Woody vegetation survey of beall woods nature preserve, Wabash County, Illinois.ABSTRACT. The Beall People
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 590 km² (228 mi²). contains the best remnant of the immense forest once associated with the Lower Wabash River Wabash River River, flowing westward across Indiana, U.S. After crossing Indiana, the Wabash forms the 200-mi (320-km) southern section of the Indiana-Illinois boundary below Terre Haute, Ind. Valley. The forest was studied in 1997 using 3 ha plots (100 m X 300 m) in each of six major forest cover types. The three upland Upland, city (1990 pop. 63,374), San Bernardino co., S Calif., in a citrus-fruit region at the foot of the San Gabriel Mts.; inc. 1906. Citrus fruits and grapes are packed and processed in the city. Paint, orchard heaters, auto parts, and feed products are also made. forest cover types were sugar maple/oak/hickory (329 stems/ha, 26.23 [m.sup.2]/ha), sugar maple/oak/ash (284.6 stems/ ha, 29.51 [m.sup.2]/ha), and sugar maple/ sweet gum/ash (263.2 stems/ha, 31.45 [m.sup.2]/ha). Species composition within the floodplain floodplain, level land along the course of a river formed by the deposition of sediment during periodic floods. Floodplains contain such features as levees, backswamps, delta plains, and oxbow lakes. forest cover types varied extensively as a result of minor variations in elevation elevation, vertical distance from a datum plane, usually mean sea level to a point above the earth. Often used synonymously with altitude, elevation is the height on the earth's surface and altitude, the height in space above the surface. . The three floodplain forest cover types were silver maple/pecan (209.3 stems/ha, 36.71 [m.sup.2]/ha), hackberry/sweet gum/kingnut hickory Hickory, city, United States Hickory, city (1990 pop. 28,301), Burke and Catawba counties, W N.C., at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mts.; inc. 1870. It is a processing and trade center for an abundant agricultural region (grain, soybeans, poultry, hogs, (282.5 stems/ha, 29.12 [m.sup.2]/ha) and elm/sweet gum/oak (299.8 stems/ha, 29 [m.sup.2]/ha). A greater diversity of tree species was present in upland forests as compared to the floodplain forests. Keywords: Beall Woods Nature Preserve, forest structure, Illinois Illinois, river, United States Illinois, river, 273 mi (439 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers, NE Ill., and flowing SW to the Mississippi at Grafton, Ill. It is an important commercial and recreational waterway. , old-growth forest, Wabash River Since early studies by the American American, river, 30 mi (48 km) long, rising in N central Calif. in the Sierra Nevada and flowing SW into the Sacramento River at Sacramento. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill (see Sutter, John Augustus) along the river in 1848 led to the California gold rush of ornithologist Robert Ridgway
Acquired by the Illinois Department of Conservation in 1965, the area was dedicated as a nature preserve on 24 January January: see month. 1966. The high quality of this forest and the many large forest trees, some of which are records for Illinois, are justification for the dedication (Beecher 1965; Peterson Pe·ter·son , Oscar Emmanuel Born 1925. Canadian jazz pianist. A prolific recording artist noted for his technical skill, he is best known for work produced with his own trio (1953-1965). 1970; McFall McFall may refer to one of the following people:
n See irregular feeding. grazing 1. actions of herbivorous animals eating growing pasture or cereal crop. 2. area of pasture or cereal crop to be used as standing feed. See also pasture. by hogs and cattle, hunting, and the removal of most of the black walnuts black walnut see juglans nigra. over 12 inches dbh (Ash-by & Ozment 1967). The present study was undertaken to determine present structure and composition of the forest cover types and to determine changes since early studies. METHODS The vegetation vegetation /veg·e·ta·tion/ (vej?e-ta´shun) any plantlike fungoid neoplasm or growth; a luxuriant fungus-like growth of pathologic tissue. of BWNP was studied between fall of 1996 and summer of 1997. The sites studied included three upland and three floodplain cover types described by Ashby Ashby may refer to: Surname
tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. by distinct tree associations. Within each cover type the overstory o·ver·sto·ry n. The uppermost layer of foliage that forms a forest canopy. was examined using 100 m by 300 m (3 ha) plots. Each plot was divided into 25 m X 25 m sub-plots for ease in study (48 in each plot). The plots were located as near as possible near the center-line through each cover type and the mid-line of each plot marked with permanent stakes (Fig. 1). Number, diameter and species identity of all living and dead-standing woody Woody Slang to describe when the market has a strong and quick upward movement. Notes: For example, you'll hear "the market has a woody," when the market is performing well... seriously, we don't make this stuff up. individuals, [greater than or equal to]10 cm dbh, were recorded for each sub-plot. From the living tree data, the density (stems/ha) in broad diameter classes, the basal area Basal area is the term used in forest management that defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base. In most countries, this is usually a measurement taken at a person's breast height (1 - 1. ([m.sup.2]/ha), relative density, relative dominance, importance value (IV) and average diameter (cm) were calculated for each species. IV is the sum of the relative density and relative dominance (basal area) for each species (McIntosh 1957; Boggess 1964). From the dead-standing tree data the density and basal area were determined for each species. The woody understory un·der·sto·ry n. An underlying layer of vegetation, especially the plants that grow beneath a forest's canopy. was sampled using nested circular plots 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 ha in size randomly located along line transects throughout each of the 3 ha plots. Two additional 0.0001 ha circular plots were located 6 m to the north and south of each nested plot center. Seedlings ([less than or equal to] 50 cm tall) were tallied in the 0.0001 ha plots; small saplings ([less than or equal to] 50 cm tall/[less than or equal to]2.5 cm dbh) were recorded in the 0.001 ha plots; while large saplings (2.5-9.9 cm dbh) were recorded in the 0.01 ha plots, and their densities (stems/ha) determined. A total of 48 sets of nested circular plots were located within each of the study areas, with an additional 96 seedling plots. Nomenclature nomenclature /no·men·cla·ture/ (no´men-kla?cher) a classified system of names, as of anatomical structures, organisms, etc. binomial nomenclature follows Mohlenbrock (1986). DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The BWNP is located in Beall Woods Conservation Area about 2 km east of Keensburg and about 8 km southwest of Mt. Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois (S1l T2S T2S Target 2 Securities T2S Text to Speech (IVR and speech synthesis technology) T2S Technology Transfer Society T2S The Sims 2 (game) RL3W) in the Bottomlands Section of the Wabash Border Division (Schwegman 1973). The preserve is divided by Coffee Creek Coffee Creek is a tributary of Brokenstraw Creek in Warren County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Coffee Creek joins Brokenstraw Creek in Columbus Township. See also
Cities and towns:
