Wintering populations of bats in Indiana, with emphasis on the endangered Indiana myotis, myotis sodalis.ABSTRACT. Between 1981 and 2003, 269 visits were made to 72 caves The following is a partial list of caves. Africa Ethiopia
Main article: List of caves in South Africa
Indiana, midwestern state in the N central United States. It is bordered by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan (N), Ohio (E), Kentucky, across the Ohio R. (S), and Illinois (W). to count hibernating bats. Nearly 2,000,000 bats of seven species were counted: Indiana myotis Myotis genus of bats. Includes M. thysanodes (fringed myotis bat), M. myotis (European common mouse-eared bat), M. lucifugus (little brown bat). (Myotis sodalis), little brown myotis Noun 1. little brown myotis - the small common North American bat; widely distributed little brown bat, Myotis leucifugus vespertilian bat, vespertilionid - a variety of carnivorous bat (M. lucifugus), northern myotis (M. septentrionalis), gray myotis (M. grisescens), eastern pipistrelle The Eastern Pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) is a species of bat that is widely distributed throughout the eastern parts of North America, ranging west until Kansas and Texas, from eastern Mexico up north until southern Ontario. (Pipistrellus subflavus Noun 1. Pipistrellus subflavus - one of the smallest bats of eastern North America eastern pipistrel vespertilian bat, vespertilionid - a variety of carnivorous bat genus Pipistrellus, Pipistrellus - nearly cosmopolitan genus of very small bats ), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and silver-haired bat The Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Source
swing door, swinging door - a door that swings on a double hinge; opens in either direction Adj. 1. , Coon coon: see raccoon. , and Grotto caves; 1000 10,000 bats in Parker's For the car price guide, see . Parker's is Australia's largest pretzels company and is owned by its parent company The Smith's Snackfood Company. In addition to typical hard pretzels, Parker's distributes a variety of uniquely-flavored pretzels, including flavors such Pit Cave A pit cave (or vertical cave), often simply called a "pit", is a type of natural cave passage which is vertical rather than horizontal. Entry into pit caves requires specialized caving techniques, akin to technical climbing, for example the single rope technique (SRT) which ; 100-1000 in each of 12 caves, and <100 bats in 10 other caves. The number of Indiana myotis in Twin Domes and Batwing caves, the largest populations in 1981, decreased :>50% during the last 23 years. Declines in these two hibernacula were more than offset by gains at Rays, Wyandotte, Jug Hole, Coon, and Grotto caves. Little brown myotis were found during 226 (84%) visits in 49 (68%) caves; wintering populations in Indiana appear to be increasing. Big brown bats were found in 40 caves (56%) during 156 (58%) visits. The eastern pipistrelle was found in more caves (n 61; 85%) and during more surveys (n = 234; 87%) than any other species. Northern myotis, gray myotis, and silver-haired bats were encountered infrequently in·fre·quent adj. 1. Not occurring regularly; occasional or rare: an infrequent guest. 2. . Keywords: Bats, caves, hibemacula, Indiana, Indiana myotis, Myotis sodalis While few species of bats from temperate temperate /tem·per·ate/ (tem´per-at) restrained; characterized by moderation; as a temperate bacteriophage, which infects but does not lyse its host. tem·per·ate adj. regions use caves in summer (e.g., the gray myotis, Myotis grisescens, and Townsend's big-eared bat The Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It can be found in the following countries: Canada, Mexico, and United States. Source
well-developed adj [girl limestone limestone, sedimentary rock wholly or in large part composed of calcium carbonate. It is ordinarily white but may be colored by impurities, iron oxide making it brown, yellow, or red and carbon making it blue, black, or gray. The texture varies from coarse to fine. caverns or man-made man-made or man·made adj. Made by humans rather than occurring in nature; synthetic: man-made fibers; a manmade lake. See Usage Note at man. mines. Most caves contain only a few hibernating bats but caves suitable for hibernation may contain large populations of several species. Indiana has a significant cave resource (Powell Powell See Osceola. 1966). Documented use of caves by bats is, however, often sporadic sporadic /spo·rad·ic/ (spo-rad´ic) occurring singly; widely scattered; not epidemic or endemic. spo·rad·ic or spo·rad·i·cal adj. 1. Occurring at irregular intervals. 2. ; and searches for new populations of bats are not a priority. Surveys are time consuming, difficult and sometimes dangerous, and there may be a misconception mis·con·cep·tion n. A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding: had many misconceptions about the new tax program. that known populations remain static over time. Blatchley (1899) reported "tens of thousands" of little brown myotis, Vespertilio Ves`per`til´i`o n. 1. (Zool.) A genus of bats including some of the common small insectivorous species of North America and Europe. Noun 1. subulatus, (probably Indiana myotis) in Wyandotte Cave Wyandotte Cave, one of the largest natural caverns in the United States, S Ind., W of New Albany; discovered in 1798. There are 23 mi (37 km) of passages and several large and beautiful chambers on five levels. Saltpeter was mined there until the middle of the 19th cent. . Hall (1962) noted Indiana myotis in seven caves in southern Indiana Southern Indiana, in the United States, is notable because it is culturally distinct from the rest of the state. The area's geography has led to a blend of Northern and Southern culture that is not found in the rest of Indiana. , but considered only four (Wyandotte, Ray's, Coon, and Grotto) to contain significant populations. In 1976 and 1977, previously unknown concentrations of 100,000 and 50,000 Indiana myotis were found in two caves (Richter Rich·ter , Burton Born 1931. American physicist. He shared a 1976 Nobel Prize for the discovery of a subatomic particle. Rich·ter , Jean Paul Friedrich Pen name Jean Paul. et al. 1978). Summarizing information from across the range of the Indiana bat The Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) is a medium-sized, gray, black, or chesnut bat listed as an endangered species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It lives primarily in eastern and midwestern states and in parts of the south. , Humphrey Hum·phrey , Doris 1895-1958. American dancer and choreographer known for developing techniques of fall and recovery. (1978) reported 104,824 Indiana myotis in seven caves in Indiana, of which about 100,000 were in one cave. Humphrey & Cope (1976) reported wintering populations of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) in 27 caves, 6 of which had sufficient numbers to warrant further studies. Mumford Mum·ford , Lewis 1895-1990. American social critic and writer whose works, such as The Culture of Cities (1938) and The Conduct of Life (1951), decry dehumanizing technology and call for a return to humanitarian and moral values. (1974) visited 12 caves in or near the Hoosier National Forest The Hoosier National Forest, in the hills of south central Indiana, provides a wide mix of opportunities and resources for people to enjoy. Rolling hills, back-country trails, and rural crossroad communities make this small but beautiful forest a favorite of tourists. in Harrison Harrison, town (1990 pop. 13,425), Hudson co., NE N.J., an industrial suburb on the Passaic River opposite Newark; inc. 1869. The town has several foundries. Its manufactures include plastics, paperboard, and metal products. , Lawrence Lawrence. 1 City (1990 pop. 26,763), Marion co., central Ind., a residential suburb of Indianapolis, on the West Fork of the White River. It has light manufacturing. 2 City (1990 pop. 65,608), seat of Douglas co., NE Kans. , Martin, Monroe Monroe. 1 Industrial city (1990 pop. 54,909), seat of Ouachita parish, SE La., on the Ouachita River; founded c.1785, inc. as a city 1900. The center of the great Monroe Natural Gas Field (discovered 1915), it has important chemical plants, as well as , and Orange Counties. No Indiana myotis were found, but occasional occurrences of little brown myotis, big brown bats (Eptesicusfuscus), and eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus) were noted. Mumford (1974) also listed 19 known hibernacula of the Indiana myotis statewide, but numbers of bats were not provided. Mumford & Whitaker Whitaker is a surname and may refer to:
