Wetland flora of the Grand Calumet River in Northwest Indiana: potential impacts of sediment removal and recommendations for restoration.

ABSTRACT

Northwestern Indiana supports unusually diverse floras. However, rapid industrialization and urbanization since the late 19th Century have changed much of the natural character of the wetlands along Grand Calumet River. Of more than 1400 species that occurred historically in the northwestern Indiana, 19 species were identified as extirpated species; and only 653 species, including 1 extirpated, 17 endangered, 14 threatened, and 18 rare species were documented during the recent surveys in the Grand Calumet River wetlands. Over 97% the wetlands along the Grand Calumet River were disturbed by fragmentation, infestation by alien species (120 of 653 species were alien), and anthropogenic disruption of ecosystem processes (e.g., fire suppression, draining, filling, and sedimentation). Among the wetlands along the Grand Calumet River, Roxanna Marsh, DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine East Nature Preserve, and Miller Woods were identified as high quality habitats with special needs of conservation. The proposed sed iment dredging may cause direct physical damage to wetland floras, shoreline erosion along the stream banks, and "probable" drainage by deepening the riverbed. Restoration of ecosystem structure and function is needed to minimize such negative impacts that would potentially be incurred by the proposed sediment dredging.

Keywords: Wetland, flora, dredging, conservation, restoration

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With its 14,000-year geologic history, northwestern Indiana natural areas support unusually diverse biological communities (Reshkin 1990). The diverse flora on the dune-and-swale complex on the southern shore of Lake Michigan has been noted by Cowles' (1899) bench-mark study, followed by Fuller (1935), Olson (1958), and Wilhelm (1990). Many factors caused drastic changes in species of the plant communities along the Grand Calumet River. The geomorphology of this river system has been altered significantly by human activities. The rivers have become straighter and narrower as a result of channelization. In addition, drainage and filling, along with industrial pollution of marshes and ponds adjacent to the river, altered local hydrology (Hiebert et al. 1986; Wilcox et al. 1986; Bowles 1990). This chapter discusses (1) pre-settlement and present-day wetland plant communities, (2) potential impacts of the proposed dredging project on wetland vegetation in the Grand Calumet River basin, and (3) restoration potenti als of native wetland flora in conjunction with sediment removal.

NATIVE FLORA OF PRE-SETTLEMENT TIMES

Extirpated species.--Peattie (1930), in his publication Flora of the Indiana Dunes, estimated that 1400 plant species inhabited the Indiana Dunes area. Nineteen of these species have not been seen in Indiana since Peattie's sightings, and they have now been classified as extirpated species (species that had not been seen in Indiana for 50 years) by Aldrich et al. (1986). They are Betula populifolia (gray birch), Carex scabrata, Corallorrhiza trifida (coral root), Gerardia pedicularia ambigens (clammy false foxglove), Hemicarpa drummondii, Hippuris vulgaris (mare's tail), Lechea stricta (bush pinweed), Lemna perpusilla (least duckweed), Linnaea borealis (twin flower), Lonicera canadensis (American fly honeysuckle), Oryzopsis pungens (short-horned rice grass), Panicum lucidum (bog panic grass), Psilocarya nitens (bald rush), Pyrola secunda (one-sided shinleaf), Scleria reticularis (netted nut rush), Shepherdia canadensis (russet buffaloberry), Trillium cernuum macranthum (nodding trillium), and Utricularia resu pinata (small purple bladderwort).

Historic plant community types.--Bacone et al. (1980) reconstructed the pre-settlement vegetation characteristics of northwestern Indiana by analyzing land survey records that were compiled between 1829 and 1834. The wetland community types recognized by this study are aquatic communities, marshes, swamps, bottomland forests, beach communities, and pannes.

Aquatic communities consist of macrophytes and phytoplankton in standing or running water. The 1829-1834 survey record noted Polygonum spp., Nuphar advena, and Nymphaea tuberosa as typical macrophytes (Bacone et al. 1980). Since European settlement, species composition of this community has been changed significantly by numerous human activities such as loading of nutrients, silts and other pollutants, alteration of local hydrology through channelization, drainage, and filling of the river and its adjacent wetlands.

Marshes are probably the most prominent plant community types along the Grand Calumet River. Marshes are open (non-forested) wetlands that are dominated by sedges and/or grasses communities (Bacone et al. 1980). On the wet end of the moisture gradient, sedge meadow is found directly adjacent to aquatic. At the other extreme, wet prairie overlaps with the borders of mesophytic prairies and savanna complex (Wilhelm 1990). As is indicated by its name, sedge meadow is characterized by abundant sedges (Cyperaceae); wet prairies are dominated by grasses (Poaceae). Typical plant species in this community type include Aster puniceus firmus, Bidens coronata tenuiloba, Carex aquatilis altior, Decodon verticillatus, Polygonum punctatum, and Scirpus acutus. Historically, periodic fires--both natural and man-made--have been a crucial factor in maintaining marshes because fires prohibit the invasion of woody shrubs and trees. Since European settlement, however, most marshes have been heavily disturbed by drainage, by invas ion of woody species facilitated by artificial fire suppression and by intentional or accidental introduction of alien species (Labus et al. 1999).

Shrub carr is a transitional wetland from marsh to swamp. Typical woody species include Alnus spp. and Salix spp. According to the 1829-1834 survey record, woody species (e.g., Populus tremuloides, and Populus gran-didentata) were less abundant in pre-settlement than the present times (Bacone et al. 1980). However, significant alterations in the level of the water table, and a long-lasting policy of fire suppression, have resulted in significant invasion of overgrown shrubs into marshes, sedge meadows and wet prairies (Wilcox et al. 1986).

Swamps are forested wetlands where the water level is maintained near the surface of the substrate by ground water or by rain (Wilhelm 1990). In the land survey records, the swamps in northwestern Indiana were classified into three major types. Coniferous swamps occurred only in dune-swale systems, and were dominated by Pinus banksiana and Thuja occidentalis. Timbered swamps, now classified as green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica subintegerrima) swamps, are inhabited by Populus deltoides, Platanus occidentalis, Fraxinus nigra, Acer saccharinum, and Ulmus spp. This type of swamp occurred along the Kankakee River. Extensive draining and logging in this century has destroyed much of this community. The species composition of these two community types is quite similar. Shared species include Alnus rugosa americana and Salix spp. This type of swamp, like the shrub carrs, has become more common than during pre-settlement times as a result of long-term drainage and fire suppression (Bacone et al. 1980).

Bottomland forests consist of several woody strata underlain by herbaceous cover, and they are located along the stream banks and are characterized by annual deposition of silt during flooding. Major canopy species in these forests include Acer negundo, Acer saccharinum, Platanus occidentalis, Salix nigra, Ulmus americana, and Ulmus rubra. Small, scattered patches of bottomland forest still occur today, although most of these have been heavily disturbed (Bacone et al. 1980; Wilhelm 1990).

Beach communities are narrow specialized strips adjacent to the littoral zone of the lakeshore, and they are dominated by Ammophila breviligulata (Cowles 1899; Wilhelm 1990; Poulson 1999). Pannes are moist interdunal depressions in calcareous sands on the lee-side of dune, containing such species as Aster ptarmicoides and Carex spp. (Hiebert et al. 1986; Wilcox & Simonin 1987; Wilhelm 1990).

EXISTING WETLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES

Recent vegetation survey and classification.--Bowles et al. (1990) listed 10 natural communities within the boundary of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (INDU). Six of these communities are considered wetland communities (Table 1). These communities include beach, forested fens, graminoid fens, forested bogs, flatwoods, and graminoid wetlands. Wilhelm (1990) also described 11 community types along the gradients of moisture and arborescent development. Among these communities, swamp complex, bog, marsh complex bottomland, and beach are considered as wetland communities. Wilhelm's (1990) list of vascular plants in the Miller Woods area, along with the species list compiled by Peloquin & O'Brien (1990), provides invaluable information on the floristic compositions of wetlands adjacent to the Grand Calumet River.

Natural communities in Lake, LaPorte and Porter Counties, excluding those found at INDU, were surveyed by Kurz et al. (1978). In this inventory, a total of 258 potential natural areas (PNA) was identified. These PNAs were then placed into three categories. Natural areas are of statewide significance, whereas notable areas are those which do not meet the criteria established for natural areas but do have considerable importance for education, research, and recreation. The third category, eliminated areas, consists of areas that still retain some traces of natural characters but which have been so severely disturbed that it is highly unlikely that they will recover the functions or structure of undisturbed natural areas. Kurz et al. (1978) also Listed a total of 49 natural community types, including 26 aquatic and wetland types, that they had observed in the northwestern Indiana (Table 2). In Lake County, a total of 38 wetlands were identified, and seven of them were found adjacent to the Grand Calumet River. T hese wetlands were located in the DuPont tract, in the Ivanhoe Nature Preserve and in the Clark and Pine Nature Preserve (Fig. 1). Of the seven wetlands, three were placed in the natural area category, one was in the notable category, and three were in the eliminated category. In addition, an environmental assessment report that was submitted by the TAMS Consultants, Inc. (Mierzwa et al. 1991) for the Illinois-Indiana regional airport project, updated the lists of plant species for the DuPont tract, and for the Clark and Pine nature preserve.

Recent vegetation classification systems.--Concurrent use of different classification systems for the same natural areas (e.g., Kurz et al. 1978; Bowles 1990; Wilhelm 1990) often causes a great deal of confusion because (1) different terms are used to refer to the same community type, (2) similar terms are used for different communities, and/or (3) the borders between community categories are delineated differently. To reduce such confusion, a standardized classification system is proposed, based on the classification scheme of Indiana Department of Natural Resources (Table 3). In this table, for example, Wilhelm's (1990) "marsh complex" is separated into marsh, fen and sedge meadow. The "wet prairie" is a part of "marsh complex" in the Wilhelm's classification, but the proposed classification places it in the category of "prairie." In addition, "hydromesophytic forest" is a part of Wilhelm's "swamp complex," but it is placed the categories of "forest" and "shrub swamp" in the proposed classification system.

Special conservation needs.--Among the riparian wetlands of the Grand Calumet River, Roxanna marsh, DuPont tract, Clark & Pine East Nature Preserve (also known as Bongi Pond), and Grand Calumet Lagoons are especially in need of conservation because they are considered as high quality habitats for endangered, threatened and/or rare animals and plants. After a compilation of the existing plant species records (Wilhelm 1990; Mierzwa et al. 1991; IDNR unpubl.), 653 plant species (533 natives and 120 aliens) were found in DuPont tract, Clark & Pine East, and Miller Woods (Appendix). These species included 1 extirpated species (never found in its historical sites for last 50 years), 17 endangered species (inhabit between 1-5 extant sites), threatened species (inhabit between 6--10 sites), and 18 rare species (inhabit between 11-20 sites) (Aldrich et al. 1986; IDNR unpubl.).

Roxanna marsh is a severely degraded riparian wetland that is located where the Grand Calumet River intersects Route 41 in Hammond (Fig. 1). There has been no systematic survey for plant species or community types in this area. According to the author's visual inspection, the entire area was infested by undesirable species (alien, invasive, or both) such as Lythrwn salicaria, Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia, and T. latifolia. Several woody species (e.g., Acer negundo, Populus deltoides, and Salix spp.) have also invaded the wetland from adjacent riverbanks or woodlands. All of these species have very little or no value as elements of natural communities (Wilhelm 1990), and thus restoration of native vegetation is urgent in this area. Marsh, sedge meadow, and wet prairie are beneficial models for restoration because these were probably the most common wetland community types in the region's pre-settlement landscape. Their bundance has since been decreased significantly. The introduction of several spec ies has been suggested for restoring marsh, sedge meadow, and wet prairie (Table 4; Wilhelm 1990).