Elevations at BWNP range from 115 m in the creek bottom to 140 m above sea level on the uplands. Bedrock Bedrock - A C++ class library for Macintosh user interface portability. beneath BWNP is the Bond Formation of the Pennsylvanian System and exposures of sandstone sandstone, sedimentary rock formed by the cementing together of grains of sand. The usual cementing material in sandstone is calcium carbonate, iron oxides, or silica, and the hardness of sandstone varies according to the character of the cementing material; quartz , shale shale, sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of mud or clay, having the property of splitting into thin layers parallel to its bedding planes. Shale tends to be fissile, i.e., it tends to split along planar surfaces between the layers of stratified rock. , siltstone siltstone Hardened sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of angular silt-sized particles (see silt) and that is not laminated or easily split into thin layers. , and coal occur along Coffee Creek (Frankie et al. 1996). Bottomland soils are of the Haymond-Allison Association while upland soils are of the Alford-Iona Association (USDA USDA, n.pr See United States Department of Agriculture. 1964). The climate of south-central Illinois is continental with cool winters, hot summers, and little or no water deficit in any season of the year (Page 1949; Fehrenbacher et al. 1967; Schwegman 1973). In Princeton, Indiana Princeton is a city in Gibson County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 8,175 and is part of the greater Evansville, Indiana metropolitan area. The city is the county seat of Gibson CountyGR6. (20 km to the east), average precipitation precipitation, in chemistry precipitation, in chemistry, a process in which a solid is separated from a suspension, sol, or solution. In a suspension such as sand in water the solid spontaneously precipitates (settles out) on standing. is 116.8 cm, with the month of May having the highest average rainfall (13.36 cm). Mean average temperature in Princeton is 12.6[degrees] C with the hottest month being July (average of 25.1[degrees] C), and January the coldest (average of -1.8[degrees] C). The average number of frost-free days is 186. Two previous studies have been published concerning the flora of BWNP. Lindsey (1962) conducted a survey of the overstory using 1/5 acre strips: 20 in the lowland forest and 25 in the upland forest. The densities, basal areas, relative values and importance values were given for the tree species in each area. Ashby & Ozment (1967) prepared a checklist of vascular plant vascular plant or tracheophyte Any plant that has a specialized conducting system consisting mostly of phloem (food-conducting tissue) and xylem (water-conducting tissue), collectively called vascular tissue. species and described eight forest cover types. Of the eight forest cover types, six are of considerable size and were sampled during the present study. Two forest cover types covered very small areas and were not sampled. RESULTS Woody vegetation of the upland forest.- The three upland forest cover types at Beall Woods are classified as dry-mesic to wet-mesic forests (White & Madany 1978). Open-grown trees are not common, indicating a closed canopy forest prior to European European emanating from or pertaining to Europe. European bat lyssavirus see lyssavirus. European beech tree fagussylvaticus. European blastomycosis see cryptococcosis. settlement. Sugar maple/oak/hickory forest: (Acer Acer trees of the family Aceraceae. Acer rubrum ingestion of wilted or dries leaves of this tree causes acute hemolytic anemia characterized by red urine, jaundice, anemia and methemoglobinemia in horses. saccharum/Quercus spp./Carya spp.). This cover type is best developed on the level and gently sloping ground north of Coffee Creek (Fig. 1). Tree density was 329.8 stems/ha with a basal area of 26.23 [m.sup.2]/ha while 24 canopy and six understory tree species were encountered (Table 1). Numerous small diameter trees are common with more than 185 stem/ha in the 10-19 cm diameter class. Sugar maple sugar maple: see maple. ranked first with an IV of 46.4, and dominated the smaller diameter classes. Quercus alba Quercus alba, n See oak. (white oak) ranked second in IV, while Carya ovata (shagbark hickory) ranked third. Remaining species were those commonly associated with mesic mes·ic adj. Ecology Of, characterized by, or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. mesic Relating or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. sites, with Ostrya virginiana (hop horn-beam) and Cornus florida (flowering dogwood flow·er·ing dogwood n. See dogwood. ) the common understory species. Asimina triloba (pawpaw pawpaw: see custard-apple; papaya. ) and Nyssa sylvatica (black gum black gum, ornamental deciduous tree (Nyssa sylvatica family Nyssaceae) native to E North America. The leaves turn bright scarlet in the fall. The very tough wood was used for wheel hubs and other purposes. ) (mostly root sprouts sprout v. sprout·ed, sprout·ing, sprouts v.intr. 1. To begin to grow; give off shoots or buds. 2. To emerge and develop rapidly. v.tr. ), dominated the seedling layer, while pawpaw and sugar maple were the common saplings (Table 2). Density of dead-standing individuals was 18 stems/ha with a basal area of 2.68 [m.sup.2]/ha. White oak had the highest mortality followed by Sassafras albidum Sassafras albidum, n See sassafras. (sassafras sassafras: see laurel. sassafras North American tree (Sassafras albidum) of the laurel family. The aromatic leaf, bark, and root are used as a flavouring, as a traditional home medicine, and as a tea. ), Ulmus americana (American elm elm, common name for the Ulmaceae, a family of trees and shrubs chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere. Elm trees (genus Ulmus) have a limited use as hardwoods for timber, especially the rock or cork elm (U. thomasi). ), and black gum. Sugar maple/oak/ash forest: (Acer saccharum/Quercus spp./Fraxinus spp.). This cover type is found on moderately dissected dis·sect·ed adj. 1. Botany Divided into many deep, narrow segments: dissected leaves. 2. Geology Cut by irregular valleys and hills. Adj. 1. lands mostly to the south of Coffee Creek. Tree density was 284.6 stems/ha with a basal area of 29.51 [m.sup.2]/ha, while 24 canopy and three understory tree species were encountered (Table 1). Sugar maple dominated with an IV of 87.6, mostly due to stems in the 10-29 cm diameter classes. White oak ranked second followed by Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and red oak. Hickories were rare, as were hop horn-beam and flowering dogwood, distinguishing this cover type from the sugar maple/oak/ hickory cover type. Black gum, green ash, and pawpaw dominated the seedling category, while pawpaw and sugar maple were the most important saplings (Table 2). Density of dead-standing individuals was 13 stems/ha with a basal area of 1.49 [m.sup.2]/ha. Oaks accounted for 67% of the dead-standing basal area. Sugar maple/sweet gum/ash forest: (Acer saccharum/Liquidambar styracifiua/Fraxinus spp.). Located in the flat area to the south of Coffee Creek, this cover type was designated the white oak/tulip tree cover type by Ashby & Ozment (1967). The area is flat, drainage drainage, in agriculture drainage, in agriculture, the removal of excess water from the soil, either by a system of surface ditches, or by underground conduits if required by soil conditions and land contour. is poor, with standing water common in