

1888 - Edison and W.K.L. Dickson debut the Kinetograph, the world's first motion picture camera. It will be followed by the Kinetoscope (1894) and the Vitascope (1896).

1895 - Louis and Auguste Lumiere make "LB Sortie des ouvriers de l'usine Lumiere" (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory), considered the first motion picture. Also during this time, Georges Melies invents stop motion animation.

1901 - Guglielmo Marconi perfects a radio system that transmits Morse code over the Atlantic Ocean.

1903 - Edwin Porter releases "The Great Train Robbery," which will popularize the Nickelodeon.

1915 - D.W. Griffith releases "Birth of a Nation," the first modern film.

1919 - Robert Wiene releases "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari." The sets are designed by German Expressionist artists.

1926 - J.L. Baird demonstrates the first practical television system.

1927 - The first talkie, "The Jazz Singer," blends film and synchronized sound.

1937-1942 - John Atanasoff develops the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or ABC, the first electronic digital computer.

1940 - Walt Disney releases "Fantasia," regarded as the high-water mark of animation.

1941 - Orson Welles releases "Citizen Kane," a skillful blending of varied media. Hollywood barely notices, but it will be deemed the greatest film of all time.

1941-1945 - U.S. is involved in World War II. Great leaps forward are made in communication and computer technologies. Disney uses animation to illustrate complex subjects in technical training films.

Early 1950s - Computer technology is used in flight simulators; possibly the first application of computer interactivity.

1952 - "Bwana Devil," the first 3-D film using polarized lenses, is released.

1969 - ARPANET is established by the U.S. Department of Defense.

1972 - Nolan Bushnell introduces Pong, the first video game.

1974 - MITS releases the first personal computer, the Altair. It uses Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, also developed in 1974. The PC will not really catch on until the advent of the Apple II in 1977.

1975 - Bill Gates and Paul Allen write BASIC, the first programming language for the PC, and sell it to MITS.

1983 - The compact disc is introduced and the Internet is created.

1986 - The Academic American Encyclopedia becomes the first CD-ROM encyclopedia.

1988 - Macromind (now Macromedia) releases Director, a multimedia authoring tool.

1992 - Debut of the World Wide Web.

1994 - Broderbund releases Myst, the first successful interactive 3-D computer game.

1995-1998 - Too numerous to list!

Michael Butzgy is owner, Atomic Rom Productions, Cary, N.C. You can find his site at: http://home.earthlink.net/~atomic_rom/contents.html