Compare well-ordered. 2. (programming) enumeration - enumerated type. of caves surveyed and bats found. During the winters of 1981-1983, Brack n. 1. An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw. Stain or brack in her sweet reputation. - J. Fletcher. 1. Salt or brackish water. (1983) made 37 visits to 27 caves to document all species of bats encountered. Bracket In programming, brackets (the [ and ] characters) are used to enclose numbers and subscripts. For example, in the C statement int menustart [4] = ; the [4] indicates the number of elements in the array, and the contents are enclosed in curly braces. al. (1984) summarized these and previous data for the Indiana myotis in the state. However, few data have since been provided to document this unique resource, although Whitaker & Brack (2002) detailed the distribution, including winter populations, of Indiana myotis in Indiana; and Whitaker et al. (2002) reported possible statewide declines of bats. Johnson et al. (2002) described cave management efforts for wintering colonies of Indiana myotis. Our purpose is to report results of biennial biennial, plant requiring two years to complete its life cycle, as distinguished from an annual or a perennial. In the first year a biennial usually produces a rosette of leaves (e.g., the cabbage) and a fleshy root, which acts as a food reserve over the winter. surveys, over a 23-year period, of hibernacula in Indiana that contained known concentrations of Indiana myotis. We also include results of surveys to document new wintering populations of Indiana myotis and counts of winter concentrations of other cave-dwelling bats. METHODS Between 1981 and 2003, 269 visits were made to 72 caves to count hibernating bats. To compare populations over time, data from 1981 and 1982 were composited to provide a more complete baseline The horizontal line to which the bottoms of lowercase characters (without descenders) are aligned. See typeface. baseline - released version , referred to as the 1981 estimate. Similarly, surveys in 1983 and 1985 were less complete than subsequent surveys, so statewide totals for Indiana myotis in those years were extrapolated for some smaller hibernacula. Extrapolations are included only in estimates of statewide populations. Numbers of bats in individual caves, and in individual or grouped surveys, do not include extrapolated numbers. Caves surveyed were those known to have populations of Indiana myotis, reported by caving cave n. 1. A hollow or natural passage under or into the earth, especially one with an opening to the surface. 2. A storage cellar, especially for wine. v. caved, cav·ing, caves v. organizations to have concentrations of bats, or were likely to provide suitable habitat because of size, morphology morphology In biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of organisms in relation to some principle or generalization. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, morphology explains the shapes and arrangement of parts of organisms in terms of such , or airflow. Caves containing >100 Indiana myotis were visited every second year. Surveys were typically completed between mid-January n. 1. the middle part of January. Noun 1. mid-January - the middle part of January period, period of time, time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period" and late February February: see month. . Bats were tallied by species and location in the cave. Individuals and small clusters of Indiana myotis were counted directly. When possible, larger clusters were measured with a tape measure or engineer's rule. Sizes of inaccessible inaccessible Surgery adjective Unreachable; referring to a lesion that unmanageable by standard surgical techniques–eg, lesions deep in the brain or adjacent to vital structures–ie, not accessible. See Accessible. clusters were initially estimated using visual-spatial associations, but laser calipers calipers /cal·i·pers/ (kal´i-perz) an instrument with two bent or curved legs used for measuring thickness or diameter of a solid. (i.e., two laser pointers A laser pointer is a portable, pen-sized laser designed to be held in the hand, and most commonly used to project a point of light to highlight items of interest during a presentation. bracketed to produce parallel beams 15.2 cm [6 inches] apart) were employed since 1997. Binoculars binoculars Optical instrument for providing a magnified view of distant objects, consisting of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. In most binoculars, each telescope has two prisms, which reinvert the inverted image provided by the eyepiece and a 1,250,000 candlepower candlepower: see photometry. Candlepower Luminous intensity expressed in candelas. The term refers only to the intensity in a particular direction and by itself does not give an indication of the total light emitted. spotlight Spotlight can refer to at least three types of lighting:
Laval, city (1991 pop. 314,398), coextensive with Île-Jésus (94 sq mi/243 sq km), S Que., Canada, between the Rivière des Mille Îles and the Rivière des Prairies, just NW of Montreal. & LaVal 1980). When available, cave maps were used to locate clusters of bats and temperatures within the cave. Species of bats other than Indiana myotis were counted directly. Within caves, surveys were often terminated when few bats were encountered or warmer temperatures reduced the probability of encountering concentrations of bats. Temperatures were taken outside entrances, in the twilight twilight, period between sunset and total darkness or between total darkness and sunrise. Total darkness does not occur immediately when the sun sinks below the horizon because light from the sun that strikes the atmosphere is scattered (both by the air itself and by area, near Indiana myotis and concentrations of other species, and at intervals coming or happening with intervals between; now and then. See also: Interval throughout the caves. Originally, a Schultheis quick-recording mercury thermometer thermometer, instrument for measuring temperature. Galileo and Sanctorius devised thermometers consisting essentially of a bulb with a tubular projection, the open end of which was immersed in a liquid. was used exclusively. A Digi-Sense Model 8528-30 (J) thermocouple thermometer and 8116-40 general purpose probe were used for surveys in 1989 and 1991. Since 1991, most temperatures were taken using an infrared thermometer Infrared thermometers measure temperature using blackbody radiation (generally infrared) emitted from objects. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers , speeding data collection and allowing temperatures to be obtained from inaccessible roost sites. Three Raytek models were used: ST2, Raynger[R] MiniTemp MT4, and Raynge[R] ST20. RESULTS During this 23-year period, nearly 2,000,000 bats of seven species were found during 269 visits to 72 caves (Appendix 1). Caves were visited 1-13 times. The number of bats found per visit ranged from 0 to 98,250 (x = 7,314; SD = 16,973). Our surveys produced an average of 3.3 species (SD = 1. I) per cave. The number of caves visited, by county, was: Clark (n = 1), Crawford (n = 20), Greene (n = 4), Harrison (n = 9), Lawrence (n = 10), Martin (n - 4), Monroe (n = 10), Orange (n = 9), Owen (n = 1), and Washington Washington, town, England Washington, town (1991 pop. 48,856), Sunderland metropolitan district, NE England. Washington was designated one of the new towns in 1964 to alleviate overpopulation in the Tyneside-Wearside area. (n = 4). Indiana myotis.--Indiana myotis were found on 214 visits (80%) in 30 caves (42%; Fig. 1). Mean population size was 7081 bats (SD = 16,988), with the largest being 98,250 in Twin Domes Cave in 1981. At least 50,000 Indiana myotis were documented in Ray's Cave and in Twin Domes Cave; Wyandotte, Jug Hole, Batwing, Coon, and Grotto caves each contained 10,000-50,000 Indiana myotis; Parker's Pit Cave contained 1000-10,000 bats; and Buckner Buckner can refer to several places in the United States:
Buckner , Saltpeter saltpeter or saltpetre: see potassium nitrate. (Crawford County Crawford County is the name of eleven counties in the United States:
American boxer who won the 1976 Olympic light welterweight title. He held five world titles as both a welterweight and middleweight between 1979 and 1987. Noun 1. Springs, Robinson Ladder, Sexton sex·ton n. An employee or officer of a church who is responsible for the care and upkeep of church property and sometimes for ringing bells and digging graves. Springs, Wallier, King Blair/Brinegar, Panther/Neyman, and Gypsy Gypsy member of nomadic people who usually travel in small caravans. [Eur. Hist.: NCE, 1168] See : Wandering Gypsy - Specification and verification of concurrent systems software. Message passing using named mailboxes. Bill Allen Al·len , Edgar 1892-1943. American anatomist who is noted for his studies of hormones and for the discovery (1923) of estrogen. caves each contained 100-1000 bats. Ten caves each had < 100 Indiana myotis: Wildcat wildcat, common name of two Old World cats, the European wildcat, Felis sylvestris, of Europe and W Asia, and the African wildcat, or kaffir cat, F. lybica, of Africa and Asia. , River, Salamander salamander, an amphibian of the order Urodela, or Caudata. Salamanders have tails and small, weak limbs; superficially they resemble the unrelated lizards (which are reptiles), but they are easily distinguished by their lack of scales and claws, and by their moist, , Ashcraft Ashcraft is a surname, and may refer to:
This page or section lists people with the surname , Bentz, Mitchell Mitchell, city (1990 pop. 13,798), seat of Davison co., SE S.Dak.; inc. 1881. Mitchell is a trade, distribution, and shipping center for a dairy and livestock area. Crushed Stone Quarry Quarry Cerynean stag captured by Hercules as third Labor. [Gk. and Rom. Myth.: Hall, 149] Cretan bull savage bull caught by Hercules as seventh Labor. [Gk. , Binkley, Swinney swinney see suprascapular paralysis. , Nichols Nich·ols , Mike Originally Michael Igor Peschkowsky. Born 1931. German-born American stage and film director whose credits include The Odd Couple (1965) and the motion pictures Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) and , and Bluff House caves. The number of Indiana myotis hibernating in the state has varied over time. In 1981, the known population was 148,890 (FIGURE 2 OMITTED). By 1985, the total had decreased 33% to a low of 99,202 bats. Statewide winter populations in Indiana increased through 1999 to a high of 185,899 bats. Increases at Ray's and Wyandotte caves Wyandotte Caves, a pair of limestone caves located on the Ohio River in Harrison-Crawford State Forest in Crawford County, five miles (8 km) north-east of Leavenworth and 12 miles (19 km) from Corydon in southern Indiana, is a popular tourist attraction. were largely responsible for the observed increase; but newly discovered hibernacula, most notably Jug Hole Cave (19,240 bats in 2003), contributed to the increase. The 2001 survey, which tallied 173,076 Indiana myotis, was the smallest total in nearly 10 years. The 2003 survey tallied 183,298 bats (Fig. 2). Numbers of Indiana myotis using specific hibernacula have changed over time (FIGURE 3 OMITTED). In 1981, there were two known major hibernacula in Indiana, Twin Domes and Batwing caves, which collectively held an estimated 128,210 Indiana myotis, 86% of the statewide total. Ray's Cave contained the next largest population, 12,500 bats, and Wyandotte Cave, with 2152 Indiana myotis, the fourth largest population. Jug Hole Cave, first surveyed in 1987, held an estimated 5535 Indiana myotis. Between 1981 and 2003, the combined estimated population of Twin Domes and Batwing caves decreased to 56,250 bats, 31% of statewide total. In 2003, Ray's, Wyandotte, and Jug Hole caves collectively held 101,398 bats, 55% of statewide total. In 1981, small populations of Indiana myotis were known from 11 other caves, with a collective population of only 6028 bats (x = 553; SD - 942), or 4% of the population of Indiana myotis in the state. This included 1190 bats in Coon and 3190 bats in Grotto. Between 1981 and 2003, 14 additional caves with small populations of bats were documented. By 2003, we found 10,675 bats in Coon Cave and 10,338 bats in Grotto Cave; and the collective populations in 22 of 25 small hibernacula contained 25,650 Indiana myotis (x = 1165; SD = 3033), or 14% of the state's total. Zero to three Indiana myotis were found in the most recent visits of the remaining three hibernacula. In addition to changes in wintering populations in specific caves, portions of hibernacula used by Indiana myotis have changed over time. To illustrate, in Wyandotte Cave, three areas, each progressively deeper in the cave (i.e., warmer) received the most use: entrance, Washington Avenue Washington Avenue can refer to:
v. dis·con·tin·ued, dis·con·tin·u·ing, dis·con·tin·ues v.tr. 1. To stop doing or providing (something); end or abandon: , 4368 bats (14.0%) hibernated in Bats Lodge, a portion of the cave unused during the preceding 22 years. Bats Lodge is an area with a low ceiling through which tours passed. The use of Bats Lodge was associated with a decrease in the number of bats in Washington Avenue. where 19,087 bats, or only 61.1% of the population, was found. The proportions of bats in the entrance area (3.1%; 962 bats) and Rugged Mountain (21.0%; 6570 bats) were within the range of past use. Little brown myotis.--Little brown myotis were found during 226 (84%) visits (x = 237; SD = 420) in 49 (68%) caves, and in every county where surveys were completed except Clark (Appendix 1). The largest population was 3380 in Ray's Cave in 1981. Concentrations >1000 little brown myotis were found only in Ray's Cave (x = 1051; SD - 928), Grotto Cave (x = 962; SD = 800), and Endless Cave (x = 750; SD = 435). From 5001000 little brown myotis were found in Wildcat (x = 388; SD = 103), Parker's Pit (x = 234; SD = 174), Coon (x = 277; SD = 186), River (x = 301; SD = 137), Batwing (x = 181; SD = 254), and King Blair/Brinegar (x = 353; SD = 159) caves. Eight additional caves contained >250 little brown myotis. Numbers of little brown myotis counted ranged from 1406 in 1985 to 8025 in 2001 (Fig. 4), while the mean number of bats per cave ranged from 106 (1989) to 968 (1983). Both totals and averages suggest wintering populations have been increasing since the mid- mid- pref. Middle: midbrain. to late 1980's, concurrent with increases of the Indiana myotis. Consistent increases were noted at Coon, Grotto, and Endless caves, and erratic er·rat·ic adj. 1. Having no fixed or regular course; wandering. 