What is at stake? African women and internet governance/Quels sont les enjeux? Femme Africaine et gouvernance de I'Internet.Introduction Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have changed the way the world works and contributed to socio-economic development especially in the fields of health, education and commerce. At the same time, the rapid development of ICTs has the potential to increase the divide between the information and resource haves and have-nots; and to perpetuate power relations that maintain the patriarchal status qua. If governed equitably on the other hand, ICTs have the potential to tip the balance towards equitable power relations in the use of, access to and participation in ICT (1) (Information and Communications Technology) An umbrella term for the information technology field. See IT. (2) (International Computers and Tabulators) See ICL. 1. (testing) ICT - In Circuit Test. decision-making processes Presented below is a list of topics on decision-making and decision-making processes: | width="" align="left" valign="top" |
| width="" align="left" valign="top" | In discussions on Internet governance Policies and mechanisms for Internet governance have been topics of heated debate between many different Internet stakeholders, some of whom have very different visions for how and indeed whether the Internet should facilitate free communication of ideas and information. , many women activists have pointed to the lack of a gendered analysis of Internet governance issues in the Working Group on Internet Governance The Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) was a United Nations multistakeholder Working group set up after the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) first phase Summit in Geneva to agree on the future of Internet governance. (WGIG WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance (UN) ) report. Is there such a thing as gender aspects of Internet governance or does Internet governance boil down to the technical and political as has occupied post-July 2005 discussions on the subject? I would propose that there are gender aspects to the Internet governance debate. I will illustrate this from an African gender perspective and highlight some Internet governance issues that are particularly important to African women. Definition of Internet governance Internet governance has been defined by the WGIG as 'the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet. (1) The inclusion of content and use of the Internet within the framework of Internet Governance illustrates the importance of end-user applications of ICTs, therefore placing content at par with structural and technical aspects of the technologies. While this is to be appaulded, including content in the definition raises concerns on the broader consequences to freedom of expression given that governments in Africa, Asia and Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (sä `dē ərā`bēə, sou`–, sô–), officially Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, kingdom (2005 est. pop. have already sought to regulate content.
Abuse of women's rights The effort to secure equal rights for women and to remove gender discrimination from laws, institutions, and behavioral patterns.The women's rights movement began in the nineteenth century with the demand by some women reformers for the right to vote, known as suffrage, and and human rights, including the right to information, has been justified on the pretext of protecting women. We feel that freedom of expression and human rights should be cross-cutting in Internet governance issues, and therefore stress the need for a clear definition of 'harmful' content that is based on human rights norms and standards. Infrastructure Providing universal, equitable and affordable access to ICT will create access to opportunities for all (3). This will however remain a myth in Africa, already faced with an urban-rural and gender divide, unless the issue of infrastructure is dealt with. ICT costs affect African women's access to and use of ICTs for development. Internet connection costs are therefore a key issue in dosing the gender digital divide. For Africa too, the potential loss of revenue from new telephony systems such as voice over IP (VOIP (Voice Over IP) A digital telephone service that uses the public Internet as well as private backbones instead of the traditional telephone network. Many companies, including Vonage, 8x8 and AT&T (CallVantage), typically offer calling within the country for a ) is of major concern. This loss of revenue would in turn affect the capacity of African governments to provide gendered universal access to ICTs. Short term compensatory measures supported by the international community should be set up to assist Africa to offset these losses. Radio Spectrum Radio is the most accessible ICT in Africa, especially for women. With the growth of community radio in Africa, radio is increasingly becoming an avenue for African women to access and create local information. Community broadcasting is not-for-profit, has community ownership and control, and has community participation. Media