After restoration of any of the above wetlands, periodic fires would be necessary to discourage the invasion of shrubs and trees (Henderson & Long 1984). Wet flood plain forest is very commonly found in the riparian community in the flood plains of streams and rivers, so it may serve as a model of restoration for Roxanna Marsh. According to Wilhelm (1990), the following plants are typical of wet flood plain forest: Acer saccharinum (silver maple), Cardamine bulbosa (smooth spring cress), Carex amphibola turgida (gray sedge), Carya laciniosa (big shellbark hickory), chaerophyllum procumbens (wild chevil), Floerkea proserpinacoides (false mermaid), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Populus deltoides (cottonwood), Salix nigra (black willow), and Viola striata (striped white violet). Among the suggested species for wet floodplain forest restoration are highly invasive shrubs (e.g., Populus deltoides and Salix nigra) that produce quantities of seeds or that exhibit rapid vegetative growth. Periodic fires may be necessary to prevent over-growth of these species.

DuPont tract, owned by DuPont Chemical Company, is located to the east of Cline Avenue in Hammond, Indiana (Fig. 1). Despite extensive industrial development during the 1950s and the 1970s, significant portions of classical "dune and swale systems" are preserved in this property. TAMS Consultants (Mierzwa et al. 1991) and IDNR (unpubl.) documented 240 vascular plant species (203 natives and 37 aliens) including 1 endangered, 2 threatened, and 4 rare species (Tables 5, 6, 7 and Appendix). Clark & Pine East Nature Preserve is located in the southeastern corner of the East Chicago-Gary Regional Airport property (Fig. 1). Like the DuPont tract, this area is a classical example of a dune and swale system. TAMS Consultants (Mierzwa et al. 1991) and IDNR records for the area (unpubl.) list 271 species (245 natives and 26 aliens) including 7 endangered, 4 threatened, and 7 rare species (Tables 5, 6, 7 and Appendix). Aggressive expansions of invasive species, both alien and native, pose serious threats to populations of native species in the Clark & Pine East Nature Preserve. The riverbanks in these natural areas are heavily infested with Phragmites communis berlandieri, Lythrum salicaria, and Typha angustifolia. Spread of these species is generally facilitated by their effective pollination systems, seed dispersal (mostly by wind), breeding systems (e.g., facultative apomixis) and, in many circumstances, rapid vegetative growth by "root-suckering" or "stem sprouts" (Baker 1986). These characteristics make this group of species very likely to continue expand aggressively in the wetlands of this tract, thereby out-competing native species. Forty alien species have already been found in the natural areas of DuPont and Clark and Pine East tracts. Most wetlands of the Grand Calumet Lagoons are located within the Miller Woods area, which is a part of INDU (Fig. 1). This is home to what probably is the best-preserved and most diverse flora in northwestern Indiana. Potamogeton pulcher (spotted pondweed), presumed to be an extirp ated species, was found by Wilhelm (1990). Whilhelm (1990) also documented 555 species (453 natives and 102 aliens) including 12 endangered, 12 threatened, and 12 rare species (Tables 5, 6, 7 and Appendix).

POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SEDIMENT REMOVAL

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1997), after a comparison of 18 different methods for sediment treatment, recommended "mechanical dredging" with a closed bucket (often called a "clam-shell bucket"). Three potential impacts of the dredging operation on the Grand Calumet River riparian wetlands are possible. First, mechanical dredging may cause direct physical damages (e.g., trampling) to the riparian wetlands. Preparation of staging areas and an access road would inevitably remove some riparian vegetation. Physical damages could be critically disruptive if done in sensitive wetland habitats such as the DuPont tract, Clark & Pine East, and Miller Woods. Second, the removal of sediments would certainly deepen the riverbed, steepen the shores and eventually facilitate soil erosion on the stream-banks, and this would lower water quality. Third, local wetland hydrology could be modified by a deepening the river; i.e., deepening of the river bed may facilitate drainage from the adjacent wetlands, and this "probabl e" drainage may cause drastic changes in plant species composition (e.g., from Carex spp. to Typha spp.) as evidenced in the nearby Cowles Bog in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Wilcox & Simonin 1987). To minimize these impacts, I suggest the following considerations for the proposed sediment removal project in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal:

1. Any sediment removal project should aim to restore full ecosystem function and structure of the Grand Calumet River and its adjacent wetlands. The project should not be limited to the simple activity of "getting the dirt out." The river cannot attain full ecological functioning without having its riparian wetlands restored. Only removing the sediment will certainly waste resources. For this reason, it is critical that the proposed sediment dredging be accompanied by the restoration of riparian wetlands.

2. Physical damages to the wetland communities must be avoided, or at least minimized, during the sediment removal operation. Toward this end, the staging areas must be located as far as possible from the sensitive habitats, such as DuPont tract, Clark and Pine East Nature Preserve, and Miller Woods. The Roxanna Marsh area is an ideal candidate for a staging area, provided that the operation is not done during the breeding seasons for fish and wildlife. The area is considered to be severely degraded land. Such undesirable plants as Typha spp. and Phragmites spp. would be removed during the preparation of staging area. After sediment-removal operations, this area could be restored as wildlife habitat by establishing native plant communities such as sedge meadow or wet prairie.

3. Disposal sites for removed sediment should be located a safe distance from sensitive wetland habitats. Ecological feasibility of disposal at any proposed disposal site should be evaluated. Restoration of wetland ecosystems in the riparian lands (the areas immediately adjacent to the river) are crucial for establishing full ecological functions of the Grand Calumet River. Therefore, it is recommended that all riparian lands along the Grand Calumet River be excluded from the sediment disposal.

4. Stream-bank erosion should be prevented by the construction of appropriate anti-erosion structures. For example, BioLogs[TM] (long rolls of coconut fiber encased in coconut netting) may serve as submersible substrate to anchor native aquatic plants and create calm "eddies" that protect and enhance wildlife. These structures are commercially available, and they have been used successfully (e.g., marsh restoration in Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey; Driver 1993).

5. After removing the sediments, it is recommended that the riverbeds be lined with sand to make a gentle slope from the shores to the center. This approach has been used for stream bank stabilization (Abt et al. 1995). The gentle slopes not only prevent drastic bank erosion, but they also provide an important feeding habitat for wildlife because birds (especially wading birds and possibly other animals, too) favor gentle dish-shaped basins over steep cup-shaped ones (Smith et al. 1994).

6. To investigate the impact of the proposed sediment removal on the local hydrology and plant communities of adjacent wetlands, an experimental pilot dredging project is recommended.

THREATS AND RESTORATION POTENTIALS FOR WETLAND FLORA

Shuey (1996) listed three major threats to biodiversity in the southern shore of Lake Michigan as follows: (1) habitat fragmentation and natural land conversion, (2) infestation of exotic species and (3) anthropogenic disruption of ecosystem processes. Industrial and urban development not only eliminated most natural habitats but also fragmented remaining patches of natural lands. Habitat fragmentation has several negative effects. Decline of species richness in isolated small habitats is a classic example of island biogeography that is supported by numerous filed evidences (e.g., Schonewald-Cox 1983; Newmark 1995). As distance between habitat patches increases, recolonization following local population crash becomes less likely, which can ultimately lead to the regional collapse and extirpation of highly-sensitive species such as Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), an endangered species as listed by U.S. Endangered Species Act, on the southern shore of Lake Michigan (Shuey 1996; Knutson et al . 1999). Fragmentation may also disrupt the life cycles of species with complex habitat requirements, such as species that may require wetlands for reproduction but uplands for foraging. Edge effects from fragmentation are also problematic. Severe fragmentation increases vulnerability to invasion of exotic species into core natural areas (Shuey 1996) and unnatural predation from disturbance-adapted predators, such as raccoons (Procyon lotor), skunks (Spilogale spp.), and blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) (Yahner 1988; Shuey 1996).

Exotic species overrun native habitats, often eliminating entire flora on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. Severe land disturbance by physical forces (Bowles et al. 1990; Shuey 1996), nutrient enrichment (Inouye & Tilman 1995), and altered hydrology (Wilcox et al. 1986) generally favor exotic species over native plants. The wetlands on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, as well as entire Midwestern U.S., are overrun by Phragmites communis (giant reeds), Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaf cattail), Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), and an exotic genotype of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), whereas the upland fields and oak-savannas are overrun by Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose), Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), Rhamnus spp. (buckthorns), Melilotus spp. (sweet clovers), Coronilla varia (crown vetch), Allaria officinalis (garlic mustard), and other exotic plants (Bowles et al. 1990; Wilhelm 1990; Shuey 1996; Choi & Pav lovic 1998; Peloquin & Hiebert 1999).

Closely related to the impact of habitat loss is the elimination or alteration of ecosystem processes. The ecological communities of the southern shore of Lake Michigan were among the most dynamic in the midwestern U.S., created and maintained by wildfires, hydrological fluctuations, and onshore transport of sands and sediments. Wildfires originally played a critical role in maintaining open habitats in the area. Habitats such as oak-savanna, tall-grass prairie, and sedge meadow have been maintained by periodic wildfires that discouraged the invasions by woody plants such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Sassafras albidum (sassafras), Populus deltoides (cottonwoods), Cornus spp. (dogwoods), and Salix spp. (willows) and the over-growth and over-reproduction of oaks (Quercus spp.) (Taylor 1990; Wilhelm 1990; Choi & Pavlovic 1998). Unfortunately, modern culture has traditionally abhorred wildfires because of the perceived destructive nature of fire, and this mentality led to artificial suppression of wildfires for more than a century. Without the influence of fire, open habitats such as oak-savannas have succeeded to oak forests with full closure of their canopies now interrupting penetration of sunlight to ground layer. This transformation of community types has caused significant decline of Lupinus perennis (wild lupine) which favors openings in oak-savannas, and the decline of L. perennis lead to the endangerment of the endemic Karner blue butterfly whose larvae forage exclusively on the leaves of lupines (Grundel et al. 1998).

Historically, fluctuations of the local water table played a critical role in maintaining lakeplain and marsh communities. The swales collect water from well-drained soils of ridges as well as from underground. Therefore, water levels in the swales are dependents of aboveground runoff, seepage from sandy ridges, underground water table depths, short term fluctuations of Lake Michigan water level and the long term retreat of the lake (Thompson 1992; Chrzastowski et al. 1994; Brown 1997; Labus et al. 1999). Periodic episodes of elevated water tables re-set succession and maintain the highly productive herb-dominated systems. Many rare species, such as Utriculata spp. (bladderworts), and Cypripedium spp. (lady's slippers), in the lakeplain ponds are annuals. These annuals are dormant until a favorable moisture condition stimulates germination. When this happens, they quickly reach maturity and set seed before drought or inundation ensues. Alteration of ground water regime has disrupted these delicate cycles (Ked dy 1990). On the other hand, Carex spp., Scirpus spp., and Juncus spp. (sedges and rushes) were dominant perennials in the lakeplain wetlands because they could tolerate seasonal droughts better than other perennials such as cattails. However, extensive runoff from impervious land surfaces (e.g., highways, parking lots, and residential discharge) inundated the soil all year long causing massive invasions of Typha, followed by Phragmites, Lythrum, and Phalaris (Wilcox et al. 1986; Choi 2001).