2. Lacking consistency, regularity, or uniformity: an erratic heartbeat. 3. increases were noted at Saltpeter (Crawford County) and Parkers Pit caves. In contrast, numbers of little brown myotis in Ray's and Panther/Neyman caves decreased and an erratic decrease occurred in King Blair/Brinegar Cave. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] Northern myotis.--Northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) were widespread but found in low numbers. Usually only one to several individuals were found during any year of cave visits. Occurrence was not restricted to any cave or region of the state. For example, northern myotis were found more frequently in 2003 than in most winters, and 25 individuals were found in 11 of 28 caves visited. Ten individuals, a record high, were found in Endless Cave. Bats of this species hibernated individually, often in cracks or other tight spots, and may be overlooked. Gray myotis.--Gray myotis were rarely found. One or two gray myotis were found on four surveys in Twin Domes and Wyandotte caves, at the northern periphery periphery /pe·riph·ery/ (pe-rif´er-e) an outward surface or structure; the portion of a system outside the central region.periph´eral pe·riph·er·y n. 1. of this species range. Most recently, a single gray myotis was found in Twin Domes Cave in 2003. Big brown bat.--Big brown bats were found in 40 caves (56%) during 156 (58%) visits (Appendix 1). They were found in every county where surveys were completed except Clark. Mean number per cave was 11 bats (SD = 26). The largest concentration was 224 in Mitchell Crushed Stone Quarry Cave in 1991. One additional cave, Ray's, has held at least 100 big brown bats (1993 and 1995). In 1995, 53 big brown bats hibernated in Wyandotte Cave, the only hibernaculum hi·ber·nac·u·lum n. pl. hi·ber·nac·u·la Biology 1. A protective case, covering, or structure, such as a plant bud, in which an organism remains dormant for the winter. 2. The shelter of a hibernating animal. and only survey in which 50-100 individuals were found. Neither nnual totals (134-431), nor mean number of bats per cave (8-55), suggest a change in numbers in numbered parts; as, a book published in numbers. See also: Number of big brown bats hibernating in caves of Indiana (Fig. 5). Further, no individual cave has an increasing or decreasing population of big brown bats. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Eastern pipistrelle,--The eastern pipistrelle, the most common species, was found in 61 caves (85%) during 234 (87%) visits (Appendix 1). Numbers of bats per cave were variable, as were numbers of bats per visit (x = 35; SD = 48). The largest number (278) was found in Coon Cave in 1991. Populations >200 eastern pipistrelles were also found in Clyfty (1997) and King Blair/Brinegar (1987 and 1995) caves. River Cave had 153 eastern pipistrelles in 1991 and Grotto Cave had 100 in 1997. Thirteen additional caves contained at least 50 individuals during one or more surveys. Neither annual totals (62-1071) nor mean number of bats per cave (15-54) indicate that numbers of eastern pipistrelles hibernating in Indiana caves are increasing or decreasing (Fig. 5). Similarly, there are no individual caves showing a consistent change over time. Indeed, numbers of eastern pipistrelles in many caves varied widely among visits. Silver-haired bat.--The silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) was the species least frequently encountered during cave visits. One individual was found hibernating in Wyandotte Cave in 1989, and two individuals were found in approximately the same location in 1991. DISCUSSION The Indiana myotis has been known from hibernacula of the state for over 100 years. Because the species was listed as endangered en·dan·ger tr.v. en·dan·gered, en·dan·ger·ing, en·dan·gers 1. To expose to harm or danger; imperil. 2. To threaten with extinction. by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, documentation of this resource, numbers of bats and location of hibernacula, and changes over time, are important for management of the species. Measures to prevent human disturbance DISTURBANCE, torts. A wrong done to an incorporeal hereditament, by hindering or disquieting the owner in the enjoyment of it. Finch. L. 187; 3 Bl. Com. 235; 1 Swift's Dig. 522; Com. Dig. Action upon the case for a disturbance, Pleader, 3 I 6; 1 Serg. & Rawle, 298. , maintain a suitable thermal regime, and forestall fore·stall tr.v. fore·stalled, fore·stall·ing, fore·stalls 1. To delay, hinder, or prevent by taking precautionary measures beforehand. See Synonyms at prevent. 2. natural disasters can be implemented (Johnson et al. 2002). Increases of Indiana myotis were most notable at hibernacula that had smaller populations both historically and when our surveys began in 1981 (e.g., Ray's, Wyandotte, Coon, and Grotto caves). Conversely con·verse 1 intr.v. con·versed, con·vers·ing, con·vers·es 1. To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk. See Synonyms at speak. 2. , caves that contained the largest concentrations 23 years ago (i.e., Twin Domes and Batwing caves) have sustained large declines. In addition, hibernacula unknown in the early 1980's, such as Jug Hole, Leonard Spring, Robinson Ladder, Sexton Spring, Wallier, and Gypsy Bill Allen caves, were found and in some cases, particularly Jug Hole Cave, experienced significant increases. Finally, caves such as Endless and King Blair/Brinegar, which did not previously contain Indiana myotis, now support important populations. Statewide, increases have more than offset losses and inter-cave movements do not explain all changes, which indicates a true increase in the numbers of Indiana myotis hibernating in Indiana during the last 23 years. Changes in hibernacula use, for whatever reasons, question our knowledge of hibernacula suitability for this species. Management standards are based on limited data obtained 25 years ago from a few hibernacula, many of which have since experienced marked declines. In many cases, changes were unrelated to disturbance: protected hibernacula experienced the greatest losses while some hibernacula gaining bats had little or no protection (Johnson et al. 2002). Documenting the physical environment, most notably hibernacula temperatures, may help elucidate e·lu·ci·date v. e·lu·ci·dat·ed, e·lu·ci·dat·ing, e·lu·ci·dates v.tr. To make clear or plain, especially by explanation; clarify. v.intr. To give an explanation that serves to clarify. reasons for shifts in use. Our understanding of needs of the species and development of management practices may be based on initial observations of populations in suboptimal Suboptimal A solution is called suboptimal if a part of the solution has been optimized without regards to the overall objective. conditions. Changes in populations among hibernacula and intra-cave variability in hibernation sites suggest the species is adaptable a·dapt·a·ble adj. Capable of adapting or of being adapted. a·dapt  a·bil and seeks roost
sites that provide specific conditions for winter hibernation. For
example, numbers and locations of bats in portions of Wyandotte Cave
varied since bats were first reported from the cave. Blatchley (1899)
reported "tens of thousands" Vespertilio subulatus, (i.e.,
Indiana myotis) in Odd Fellows' Hall. Since then, this cave has
endured extensive alterations. The entrance was enlarged during
commercialization of the cave early in the 1950's, and a rock wall
was placed across the entrance. This wall was replaced in 1978 with a
partial wall and a flat-iron gate, and again in 1991 with an angle-iron
bat gate. Many areas were dug out to explore and commercialize the cave.