owned, controlled and produced by, for and about communities can serve as a means for communities to engage in debate on development, governance and human rights at Focal level, and the promotion of local culture and indigenous knowledge (4). Despite the significance of community radio as a participatory ICT, many African countries are yet to provide a conducive regulatory environment for public and community broadcasting. Internet governance at national level should therefore promote the necessity for an independent broadcast body to regulate airwaves. Given that the radio spectrum is a national resource, governments should distribute it in an open and transparent manner with the full participation of stakeholders. Capacity building The WGIG report acknowledges that there is a lack of participation of women, indigenous peoples The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. , civil society and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in international ICT decision-making processes. Women's participation is critical to shaping the just and equal evolution and use of the Internet, where human rights are respected and sustainable development Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. The linkage between environment and development was globally recognized in 1980, when the International Union achieved. Barriers to African women's participation in Internet governance structures * Lack of knowledge of technical aspects under discussion at national, regional and international level * Limited education and low literacy to be able to effectively participate in these discussions * Lack of financial resources for civil society and ICT-SMEs owned by women * Too many institutions dealing with ICT policy issues at international level * Lack of timely access to information on ICT related issues, decision-making faro and processes. Proposed Strategies to increase African women's participation * Development of gender disaggregated Broken up into parts. data on gendered impact of IG policy issues and of women and men's representation in ICT decision-making fora at national, regional and international levels. * Promotion of girl-child education, especially in science and technology. * Capacity building of Ministries of gender in order to influence national, regional and international ICT policies on Internet governance. Internet governance should be multisectoral as well as multistakeholder. Various ministries should therefore work with the ministries in charge of telecommunication and communication to use ICT as a tool to realize international development commitments. Ministries of gender represent the concerns of women and their capacity should be built to effectively participate in Internet governance debates. * Recognition of women-owned SMEs as key private sector players by governments. * Institutionalised Adj. 1. institutionalised - officially placed in or committed to a specialized institution; "had hopes of rehabilitating the institutionalized juvenile delinquents" institutionalized 2. government investment in women-owned SMEs in order to raise women's incomes, and consequently their ability to access and use ICTs for development. * Development finance should be made available to build the capacity of women in governments, civil society, and private sector to influence and democratize de·moc·ra·tize tr.v. de·moc·ra·tized, de·moc·ra·tiz·ing, de·moc·ra·tiz·es To make democratic. de·moc the Internet governance environment. The creation of a specific gender and ICT fund under the auspices of the United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women ) is important for capacity building of women. * Harmonization har·mo·nize v. har·mo·nized, har·mo·niz·ing, har·mo·niz·es v.tr. 1. To bring or come into agreement or harmony. See Synonyms at agree. 2. Music To provide harmony for (a melody). and coherence is essential across all multilateral institutions dealing with related policy issues, such as the International Telecommunications Union See ITU. (body, standard) International Telecommunications Union - (ITU) ITU-T, the telecommunication standardisation sector of ITU, is responsible for making technical recommendations about telephone and data (including fax) communications systems for PTTs and suppliers. (ITU (International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland, www.itu.ch) A telecommunications standards body that is under the auspices of the United Nations. Comprising more than 185 member countries, the ITU sets standards for global telecom networks. ), the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO World Intellectual Piracy Organization (satire website) WIPO Write in Poll Option WIPO Wing Information Protection Office (USAF) ), and the World Trade Organisation (WTO See World Trade Organization. ). However, existing institutions have limitations when it comes to access and equal representation of developing countries and all stakeholders. We therefore support the recommendation of a global mechanism that will take forward the debate on Internet governance public policy issues. Gender balance and regional balance is