The onshore deposition of sandy sediments has been responsible for the formation of dunes and beaches in the southern shore of Lake Michigan. Sand grains from eroding banks and tributary mouths are carried by onshore currents and winds and accrete to form dunes, beaches, sandbars, and spits that shelter the pannes (wetlands with highly alkaline water) in intradunal depressions (Thomson 1992; Chrzastowski et al. 1994). Today, lakefront development (e.g., marinas, piers, and concrete walkways) in Chicago in Illinois, and Hammond and Gary in Indiana interrupts much of the sediment movements and depositions along the shoreline. These interruptions arrest the formation of new beaches, dunes, swales, and pannes (Shuey 1996; Labus et al. 1999).

Choi (2001) identified 34,771 ha of wetlands (from the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) - a Geographic Information System (GIS) database) along the Grand Calumet River. Of these wetlands, only 197 ha (0.6%) were high quality and 657 ha (1.9%) are restorable to natural conditions. Much of the others (33,917 ha, 97.5%) are also restorable to certain conditions; however, limited technology, high financial cost, and social and political ramifications (i.e., conflicts between economic growth and environmental conservation) only solidify the unlikelihood of restoration in this highly industrialized region (PAHLS 1993).

Appendix

Check list of plant species in DuPont tract (DT), Clark and Pine East
Nature Preserve (CP), and Miller Woods (MW). Three classes of protection
(status) by State of Indiana, extirpated (Ex), endangered (E),
threatened (T), rare (R), and watch list (W) are indicated. Alien
species (A) are also indicated. Data compiled from Wilhelm (1990),
Mierzwa et al. (1991), and unpublished data from the Indiana Department
of Natural Resources.