winter, spring, and also sometimes for a few days after summer rains. Tree density was 263.2 stems/ha with a basal area of 31.45 [m.sup.2]/ha, while 25 canopy and five understory species were encountered (Table 1). Sugar maple dominated the lower diameter classes, ranked first in importance with an IV of 40.8, and had the highest density. Sweet gum sweet gum: see witch hazel. and green ash ranked second and third in IV respectively, were well represented in most diameter classes, and had average diameters exceeding 40 cm. Pawpaw and Lindera benzoin benzoin (bĕn`zoin, –zōĭn) or benzoinum (bĕnzoin`əm), balsamic resin, the dried exudation from the pierced bark of various species of the benzoin tree (Styrax (spicebush spicebush: see laurel. spicebush Deciduous, dense shrub (Lindera benzoin, or Benzoin aestivale) of the laurel family, native to eastern North America. Found most often in damp woods, it grows 5–20 ft (1.5–6 m) tall. ) dominated the seedling and small sapling categories, while pawpaw, sugar maple and American elm were the important large saplings (Table 2). Density of dead-standing individuals was 17 stems/ha with a basal area of 3.59 [m.sup.2]/ha. A few large oaks and green ashes were responsible for the high basal area. Woody vegetation of the lowland forest.--The lowland forest cover types at Beall Woods are classified as wet floodplain forest to mesic floodplain forest (White & Madany 1978). Here flooding determined species diversity, with fewer species entering the canopy and the woody understory where flooding is common. Silver maple/pecan forest: (Acer saccharinum/Carya illinoensis). This wet floodplain forest cover type is common along both sides of Coffee Creek (Fig. 1). Flooding duration is three weeks to a month in early spring and additional floods of a week or more may occur during the growing season growing season, period during which plant growth takes place. In temperate climates the growing season is limited by seasonal changes in temperature and is defined as the period between the last killing frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn, at which . Tree density was 209.3 stems/ha with a basal area of 36.71 [m.sup.2]/ha, while 11 tree species were encountered (Table 3). Silver maple dominated (IV of 146), had the highest density (149.4 stems/ha), the most basal area (27.41 [m.sup.2]/ha), and some individuals exceeded 125 cm dbh. Pecan pecan: see hickory. pecan Nut and tree (Carya illinoinensis) of the walnut family, native to temperate North America. Occasionally reaching a height of about 160 ft (50 m), the tree has deeply furrowed bark and feather-shaped leaves. and American elm were second and third in IV respectively. Understory trees were not common; Celtis laevigata Noun 1. Celtis laevigata - deciduous shade tree with small black berries; southern United States; yields soft yellowish wood sugarberry Celtis, genus Celtis - large genus of trees and shrubs with berrylike fruit (sugarberry sug·ar·ber·ry n. See hackberry. Noun 1. sugarberry - deciduous shade tree with small black berries; southern United States; yields soft yellowish wood Celtis laevigata ) was the most numerous with 7 stems/ha. The understory was open with few saplings, while silver maple and green ash seedlings were occasionally encountered (Table 4). Density of dead-standing individuals was 15 stems/ha with a basal area of 2.08 [m.sup.2]ha. Silver maple accounted for over 80% of the dead stems and b asal area. A few dead-standing Betula nigra nigra /ni·gra/ (ni´grah) [L.] substantia nigra.ni´gral ni·gra n. See substantia nigra. nigra [L.] black; see substantia nigra. (river birch birch, common name for some members of the Betulaceae, a family of deciduous trees or shrubs bearing male and female flowers on separate plants, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. ) were present. Hackberry/sweet gum/kingnut hickory forest: (Celtis occidentalis/Liquidambar styraci Flua/Carya laciniosa). This lowland forest is situated on a flat terrace about 1.5 m above the floodplain (Fig. 1). Tree density was 282.5 stems/ha and basal area was 29.12 [m.sup.2]/ha, while 14 canopy and four understory species were encountered (Table 3). Hackberry hackberry: see elm. dominated with an IV of 52.1 and 102.6 stems/ha with more than half in the 10-19 cm diameter class (Table 3). Sweet gum ranked second in IV (29.0) with most individuals in larger diameter classes and kingnut hickory ranked third with most individuals in intermediate diameter classes. Silver maple and American elm were also common forest components, both with IV's exceeding 20. Few saplings were encountered, while seedlings were rare with 834 stems/ha (Table 4). Density of dead-standing individuals was 25 stems/ha with a basal area of 3.01 [m.sup.2]/ha. Hackberry and American elm accounted for more than 75% of dead-standing individuals while a few oaks and silver maple accounted for most of the dead-standing basal area. Elm/sweet gum/oak forest: (Ulmus spp./Liquidambar styraciflua/Quercus spp.). Common on terraces along Coffee Creek, this wet-mesic floodplain forest occurs about 2.5 m above the floodplain. The terrain is flat, and floods are uncommon and of short duration. Tree density was 299.8 stems/ha with a basal area of 29.00 [m.sup.2]/ha, while 16 canopy and three understory tree species were encountered (Table 3). American elm ranked first (IV of 39.3), dominated the lower diameter classes, had the highest density (88.3 stems/ha), but averaged only 18.5 cm dbh. Sweet gum, Shumard's oak, and kingnut hickory ranked second through fourth in importance, respectively. These species had much higher average diameters, and were well represented in larger diameter classes. Except for oaks, most remaining species were well represented in lower diameter classes, particularly Acer negundo (box elder box elder: see maple. box elder Hardy and fast-growing tree (Acer negundo), also called ash-leaved maple, of the maple family, native to the central and eastern U.S. ), sugarberry, and pawpaw. The woody under-story was not dense; pawpaw dominated all categories (Table 4). Density of dead-standing i ndividuals was 21.3 stems/ha with a basal area of 4.10 [m.sup.2]/ha. The oaks, particularly Shumard's and Quercus Quercus plants of the northern temperate zone in the family Fagaceae; oaks; vary from shrubs to great trees. Leaves and acorns are poisonous because of their content of gallotannins. macrocarpa macrocarpa cupressusmacrocarpa. (bur oak), accounted for more than 80% of the basal area, but American elm accounted for 55% of the dead-standing individuals. Also, many large dead oaks were on the ground, the canopy gaps were being filled with American elm, hackberry, sugarberry and pawpaw. DISCUSSION Lindsey (1962) reported white oak as the leading dominant in upland forest at BWNP, and oaks in general accounted for 70% of the basal area. At that time, sugar maple ranked second, mostly due to many small diameter individuals, while hickories as a group, ranked third in importance. Results reported by Lindsey (1962) are similar to those found in the sugar maple/oak/hickory cover type during the present study except sugar maple has replaced oak as first in importance. Increase in sugar maple is to be expected as it has increased dramatically in most Illinois forests during the past 30 years (Ebinger 1986; Ebinger & McClain 1991). This shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive species has been increasing in importance since European settlement due to anthropogenic an·thro·po·gen·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to anthropogenesis. 