non-negotiable as a prerequisite for the establishment of this global mechanism, existing and future Internet governance mechanisms. We call for 50% of these representatives to be women. Conclusion Some observers have argued that ICTs is a privileged discourse to enter into. Women make up the majority of the world's population of the poor and are therefore even more disadvantaged with respect to ICTs. However, women's engagement in Internet governance processes and debate is that much more critical in order to achieve gendered universal access, promotion and protection of women's rights through ICTs, and a more internationalized and gender sensitive Internet governance regime. This paper was presented during a Panel Discussion on "Internet governance and gender", organized by Association for Progressive Communicators (APC (1) (American Power Conversion Corporation, West Kingston, RI, www.apcc.com) The leading manufacturer of UPS systems and surge suppressors, founded in 1981 by Rodger Dowdell, Neil Rasmussen and Emanual Landsman, three electronic power engineers who had worked at MIT. )/African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)/WSIS Gender Caucus (GC), at the World Summit on the Information Society The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was a pair of United Nations-sponsored conferences about information, communication and, in broad terms, the information society that took place in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005 in Tunis. (WSIS WSIS World Summit on the Information Society WSIS Who Should I Start? (fantasy football) WSIS Waste Stream Information Sheet WSIS White Smoke Identification System (US Navy) ) PrepCom-3, Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. , 23 September 2005 (3) Statement from the Africa Preparatory conference for the World Summit on the Information Society, 4 February 2005, Accra, Ghana. (4) Wanyeki, Muthoni, 'Supporting the Growth and Development of Community Media: The Work of EcoNews Community Media Programme in East Africa', accessed at http://www.comminit.com/strategicthinking/streview/sld-2116.html on 20 September 2005. Christine Butegwa is Communications Officer with .the African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET). FEMNET is a member of the WSIS Gender Caucus. Email: communication@femnet.or.ke Quels sont les Enjeux? Femme femme adj. Slang Exhibiting stereotypical or exaggerated feminine traits. Used especially of lesbians and gay men. n. 1. Slang One who is femme. 2. Informal A woman or girl. Africaine et Gouvernance de l'Internet Introduction Les technologies de l'information et de la Communication (TIC) ont change la facon dont le nom de travaille et contribue au developpement socio-economique specialement dans les domaines de la sante, de l'education et du commerce. Au meme moment, le developpement rapide des TIC a la potentialite d'accroitre la distinction entre les avoirs et les non-avoirs de l'information et des ressources; et de perenniser les rapports de forces qui maintiennent le statut que patriarcal. Si elles sont gouvernees equitablement, et d'autre part, les TIC ont la potentialite de faire bouger la balance vers vers abbr. versed sine les rapports de forces equitables dans l'utilisation des TIC, l'acces et la participation aux processus de prise de decisions de ces dernieres. Dans les debats sur la gouvernance de l'Internet, beaucoup beau·coup also boo·coo or boo·koo Chiefly Southern U.S. adj. Many; much: beaucoup money. n. pl. de femmes activistes ont pinte du doigt le manque man·qué adj. Unfulfilled or frustrated in the realization of one's ambitions or capabilities: an artist manqué; a writer manqué. d'analyse tenant compte du genre sur les questions de gouvernance de l'Interner dans le rapport du Groupe de Travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing. 2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460. 3. sur la Gouvernance de l'Internet (GTGI GTGI Gas Turbine Generator Inspection ) ou WGIG en anglais. Y a-t-il ce que l'on peut appeler des aspects genre de la gouvernance de l'Interner ou est-ce que la gouvernance de l'Interner se reduit au technique et politique comme il est ressorti des debats tenus apres juillet 2005 sur le sujet? Je voudrais suggerer qu'il y a des aspects genre dans le debat sur la gouvernance de l'interner. Je vais illustrer ceci dans une perspective africaine du genre et mettre en exergue ex·ergue n. A space on the reverse of a coin or medal, usually below the central design and often giving the date and place of engraving. [French : Greek ex-, ex- + Greek ergon, certaines questions qui revetent une importance particuliere pour la femme africaine. Definition de la gouvernance de l'interner La gouvernance de l'Internet a ete definie par te GTGI comme" l'elaboration et l'application par les gouvernements, le secteur prive et la Societe Civile, dans leurs roles respectifs, des principes, normes, regles, procedures de prise de decisions et programmes partages qui faconnent l'evolution et l'usage de l'Internet" L'inclusion du contenu et l'usage de l'Internet au sein du cadre de la Gouvernance de l'Internet