Scientific name                        Common name                    DT

Abutilon theophrasti                   Velvetleaf
Acer negundo                           Boxelder                       X
Acer platanoides                       Norway maple
Acer rubrum                            Red maple
Acer saccharinum                       Silver maple                   X
Achillia millefolium                   Yarrow                         X
Agalinis purpurea                      Purple false foxglove          X
Agalinis skinneriana                   Pale false foxglove
Agalinis tenuifolia                    Slender false foxglove
Agropyron repens                       Quack grass
Agropyron smithii                      Western wheat grass
Agropyron trachycaulum unilaterale     Bearded wheat grass
Agrostis alba                          Redtop                         X
Agrostis hymalis                       Tickle grass
Ailanthus altissima                    Tree of heaven                 X
Alestris farinosa                      Colic root
Alisma subcordatum                     Common water plantain
Alisma trivale                         Large-flowered water plantain  X
Allaria officinalis                    Garlic mustard
Allium cernuum                         Nodding wild onion
Althaea rosea                          Hollyhock                      X
Ambrosia artemisiifolia elatior        Common ragweed                 X
Ambrosia psilostachya coronopifolia    Western ragweed
Ambrosia trifida                       Giant ragweed                  X
Amelanchier arborea                    Serviceberry
Amelanchier interior                   Inland shadbush
Amelanchier laevis                     Allegheny shadbush
Ammophila breviligulata                Merram grass
Amorpha canescens                      Lead plant                     X
Amphicarpa bracteata                   Upland hog peanut
Andropogon gerardii                    Big bluestem grass             X
Anemone canadensis                     Meadow anemone
Anemone cylindrica                     Thimbleweed                    X
Antennaria neglecta                    Cat's foot
Antennaria plantaginifolia             Pussy toes
Anthriscus caucalis                    Bur chervil
Apios americana                        Ground nut                     X
Apocynum androsemifolium               Spreading dogbane
Apocynum cannabinum                    Indian hemp                    X
Apocynum sibiricum                     Prairie Indian hemp            X
Aquilegia canadensis                   Wild columbine                 X
Arabis lyrata                          Sand cress                     X
Aralia nudicaulis                      Wild sarsaparilla
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi coatilis       Arctic bearberry               X
Arenaria lateriflora                   Wood sandwort                  X
Arenaria serpyllifolia                 Thyme-leaved sandwort
Arenaria stricta                       Stiff sandwort
Aristata intermedia                    False arrow feather
Aristata oligantha                     Plains three-awn grass
Aristata purpurascens                  Arrow feather
Aronia melanocarpa                     Black chokeberry
Aronia prunifolia                      Chokeberry
Aronia prunifolia                      Chokeberry
Artemisia caudata                      Beach wormwood                 X
Artemesia vulgaris                     Mugwort
Asclepias amplexicaulis                Sand milkweed
Ascelpias incarnata                    Swamp milkweed                 X
Ascelpias syriaca                      Common milkweed                X
Asclepias tuberosa                     Butterfly weed                 X
Asclepias verticillata                 Whorled milkweed               X
Asclepias viridiflora                  Short green milkweed
Asparagus officinalis                  Asparagus                      X
Aster azureus                          Sky-blue aster                 X
Aster borealis                         Rush aster
Aster dumosus                          Rice-button aster              X
Aster ericoides                        Heath aster                    X
Aster laevis                           Smooth blue aster
Aster lateriflorus                     Side-flowering aster
Aster liniarlifolius                   Flax-leaved aster
Aster novae-angliae                    New England aster
Aster pilosus                          Hairy aster
Aster ptarmicoides                     Stiff aster
Aster puniceus firmus                  Shining aster
Aster sagittifolius                    Arrow-leaved aster
Aster sagittifolius drumondii          Drummond's aster
Aster simplex                          Panicled aster                 X
Aster umbellatus                       Flat-top aster
Aureolaria pedicularia ambigens        Clammy false foxglove
Baptisia leucantha                     White wild indigo              X
Babarea vulgaris                       Yellow rocket
Betula papyrifera                      Paper birch                    X
Bidens cernua                          Nodding bur marigold
Bidens comosa                          Swamp tickseed
Bidens coronata                        Tall swamp marigold
Boehmeria cyclindrica                  False nettle                   X
Boltonia latisquama recognita          False aster
Bromus inermis                         Hungarian brome
Bromus japonicus                       Japanese chess
Bromus kalmii                          Prairie brome
Bromus tectorum                        Downy brome                    X
Bulbostylis capillaris                 Hair sedge
Cacalia plantaginea                    Prairie Indian plantain
Cakile edentula                        Sea rocket
Calamagrostis canadensis               Blue joint grass               X
Calamovilfa longifolia                 Sand reed                      X
Camassia scilloides                    Wild hyacinth
Campanula aparinoides                  Marsh bellflower               X
Campanula rotundifolia                 Harebell
Campanula uliginosa                    Marsh bellflower               X
Cannabis sativa                        Hemp
Capsella bursa-pastoris                Shepherd's purse
Carduus nutans                         Musk thistle                   X
Carex alata                            Winged oval sedge
Carex aurea                            Golden sedge                   X
Carex bebbii                           Beb's oval sedge               X
Carex brevior                          Plains oval sedge              X
Carex buxbaumii                        Dark-scaled sedge              X
Carex brunnescens sphaerostachya       Brown sedge
Carex bushii                           Long-scaled green sedge
Carex comosa                           Bristly sedge
Carex crawei                           Early fen sedge
Carex emoryi                           Riverbank sedge
Carex garberi                          False golden sedge
Carex granularis                       Pale sedge
Carex haydenii                         Long-scaled tussock sedge
Carex hystrixina                       Porcupine sedge
Carex interia                          Prairie star sedge
Carex lanuginosa                       Woolly sedge                   X
Carex muhlenbergii                     Sand bracted sedge             X
Carex pensylvanica                     Common oak sedge               X
Carex richardsonii                     Prairie hummock sedge
Carex starwellii                       Running marsh sedge            X
Carex siccata                          Running savanna sedge
Carex stricta                          Common tussock sedge           X
Carex suberecta                        Wedge-fruited oval sedge       X
Carex tenera                           Narrow-leaved oval sedge
Carex tetanica                         Common stiff sedge             X
Carex tonsa                            Smooth-fruited sedge
Carex tribuloides                      Awl-fruited oval sedge
Carex umbellata                        Early oak sedge                X
Carex viridula                         Green yellow sedge
Carex vulpinoidea                      Brown fox sedge
Cassia fasciculata                     Patridge pea
Cassia nictitans                       Wild sensitive plant
Castilleja coccinea                    Indian paintbrush              X
Catalpa speciosa                       Northern catalpa               X
Ceanothus americanus                   New Jesey tea                  X
Celastrus scandens                     Climbing bittersweet           X
Cenchrus longispinus                   Sandbur                        X
Centaurium pulchellum                  Showy centaury                 X
Cephalanthus occidentalis              Buttonbush                     X
Chelone glabra                         Turtlehead                     X
Chenopoodium album                     Lamb's quarters
Chenopodium leptophyllum               Narrow-leaved goosefoot
Chenopodium standleyanum               Woodland goosefoot
Cicuta bulbifera                       Bulblet-bearing water hemlock
Cinna arundinacea                      Common wood reed               X
Cirsium arvense                        Field thistle
Cirsium discolor                       Pasture thistle                X
Circium muticum                        Swamp thistle                  X
Cirsium pitcheri                       Dune thistle
Cirsium vulgare                        Bull thistle                   X
Cladium maricoides                     Twig rush                      X
Commandra umbellata                    False toadflax                 X
Commelina communis                     Common day flower              X
Commelina erecta deamiana              Narrow-leaved day flower
Conium maculatum                       Poison hemlock                 X
Convolvulus arevensis                  Field bindweed                 X
Convolvulus sepium                     Hedge bindweed                 X
Coreopsis lanceolata                   Sand coreopsis                 X
Coreopsis palmata                      Prairie coreopsis
Coreopsis tripteris                    Tall coreopsis                 X
Corispermum hyssopifolium              Bugseed
Cornus obliqua                         Pale dogwood                   X
Cornus racemosa                        Gray dogwood                   X
Cornus rugosa                          Round-leaved dogwood
Cornus stolonifera                     Red-osier dogwood              X
Cornus stolonifera baileyi             Dunes dogwood
Crepis capillaris                      Hawk's bear
Cuscuta coryli                         Hazel dodder
Cuscuta gornovii                       Common dodder
Cycloloma atriplicifolium              Winged pigweed
Cyperus erythrorhizos                  Red-footed nut sedge
Cyperus esculentus                     Field nut sedge
Cyperus ferruginescens                 Rusty nut sedge                X
Cyperus filiculmis                     Slender sand cyperus
Cyprerus rivularis                     Brook nut sedge                X
Cyperus schweinitzii                   Rough sand cyperus             X
Cyperus strigosus                      Long-scaled nut sedge          X
Cypripedium acaule                     Stemless lady's slipper
Cypripedium calceolus parviflorum      Small yellow lady's slipper
Cypripedium calceolus pubescens        Large yellow lady's slipper
Daucus carota                          Wild carrot                    X
Descurainia sophia                     Flixweed
Desmodium canadense                    Showy tick trefoil             X
Desmodium paniculatum                  Panicled tick trefoil          X
Desmodium sessilifolium                Sessile-leaved trefoil         X
Dianthus armeria                       Deptford pink
Diervilla lonicera                     Dwarf honeysuckle
Digitaria ischaemum                    Smooth crab grass
Digitaria sanguinalis                  Ciliate crab grass
Diplotaxis muralis                     Wall rocket
Diplotaxis tenuifolia                  Sand rocket
Drosera intermedia                     Narrow-leaved sundew
Dryopteris spinulosa                   Spinulose shield fern
Dryopteris thelypteris                 Marsh shield fern              X
Dulichium arundinaceum                 Three-way sedge
Echinochloa crusgalli pubescens        Barnyard grass
Echinocystis lobata                    Wild cucumber
Echium vulgare                         Viper's bugloss                X
Eleocharis acicularis                  Needle spike rush
Eleocharis compressa                   Flat-stemmed spike rush
Eleocharis elliptica                   Golden-seeded spike rush       X
Eleocharis engelmannii                 Engleman's spike rush
Eleocharis erythropoda                 Red-footed spike rush          X
Eleocharis geniculata                  Knee spike rush
Eleocharis intermedia fernaldii        Matted spike rush
Eleocharis smallii                     Marsh spike rush
Elodea canadensis                      Common waterweed
Elodea nuttallii                       Slender waterweed
Elymus canadensis                      Canada rye                     X
Epilobium ciliatum                     Northern willow herb
Equisetum arvense                      Horsetail                      X
Equisetum hymale                       Tall scouring rush             X
Equisetum variegatum                   Small scouring rush
Equisetum X ferrissii
Equisetum X laevigatum                 Smooth scouring rush           X
Equisetum X trachyodon
Eragrostis cilianensis                 Stink grass
Eragrostis hypnoides                   Creeping love grass
Eragrostis pectinacea                  Small love grass               X
Eragrostis poaeoides                   Low love grass
Eragrostis spectabilis                 Purple love grass              X
Eragrostis trichodes                   Tall love grass
Erechitites hieracifolia               Fireweed
Erigeron annuus                        Annual fleabane
Erigeron canadensis                    Horseweed                      X
Erigeron philadelphicus                Marsh fleabane
Erigeron pulchellus                    Robin's plaintain
Erigeron strigosus                     Daisy fleabane                 X
Eriophorum angustifolium               Narrow-leaved cotton grass
Eryngium yuccifolium                   Rattlesnake master
Eupatorium altissimum                  Tall boneset                   X
Eupatorium maculatum                   Spotted joe pye weed           X
Eupatorium perfoliatum                 Common boneset                 X
Eupatorium rugosum                     White snakeroot
Eupatorium serotinum                   Late boneset                   X
Euphorbia corollata                    Flowering spurge               X
Euphobia dentata                       Toothed spurge
Euphorbia maculata                     Nodding spurge
Euphobia polygonifolia                 Seaside spurge
Euphobia supina                        Spotted creeping spurge
Festuca elatior                        Tall fescue
Fragaria virginiana                    Wild strawberry                X
Fraxinus americana                     White ash
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subintegerrima  Green ash
Galium aparine                         Annual bedstraw
Galium concinnum                       Shining bedstraw
Galium obtusum                         Wild madder                    X
Galium pilosum                         Hairy bedstraw
Galium tinctorium                      Stiff bedstraw
Gaylussacia baccata                    Box huckleberry
Gentiana andrewsii                     Closed gentain
Gentiana crinita                       Fringed gentain
Gentiana procera                       Small fringed gentain
Geranium carolinianum                  Carolina cranesbill
Geranium maculatum                     Wild geranium
Geum laciniatum trichocarpum           Rough avens
Glechoma hederacea                     Ground ivy
Gleditsia triacanthos                  Honey locust                   X
Glyceria borealis                      Northern manna grass
Glyceria septentrionalis               Floating manna grass
Glyceria striata                       Fowl meadow grass              X
Gnaphalium obtusifolium                Old-field balsam
Habenaria ciliaris                     Orange fringed orchid
Habenaria clavellata                   Club-spur orchid
Habenaria flava herbiola               Tubercled orchid               X
Habenaria hyperborea huronesis         Northern bog orchid
Habenaria psycodes                     Purple fringed orchid
Hamamelis virginiana                   Witch hazel
Helianthemum canadense                 Common rockrose
Helianthus divaricatus                 Woodland sunflower             X
Helianthus grosseserratus              Sawtooth sunflower             X
Helianthus occidentalis                Western sunflower              X
Helianthus petiolarus                  Petioled sunflower
Helianthus rigidus                     Prairie sunflower
Heliopsis helianthoides                False sunflower
Heteranthera dubia                     Water star grass
Hieracium caespitosum                  Field hawkweed
Hieracium canadense fasciculatum       Canada hawkweed
Hieracium gronovii                     Hairy hawkweed
Hieracium scabrum                      Rough hawkweed
Hordeum jubatum                        Squirrel-tail grass
Hypericum canadense                    Canadian St. John's wort
Hypericum lamnianum                    Kalm's St. John's wort         X
Hypericum majus                        Sand St. John's wort
Hypericum virginicum fraseri           Marsh St. John's wort
Hypoxis hirsuta                        Yellow star grass              X
Hystrix patula                         Bottlebrush grass
Ilex verticillata                      Winterberry
Impatiens capensis                     Spotted touch-me-not           X
Impatiens pallida                      Pale touch-me-not              X
Iris germanica                         German iris
Iris pseudacorus                       Tall yellow iris
Iris virginica shrevei                 Blue flag                      X
Juncus balticus littoralis             Lake shore rush                X
Juncus brachycephalus                  Short-headed rush
Juncus canadensis                      Canadian rush
Juncus diffusissimnus                  Slimpod rush
Juncus dudleyi                         Dudley's rush                  X
Juncus effusus solutus                 Common rush
Juncus greenei                         Greene's rush
Juncus interia                         Inland rush
Juncus marginatus                      Grass-leaved rush
Juncus nodosus                         Joint rush                     X
Juncus pelocarpus                      Brown-fruited rush
Juncus scripoides                      Round-headed rush
Juncus tenuis                          Path rush                      X
Juncus torreyi                         Torrey's rush                  X
Juniperus virginiana crebra            Eastern red cedar
Koeleria cristata                      June grass                     X
Krigia biflora                         False dandelion                X
Krigia virginica                       Dwarf dandelion
Kuhnia eupatroioides corymbulosa       False boneset
Lactuca canadensis                     Wild lettuce                   X
Lactuca serriola                       Prickly lettuce                X
Lathyrus japonicus glaber              Beach pea
Lathyrus orchroleucus                  Pale vetchling
Lathyrus palustris myrtifolius         Marsh vetchling                X
Lechea villosa                         Hairy pinweed
Leersia oryzoides                      Rice cut grass
Leersia virginica                      White grass                    X
Lepidiurn virginicum                   Common peppergrass
Leptoloma cognatum                     Fall witch grass
Lespedeza capitata                     Round-headed bush clover       X
Lespedeza virginica                    Slender bush clover
Liatris aspera                         Rough blazing star             X
Liatris cyclindracea                   Cylindrical blazing star       X
Liatris spicata                        Marsh blazing star             X
Lilium philadelphicum andinum          Prairie lily                   X
Linaria canadensis                     Blue toadflax
Linaria vulgaris                       Butter-and-eggs
Linum medium texanum                   Small yellow flax
Liparis lilifolium                     Purple twayblade               X
Liparis loeselii                       Green twayblade
Liriodendron tulipifera                Tulip tree
Lithospermum canescens                 Hoary puccoon                  X
Lithospermum croceum                   Hairy puccoon                  X
Lobelia kalmii                         Bog lobelia
Lobelia siphilitica                    Great blue lobelia             X
Lobelia spicata                        Pale spiked lobelia            X
Lonicera dicica                        Red honeysuckle
Lonicera X muendenuensis               Common fly honeysuckle         X
Lonicera tatarica                      Tartarian honeysuckle          X
Ludwigia alternifolia                  Seedbox
Ludwigia palustris ameriana            Marsh purslane
Ludwigia polycarpa                     False loosestrife
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa deamii           Round-fruited loosestrife
Lupinus perennis occidentalis          Wild lupine                    X
Lychnis alba                           White campion                  X
Lycopus americanus                     Common water horehound         X