One large alteration Modification; changing a thing without obliterating it.An alteration is a variation made in the language or terms of a legal document that affects the rights and obligations of the parties to it. was 'opening' of the new section in 1941, which undoubtedly altered airflow. No Indiana myotis have been found in the Odd Fellows' Hall area since opening of the new section. In 1955, only 500 Indiana myotis were estimated to hibernate See hibernation mode. in Wyandotte Cave, all in the Washington Avenue area. In 1981, 2151 Indiana myotis were tallied in the cave (Brack et al. 1984), and the population has steadily grown to 31,217 individuals in 2003. Further, the location and size of clusters in Washington Avenue varied among surveys; bats also now hibernate in the entrance, Rugged Mountain, and Bats Lodge areas (Whitaker et al. 2003). Use of Rugged Mountain appears to be increasing, and substantial use of Bats Lodge was first documented in 2003. Only about 500 Indiana myotis used Ray's Cave in 1960 (Hall 1962), and 2700 were found in 1975 (Brack et al. 1984). In 1981, Ray's Cave harbored 12,500 bats, and the population increased to a recorded high of 62,464 in 1999. The most recent survey, in 2003, totaled 50,941 individuals. Only nine Indiana myotis were in Coon Cave in 1960 (Hall 1962), and 24 were found in 1975 (Humphrey 1978). In 1982, 550 Indiana myotis were found (Bracket al. 1984), but by 2003, the population was tallied at 10,675 individuals. Similarly, numbers of Indiana myotis using Grotto Cave were about 200 in 1960 and 1975, while the 2003 survey produced 10,338 bats. In contrast, numbers of Indiana myotis in nearby Buckner's Cave decreased from 345 in 1975 (Humphrey 1978) to a single individual in 2001. Much of this decline was attributable to human disturbance. An increase to 40 Indiana myotis in 2003 may be attributable to reduced disturbance. Richter et al. (1978) reported > 100,000 Indiana myotis in Twin Domes Cave in 1976 and 50,000 bats (-+20%) in Batwing Cave in 1977. Populations in both caves have steadily declined. In 2003, there were 49,350 Indiana myotis in Twin Domes Cave, about a 50% decline since the population was discovered. Only 6900 Indiana myotis were found in Batwing Cave in 2003, an 86% decline. Our data suggest wintering populations of little brown myotis have increased in the past 20 years. In contrast, Whitaker et al. (2002) presented evidence, based largely on summer occurrences, of a decline of this species in the state. Numbers of hibernating little brown myotis increased during the same period when the Indiana myotis increased. Perhaps similar factors, such as less disturbance in hibernacula or elements in summer habitats, affected both species similarly. Because our surveys emphasized Indiana myotis, some little brown myotis were likely not found. However, concentrations of little brown myotis, like Indiana myotis, are generally found in cold, anterior anterior /an·te·ri·or/ (an-ter´e-or) situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior. an·te·ri·or adj. 1. Placed before or in front. 2. portions of caves, where survey was likely. Nevertheless, individuals and small numbers of little brown myotis are found in almost any part of a cave, including warmer areas. Similarly, our emphasis on Indiana myotis likely underestimated wintering populations of eastern pipistrelles and big brown bats. The eastern pipistrelle, often found in warmer caves and in parts of caves that do not cool sufficiently for other species, is more widely distributed Adj. 1. widely distributed - growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution" cosmopolitan bionomics, environmental science, ecology - the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms than Indiana myotis. Big brown bats are often found near cave entrances, but they sometimes hibernate deeper within the cave. Big brown bats frequently hibernate in houses and outbuildings (Whitaker 1997; Whitaker & Gummer Gum´mer n. 1. A punch-cutting tool, or machine for deepening and enlarging the spaces between the teeth of a worn saw. 1992, 2000), further limiting interpretation of wintering populations in caves. Our data do not indicate any appreciable ap·pre·cia·ble adj. Possible to estimate, measure, or perceive: appreciable changes in temperature. See Synonyms at perceptible. change in numbers of big brown bats and eastern pipistrelles hibernating in Indiana caves. Whitaker et al. (2002) presented evidence, again based largely on summer occurrences, of increases of both species in the state. It is likely that most caves in Indiana that support relatively large concentrations of bats have been found in the last 23 years. Nevertheless, efforts should continue to monitor changes in existing populations and to identity new hibernacula. Populations that are currently insignificant may increase, and new populations may become established. For example, nearly 10,000 Indiana myotis and 20,000 little brown myotis were found in 1995 in a limestone mine in southwest Ohio (VB unpubl. data). This mine ceased operation only about 15 years before the bats were found.
Appendix 1.-Numbers of bats of four species observed during winter
hibernacula surveys in Indiana, 1981-2003.