2. Caused by humans: anthropogenic degradation of the environment. reduction of fire frequency and a corresponding increase in canopy cover. This is a trend that has been observed in many Midwestern forest communities (Boggess 1964; Boggess & Bailey 1964; Boggess & Geis 1966; McClain & Ebinger 1968; Ebinger & McClain 1991; Ro overs & Shifley 1997). The upland forest at the BWNP are similar in floristic composition to some upland forests of the Southwestern Lowland Division and the South-Central Oak and Mixed Woods Division of southern Indiana Southern Indiana, in the United States, is notable because it is culturally distinct from the rest of the state. The area's geography has led to a blend of Northern and Southern culture that is not found in the rest of Indiana. (Lindsey et al. 1969). Many of the tree species found at BWNP are also listed for Hemmer hem 1 n. 1. An edge or border on a piece of cloth, especially a finished edge, as for a garment or curtain, made by folding an edge under and stitching it down. 2. Woods, in Gibson County, Indiana Gibson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 32,500. The county seat is Princeton.6 History The first white settler of Gibson County was John Severns. , but differ in their IV's (Lindsey et al. 1969). Also, Donaldson's Woods, in Lawrence County, Indiana Lawrence County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 45,922. The county seat is Bedford6. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,171 km² (452 mi²). has many of the woody species found in the uplands at BWNP, again differing in IV. One major exception is Fagus Fagus a genus of trees in the family Fagaceae; the residue (or mast) of the fruits or beech nuts are made into a cake after their oil is expressed. The cake and the nuts may cause poisoning, manifested by severe abdominal pain, convulsions and death. Includes F. grandifolia, which is extremely rare at BWNP and one of the dominants in many woodlots in Indiana Indiana, state, United States Indiana, midwestern state in the N central United States. It is bordered by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan (N), Ohio (E), Kentucky, across the Ohio R. (S), and Illinois (W). (Barton BARTON, old English law. The demesne land of a manor; a farm distinct from the mansion. & Schmelz 1987). Lindsey (1962) listed American elm as having the highest IV in the lowlands of the BWNP followed by Shumard's oak, sweet gum, bur oak and kingnut hickory. He referred to the area as an oak/gum/elm/hickory forest with Shumard's oak and sweet gum accounting for 40% of the basal area and with bur oak and American elm added accounted for 60% of the basal area. Silver maple, which was confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to lower elevations, ranked fifth in his study, while he reported few pecans. The results of Lindsey (1962) are most similar to those found in the elm/sweet gum/oak forest cover type of the present study (Table 3). In both studies American elm had the highest IV, while sweet gum and oak species (Shumard's and bur) were also common, followed by kiognut hickory. It is likely most of the plots used by Lindsey (1962) were located in this cover type, species composition and structure are similar and tree density (281.7 stems/ha) was nearly identical with that found during the present study (299.8 stems/ha). Results obtained during the present study for the silver maple/pecan forest cover type are similar to those reported by Lindsey et al. (1962) and Phillippe & Ebinger (1973) for other forest communities along the Wabash River. The fioodplains and frontal frontal /fron·tal/ (frun´t'l) 1. pertaining to the forehead. 2. denoting a longitudinal plane of the body. fron·tal adj. 1. flats of the Wabash River are dominated by silver maple, with the remaining species present determined by the extent of flooding and standing water. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the Illinois Department of Natural Resources The Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) is a cabinet-level department of the state government of Illinois. It is headquartered in the state capital of Springfield. for a grant to conduct the vegetation study of Beall Woods Nature Preserve. Ms. Faye Frankland, the naturalist at the Beall Woods Conservation Area, was very helpful, while Dr. Loy R. Phillippe and David M. Ketzner, Illinois Natural History Survey, critically reviewed the manuscript manuscript, a handwritten work as distinguished from printing. The oldest manuscripts, those found in Egyptian tombs, were written on papyrus; the earliest dates from c.3500 B.C. . LITERATURE CITED CITED Copyright in Transmitted Electronic Documents CITEd Center for Implementing Technology in Education Ashby, W.C. & J.E. Ozment. 1967. Plant species of Beall's Woods, Wabash Co., Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 60:174-183. Barton, J.D. & D.V. Schmelz. 1987. Thirty years of growth records in Donaldson's Woods. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 96: 209-214. Beecher, W.J. 1965. The trial of the forest primeval pri·me·val adj. Belonging to the first or earliest age or ages; original or ancient: a primeval forest. [From Latin pr . Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune Daily newspaper published in Chicago. The Tribune is one of the leading U.S. newspapers and long has been the dominant voice of the Midwest. Founded in 1847, it was bought in 1855 by six partners, including Joseph Medill (1823–99), who made the paper Magazine, 23 May 1965: 46-53. Boggess, W.R. 1964. Trelease Woods, Champaign County, Illinois Champaign County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of 2000, the population was 179,669. The 2006 Census Estimate listed the population at 185,682. Its county seat is Urbana, Illinois6. Geography According to the U.S. : Woody vegetation and stand composition. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 57:26 1-271. Boggess, W.R. & L.W. Bailey. 1964. Brownfield See greenfield. Woods, Illinois: Woody vegetation and change since 1925. American Midland Naturalist 71: 392-401. Boggess, W.R. & J.W. Geis. 1966. The Funk Forest Natural Area, McLean County, Illinois McLean County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is included in the Bloomington, Illinois-Normal, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2000, the population was 150,433. Its county seat is Bloomington, Illinois6. : woody vegetation and ecological ecological emanating from or pertaining to ecology. ecological biome see biome. ecological climax the state of balance in an ecosystem when its inhabitants have established their permanent relationships with each trends. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 59:123-133. Davenport, F.G. 1970. Robert Ridgway: Illinois naturalist. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 63:271-289. Ebinger, J.E. 1986. Sugar maple, a management problem in Illinois forests? Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 79(1 & 2):25-30. Ebinger, J.E. & WE. McClain. 1991. Forest succession in the prairie prairie Level or rolling grassland, especially that found in central North America. Decreasing amounts of rainfall, from 40 in. (100 cm) at the forested eastern edge to less than 12 in. peninsula A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three sides by water. A peninsula can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, or spit.[1] Europe