Lycopus asper                          Rough water horehound          X
Lycopus rubellus                       Stalked water horehound
Lycopus uniflorus                      Northern bugle weed
Lycopus virginicus                     Bugle weed
Lysimachia lanceolata                  Lance-leaved loosestrife       X
Lysimachia quadriflora                 Four-leaved loosestrife        X
Lysimachia terrestris                  Swamp candles                  X
Lysmachia thysiflora                   Tufted loosestrife
Lythrum alatum                         Winged loosestrife             X
Lythrum salicaria                      Purple loosestrife             X
Maianthemum canadense interius         Hairy Canada mayflower         X
Malus ioensis                          Iowa crabapple                 X
Medicago lupulina                      Black medic                    X
Melampyrum lineare latifolium          Cow wheat
Melilotus alba                         Sweet white clover             X
Melilotus officinalis                  Sweet yellow clover
Mentha arvensis villosa                Wild mint
Mimulus ringens                        Monkey flower
Mirabilis nyctaginea                   Wild four o'clock
Mollugo verticillata                   Carpet weed
Monarda fistulosa                      Wild bergamot                  X
Monarda punctata villicaulis           Horse mint                     X
Monotropa uniflora                     Indian pipe
Morus alba                             White mulberry
Muhlenbergia mexicana                  Leafy stain grass
Muhlenbergia racemosa                  Upland wild timothy
Myosotis scorpioides                   Common forget-me-not
Myriophyllum exalbescens               Spiked water milfoil
Myriophyllum verticullatum             Whorled water milfoil
 pentinatum
Najas flexilis                         Slender naiad
Nepeta cataria                         Catnip                         X
Nuphar advena                          Yellow pond lily
Nymphaea tuberosa                      White water lily
Nyssa sylvatica                        Sour gum
Oenothera biennis                      Common evening primrose        X
Oenothera rhombipetala                 Western sand evening primrose
Onoclea sensibilis                     Sensitive fern                 X
Opuntia humifusa                       Eastern prickly pear           X
Orobanche uniflora                     One-flowered broom rape
Osmunda cinnamomea                     Cinnamon fern
Osmunda regalis spectabilis            Royal fern                     X
Oxalis europaea                        Tall wood sorrel
Oxypolis rigidior                      Cowbane                        X
Panicum capillare                      Old witch grass
Panicum columnianum                    Hemlock panic grass
Panicum depauperatum                   Starved panic grass
Panicum dichotomiflorum                Knee grass
Panicum fiexile                        Wiry panic grass
Panicum implicatum                     Old-field panic grass          X
Panicum latiflorum                     Broad-leaved panic grass
Panicum lindheimeri                    Smooth woolly panic grass
Panicum oligosanthes                   Scribner's panic grass
 scribnerianum
Panicum perlongum                      Long-stalked panic grass
Panicum rigidulum                      Munro grass
Panicum villosissimum                  White-haired panic grass
Panicum villosissimum                  False white-haired
 pseudopubescens                        panic grass
Panicum virgatum                       Switch grass                   X
Parnassia glauca                       Grass of parnassus
Parthenocissus inserta                 Thicket creeper                X
Parthenocissus quinquefolia            Virginia creeper               X
Pedicularis canadensis                 Wood betony                    X
Penthorum sedoides                     Ditch stonecup
Petalostemum purpureum                 Purple prairie clover
Phalaris arundinacea                   Reed canary grass              X
Phleum pratense                        Timothy
Phlox divaricata                       Blue phlox
Phlox glaberrima interior              Marsh phlox
Phlox peniculata                       Garden phlox
Phlox pilosa                           Sand prairie phlox             X
Phraginires australis                  Common reed                    X
Physalis heterophylla                  Clammy ground cherry           X
Physalis pubescens                     Hairy ground cherry
Physalis subglabrata                   Tall ground cherry
Physalis virginiana                    Lance-leaved ground cherry
Physocarpus opulifolius                Ninebark
Physostegia virginiana                 False dragonhead               X
Phytolacca americana                   Pokeweed                       X
Pinus banksiana                        Jack pine
Plantato major                         Common plantain
Plantato rugelii                       Red-stalked plantain           X
Platanus occidentalis                  Sycamore
Poa annua                              Annual blue grass
Poa compressa                          Canada blue grass              X
Poa pratensis                          Kentucky blue grass            X
Pogonia ophioglossoides                Snake-mouth orchid
Polanisia graveolens                   Slammy weed
Polygala cruciata aquilonia            Cross milkwort
Polygala polygama obtusata             Purple milkwort
Polygonatum canaliculatum              Smooth Solomon's seal          X
Polygonella articulata                 Jointweed
Polygonum amphibium stipulaceum        Water knotweed                 X
Polygonum aviculare                    Common knotweed
Polygonum coccineum                    Water heartease
Polygonum convolvulus                  Black bindweed
Polygonum hydropiperoides              Mild water pepper
Polygonum lapathifolium                Heartease
Polygonum pensylvanicum                Pennsylvania knotweed
Polygonum persicaria                   Lady's thumb
Polygonum punctatum                    Smartweed                      X
Polygonum scandens                     Climbing false buckweat
Polygonum tenue                        Slender knotweed
Pontederia cordata                     Pickerel weed
Populus deltoides                      Eastern cottonwood             X
Populus grandidentata                  Large-toothed aspen
Populus tremuloides                    Quaking aspen                  X
Portulaca oleracea                     Purslane
Potamogeton amplifolius                Large-leaved pondweed
Potamogeton foliosus                   Leafy pondweed
Potamogeton gramineus                  Grass-leaved pondweed
Potamogeton illinoensis                Illinois pondweed
Potamogeton natans                     Common pondweed
Potamogeton nodosus                    Long-leaved pondweed
Potamogeton pectinatus                 Sago pondweed
Potamogeton pulcher                    Spotted pondweed
Potamogeton pusillus                   Small pondweed
Potamogeton robbinsii                  Fern pondweed
Potentilla fruticosa                   Shrubby cinquefoil
Potentilla palustris                   Marsh cinquefoil
Potentilla recta                       Sulfur cinquefoil
Potentilla simplex                     Common cinquefoil
Prenanthes alba                        White lettuce
Prenanthes racemosa                    Glaucous white lettuce
Proserpinaca palustris crebra          Mermaid weed
Prunella vulgaris lanceolata           Self heal
Prunus pumila                          Sand cherry
Prunus serotina                        Wild black cherry              X
Prunus virginiana                      Choke cherry                   X
Ptelea trifoliata                      Hop tree
Ptelea trifoliata millis               Downy hop tree
Pteridium aquilinum latiuscuum         Bracken fern                   X
Pycnanthemum virginianum               Common mountain mint           X
Quercus alba                           White oak                      X
Quercus ellipsoidalis                  Hill's oak                     X
Quercus velutina                       Black oak                      X
Ranunculus flabellaris                 Yellow water crowfoot
Ranunculus sceleratus                  Cursed buttercup
Ratibida pinnata                       Yellow coneflower              X
Rhamnus cathartica                     Common buckthorn               X
Rhamnus frangula                       Glossy buckthorn               X
Rhus aromatica                         Fragrant sumac                 X
Rhus aromatica arenaria                Dwarf fragrant sumac
Rhus copallina latifolia               Winged sumac                   X
Rhus glabra                            Smooth sumac
Rhus toxicodendron                     Poison ivy                     X
Rhus typhina                           Staghorn sumac                 X
Rhynchospora capiilacea                Hair beak rush
Rhynchospora macrostachya              Horned beak rush
Ribes americanum                       Wild black currant             X
Robinca pseudoacacia                   Black locust
Rorippa palustris hispida              Rough marsh cress
Rosa blanda                            Early wild rose
Rosa multiflora                        Multiflora rose                X
Rosa palustris                         Swamp rose
Rotala ramosior                        Wheelwort
Rubus flagellaris                      Common dewberry                X
Rubus hispidus                         Swamp dewberry
Rubus idaeus strigosus                 Red raspberry
Rubus occidentalis                     Black raspberry
Rudbeckia hirta                        Black-eyed Susan               X
Rumex acetosella                       Field sorrel
Rumex altissimus                       Pale dock
Rumex crispus                          Curley dock
Satabia angularis                      Rose gentain
Sagittaria graminea                    Grass-leaved arrowhead
Sagittaria latifolia                   Common arrowhead
Salix amygdaloides                     Peach-leaved willow            X
Salix discolor                         Pussy willow                   X
Salix eriocephala                      Heart-leaved willow
Salix glaucophylloides                 Blue-leaved willow             X
Salix humilis                          Prairie willow                 X
Salix interior                         Sandbar willow
Salix nigra                            Black willow                   X
Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca          Bog willow
Salix petiolaris                       Meadow willow
Salix purpurea                         Purple willow
Salix syrticola                        Dune willow
Salsola kali tenuifolia                Russian thistle
Sambucus canadnesis                    Elderberry                     X
Sanguinaria canadensis                 Bloodroot
Sanicula marilandica                   Black snakeroot
Saponaria officinalis                  Bouncing bet                   X
Sassafras albidum                      Sassafras                      X
Satureja arkansana                     Dogmint
Saxifraga pensylvanica                 Swamp saxifrage
Schizachyrium scoparium                Little bluestem                X
Scirpus acutus                         Hard-stemmed bulrush
Scirpus atrovirens                     Dark green rush
Scirpus cyperinus                      Wool grass
Scirpus pendulus                       Red bulrush
Scirpus pungens                        Chairmaker's rush              X
Scirpus validus creber                 Great bulrush                  X
Scieria pauciflora caroliniana         Few-flowered nut rush
Scieria triglomerata                   Tall nut rush
Scleria verticillata                   Low nut rush
Scutellaria epiloblifolia              Marsh skullcap                 X
Scutellaria lateriflora                Mad-dog skullcap               X
Rhus glabra                            Smooth sumac
Rhus toxicodendron                     Poison ivy                     X
Rhus typhina                           Staghorn sumac                 X
Rhynchospora capiilacea                Hair beak rush
Rhynchospora macrostachya              Horned beak rush
Ribes americanum                       Wild black currant             X
Robinca pseudoacacia                   Black locust
Rorippa palustris hispida              Rough marsh cress
Rosa blanda                            Early wild rose
Rosa multiflora                        Multiflora rose                X
Rosa palustris                         Swamp rose
Rotala ramosior                        Wheelwort
Rubus flagellaris                      Common dewberry                X
Rubus hispidus                         Swamp dewberry
Rubus idaeus strigosus                 Red raspberry
Rubus occidentalis                     Black raspberry
Rudbeckia hirta                        Black-eyed Susan               X
Rumex acetosella                       Field sorrel
Rumex altissimus                       Pale dock
Rumex crispus                          Curley dock
Satabia angularis                      Rose gentain
Sagittaria graminea                    Grass-leaved arrowhead
Sagittaria latifolia                   Common arrowhead
Salix amygdaloides                     Peach-leaved willow            X
Salix discolor                         Pussy willow                   X
Salix eriocephala                      Heart-leaved willow
Salix glaucophylloides                 Blue-leaved willow             X
Salix humilis                          Prairie willow                 X
Salix interior                         Sandbar willow
Salix nigra                            Black willow                   X
Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca          Bog willow
Salix petiolaris                       Meadow willow
Salix purpurea                         Purple willow
Salix syrticola                        Dune willow
Salsola kali tenuifolia                Russian thistle
Sambucus canadnesis                    Elderberry                     X
Sanguinaria canadensis                 Bloodroot
Sanicula marilandica                   Black snakeroot
Saponaria officinalis                  Bouncing bet                   X
Sassafras albidum                      Sassafras                      X
Satureja arkansana                     Dogmint
Saxifraga pensylvanica                 Swamp saxifrage
Schizachyrium scoparium                Little bluestem                X
Scirpus acutus                         Hard-stemmed bulrush
Scirpus atrovirens                     Dark green rush
Scirpus cyperinus                      Wool grass
Scirpus pendulus                       Red bulrush
Scirpus pungens                        Chairmaker's rush              X
Scirpus validus creber                 Great bulrush                  X
Scieria pauciflora caroliniana         Few-flowered nut rush
Scieria triglomerata                   Tall nut rush
Scleria verticillata                   Low nut rush
Scutellaria epiloblifolia              Marsh skullcap                 X
Scutellaria lateriflora                Mad-dog skullcap               X
Senecio pauperculus                    Balsam ragwort
Setaria faberii                        Giant foxtail
Setaria glauca                         Yellow foxtail
Setaria viridis                        Green foxtail
Silene antirrhina                      Sleepy catchfly                X
Silene cserei                          Glaucous campion
Silene cucubalus                       Bladder campion
Siphium integrifolium                  Rosin weed                     X
Sisymbrium altissimum                  Tumble mustard
Sisyrinchium albidum                   Common blue-eyed grass         X
Sium suave                             Tall water parsnip
Smilacina racemosa                     Feathery false Solomon's seal  X
Smilacina stellata                     Stary false Solomon's seal     X
Similax lasioneura                     Common carrion flower          X
Smililax rotundifolia                  Green briar
Smilax tamnoides hispida               Bristly green briar            X
Solanum americanum                     Black nightshade
Solanum ducamara                       Bittersweet nightshade         X
Soliago altissima                      Tall goldenrod
Solidago caesia                        Blue-stem goldenrod            X
Solidago gigantea                      Late goldenrod
Solidago gramminifolia                 Smooth grass-leaved goldenrod
Solidago gramminifolia                 Hairy grass-leaved goldenrod   X
 nutallii
Solidago gymnospermoides               Vicid grass-leaved goldenrod
Solidago juncea                        Early goldenrod
Solidago missouriensis                 Missouri goldenrod
 fasciculata
Solidago nemoralis                     Old-field goldenrod            X
Solidago ohioensis                     Ohio goldenrod
Solidago ptarmicoides                  Prairie goldenrod
Solidago racemosa gillmanii            Dune goldenrod
Solidago riddellii                     Riddell's goldenrod
Solidago ridida                        Stiff goldenrod
Solidago rugosa                        Rough goldenrod
Solidago sempervirens                  Seaside goldenrod
Solidago speciosa                      Showy goldenrod                X
Solidago tenuifolia                    Slender-leaved goldenrod
Solidago uliginosa                     Bog goldenrod
Sonchus asper                          Spiny sow thistle
Sonchus oleraceus                      Store-front sow thistle
Sonchus uliginosus                     Common sow thistle
Sorghastrum nutans                     Indian grass
Sparganium americanum                  American bur reed              X
Sparganium chlorocarpum                Dwarf bur weed
Sparganium eurycarpum                  Common bur reed
Spartina pectinata                     Prairie cord grass             X
Sphenopholis intermedia                Slender wedge grass
Spirea alba                            Meadowsweet                    X
Spirea tomentosa rosea                 Steeple bush
Spiranthus ceruna                      Nodding ladys' tresses
Sporobolus asper                       Rough dropseed
Sporobolus cryptandrus                 Sand dropseed
Stachys palustris homotricha           Woundwort
Stachys tenuifolia hispida             Marsh hedge nettle
Stipa spartea                          Porcupine grass                X
Strophostyles helvula                  Trailing wild bean
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus             Coral berry
Talinum rugospermum                    Fame flower
Taraxacum officinale                   Common dandelion               X
Tephrosia virginiana                   Goat's rue                     X
Teucrium canadense                     Germander
Thalictrum dioicum                     Early meadow rue
Tilia ameriana                         Basswood
Tofieldia glutinosa                    False asphodel
Tradescantia ohiensis                  Spider wort                    X
Tragopogon dubius                      Sand goat's beard              X
Tragopogon pratensis                   Common goat's bear
Trifolium hybridum                     Alsike clover
Trifolium pratense                     Red clover
Trifolium repens                       White clover
Triglochin maritima                    Common bog arrow grass
Tripasis purpurea                      Sand grass
Triticum aestivum                      Wheat
Typha angustifolia                     Narrow-leaved cattail          X
Typha latifolia                        Broad-leaved cattail           X
Ulmus pumila                           Siberian elm
Utricularia cornuta                    Horned bladderwort
Utiricularia gibba                     Humped bladderwort
Utricularia minor                      Small bladderwort
Utricularia vularis                    Great bladderwort
Vaccinium angustifolium                Early low blueberry
Vaccinium pallidum                     Late low blueberry
Vallisneria americana                  Eel grass
Verbascum thapsus                      Common mullein                 X
Verbana hastata                        Blue vervain                   X
Verbena stricta                        Hoary vervain                  X
Veronia missurica                      Missouri ironweed
Veronicastrum virginicum               Culver's root
Viburnum acerifolium                   Maple-leaved arrow-wood
Viburnum lentago                       Nannyberry
Viburnum prunifolium                   Black haw                      X
Viburnum rafinesquianum                Downy arrow-wood
Vicia americana                        American vetch                 X
Viola conspersa                        Dog violet
Viola fimbriatula                      Sand violet
Viola lanceolata                       Lance-leaved violet            X
Viola pedata lineariloba               Bird's foot violet
Viola pubescens                        Yellow violet
Viola sagittata                        Arrow-leaved violet            X
Viola sororia                          Common blue violet
Viola tricolor                         Pansy violet
Vitis aestivalis                       Summer grape                   X
Vitis labrusca                         Fox grape                      X
Vitis riparia                          Riverbank grape
Vitis vulpina                          Froot grape                    X
Xanthium strumarium                    Cocklebur
Zizaia aquatica                        Wild rice                      X
Zizia aurea                            Golden Alexander               X