Cave Year Myotis
sodalis
Clark County
Indian 1985 0
Crawford County
Across The Valley 2002 0
Batwing 1981 29,960
1983 26,650
1985 14,750
1987 17,450
1989 14,500
1991 13,150
1993 9,350
1995 9,300
1997 7,400
1999 10,125
2001 9,350
2003 6,900
B-B Hole 1999 0
Bentz 1982 0
1989 3
2001 0
Big Circle 2002 0
Big Windy (Bauer's Blowhole) 1997 0
Easter Pit 1995 0
Hermit 2002 0
Little Jug Hole 1995 0
Little Mellet Pit 1998 0
Mellet Pit 1989 0
Mesmore Springs 2002 0
Pavey 2002 0
Robinson Ladder 1989 95
1991 388
1993 376
1995 219
1997 326
1999 223
2001 366
2003 204
Saltpeter 1982 352
Cave Myotis Eptesicus Pipi-
lucifugus fuscus strrellus
Clark County
Indian 0 0 0
Crawford County
Across The Valley 0 0 2
Batwing 1 0 11
360 0 16
B-B Hole 156 0 0
Bentz 16 8 24
86 2 32
124 2 56
Big Circle 0 0 5
Big Windy (Bauer's Blowhole) 24 0 1
Easter Pit 108 0 7
Hermit 2 0 0
Little Jug Hole 1 0 7
Little Mellet Pit 0 0 0
Mellet Pit 0 0 1
Mesmore Springs 112 1 91
Pavey 1 1 3
Robinson Ladder 14 0 7
8 0 26
8 0 28
182 0 3
0 0 0
119 0 0
58 2 2
164 0 0
Saltpeter 114 8 7
Cave Year Myotis
1987 427
1989 295
1991 508
1993 375
1995 647
1997 577
1999 800
2001 849
2003 681
Sentinel Rock 2002 0
Treasure 2002 0
Westerhoff 1989 0
Wildcat 1982 29
1987 0
1991 31
1993 61
1995 34
1997 48
1999 19
2001 35
2003 17
Wyandotte 1981 2,152
1985 4,627
1987 6,681
1989 10,344
1991 12,994
1993 17,304
1995 23,878
1997 25,424
1999 26,854
2001 28,584
2003 31,217
Greene County
Asheraft 1993 20
1995 28
1999 3
Clyfty 1982 66
1987 198
1989 412
1991 357
1993 307
1995 299
1997 369
1999 379
2001 469
2003 457
Ray's 1981 12,500
1982 11,822
1983 13,475
1985 16,200
1987 22,990
1989 28,581
Cave Myotis Eptesicus Pipistrellus
lucifugus fuscus subflavus
198 7 25
28 0 7
154 12 60
76 7 15
182 7 39
302 11 68
204 4 10
301 1 29
250 3 32
Sentinel Rock 0 0 0
Treasure 0 0 0
Westerhoff 0 0 3
Wildcat 332 0 30
520 0 63
310 0 33
314 0 19
582 0 45
359 0 49
344 0 18
446 0 28
289 0 13
Wyandotte 6 11 2
21 2 1
275 12 2
8 32 14
15 11 21
12 38 4
30 53 18
70 24 32
268 17 13
272 10 16
15 14 16
Greene County
Asheraft 190 4 6
170 0 14
29 0 0
Clyfty 298 10 46
295 17 124
233 9 73
334 15 106
176 1 53
141 1 93
268 6 212
272 2 87
349 26 104
329 26 139
Ray's 3,380 60 14
799 95 10
1,834 85 14
1,044 59 15
2,395 74 38
671 53 10
Cave Year Myotis
sodalis
1991 41,854
1993 38,386
1995 41,157
1997 51,365
1999 62,464
2001 48,219
2003 50,941
Sexton Spring 1991
1993 67
1995 117
1997 98
1999 75
2001 100
2003 113
Harrison County
Binkey 1997 84
2001 9
Borden's Pit 1991 0
Harmon Pit 2003 0
Jug Hole 1987 5,535
1989 6,424
1991 7,640
1993 13,924
1995 12,463
1997 20,741
1999 11,900
2001 20,151
2003 19,240
Parker's Pit 1982 500
1987 1,803
1989 1,104
1991 926
1993 1,045
1995 1,276
1997 1,139
1999 987
2001 989
2003 447
Penny Well 1995 0
Swinney 1997 11
1999 29
2001 39
2003 184
Twin Domes 1981 98,250
1983 70,750
1985 56,650
1987 79,650
1989 70,800
1991 78,500
1993 87,350
1995 78,875
1997 67,100
1999 59,775
Cave Myotis Eptesicus Pipistrellus
lucifugus fuscus subflavus
600 88 94
351 118 33
677 108 84
316 37 58
686 59 43
644 41 70
267 31 53
Sexton Spring 1 4 1
196 4 89
64 0 3
7 0 0
17 0 1
87 0 2
21 3 0
Harrison County
Binkey 197 0 17
110 0 25
Borden's Pit 13 0 26
Harmon Pit
Jug Hole 9 0 6
5 13 9
15 16 12
9 10 3
8 6 10
12 11 17
10 2 12
11 0 8
12 9 9
Parker's Pit 101 10 18
141 5 6
110 9 14
209 4 7
406 4 4
234 2 6
106 5 5
622 3 4
181 3 5
Penny Well 0 0 2
Swinney 0 0 0
3 13 1
2 5 1
0 7 0
0 0 0
Twin Domes
Cave Year Myotis Myotis
sodalis lucifugus
Wallier 2001 50,325
2003 49,350 1
1991 36 7
1993 72 1
1995 465 1
1997 409 3
1999 381 4
2001 310 9
2003 541 8
Lawrence County
Bronson's 1982 0 0
Dixon's Pit 1993 0 133
Donghill-Donnehue 1982 0 98
1989 0 119
Donaldon's 1982 0 0
Hamer 1982 0 1
King 1987 0 0
1989 0 0
Mitchelle Crushed Stone 1991 9 178
Quarry 1999 31 380
2003 38 280
Salts 1982 0 33
1993 0 102
Sullivan 1982 0 0
Twin 1982 0 0
Martin County
Aunt Liz 1989 0 1
Bluff House 2002 1 0
2003 0 2
Granny's 1989 0 1
Gypsy Bill Allen 2001 139 44
2003 250 24
Monroe County
Brinegar 1987 12 363
King Blair/Brinegar 1993 442 427
1995 514 673
1997 663 295
1999 453 247
2001 263 220
2003 190 248
Bucker 1982 488 32
1985 301 21
1987 336 29
1989 24 16
1991 51 16
1993 25 23
1997 15 15
1999 6 41
2001 1 54
2003 40 46
Coon 1981 1,190 31
Cave Eptesicus Pipistrellus
fuscus subflavus
Wallier
0 4
23 7
25 18
15 9
48 18
7 6
4 8
24 19
Lawrence County
Bronson's 0 3
Dixon's Pit 5 75
Donghill-Donnehue 6 2
11 14
Donaldon's 25 3
Hamer 10 1
King 0 0
4 0
Mitchelle Crushed Stone 22 41
Quarry 162 63
175 65
Salts 6 12
25 48
Sullivan 0 0
Twin 1 0
Martin County
Aunt Liz 0 41
Bluff House 0 7
2 4
Granny's 0 14
Gypsy Bill Allen 15 34
11 21
Monroe County
Brinegar 0 205
King Blair/Brinegar 0 101
0 275
0 106
0 72
0 57
0 89
Bucker 2 27
9 0
0 12
0 9
0 9
2 3
3 8
2 8
2 10
0 6
4 5
Coon 0 6
Cave Year Myotis Myotis
sodalis lucifugus
1982 550 12
1985 777 20
1987 2950 152
1989 2103 176
1991 3696 394
1993 4451 392
1995 4455 423
1997 4786 380
1999 6341 376
2001 6395 443
2003 10,675 525
Eller's 1987 0 0
Grotto 1981 3,190 589
1982 2,692 1,090
1985 4,198 291
1987 3,778 311
1989 2,985 213
1991 1,996 178
1993 1,568 338
1995 2,018 937
1997 2,435 1,143
1999 4,361 1,811
2001 5,419 2,276
2003 10,338 2,363
Leonard Spring 1989 135 94
1991 112 176
1993 92 121
1995 82 260
1997 92 195