Esarey, D. 1999. In a place called Illinois: Early stewardship stewardship the occupation of being a steward or custodian. Referring to animals it implies the caring sort of relationship based on an acceptance of the need to include the rights of animals in overall plans to maintain financial viability. of Beall Woods. The Illinois Steward 8(4):4-10. Fehrenbacher, J.B., G.O. Walker & H.L. Wascher. 1967. Soils of Illinois. University of Illinois University of Illinois may refer to:
Frankie, W.T., R.J. Jacobson, B.G. Huff huff - To compress data using a Huffman code. Various programs that use such methods have been called "HUFF" or some variant thereof. Opposite: puff. Compare crunch, compress. , M.B. Thompson Thompson, city, Canada Thompson, city (1991 pop. 14,977), central Man., Canada, on the Burntwood River. A mining town, it developed after large nickel deposits were discovered in the area in 1956. , K.S. Cummings & C.A. Phillips. 1996. Guide To The Geology geology, science of the earth's history, composition, and structure, and the associated processes. It draws upon chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and mathematics (notably statistics) for support of its formulations. Of The Mt. Carmel Area, Wabash County, Illinois. Field Trip Guidebook 1996D, Department of Natural Resources Many sub-national governments have a Department of Natural Resources or similarly-named organization:
A geological survey , Champaign, Illinois “Champaign” redirects here. For topics with similar names, see Champagne. Champaign is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, in the United States. As reported in the 2000 U.S. Census, the city was home to 67,518 people. . 72 pages. Huffman, H. 1994. Reveals pre-settlement Indiana: Robert Ridgway. Outdoor Indiana. (May-June): 19-21. Lindsey, A.A. 1962. Analysis of an original forest of the lower Wabash floodplain and upland. Proceeding of the Indiana Academy of Science 72: 282-287. Lindsey, A.A., R.O. Petty Petty girl airbrushed beauty, scantily clad in Esquire’s pages. [Am. Lit.: Misc.] See : Sex Symbols , D.K. Sterling & W. Van Asdall. 1961. Vegetation and environment along the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers The Tippecanoe River is a gentle, 225 mile (362 km) long river in northern Indiana that flows from Lake Tippecanoe in Kosciusko County to the Wabash River near Battle Ground, about twelve miles northeast of Lafayette. . Ecological Monographs 31:105-156. Lindsey, A.A., D.V. Schmelz & S.A. Nichols. 1969. Natural Areas In Indiana And Their Preservation. American Midland Naturalist, Notre Dame, Indiana Notre Dame, Indiana is an unincorporated community northeast of South Bend in St. Joseph County, Indiana; it includes the campuses of three colleges: the University of Notre Dame, Saint Mary's College, and Holy Cross College. . 594 pages. McClain, W.E. & J.E. Ebinger. 1968. Woody vegetation of Baber Woods, Edgar County, Illinois Edgar County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of 2000, the population was 19,704. Its county seat is Paris.6 Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,617 km² (624 mi²). . American Midland Naturalist 79:419-428. McFall, D. & J. Karnes. 1995. A Directory Of Illinois Nature Preserves, Volume 2. Northwestern, Central And Southern Illinois. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County. As reported in the 2000 U.S. Census, the city was home to 111,454 people. The land on which Springfield is today was first settled in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a . 327 pages. McIntosh, R.P. 1957. The York York, former name of Toronto, Canada York, Ont.: see Toronto, Ont., Canada. York, city, England York, city (1991 pop. 123,126) and district, North Yorkshire, N England, at the confluence of the Ouse and Foss rivers. Woods. A case history of forest succession in southern Wisconsin Wisconsin, state, United States Wisconsin (wĭskŏn`sən, –sĭn), upper midwestern state of the United States. It is bounded by Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, from which it is divided by the Menominee . Ecology ecology, study of the relationships of organisms to their physical environment and to one another. The study of an individual organism or a single species is termed autecology; the study of groups of organisms is called synecology. 38:29-37. Mohlenbrock, R.H. 1986. Guide To The Vascular vascular /vas·cu·lar/ (vas´ku-ler) 1. pertaining to vessels, particularly blood vessels. 2. indicative of a copious blood supply. vas·cu·lar adj. Flora Of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press Southern Illinois University Press (or SIU Press), founded in 1956, is a publisher and part of Southern Illinois University. External link
Page, J.L. 1949. Climate of Illinois. University of Illinois Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 39:93-364. Peterson, G.A. 1970. Laura Beall Woods. National Parks This is a list of national parks ordered by nation. Africa
Phillippe, P.E. & J.E. Ebinger. 1973. Vegetation survey of some lowland forests along the Wabash River. Castanea 38:339-349. Ridgway, R. 1872. Notes on the vegetation of the Lower Wabash Valley. American Naturalist American Naturalist is a monthly scientific journal, founded in 1867 and associated with the American Society of Naturalists. It is published by the University of Chicago Press. The journal covers ecology, evolutionary biology, population, and integrative biology research. 6: 658-665, 724-732. Ridgway, R. 1882. Notes on the native trees of the Lower Wabash and White River Valleys in Illinois and Indiana. United States National Museum United States National Museum: see Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings 1882:49-88. Ridgway, R. 1883. Additional notes on the native trees of the Lower Wabash Valley. United States National Museum Proceedings 17:409-421. Roovers, L.M. & S.R. Shifley. 1997. Composition and dynamics of Spitler Woods, and old-growth remnant forest in Illinois (USA). Natural Areas Journal 17:219-232. Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Comprehensive Plan For The Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2. The Natural Divisions Of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford, Illinois Rockford is a mid-sized city located on both banks of the Rock River in far northern Illinois. Rockford is often referred to as "The Forest City" and is the county seat of Winnebago County, Illinois, USA. As reported in the 2000 U.S. . 32 pages + map. United States Department of Agriculture United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), n.pr established in 1862, USDA is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. It conducts ongoing research in areas from human nutrition to new crop technologies and also helps ensure open . 1964. Soil Survey, Wabash County, Illinois. Series 1957, No. 17:84 + maps. White, J. & M.H. Madany. 1978. Classification of the natural communities in Illinois. Pp. 310-405, In Illinois Natural Areas Inventory Technical Report, Volume I. (J. White, ed.) Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana, Illinois Urbana (pronounced [ɝˈbænə]) is the county seat of Champaign County, Illinois, United StatesGR6. As of the 2005 population estimates, the population was 38,463. .
Table 1
Densities (stems/ha) in diameter classes (cm), basal areas
([m.sup.2]/ha), relative density (rel. den.), relative dominance (rel.
dom.), importance values (IV), and average diameters (cm) of the woody
species in the upland forests cover types at Beall Woods Nature
Preserve, Wabash County, Illinois.