Scientific name                        CP  MW  Status

Abutilon theophrasti                       X     A
Acer negundo                               X
Acer platanoides                           X     A
Acer rubrum                            X   X
Acer saccharinum                       X   X
Achillia millefolium                       X     A
Agalinis purpurea                      X   X
Agalinis skinneriana                   X         E
Agalinis tenuifolia                        X
Agropyron repens                           X     A
Agropyron smithii                          X     A
Agropyron trachycaulum unilaterale     X   X
Agrostis alba                          X   X     A
Agrostis hymalis                           X
Ailanthus altissima                              A
Alestris farinosa                          X
Alisma subcordatum                     X   X
Alisma trivale                             X
Allaria officinalis                        X     A
Allium cernuum                             X
Althaea rosea                                    A
Ambrosia artemisiifolia elatior            X
Ambrosia psilostachya coronopifolia        X     A
Ambrosia trifida                       X   X
Amelanchier arborea                    X
Amelanchier interior                       X
Amelanchier laevis                         X
Ammophila breviligulata                    X     W
Amorpha canescens
Amphicarpa bracteata                       X
Andropogon gerardii                    X   X
Anemone canadensis                         X
Anemone cylindrica                     X   X
Antennaria neglecta                    X
Antennaria plantaginifolia             X   X
Anthriscus caucalis                        X
Apios americana                            X
Apocynum androsemifolium                   X
Apocynum cannabinum                    X   X
Apocynum sibiricum                     X   X
Aquilegia canadensis                   X
Arabis lyrata                          X   X
Aralia nudicaulis                      X   X     R
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi coatilis       X   X     R
Arenaria lateriflora
Arenaria serpyllifolia                     X     A
Arenaria stricta                           X     T
Aristata intermedia                    X   X     T
Aristata oligantha                         X     A
Aristata purpurascens                      X     A
Aronia melanocarpa                         X
Aronia prunifolia                      X   X
Aronia prunifolia                      X   X
Artemisia caudata                      X   X
Artemesia vulgaris                         X     A
Asclepias amplexicaulis                    X
Ascelpias incarnata                    X   X
Ascelpias syriaca                      X   X
Asclepias tuberosa                     X   X
Asclepias verticillata                 X   X
Asclepias viridiflora                      X
Asparagus officinalis                  X   X     A
Aster azureus                          X   X
Aster borealis                             X     R
Aster dumosus                          X
Aster ericoides                            X
Aster laevis                               X
Aster lateriflorus                     X   X
Aster liniarlifolius                       X
Aster novae-angliae                    X   X
Aster pilosus                              X
Aster ptarmicoides                     X   X     T
Aster puniceus firmus                      X
Aster sagittifolius                        X
Aster sagittifolius drumondii              X
Aster simplex                          X   X
Aster umbellatus                       X   X
Aureolaria pedicularia ambigens            X
Baptisia leucantha                         X     R
Babarea vulgaris                           X     A
Betula papyrifera                      X         R
Bidens cernua                              X
Bidens comosa                              X
Bidens coronata                        X   X
Boehmeria cyclindrica                      X
Boltonia latisquama recognita              X
Bromus inermis                             X     A
Bromus japonicus                           X     A
Bromus kalmii                          X   X
Bromus tectorum                            X     A
Bulbostylis capillaris                     X
Cacalia plantaginea                        X
Cakile edentula                            X     T
Calamagrostis canadensis               X   X
Calamovilfa longifolia                 X   X
Camassia scilloides                        X
Campanula aparinoides                  X   X
Campanula rotundifolia                 X
Campanula uliginosa
Cannabis sativa                        X         A
Capsella bursa-pastoris                    X     A
Carduus nutans                                   A
Carex alata                                X     R
Carex aurea                            X   X     T
Carex bebbii                                     T
Carex brevior                          X
Carex buxbaumii                        X
Carex brunnescens sphaerostachya       X         E
Carex bushii                           X         E
Carex comosa                               X
Carex crawei                           X         T
Carex emoryi                               X
Carex garberi                          X   X     T
Carex granularis                           X
Carex haydenii                             X
Carex hystrixina                       X
Carex interia                              X
Carex lanuginosa                       X   X
Carex muhlenbergii                         X
Carex pensylvanica                         X
Carex richardsonii                     X         E
Carex starwellii                           X
Carex siccata                              X
Carex stricta                          X   X
Carex suberecta                        X
Carex tenera                           X
Carex tetanica
Carex tonsa                                X
Carex tribuloides                          X
Carex umbellata                        X   X
Carex viridula                         X   X
Carex vulpinoidea                      X
Cassia fasciculata                         X     W
Cassia nictitans                           X
Castilleja coccinea                    X   X
Catalpa speciosa                                 R
Ceanothus americanus                       X
Celastrus scandens                     X
Cenchrus longispinus                       X
Centaurium pulchellum                  X         A
Cephalanthus occidentalis              X   X
Chelone glabra                                   A
Chenopoodium album                         X     A
Chenopodium leptophyllum                   X
Chenopodium standleyanum                   X
Cicuta bulbifera                           X
Cinna arundinacea                      X
Cirsium arvense                        X   X     A
Cirsium discolor                       X   X
Circium muticum                        X   X
Cirsium pitcheri                           X     T
Cirsium vulgare                        X   X     A
Cladium maricoides                     X   X
Commandra umbellata                        X
Commelina communis                               A
Commelina erecta deamiana                  X
Conium maculatum                                 A
Convolvulus arevensis                            A
Convolvulus sepium                         X
Coreopsis lanceolata                   X   X
Coreopsis palmata                      X   X
Coreopsis tripteris                    X   X
Corispermum hyssopifolium                  X
Cornus obliqua                         X   X
Cornus racemosa                        X
Cornus rugosa                          X         T
Cornus stolonifera                     X   X
Cornus stolonifera baileyi                 X
Crepis capillaris                          X     A
Cuscuta coryli                             X
Cuscuta gornovii                           X
Cycloloma atriplicifolium              X   X
Cyperus erythrorhizos                      X
Cyperus esculentus                     X
Cyperus ferruginescens                 X   X
Cyperus filiculmis                     X
Cyprerus rivularis                     X   X
Cyperus schweinitzii                       X
Cyperus strigosus                          X
Cypripedium acaule                               W
Cypripedium calceolus parviflorum      X         R
Cypripedium calceolus pubescens        X         W
Daucus carota                          X   X     A
Descurainia sophia                     X   X     A
Desmodium canadense                    X   X
Desmodium paniculatum                  X   X
Desmodium sessilifolium
Dianthus armeria                           X     A
Diervilla lonicera                         X     R
Digitaria ischaemum                        X     A
Digitaria sanguinalis                      X     A
Diplotaxis muralis                     X   X     A
Diplotaxis tenuifolia                  X         A
Drosera intermedia                         X     R
Dryopteris spinulosa                       X
Dryopteris thelypteris                 X   X
Dulichium arundinaceum                     X
Echinochloa crusgalli pubescens        X   X
Echinocystis lobata                    X
Echium vulgare                                   A
Eleocharis acicularis                      X
Eleocharis compressa                       X
Eleocharis elliptica                   X   X
Eleocharis engelmannii                 X
Eleocharis erythropoda                 X   X
Eleocharis geniculata                  X   X     E
Eleocharis intermedia fernaldii            X
Eleocharis smallii                         X
Elodea canadensis                          X
Elodea nuttallii                           X
Elymus canadensis                      X   X
Epilobium ciliatum                         X
Equisetum arvense                      X   X
Equisetum hymale                       X   X
Equisetum variegatum                       X     E
Equisetum X ferrissii                      X
Equisetum X laevigatum                     X
Equisetum X trachyodon                 X
Eragrostis cilianensis                     X     A
Eragrostis hypnoides                             A
Eragrostis pectinacea                      X
Eragrostis poaeoides                   X   X     A
Eragrostis spectabilis                     X
Eragrostis trichodes                       X     A
Erechitites hieracifolia
Erigeron annuus                            X
Erigeron canadensis                    X   X
Erigeron philadelphicus                    X
Erigeron pulchellus                    X   X
Erigeron strigosus                     X
Eriophorum angustifolium               X   X     T
Eryngium yuccifolium                   X
Eupatorium altissimum                  X   X
Eupatorium maculatum                   X   X
Eupatorium perfoliatum                 X   X
Eupatorium rugosum                     X
Eupatorium serotinum                   X   X
Euphorbia corollata                    X   X
Euphobia dentata                           X     A
Euphorbia maculata                         X     A
Euphobia polygonifolia                     X
Euphobia supina                            X     A
Festuca elatior                        X         A
Fragaria virginiana                    X   X
Fraxinus americana                         X
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subintegerrima  X
Galium aparine                             X
Galium concinnum                           X
Galium obtusum                         X
Galium pilosum
Galium tinctorium                          X
Gaylussacia baccata                        X
Gentiana andrewsii                         X
Gentiana crinita                       X   X
Gentiana procera                       X   X
Geranium carolinianum                      X
Geranium maculatum                         X
Geum laciniatum trichocarpum           X
Glechoma hederacea                         X     A
Gleditsia triacanthos                      X     A
Glyceria borealis                          X     E
Glyceria septentrionalis                   X
Glyceria striata                       X   X
Gnaphalium obtusifolium                    X
Habenaria ciliaris                         X
Habenaria clavellata                       X
Habenaria flava herbiola                   X
Habenaria hyperborea huronesis             X
Habenaria psycodes                         X
Hamamelis virginiana                       X
Helianthemum canadense                     X
Helianthus divaricatus                 X   X
Helianthus grosseserratus                  X
Helianthus occidentalis                    X
Helianthus petiolarus                      X     A
Helianthus rigidus                         X
Heliopsis helianthoides                X
Heteranthera dubia                         X
Hieracium caespitosum                      X     A
Hieracium canadense fasciculatum           X
Hieracium gronovii                         X
Hieracium scabrum                          X
Hordeum jubatum                            X     A
Hypericum canadense                        X
Hypericum lamnianum                    X
Hypericum majus                            X     R
Hypericum virginicum fraseri               X
Hypoxis hirsuta
Hystrix patula                             X
Ilex verticillata                      X   X
Impatiens capensis                     X   X
Impatiens pallida                      X   X
Iris germanica                             X     A
Iris pseudacorus                           X     A
Iris virginica shrevei                 X   X
Juncus balticus littoralis             X   X     W
Juncus brachycephalus                  X   X
Juncus canadensis                      X   X
Juncus diffusissimnus                      X
Juncus dudleyi                         X   X
Juncus effusus solutus                     X
Juncus greenei                             X
Juncus interia                         X
Juncus marginatus                          X
Juncus nodosus                         X   X
Juncus pelocarpus                          X     T
Juncus scripoides                          X     E
Juncus tenuis                          X   X
Juncus torreyi                         X   X
Juniperus virginiana crebra                X
Koeleria cristata                          X
Krigia biflora                             X
Krigia virginica                           X
Kuhnia eupatroioides corymbulosa           X
Lactuca canadensis                         X
Lactuca serriola                                 A
Lathyrus japonicus glaber                  X
Lathyrus orchroleucus                      X     T
Lathyrus palustris myrtifolius             X
Lechea villosa                             X
Leersia oryzoides                      X   X
Leersia virginica
Lepidiurn virginicum                       X
Leptoloma cognatum                         X
Lespedeza capitata                         X
Lespedeza virginica                        X
Liatris aspera                         X   X
Liatris cyclindracea                   X   X
Liatris spicata                        X   X
Lilium philadelphicum andinum          X   X
Linaria canadensis                         X
Linaria vulgaris                           X     A
Linum medium texanum                   X   X
Liparis lilifolium                         X
Liparis loeselii                       X   X     R
Liriodendron tulipifera                X
Lithospermum canescens                 X   X
Lithospermum croceum                   X   X
Lobelia kalmii                         X   X
Lobelia siphilitica                        X
Lobelia spicata                        X
Lonicera dicica                        X   X
Lonicera X muendenuensis               X   X     A
Lonicera tatarica                      X         A
Ludwigia alternifolia                      X
Ludwigia palustris ameriana                X
Ludwigia polycarpa                         X
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa deamii               X     E
Lupinus perennis occidentalis              X
Lychnis alba                               X     A
Lycopus americanus                     X   X     E
Lycopus asper                              X     A