illustre l'importance des applications des TIC touchant le dernier usager, placant alors le contenu au meme niveau que les aspects structurels et techniques des technologies. Alors que ceci doit etre applaudi, l'inclusion du contenu de la definition souleve des inquietudes quant aux consequences plus etendues sur la liberte d'expression etant donne que les gouvernements en Afrique, en Asie et en Arabie Saoudite ont dej a cherche a reglementer le contenu. L'abus des droits de la femme et des droits humains, y compris le droit a l'information, a ete justifie sous le pretexte de proteger la femme. Nous croyons que la liberte d'expression et les droits humains devraient s'inter meler pour ce qui est des questions de gouvernance de l'Internet, et ainsi souligner la necessite d'une definition claire de contenu "dangereux" qui soit basee sur les normes et standards de droits humains. Infrastructure Fournir un acces universel, equitable et abordable a la TIC v a creer l'acces aux opportunites pour tous (3). Ceci v a cependant rester un mythe en Afrique ou l'on fait deja face a une fracture campagne--ville et genre, a moins que la question des infrastructures ne soit traitee. Les couts des TIC affectent l'acces des femmes aux TIC et a leur utilisation pour le developpement. Les couts de connections a l'Internat sont donc une question cle dans le processus de combler le fosse numerique entre les genres. Pour l'Afrique aussi, la perte potentielle du revenu provenant des nouveaux systemes de telephonie tel que le Voice Over IP (VOIP) est une preoccupation majeure. Cette perte de revenu affecterait a son tour la capacite des gouvernements africains a fournir l'acces universel aux TIC qui tient compte du genre. Les mesures compensatoire a court terme soutenues par la communaute internationale devraient etre mises sur pied en vue d'aider l'Afrique de couvrir ces pertes. Spectre de la radio La radio est la TIC la plus accessible en Afrique, specialement pour les femmes. Avec la croissance de la radio communautaire en Afrique, la radio devient progressivement un point de ralliement pour les femmes africaines pour acceder ac·cede intr.v. ac·ced·ed, ac·ced·ing, ac·cedes 1. To give one's consent, often at the insistence of another; concede. See Synonyms at assent. 2. a l'information locale et creer cette derniere. La radio-telediffusion communautaire est sans but lucratif, elle est sous la propriete et sous le controle de la communaute, et elle a la participation de la communaute. Les medias qui sont la propriete de la communaute qui sont controles et produits par pour et a propos des communautes, peuvent servir de moyens permettant aux communautes de s'engager dans le debat sur le developpement, la gouvernance et les droits humains au niveau local, et sur la promotion de la culture locale et la connaissance indigene (4). Malgre la signification SIGNIFICATION, French law. The notice given of a decree, sentence or other judicial act. de la radio communautaire en tant que JIC JIC Just In Case JIC Joint Intelligence Committee JIC Joint Information Center (US government) JIC Jewelry Information Center JIC Joint Intelligence Center JIC Joint Industrial Council JIC Justice Information Center participative, beaucoup de pays africains n'ont cas encore produit un environnement regulatoire propice a la radio telediffusion publique et communautaire. La gouvernance de l'Internet au niveau national devrait par consequent promouvoir la necessite d'un corps de radiotelediffusion independant devant reglementer les ondes aeriennes. Vu que le spectre de la radio est une ressource nationale, les gouvernements devraient le distribuer d'une maniere ouverte et transparente avec l'entiere participation des intervenants. Renforcement des capacites Le rapport du GTGI (WGIG) reconnait qu'il y a un manque de participation des femmes, des peuples indigenes, de la societe civile et des entreprises petite et moyennes entreprises (PME PME Petites et Moyennes Entreprises PME Professional Military Education PME Pequenas e Médias Empresas (Portugal) PME Petite et Moyenne Entreprise PME Psychology of Mathematics Education PME Pi Mu Epsilon ) aux processus internationaux de prise de decisions en matiere de TIC. La participation des femmes est critique a la formation d'une evolution juste et egale et de l'usage de l'Internet, evolution ou les droits humains sont respectes et le developpement durable realise. Barrieres a la participation des femmes africaines aux structures de la_gouvernance de l'Internet * Manque de connaissance des aspects techniques en train d'etre debattus au niveau national, regional et international. * Education limitee et niveau bas d'alphabetisation pour etre capable de participer effectivement a ces debats. * Manque de ressources financieres pour la societe civile et les TIC-PMF appartenant aux femmes. * Un trop grand nombre d'institutions traitant des questions de politiques en TIC au niveau international * Manque d'acces, au moment opportun, a l'information sur les questions, forums et processus de prises de decisions en rapport avec les TIC. Strategies Proposees pour accroitre la participation des femmes