Diameter classes (cm)
Species 10-19 20-29
Sugar Maple/Oak/Hickory Forest
Acer saccharum 76.0 25.7
Quercus alba 1.0 --
Carya ovata 2.7 3.7
Ostrya virginiana 35.7 --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 7.3 4.0
Liquidambar styraciflua 3.7 4.0
Ulmus americana 19.0 4.0
Nyssa sylvatica 2.3 3.0
Quercus bicolor -- --
Carya tomentosa 6.7 3.0
Sassafras albidum 4.7 3.7
Acer rubrum 6.0 1.0
Cornus florida 7.3 --
Others 13.3 4.7
Totals 185.7 56.8
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 96.3 66.0
Quercus alba -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 2.0 0.3
Quercus rubra -- --
Quercus velutina -- --
Nyssa sylvatica 2.0 0.3
Carya tomentosa 2.7 3.0
Liquidambar styraciflua 1.3 1.3
Liriodendron tulipifera 0.7 0.7
Carya ovata 1.3 0.7
Others 14.0 3.3
Totals 120.3 75.6
Sugar Maple/Sweet Gum/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 40.7 26.0
Liquidambar styraciflua 5.7 8.3
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 4.7 2.7
Quercus alba -- 1.0
Liriodendron tulipifera 4.7 0.3
Nyssa sylvatica 4.7 2.0
Sassafras albidum 3.0 3.7
Cornus florida 13.7 0.3
Ulmus americana 6.0 3.0
Acer rubrum 1.3 0.3
Celtis occidentalis 7.0 2.7
Cercis canadensis 9.0 0.3
Others 15.3 3.0
Totals 115.8 53.6
Diameter classes (cm)
Species 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
Sugar Maple/Oak/Hickory Forest
Acer saccharum 5.3 2.0 0.7 0.3
Quercus alba 0.7 1.7 2.7 4.0
Carya ovata 10.0 8.0 4.7 1.3
Ostrya virginiana -- -- -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.7 0.3 0.7 1.7
Liquidambar styraciflua 4.7 2.7 1.0 0.3
Ulmus americana -- -- -- --
Nyssa sylvatica 2.3 1.3 1.0 --
Quercus bicolor 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.3
Carya tomentosa 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.3
Sassafras albidum 1.0 0.7 -- --
Acer rubrum -- 0.7 -- --
Cornus florida -- -- -- --
Others 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.3
Totals 29.0 19.5 12.1 9.5
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 17.0 3.0 -- 0.3
Quercus alba 1.3 2.3 2.3 4.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 0.3 0.3 1.7 1.7
Quercus rubra 0.3 -- 1.7 0.7
Quercus velutina 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3
Nyssa sylvatica 2.7 3.0 3.3 0.7
Carya tomentosa 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.7
Liquidambar styraciflua 1.7 2.0 1.0 0.3
Liriodendron tulipifera -- -- 0.3 --
Carya ovata 1.7 1.0 0.7 --
Others 3.0 2.7 0.3 0.3
Totals 29.6 16.3 12.6 9.0
Sugar Maple/Sweet Gum/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 11.3 1.7 0.3 --
Liquidambar styraciflua 4.3 3.0 2.0 3.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7
Quercus alba 1.3 0.7 2.7 3.3
Liriodendron tulipifera 1.3 0.7 2.3 2.7
Nyssa sylvatica 2.7 1.0 1.3 0.3
Sassafras albidum 2.3 1.3 0.7 --
Cornus florida -- -- -- --
Ulmus americana 1.0 0.3 -- --
Acer rubrum 1.3 -- 0.7 0.7
Celtis occidentalis 0.3 0.3 -- --
Cercis canadensis -- -- -- --
Others 1.4 2.7 1.3 0.6
Totals 28.2 13.4 13.0 12.3
Diameter classes
(cm)
Total
Species 70-79 80+ #/ha
Sugar Maple/Oak/Hickory Forest
Acer saccharum -- -- 110.0
Quercus alba 6.3 6.3 22.7
Carya ovata 0.7 -- 31.1
Ostrya virginiana -- -- 35.7
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 0.7 0.3 16.7
Liquidambar styraciflua 0.3 -- 16.7
Ulmus americana -- -- 23.0
Nyssa sylvatica -- 0.3 10.2
Quercus bicolor 1.0 0.3 4.3
Carya tomentosa -- -- 12.7
Sassafras albidum -- -- 10.1
Acer rubrum -- -- 7.7
Cornus florida -- -- 7.3
Others 1.0 -- 21.6
Totals 10.0 7.2 329.8
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum -- -- 182.6
Quercus alba 4.3 4.3 18.5
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 2.0 2.3 10.6
Quercus rubra 1.7 1.3 5.7
Quercus velutina 0.7 3.0 5.3
Nyssa sylvatica -- -- 12.0
Carya tomentosa -- -- 10.0
Liquidambar styraciflua -- -- 7.6
Liriodendron tulipifera 0.3 1.0 3.0
Carya ovata -- -- 5.4
Others -- 0.3 23.9
Totals 9.0 12.2 284.6
Sugar Maple/Sweet Gum/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum -- -- 80.0
Liquidambar styraciflua 4.3 1.3 31.9
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.0 5.3 21.8
Quercus alba 3.0 2.0 14.0
Liriodendron tulipifera 2.0 2.3 16.3
Nyssa sylvatica -- -- 12.0
Sassafras albidum -- -- 11.0
Cornus florida -- -- 14.0
Ulmus americana -- -- 10.3
Acer rubrum -- 0.7 5.0
Celtis occidentalis -- -- 10.3
Cercis canadensis -- -- 9.3
Others 1.0 2.0 27.3
Totals 13.3 13.6 263.2
Basal
area Rel. Rel.
Species [m.sup.2]/ha den. dom.
Sugar Maple/Oak/Hickory Forest
Acer saccharum 3.42 33.4 13.0
Quercus alba 9.20 6.9 35.1
Carya ovata 4.24 9.4 16.2
Ostrya virginiana 0.44 10.8 1.7
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.71 5.1 6.5
Liquidambar styraciflua 1.60 5.1 6.1
Ulmus americana 0.49 7.0 1.9
Nyssa sylvatica 1.04 3.1 4.0
Quercus bicolor 1.33 1.3 5.1
Carya tomentosa 0.67 3.8 2.5
Sassafras albidum 0.47 3.0 1.8
Acer rubrum 0.26 2.3 1.0
Cornus florida 0.09 2.2 0.3
Others 1.27 6.6 4.8
Totals 26.23 100.0 100.0
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 6.91 64.2 23.4
Quercus alba 7.12 6.5 24.1
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.46 3.7 11.7
Quercus rubra 2.65 2.0 9.0
Quercus velutina 2.59 1.9 8.8
Nyssa sylvatica 1.81 4.2 6.2
Carya tomentosa 0.97 3.5 3.3
Liquidambar styraciflua 0.93 2.7 3.2
Liriodendron tulipifera 1.04 1.1 3.5
Carya ovata 0.52 1.9 1.8
Others 1.51 8.3 5.0
Totals 29.51 100.0 100.0
Sugar Maple/Sweet Gum/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 3.27 30.4 10.4
Liquidambar styraciflua 5.58 12.2 17.7
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 6.56 8.2 20.9
Quercus alba 4.66 5.3 14.8
Liriodendron tulipifera 4.25 6.2 13.5
Nyssa sylvatica 1.04 4.6 3.3
Sassafras albidum 0.81 4.2 2.6
Cornus florida 0.21 5.3 0.7
Ulmus americana 0.36 3.9 1.1
Acer rubrum 0.96 1.9 3.1
Celtis occidentalis 0.28 3.9 0.9
Cercis canadensis 0.13 3.5 0.4
Others 3.34 10.4 10.6
Totals 31.45 100.0 100.0
Av.
diam.