Lycopus rubellus                           X
Lycopus uniflorus                      X   X
Lycopus virginicus                         X
Lysimachia lanceolata                      X
Lysimachia quadriflora                 X
Lysimachia terrestris                      X
Lysmachia thysiflora                       X
Lythrum alatum                         X   X
Lythrum salicaria                      X   X     A
Maianthemum canadense interius         X   X
Malus ioensis                          X   X
Medicago lupulina                          X     A
Melampyrum lineare latifolium              X
Melilotus alba                         X   X     A
Melilotus officinalis                      X     A
Mentha arvensis villosa                    X
Mimulus ringens                        X   X
Mirabilis nyctaginea                       X     A
Mollugo verticillata                       X     A
Monarda fistulosa                      X   X
Monarda punctata villicaulis           X   X
Monotropa uniflora                         X
Morus alba                             X   X     A
Muhlenbergia mexicana                      X
Muhlenbergia racemosa                      X     A
Myosotis scorpioides                       X     A
Myriophyllum exalbescens                   X
Myriophyllum verticullatum                 X     T
 pentinatum
Najas flexilis                             X
Nepeta cataria                             X     A
Nuphar advena                              X
Nymphaea tuberosa                      X   X
Nyssa sylvatica                            X
Oenothera biennis                      X   X
Oenothera rhombipetala                 X   X
Onoclea sensibilis                         X
Opuntia humifusa                       X   X
Orobanche uniflora                         X
Osmunda cinnamomea                         X
Osmunda regalis spectabilis            X   X
Oxalis europaea                            X
Oxypolis rigidior                      X   X
Panicum capillare                          X
Panicum columnianum                        X     E
Panicum depauperatum                       X
Panicum dichotomiflorum                    X     E
Panicum fiexile                        X   X
Panicum implicatum                     X   X
Panicum latiflorum                         X
Panicum lindheimeri                        X
Panicum oligosanthes                   X   X
 scribnerianum
Panicum perlongum                          X
Panicum rigidulum                          X
Panicum villosissimum                  X   X
Panicum villosissimum                      X
 pseudopubescens                           X
Panicum virgatum                       X   X
Parnassia glauca                           X
Parthenocissus inserta                 X   X
Parthenocissus quinquefolia            X   X
Pedicularis canadensis                 X   X
Penthorum sedoides                         X
Petalostemum purpureum                 X
Phalaris arundinacea                       X     A
Phleum pratense                            X     A
Phlox divaricata                       X
Phlox glaberrima interior                  X
Phlox peniculata                           X     A
Phlox pilosa                           X   X
Phraginires australis                  X   X     A
Physalis heterophylla
Physalis pubescens                         X     A
Physalis subglabrata                       X
Physalis virginiana
Physocarpus opulifolius                X   X
Physostegia virginiana                 X
Phytolacca americana
Pinus banksiana                            X     R
Plantato major                             X     A
Plantato rugelii                           X
Platanus occidentalis                      X
Poa annua                                  X     A
Poa compressa                          X   X     A
Poa pratensis                          X   X     A
Pogonia ophioglossoides                    X     R
Polanisia graveolens                       X     A
Polygala cruciata aquilonia                X
Polygala polygama obtusata                 X
Polygonatum canaliculatum              X   X
Polygonella articulata                     X     T
Polygonum amphibium stipulaceum        X   X
Polygonum aviculare                        X     A
Polygonum coccineum                    X   X
Polygonum convolvulus                      X     A
Polygonum hydropiperoides                  X     E
Polygonum lapathifolium                    X
Polygonum pensylvanicum                    X
Polygonum persicaria                       X     A
Polygonum punctatum                        X
Polygonum scandens                         X
Polygonum tenue                            X
Pontederia cordata                         X
Populus deltoides                      X   X
Populus grandidentata                  X
Populus tremuloides                    X   X
Portulaca oleracea                     X         A
Potamogeton amplifolius                    X
Potamogeton foliosus                       X
Potamogeton gramineus                      X
Potamogeton illinoensis                    X
Potamogeton natans                         X
Potamogeton nodosus                        X
Potamogeton pectinatus                     X
Potamogeton pulcher                        X     Ex
Potamogeton pusillus                       X     R
Potamogeton robbinsii                      X     E
Potentilla fruticosa                   X   X
Potentilla palustris                   X   X
Potentilla recta                           X     A
Potentilla simplex                         X
Prenanthes alba                        X   X
Prenanthes racemosa                    X   X
Proserpinaca palustris crebra          X   X
Prunella vulgaris lanceolata           X   X
Prunus pumila                          X   X
Prunus serotina                        X   X
Prunus virginiana                      X   X
Ptelea trifoliata                          X
Ptelea trifoliata millis                   X
Pteridium aquilinum latiuscuum         X   X
Pycnanthemum virginianum               X   X
Quercus alba                           X   X
Quercus ellipsoidalis
Quercus velutina                       X   X
Ranunculus flabellaris                     X
Ranunculus sceleratus                      X
Ratibida pinnata
Rhamnus cathartica                     X         A
Rhamnus frangula                       X   X     A
Rhus aromatica                         X   X
Rhus aromatica arenaria                X   X
Rhus copallina latifolia               X   X
Rhus glabra
Rhus toxicodendron                     X   X
Rhus typhina                           X   X
Rhynchospora capiilacea                X   X
Rhynchospora macrostachya              X   X     R
Ribes americanum
Robinca pseudoacacia                       X     A
Rorippa palustris hispida                  X
Rosa blanda                                X
Rosa multiflora                            X
Rosa palustris                         X   X     A
Rotala ramosior                            X
Rubus flagellaris                          X
Rubus hispidus                             X
Rubus idaeus strigosus                 X   X
Rubus occidentalis                         X
Rudbeckia hirta                        X   X
Rumex acetosella                           X     A
Rumex altissimus                           X
Rumex crispus                              X
Satabia angularis                      X   X     A
Sagittaria graminea                        X
Sagittaria latifolia                       X
Salix amygdaloides                     X   X
Salix discolor                             X
Salix eriocephala                          X
Salix glaucophylloides                 X   X
Salix humilis                          X   X
Salix interior                         X   X
Salix nigra                            X   X
Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca              X
Salix petiolaris                           X
Salix purpurea                         X         A
Salix syrticola                            X
Salsola kali tenuifolia                X   X     A
Sambucus canadnesis                    X   X
Sanguinaria canadensis                     X
Sanicula marilandica                       X
Saponaria officinalis                      X
Sassafras albidum                      X   X     A
Satureja arkansana                         X     E
Saxifraga pensylvanica                 X
Schizachyrium scoparium                X   X
Scirpus acutus                         X   X
Scirpus atrovirens                     X   X
Scirpus cyperinus                          X
Scirpus pendulus                       X
Scirpus pungens                        X   X
Scirpus validus creber                 X   X
Scieria pauciflora caroliniana         X         E
Scieria triglomerata                       X
Scleria verticillata                   X   X
Scutellaria epiloblifolia                  X
Scutellaria lateriflora                X   X
Rhus glabra
Rhus toxicodendron                     X   X
Rhus typhina                           X   X
Rhynchospora capiilacea                X   X
Rhynchospora macrostachya              X   X     R
Ribes americanum
Robinca pseudoacacia                       X     A
Rorippa palustris hispida                  X
Rosa blanda                                X
Rosa multiflora                            X
Rosa palustris                         X   X     A
Rotala ramosior                            X
Rubus flagellaris                          X
Rubus hispidus                             X
Rubus idaeus strigosus                 X   X
Rubus occidentalis                         X
Rudbeckia hirta                        X   X
Rumex acetosella                           X     A
Rumex altissimus                           X
Rumex crispus                              X
Satabia angularis                      X   X     A
Sagittaria graminea                        X
Sagittaria latifolia                       X
Salix amygdaloides                     X   X
Salix discolor                             X
Salix eriocephala                          X
Salix glaucophylloides                 X   X
Salix humilis                          X   X
Salix interior                         X   X
Salix nigra                            X   X
Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca              X
Salix petiolaris                           X
Salix purpurea                         X         A
Salix syrticola                            X
Salsola kali tenuifolia                X   X     A
Sambucus canadnesis                    X   X
Sanguinaria canadensis                     X
Sanicula marilandica                       X
Saponaria officinalis                      X
Sassafras albidum                      X   X     A
Satureja arkansana                         X     E
Saxifraga pensylvanica                 X
Schizachyrium scoparium                X   X
Scirpus acutus                         X   X
Scirpus atrovirens                     X   X
Scirpus cyperinus                          X
Scirpus pendulus                       X
Scirpus pungens                        X   X
Scirpus validus creber                 X   X
Scieria pauciflora caroliniana         X         E
Scieria triglomerata                       X
Scleria verticillata                   X   X
Scutellaria epiloblifolia                  X
Scutellaria lateriflora                X   X
Senecio pauperculus                    X   X
Setaria faberii                            X     A
Setaria glauca                             X     A
Setaria viridis                            X     A
Silene antirrhina                          X
Silene cserei                              X     A
Silene cucubalus                           X     A
Siphium integrifolium
Sisymbrium altissimum                      X     A
Sisyrinchium albidum                   X   X
Sium suave                             X   X
Smilacina racemosa                         X
Smilacina stellata                     X   X
Similax lasioneura                         X
Smililax rotundifolia                      X
Smilax tamnoides hispida               X
Solanum americanum                         X     A
Solanum ducamara                       X   X     A
Soliago altissima                      X   X
Solidago caesia                        X   X
Solidago gigantea                      X   X
Solidago gramminifolia                 X   X
Solidago gramminifolia                 X   X
 nutallii
Solidago gymnospermoides               X   X
Solidago juncea                            X
Solidago missouriensis                 X   X
 fasciculata
Solidago nemoralis                     X   X
Solidago ohioensis                     X   X
Solidago ptarmicoides                      X     R
Solidago racemosa gillmanii                X
Solidago riddellii                     X
Solidago ridida                            X
Solidago rugosa                        X   X
Solidago sempervirens                  X         A
Solidago speciosa                      X   X
Solidago tenuifolia                        X
Solidago uliginosa                     X
Sonchus asper                              X     A
Sonchus oleraceus                          X     A
Sonchus uliginosus                         X     A
Sorghastrum nutans                     X   X
Sparganium americanum                      X
Sparganium chlorocarpum                    X
Sparganium eurycarpum                      X
Spartina pectinata                     X   X
Sphenopholis intermedia                    X
Spirea alba                            X   X
Spirea tomentosa rosea                 X   X
Spiranthus ceruna                      X   X
Sporobolus asper                           X     A
Sporobolus cryptandrus                     X
Stachys palustris homotricha               X
Stachys tenuifolia hispida                 X
Stipa spartea                          X   X
Strophostyles helvula                      X
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus                 X     A
Talinum rugospermum                        X     E
Taraxacum officinale                       X     A
Tephrosia virginiana                       X
Teucrium canadense                         X
Thalictrum dioicum                         X
Tilia ameriana                             X
Tofieldia glutinosa                              R
Tradescantia ohiensis                  X   X
Tragopogon dubius                          X     A
Tragopogon pratensis                       X     A
Trifolium hybridum                         X     A
Trifolium pratense                         X     A
Trifolium repens                           X     A
Triglochin maritima                    X   X
Tripasis purpurea                          X
Triticum aestivum                          X     A
Typha angustifolia                     X   X     A
Typha latifolia                        X   X
Ulmus pumila                               X     A
Utricularia cornuta                        X     T
Utiricularia gibba                         X
Utricularia minor                          X
Utricularia vularis                        X
Vaccinium angustifolium                    X
Vaccinium pallidum                         X
Vallisneria americana                      X
Verbascum thapsus                      X   X
Verbana hastata                        X   X     A
Verbena stricta                            X
Veronia missurica                          X
Veronicastrum virginicum               X
Viburnum acerifolium                       X
Viburnum lentago                           X
Viburnum prunifolium
Viburnum rafinesquianum                    X
Vicia americana
Viola conspersa                        X
Viola fimbriatula                          X
Viola lanceolata
Viola pedata lineariloba                   X
Viola pubescens                            X
Viola sagittata
Viola sororia                          X
Viola tricolor                             X
Vitis aestivalis                                 A
Vitis labrusca
Vitis riparia                          X   X
Vitis vulpina
Xanthium strumarium                        X     A
Zizaia aquatica                            X
Zizia aurea                                X