africaines * Elaboration des donnees faisant ressortir le genre sur l'impact tenant compte du genre des questions de politiques en GI et de representation des femmes et des homes aux forums de prises de decisions en TIC aux niveaux national, regional et international. * Promotion de l'education de l'enfant-fille, specialement en science et technologie. * Renforcement des capacites des Ministeres du genre en vue d'influencer les politiques nationales, regionales et internationales en TIC sur la gouvernante de l'Interner. La gouvernance de l'Interner devrait etre tant multisectorielle que multi-acteurs. Les divers ministeres devraient donc travailler avec les ministeres charges de la telecommunication et de la communication pour utiliser la TIC en tant qu'instrument pour realiser les engagements internationaux de developpement. Les ministeres du genre representent les preoccupations des femmes et leur capacite devrait etre edifiee pour participer effectivement aux debats sur la gouvernance de l'internet. * Reconnaissance, par tes gouvernements, des PME appartenant aux femmes comme actrices cles du secteur prive. * Investissement institutionnalise des gouvernements dans les PME appartenant aux femmes en vue de faire monter les revenus des femmes et par consequent de promouvoir leur habilete d'acceder aux TIC et de les utiliser pour le developpement. * Un budget de developpement devrait etre disponibilise pour renforcer la capacite des femmes dans les gouvernements, dans la societe civile, et dans le secteur prive pour influencer et democratiser l'environnement de la gouvernance de l'Internat. La mise en place Mise en place (IPA pronunciation: [miz eñ 'plass]), literally translated from French, means "setting in place." Culinary Institute of America describes the term as "Everything in place". d'un fonds specifiquement destine des·tine tr.v. des·tined, des·tin·ing, des·tines 1. To determine beforehand; preordain: a foolish scheme destined to fail; a film destined to become a classic. 2. au genre et aux TIC sous les auspices du Fonds des nations unies pour les Femmes (UNIFEM) est importante pour le renforcement des capacites chez chez prep. At the home of; at or by. [French, from Old French, from Latin casa, cottage, hut.] chez prep at the home of [French] les femmes. * L'harmonisation et la coherence sont essentielles a travers toutes les institutions multilaterales traitant des questions de politiques s'y rapportant telles que l'Union Internationale des Telecommunications (UIT UIT Union Internationale des Télécommunications UIT Unit Investment Trust UIT Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope UIT União Internacional das Telecomunicações (Portugal) UIT University of Information Technology ) l'Organisation Mondiale pour la Propriete Intellectuelle (WIPO) et l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce (WTO). Cependant, les institutions existantes ont des limitations lorsqu'il s'agit de l'acces et la representation egale des pays en developpement et tous tes intervenants. Nous soutenons donc la recommandation d'un mecanisme mondial Mondial can refer to:
n. Sports A quick stamp of the foot used in fencing as a feint to produce an opening. [French, from appeler, to call, from Old French apeler, to appeal; see pour que 50% de ces representants soient des femmes. Conclusion Certains observateurs ont lance des avis selon lesquels les TIC constituent un domaine de discussions privilegie dans lequel il y a lieu de s'engager. Les femmes sont la majorite de la population des pauvres et sont par consequent meme plus desavantagees en matiere de TIC. Cependant, l'engagement des femmes dans les processus et discussions de gouvernance de l'Internet est d'autant plus critique afin de realiser l'acces universel tenant compte du genre, la promotion et la protection des droits de la femme a travers les TIC, et un regime de gouvernance de l'Interner plus internationalise v. t. 1. Same as internationalize. Verb 1. internationalise - put under international control; "internationalize trade of certain drugs" internationalize et tenant davantage du genre. La presente dissertation fut presentee PRESENTEE, eccl. law., A clerk who has been presented by his patron to a bishop in order to be instituted in a church. au cours de la Discussion en Groupe sur la Gouvernance de l'Internet et le genre organisee par Association for Progressive Communicators (APC) / Reseau ré·seau or re·seau n. pl. réseaus or réseaux 1. A net or mesh foundation for lace. 2. Astronomy de Developpement et de Communication des Femmes Africaines (FEMNET) / WSIS Gender Concus (GC) lors de la 3eme Conference Preparatoire (PrepCom-3) du Sommet Mondial sur la Societe de l'Information (SMSI SMSI sommet mondial de la société de l'information SMSI Strong Metal-Support Interaction SMSI Simplified Message Service Interface ) a Geneve, le 23 septembre 2005. Christine Butegw a est Responsable des Communications chez FEMNET, Reseau de Developpement et de Communication des Femmes Africaines. FEMNET est membre du Caucus du Genre du SMSI. Email: communication@femnet.or.ke |
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