1999 81 198
2001 25 231
2003 138 164
Patton 2002 0 1
Ranard School 1982 0 0
Salamander 1982 74 130
1987 0 138
1991 0 124
1997 1 8
2003 0 19
Saltpeter 1982 83 19
1987 19 0
1991 221 68
1993 245 79
1995 175 65
1997 136 38
1999 40 29
2001 24 41
2003 96 51
Orange County
Diggers Delight 2002 0 0
Dillon 2002 0 2
Duggins Springs 2002 0 0
Elrod 2001 0 0
Cave Eptesicus Pipistrellus
fuscus subflavus
1 5
2 5
3 166
5 103
4 278
7 208
1 200
3 188
2 189
0 147
2 135
Eller's 0 3
Grotto 0 2
0 44
0 8
0 1
0 0
1 5
2 8
4 32
5 44
9 100
1 57
1 85
Leonard Spring 0 17
0 68
2 81
0 96
0 35
0 61
0 48
1 38
Patton 4 3
Ranard School 8 0
Salamander 0 21
1 79
0 50
0 0
0 4
Saltpeter 46 0
33 1
14 12
16 20
21 17
5 5
4 9
8 15
14 15
Orange County
Diggers Delight 0 3
Dillon 1 51
Duggins Springs 0 6
Elrod 2 93
Cave Year Myotis Myotis
sodalis lucifugus
2002 0 0
Nichols 2003 39 26
Red Berry 2002 0 16
Spring Springs 2002 0 0
Tucker Lake Springs 2002 0 0
Wesley Chapel Gulf 2002 0 1
Owen County
Boone's 1987 0 1
2001 0 4
Washington County
Endless 1982 2 163
1987 1 330
1991 134 460
1993 335 602
1995 450 772
1997 404 665
1999 403 993
2001 800 1,486
2003 863 1,275
Mill 1985 0 9
Pather/Neyman 1995 86 277
1997 156 249
1999 167 246
2001 220 146
2003 337 239
River 1982 104 170
1987 5 242
1991 1 216
1999 2 368
2003 2 509
Cave Eptesicus Pipistrellus
fuscus subflavus
0 98
Nichols 4 18
Red Berry 0 6
Spring Springs 0 7
Tucker Lake Springs 3 8
Wesley Chapel Gulf 0 7
Owen County
Boone's 10 18
20 24
Washington County
Endless 17 26
11 29
9 55
9 74
9 74
10 68
25 44
46 89
33 60
Mill 0 74
Pather/Neyman 0 5
7 10
3 5
5 5
15 5
River 4 65
2 75
1 153
2 65
4 81
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS See About this product. Many individuals assisted with field studies, and any attempt to list them would be incomplete. We simply state our sincere thanks to all of them. Individuals from conservation and caving organizations identified concentrations of bats or potentially suitable caves for further investigation. Again, we express our thanks. The Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife funded most field studies, and we thank Catherine Gremillion-Smith for support. The Nature Conservancy Nature Conservancy, nonprofit organization established in 1951 to preserve or aid in the preservation of natural environments. It protects wilderness areas in the United States and Canada and is affiliated with similar groups in Latin America and the Caribbean. and U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station provided funds for surveys 1981 1983. Hoosier National Forest funded 2002 field studies; we thank Kelle Reynolds for support. Richard Ri·chard , Joseph Henri Maurice Known as "Rocket." 1921-2000. Canadian hockey player. A right wing for the Montreal Canadiens (1942-1960), he led his team to eight Stanley Cup championships and was the first player to score 50 goals in a Clawson Clawson, city (1990 pop. 13,874), Oakland co., SE Mich., a residential suburb between Pontiac and Detroit; settled c.1833, inc. 1920. , Missouri Missouri, state, United States Missouri (mĭz  r`ē, –ə), one of the midwestern states of the United States. Department of Conservation, provided data on Batwing and Twin Domes
Caves, collected on behalf of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Two
anonymous reviewers made helpful comments on an earlier draft of the
manuscript manuscript, a handwritten work as distinguished from printing. The oldest manuscripts, those found in Egyptian tombs, were written on papyrus; the earliest dates from c.3500 B.C. .
LITERATURE CITED CITED Copyright in Transmitted Electronic Documents CITEd Center for Implementing Technology in Education Blatchley, W.S. 1899. Gleanings glean·ings pl.n. Things that have been collected bit by bit: the gleanings of patient scholars. gleanings Noun, pl pieces of information that have been gleaned from nature: Ten Indiana caves and the animals which inhabit in·hab·it v. in·hab·it·ed, in·hab·it·ing, in·hab·its v.tr. 1. To live or reside in. 2. To be present in; fill: Old childhood memories inhabit the attic. them. Reprinted by Indiana Karst Karst (kärst), Ital. Carso, Slovenian Kras, limestone plateau, W Slovenia, N of Istria and extending c.50 mi (80 km) SE from the lower Isonzo (Soča) valley between the Bay of Trieste and the Julian Alps. Conservancy, Myotis Press Special Publication 4:1-71. Brack, V., Jr. 1983. The Nonhibernating Ecology ecology, study of the relationships of organisms to their physical environment and to one another. The study of an individual organism or a single species is termed autecology; the study of groups of organisms is called synecology. of Bats in Indiana with Emphasis on the Endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Ph.D. dissertation dis·ser·ta·tion n. A lengthy, formal treatise, especially one written by a candidate for the doctoral degree at a university; a thesis. dissertation Noun 1. , Purdue University Purdue University (pərdy  `, -d`), main campus at West Lafayette, Ind. , West Lafayette, Indiana West Lafayette (IPA: [wɛst ˈlɑ.fəˌjɛt]) is a city in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States, 65 miles (105km) northwest of Indianapolis. The population was 28,778 at the 2000 census. . 280 pp.