Species IV (cm)
Sugar Maple/Oak/Hickory Forest
Acer saccharum 46.4 18.1
Quercus alba 42.0 69.1
Carya ovata 25.6 39.6
Ostrya virginiana 12.5 12.8
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 11.6 29.8
Liquidambar styraciflua 11.2 32.4
Ulmus americana 8.9 15.9
Nyssa sylvatica 7.1 32.1
Quercus bicolor 6.4 60.9
Carya tomentosa 6.3 22.7
Sassafras albidum 4.8 22.8
Acer rubrum 3.3 14.0
Cornus florida 2.5 12.5
Others 11.4 --
Totals 200.0
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 87.6 20.6
Quercus alba 30.6 67.2
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 15.4 58.8
Quercus rubra 11.0 73.5
Quercus velutina 10.7 76.1
Nyssa sylvatica 10.4 41.3
Carya tomentosa 6.8 31.4
Liquidambar styraciflua 5.9 36.6
Liriodendron tulipifera 4.6 55.3
Carya ovata 3.7 33.0
Others 13.3 --
Totals 200.0
Sugar Maple/Sweet Gum/Ash Forest
Acer saccharum 40.8 21.2
Liquidambar styraciflua 29.9 41.5
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 29.1 53.9
Quercus alba 20.1 62.6
Liriodendron tulipifera 19.7 50.5
Nyssa sylvatica 7.9 29.5
Sassafras albidum 6.8 28.2
Cornus florida 6.0 13.5
Ulmus americana 5.0 19.4
Acer rubrum 5.0 41.7
Celtis occidentalis 4.8 17.1
Cercis canadensis 3.9 13.1
Others 21.0 --
Totals 200.0
Table 2
Densities (stems/ha) of the woody seedlings ([less than or equal to]50
cm tall), small saplings (>50cm tall <2.5 cm dbh), and large saplings
(2.5-9.9 cm dhb) in upland forests cover types at Beall Woods Nature
Preserve, Wabash County, Illinois.
Sugar Maple/
Oak Hickory/
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Asimina triloba 1389 2208 100
Nyssa sylvatica 1111 -- 4
Carya cordiformis 417 -- 4
Sassafras albidum 278 -- --
Ostrya virginiana -- 125 133
Acer saccharum -- 42 238
Celtis occidentalis -- 42 17
Cornus florida -- -- 88
Ulmus americana -- -- 17
Fraxinus pennsylvanica -- -- 17
Carya ovata -- -- 8
Carya tomentosa -- -- 4
Cercis canadensis -- -- 4
Acer negundo -- -- 4
Crataegus mollis -- -- 4
Prunus serotina -- -- 4
Ulmus rubra -- -- --
Acer rubrum -- -- --
Morus rubra -- -- --
Acer saccharinum -- -- --
Gymnocladus dioicus -- -- --
Lindera benzoin 139 -- --
Elaeagnus umbellata -- -- --
Totals 3334 2417 646
Sugar Maple/Oak/Ash
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Asimina triloba 972 2500 29
Nyssa sylvatica 4583 292 4
Carya cordiformis -- -- --
Sassafras albidum -- -- --
Ostrya virginiana -- 42 13
Acer saccharum 417 42 121
Celtis occidentalis 139 42 4
Cornus florida -- -- 33
Ulmus americana -- -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1111 42 8
Carya ovata 139 -- --
Carya tomentosa -- -- --
Cercis canadensis -- -- 8
Acer negundo -- -- --
Crataegus mollis -- -- --
Prunus serotina -- -- --
Ulmus rubra 139 42 17
Acer rubrum -- -- --
Morus rubra -- -- --
Acer saccharinum -- -- --
Gymnocladus dioicus -- - --
Lindera benzoin -- 42 --
Elaeagnus umbellata -- 42 --
Totals 7500 3086 237
Sugar Maple/
Sweet Gum/Ash
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Asimina triloba 1250 4042 196
Nyssa sylvatica -- -- 4
Carya cordiformis -- -- 4
Sassafras albidum -- -- --
Ostrya virginiana -- -- 4
Acer saccharum -- 42 125
Celtis occidentalis 139 -- 21
Cornus florida -- -- 54
Ulmus americana -- -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 278 -- 8
Carya ovata -- -- --
Carya tomentosa -- -- --
Cercis canadensis -- -- 13
Acer negundo -- -- 8
Crataegus mollis -- -- --
Prunus serotina -- -- --
Ulmus rubra -- -- 29
Acer rubrum -- -- 17
Morus rubra -- -- 4
Acer saccharinum -- -- 4
Gymnocladus dioicus -- -- 4
Lindera benzoin 2917 1167 --
Elaeagnus umbellata -- -- --
Totals 4584 5251 495
Table 3
Densities (stems/ha) in diameter classes (cm), basal areas
([m.sup.2]/ha), relative density (rel. den., relative dominance (rel.
dom.), importance values (IV), and average diameters (cm) of the woody
species in the lowland forest cover types at Beall Woods Nature
Preserve, Wabash County, Illinois.
Diameter classes (cm)
Species 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49
Silver Maple/Pecan Forest
Acer saccharinum 10.0 29.7 26.0 31.7
Carya illinoensis -- -- -- 0.7
Ulmus americana 15.7 6.0 2.7 1.3
Ulmus rubra 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.3
Platanus occidentalis -- -- -- --
Celtis laevigata 6.0 0.7 0.3 --
Frazinus pennsylvanica 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3
Others 1.0 0.3 0.3 --
Totals 35.7 39.1 31.6 35.3
Hackberry/Sweet Gum/Kingnut
Hickory Forest
Celtis occidentalis 55.0 33.7 10.0 2.3
Liquidambar styraciflua -- 0.3 0.3 1.7
Carya laciniosa 1.3 3.0 6.7 8.3
Acer saccharinum 5.7 3.3 4.3 4.0
Ulmus americana 30.3 10.0 2.0 1.0
Acer negundo 13.3 7.0 5.0 1.0
Gymyocladus dioicus 4.7 2.0 1.7 1.3
Quercus macrocarpa -- -- -- --
Carya cordiformis 1.3 1.0 1.7 2.0
Celtis laevigata 9.0 1.7 -- 0.3
Others 2.3 1.0 0.7 1.0
Totals 122.9 63.0 32.4 22.9
Elm/Sweet Gum/Oak Forest
Ulmus americana 61.0 20.7 3.3 3.0
Liquidambar styraciflua 2.7 3.3 4.0 4.0
Quercus shumardii -- -- -- 0.3
Carya laciniosa 1.0 5.3 5.3 5.3
Celtis occidentalis 29.3 8.3 1.7 --
Acer negundo 18.7 6.0 3.0 0.3
Quercus macrocarpa -- -- -- --
Celtis laevigata 16.0 3.3 1.3 --
Acer saccharinum 6.0 4.3 0.3 1.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.7 1.7 -- --
Asimina triloba 18.0 -- -- --
Others 14.3 4.0 3.4 0.9
Totals 168.7 56.9 22.3 14.8
Diameter classes (cm)
Species 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Silver Maple/Pecan Forest
Acer saccharinum 20.0 17.0 8.7 6.3
Carya illinoensis 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.7
Ulmus americana -- -- 0.3 --
Ulmus rubra 1.0 -- 0.3 --
Platanus occidentalis -- 0.3 0.3 1.7
Celtis laevigata -- -- -- --
Frazinus pennsylvanica -- 0.3 -- 0.7
Others -- 0.3 -- --
Totals 23.7 19.9 12.6 11.4
Hackberry/Sweet Gum/Kingnut
Hickory Forest
Celtis occidentalis 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3
Liquidambar styraciflua 2.7 3.0 3.7 5.0
Carya laciniosa 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.7
Acer saccharinum 4.0 2.3 0.7 0.7
Ulmus americana 0.7 -- -- --
Acer negundo -- -- -- --
Gymyocladus dioicus 1.3 -- 0.3 --
Quercus macrocarpa 0.3 -- -- 1.7
Carya cordiformis 0.7 0.7 -- --
Celtis laevigata -- 0.3 -- --
Others 1.6 -- 0.6 1.7
Totals 15.6 8.6 7.0 10.1
Elm/Sweet Gum/Oak Forest
Ulmus americana 0.3 -- -- --
Liquidambar styraciflua 2.3 4.7 2.3 3.7
Quercus shumardii 1.0 -- 0.7 5.3
Carya laciniosa 3.7 2.7 -- --
Celtis occidentalis -- -- -- --
Acer negundo -- -- -- --
Quercus macrocarpa -- 0.7 0.7 2.7
Celtis laevigata -- -- -- --
Acer saccharinum 0.3 0.7 -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica -- 0.3 -- 2.0
Asimina triloba -- -- -- --
Others 1.4 1.0 -- 0.6
Totals 9.0 10.1 3.7 14.3
Basal
Total area Rel. Rel.