Brack, V., Jr., A.M. Wilkinson Noun 1. Wilkinson - English chemist honored for his research on pollutants in car exhausts (born in 1921) Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson & R.E. Mumford. 1984. Hibernacula of the endangered Indiana bat in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 93:463-468. Hall, J.S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic tax·o·nom·ic also tax·o·nom·i·cal adj. Of or relating to taxonomy: a taxonomic designation. tax study of the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Reading Public Museum Publication 12: 1-68. Humphrey, S.R. 1978. Status, winter habitat, and management of the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Florida Scientist 41:65 76. Humphrey, S.R. & J.B. Cope. 1976. Population ecology Population ecology The study of spatial and temporal patterns in the abundance and distribution of organisms and of the mechanisms that produce those patterns. of the little brown bat Noun 1. little brown bat - the small common North American bat; widely distributed little brown myotis, Myotis leucifugus vespertilian bat, vespertilionid - a variety of carnivorous bat , Myotis lucifugus, in Indiana and north-central Kentucky Kentucky, state, United States Kentucky (kəntŭk`ē, kĭn–), one of the so-called border states of the S central United States. It is bordered by West Virginia and Virginia (E); Tennessee (S); the Mississippi R. . American Society of Mammalogists The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) was founded in 1919. Its primary purpose is to encourage the study of mammals and professions studying mammals. There are over 4,500 members of this society, and they are primarily professional scientists who emphasize the importance of Special Publication 4: 1-80. Johnson, S.A., V. Brack, Jr. & R.K. Dunlap. 2002. Management of hibernacula in the state of Indiana. Pp. 106 115, In The Indiana bat: Biology and Management of an Endangered Species endangered species, any plant or animal species whose ability to survive and reproduce has been jeopardized by human activities. In 1999 the U.S. government, in accordance with the U.S. (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation In Europe all bat species are protected, and in particular, bats and bat roosts are legally protected from disturbance. It is also illegal to capture or kill bats without a licence and a reason for that action. International, Austin. Texas. LaVal, R.K.& M.L. LaVal. 1980. Ecological ecological emanating from or pertaining to ecology. ecological biome see biome. ecological climax the state of balance in an ecosystem when its inhabitants have established their permanent relationships with each studies and management of Missouri bats, with emphasis on cave-dwelling species. Missouri Department of Conservation Terrestrial Dealing with the earth. See terrestrial link. Series 8:1 53. Mumford, R.E. 1974. The status of the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and the eastern woodrat Noun 1. eastern woodrat - large greyish-brown wood rat of the southeastern United States Neotoma floridana wood rat, wood-rat - any of various small short-tailed rodents of the northern hemisphere having soft fur grey above and white below with furred tails (Neotoma floridana Noun 1. Neotoma floridana - large greyish-brown wood rat of the southeastern United States eastern woodrat wood rat, wood-rat - any of various small short-tailed rodents of the northern hemisphere having soft fur grey above and white below with furred tails ) on the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest, Indiana. Unpubl. report to USDI USDI n abbr (= United States Department of the Interior) → US-Innenministerium , Hoosier National Forest. 17 pp. Mumford, R.E. & J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1982. Mammals The class Mammalia (the Mammals) is divided into two subclasses based on reproductive techniques: egg laying mammals (the Monotremes); and mammals which give live birth. The latter subclass is divided into two infraclasses: pouched mammals (the marsupials); and the placental mammals. of Indiana. Bloomington University Press, Indiana. 537 pp. Powell, R.L. 1966. Caves. Pp. 116-130, In Natural Features of Indiana (A. Lindsey, ed.). Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana “Indianapolis” redirects here. For other uses, see Indianapolis (disambiguation). Indianapolis (IPA: [ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs]) is the capital city of the U.S. . Richter, A.R., J.B. Seerley, J.B. Cope & J.H. Keith. 1978. A newly discovered concentration of hibernating Indiana bats, Myotis sodalis, in southern Indiana. Journal of Mammalogy The Journal of Mammalogy is the flagship publication of the American Society of Mammalogists. Both the society and the journal were founded in 1919. The peer-reviewed journal publishes papers about mammals throughout the world and their conservation. 59:191. whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1997. Notes on a winter colony of big brown bats at Williamsport, Warren County Warren County is the name of fourteen counties in the USA. They are named after General Joseph Warren, who was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War:
Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & V. Brack, Jr. 2002. Myotis sodalis in Indiana. Pp. 53-59, In The Indiana bat: Biology and Management of an Endangered Species (A. Kurta & J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas. Whitaker, J.O., Jr., V. Brack, Jr. & J.B. Cope. 2002. Are bats in Indiana declining? Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 11 1:95-106. Whitaker, J.O., Jr., J.B. Cope & V. Brack, Jr. 2003. Bats of Wyandotte Cave. Crawford County, Indiana Crawford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population is 10,743. The county seat is English6. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 800 km² (309 mi²). . Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 112:00-000. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & S.L. Gummer. 1992. Hibernation of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, in buildings. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 102:133 137. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & S.L. Gummer. 2000. Population structure and dynamics of big brown bats, Eptesicusfuscus, hibernating in buildings in Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 143:389396. Manuscript received 5 November 2002, revised 18 March 2003. Virgil Brack, Jr.: Environmental Solutions & Innovations, LLC (Logical Link Control) See "LANs" under data link protocol. LLC - Logical Link Control , 781 Neeb Road, Cincinnati, Ohio “Cincinnati” redirects here. For other uses, see Cincinnati (disambiguation). Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. 45233 USA Scott A. Johnson: Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Indiana charged with maintaining natural areas such as state parks, state forests, recreation areas, etc. , 553 East Miller Drive, Bloomington, Indiana Bloomington is a city in south central Indiana. Located about 50 miles southwest of Indianapolis, it is the seat of Monroe County. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, Bloomington had a total population of 69,291, making it the 7th largest city in Indiana. 47401 USA R. Keith Dunlap: Indiana Karst Conservancy, P.O. Box 2401, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 USA |
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