Species #/ha [m.sup.2]/ha den. dom.
Silver Maple/Pecan Forest
Acer saccharinum 149.4 27.41 71.3 74.7
Carya illinoensis 11.1 4.59 5.3 12.5
Ulmus americana 26.0 1.19 12.4 3.2
Ulmus rubra 8.6 0.85 4.1 2.3
Platanus occidentalis 2.3 1.73 1.1 4.7
Celtis laevigata 7.0 0.16 3.3 0.4
Frazinus pennsylvanica 3.0 0.61 1.4 1.7
Others 1.9 0.17 1.1 0.5
Totals 209.3 36.71 100.0 100.0
Hackberry/Sweet Gum/Kingnut
Hickory Forest
Celtis occidentalis 102.6 4.60 36.3 15.8
Liquidambar styraciflua 16.7 6.73 5.9 23.1
Carya laciniosa 27.0 4.76 9.6 16.3
Acer saccharinum 25.0 3.60 8.8 12.3
Ulmus americana 44.0 1.48 15.6 5.1
Acer negundo 26.3 1.24 9.3 4.3
Gymyocladus dioicus 11.3 1.02 4.0 3.5
Quercus macrocarpa 2.0 1.49 0.7 5.1
Carya cordiformis 7.4 0.92 2.6 3.2
Celtis laevigata 11.3 0.40 4.0 1.4
Others 8.9 2.88 3.2 9.9
Totals 282.5 29.12 100.0 100.0
Elm/Sweet Gum/Oak Forest
Ulmus americana 88.3 2.82 29.6 9.7
Liquidambar styraciflua 27.0 6.87 9.0 23.7
Quercus shumardii 7.3 6.06 2.4 20.9
Carya laciniosa 23.3 3.37 7.8 11.6
Celtis occidentalis 39.3 1.00 13.1 3.4
Acer negundo 28.0 0.93 9.3 3.2
Quercus macrocarpa 4.1 2.82 1.3 9.7
Celtis laevigata 20.6 0.48 6.9 1.7
Acer saccharinum 12.6 0.84 4.2 2.9
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 5.7 1.49 1.9 5.1
Asimina triloba 18.0 0.20 6.0 0.7
Others 25.6 2.12 8.5 7.4
Totals 299.8 29.00 100.0 100.0
Av.
diam.
Species IV (cm)
Silver Maple/Pecan Forest
Acer saccharinum 146.0 44.5
Carya illinoensis 17.8 71.1
Ulmus americana 15.6 21.6
Ulmus rubra 6.4 31.8
Platanus occidentalis 5.8 94.9
Celtis laevigata 3.7 16.3
Frazinus pennsylvanica 3.1 43.2
Others 1.6 --
Totals 200.0
Hackberry/Sweet Gum/Kingnut
Hickory Forest
Celtis occidentalis 52.1 21.5
Liquidambar styraciflua 29.0 69.5
Carya laciniosa 25.9 44.5
Acer saccharinum 21.1 38.5
Ulmus americana 20.7 18.9
Acer negundo 13.6 22.5
Gymyocladus dioicus 7.5 29.6
Quercus macrocarpa 5.8 95.5
Carya cordiformis 5.8 37.0
Celtis laevigata 5.4 18.4
Others 13.1 --
Totals 200.0
Elm/Sweet Gum/Oak Forest
Ulmus americana 39.3 18.5
Liquidambar styraciflua 32.7 51.5
Quercus shumardii 23.3 98.5
Carya laciniosa 19.4 40.7
Celtis occidentalis 16.5 16.6
Acer negundo 12.5 18.9
Quercus macrocarpa 11.0 92.6
Celtis laevigata 8.6 16.2
Acer saccharinum 7.1 25.9
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 7.0 46.7
Asimina triloba 6.7 12.0
Others 15.9 --
Totals 200.0
Table 4
Densities (stems/ha) of the woody seedings ([less than or equal to]50 cm
tall), small saplings (>50 cm tall <2.5 cm dbh), and large saplings
(2.5-9.9 cm dbh) in lowland forests cover types at Beall Woods Nature
Preserve, Wabash County, Illinois.
Silver Maple/Pecan
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Acer saccharinum 1528 -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 556 417 4
Celtis laevigata 139 -- --
Asimina triloba 139 -- --
Celtis occidentalis -- -- --
Gymnocladus dioicus -- -- --
Quercus macrocarpa -- -- --
Ulmus americana -- -- --
Carya cordiformis -- -- --
Acer negundo -- -- --
Liquidambar styraciflua -- -- --
Cercis canadensis -- -- --
Carya laciniosa -- -- --
Totals 2362 417 4
Hackberry/Sweet
Gum/Kingnut Hickory
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Acer saccharinum -- -- 4
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 139 83 4
Celtis laevigata -- -- 8
Asimina triloba -- 125 13
Celtis occidentalis 278 -- 25
Gymnocladus dioicus 278 -- --
Quercus macrocarpa 139 -- --
Ulmus americana -- -- 4
Carya cordiformis -- -- 4
Acer negundo -- -- 4
Liquidambar styraciflua -- -- --
Cercis canadensis -- -- --
Carya laciniosa -- -- --
Totals 834 208 66
Elm/Sweet Gum/Oak
Saplings
Species Seedlings Small Large
Acer saccharinum -- -- --
Fraxinus pennsylvanica -- -- 4
Celtis laevigata -- -- 13
Asimina triloba 694 875 117
Celtis occidentalis -- 83 46
Gymnocladus dioicus -- -- --
Quercus macrocarpa -- -- --
Ulmus americana -- -- 71
Carya cordiformis -- -- 8
Acer negundo 139 -- 8
Liquidambar styraciflua -- 42 --
Cercis canadensis -- -- 13
Carya laciniosa -- -- 4
Totals 833 1000 284
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