Table 1

Eleven natural plant communities listed by Bowles et al. (1990) in
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Wetland types are signified by
italics.

Community           Characteristics

Beach/Foredune      Wave actions and sandy substrate
                    Annuals and rhizomatous perennial
                     plants
Dune complex        Cycle of sand erosion in steep
                     topography & blow-outs
Sand savanna        Dominant presettlement plant
                     community type on irregular dune
                     topography
                    Open dune conditions with frequent
                     fires
Sand prairie        Flat topography with frequent burns
Upland forest       Protected from intense fires (e.g.,
                     dune hollow and ravine slopes)
                    Occasional ground fires
Forested Fen        Calcareous peat soils
                    Relict boreal community
                    Structure affected by fire and
                     water table
Graminoid fen       Calcareous peat soils
                    Boreal and prairie affinities
                    Open conditions with frequent fires
                     and high water table
Forested bog        Acid peat soils
                    Relict boreal community
                    High species diversity in openings
                     and pools
Flatwoods           Wet mineral soils or seepages with
                     species diversity
Graminoid wetlands  Complex of fen and marsh in
                     interdunal areas
                    High water tables and frequent
                     fires

Table 2

Forty-nine plant community types of Indiana coastal zone listed by Kurz
et al. (1978). Wetland types are signified by italics.

Community type

Forest
 Dry-mesic upland forest
 Mesic upland forest
 Wet-mesic upland forest
 Dry dune forest
 Dry-mesic dune forest
 Mesic floodplain forest
 Wet-mesic floodplain forest
 Wet floodplain forest
 Flatwoods

Prairie
 Dry-mesic prairie
 Mesic prairie
 Wet-mesic prairie
 Wet prairie
 Dry sand prairie
 Dry-mesic sand prairie
 Mesic sand prairie
 Wet-mesic sand prairie
 Wet sand prairie
 Glacial drift hill prairie
 Gravel hill prairie
 Sand hill (dune) prairie
 Shrub prairie

Savanna
 Dry-mesic savanna
 Mesic savanna
 Dry sand savanna
 Dry-mesic sand savanna
 Mesic sand savanna

Aquatic
 Perennial stream
 Lake
 Pond
 Marsh
 Shrub swamp
 Graminoid bog
 Low shrub bog
 Tall shrub bog
 Forested bog
 Calcareous floating mat
 Graminoid fen
 Low shrub fen
 Tall shrub fen
 Forested fen
 Sedge meadow
 Panne
 Seep
 Calcareous seep
 Sand seep
 Spring

Primary
 Beach
 Foredune/Blowout

Table 3

Synthesized wetland plant community types under the classification
scheme of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

Communities by Kurz          Communities by Bowles et al.
et al. (1978)                (1990) and Wilhelm (1990)

Wet-mesic floodplain forest  Bottomland forest *
Wet floodplain forest        Hydromesophytic forest in the
                              Swamp Complex *

Flatwoods                    Flatwoods in the Swamp Complex *
                             Flatwoods **

Wet-mesic prairie            Mesophytic prairie *
Wet prairie                  Wet prairie of in the Marsh
                              Complex *
Wet-mesic sand prairie       Graminoid  wetlands **
Wet sand prairie

Perennial stream             Aquatic *
Lake
Pond

Marsh                        Marsh in the Marsh Compelex *
                             Graminoid wetlands **

Shrub swamp                  Hydromesophytic forest and conifer
                              swamp in the Swamp Complex *

Graminoid bog                Bog *
Low shrub bog                Forested bog **
Tall shrub bog               Graminoid wetlands **
Forested bog
Calcareous floating mat

Graminoid fen                Fen in the Marsh Complex *
Low shrub fen                Forested fen **
Tall shrub fen               Graminoid fen **
Forested fen

Sedge meadow                 Sedge meadow in the Marsh Complex *
                             Graminoid wetlands **

Panne                        Panne *

Seep                         Flatwoods **
Calcareous seep
Sand seep
Spring

* = Wetland communities classified by Wilhelm (1990).

** = Wetland Communities classified by Bowles et al. (1990).

Table 4

Suggested species matrics for restoration of marsh, sedge meadow, and
wet prairie along the Grand Calumet River (Wilhelm 1990).


Marsh

 Aster puniceus firmus (marsh aster)
 Carex comosa (bristle sedge)
 C. haydenii (long-scaled meadow sedge)
 C. lacustris
 C. lanuginosa (woolly sedge)
 C. lasiocarpa americana (narrow-leaved woolly sedge)
 C. starwellii
 C. stricta (meadow sedge)
 C. tribuloides
 Decodon verticillatus (swamp loosestrife)
 Lysimachia thyrsiflora (tufted loosestrife)
 Polygonum hydropiperoides (mild water pepper)
 Potentilla palustris (marsh cinqefoil)
 Proserpinaca palustris crebra (mermaid weed)
 Rumex orbiculatus (great water dock)
 Scirpus acutus (hard-stemmed bulrush)
 S. validus creber (great bulrush)
 Scutellaria epilobiifolia (marsh skullcap)
 Sium suave (water parsnip)

Sedge meadow

 Aster junciformis (rush aster)
 Bidens comosa (swamp tickseed)
 Dryopteris thelyteris pubescens (marsh shield fern)
 Eupatorium perfoliatum (common boneset)
 Hypericum virginicum fraseri (marsh St. John's wort)
 Lycopus uniflorus (northern bugle weed)
 Mentha arvensis villosa (wild mint)
 Polygonun punctatum (smartweed)
 P. sagittatum (arrow-leaved tear-thumb)

Wet prairie

 Aletris farinosa (colic root)
 Cladium marsicoides (twig rush)
 Eleocharis melanocarpa (black-fruited spike rush)
 Gentiana crinita (fringed gentian)
 Juncus canadensis (Canadian rush)
 Ludwigia a1ternifolia (seedbox)
 Oxypolis rigidior (cowbane)
 Rubus hispidus obovalis (swamp dewberry)
 Sisyrinchium atlanticum (eastern blue-eyed grass)
 Spiranthes cernua (nodding lady's tresses)

Table 5

Endangered plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, in the wetlands of DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve
(C&P), and Miller Woods.

          Species              Location

Scientific name                   Common name                DuPont

Agalinis purpurea                 Purple foxglove
Carex brunnescens sphaerostachya  Brown sedge
Carex bushii                      Long-scaled sedge
Carex richardsonii                Prairie hummock sedge
Eleocharis geniculata             Knee spike bush
Equisetum variegatum              Small scouring rush
Glyceria borealis                 Northern manna grass
Juncus scripoides                 Round-headed rush
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa deamii      Round-fruited loosestrife
Lycopus americana                 Common water horehound       X
Panicum columnianum               Hemlock panic grass
Panicum dichotomiflorum           Knee grass
Polygonum hydropiperoides         Mild water pepper
Potamogeton robbinsii             Fern pondweed
Satureja arkansana                Dogmint
Scleria pauciflora caroliana      Few-flowered nut rush
Talinum rugospermum               Fame flower

                                        Location

Scientific name                   C&P       Miller

Agalinis purpurea                  X
Carex brunnescens sphaerostachya   X
Carex bushii                       X
Carex richardsonii                 X
Eleocharis geniculata              X          X
Equisetum variegatum                          X
Glyceria borealis                             X
Juncus scripoides                             X
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa deamii                  X
Lycopus americana                  X          X
Panicum columnianum                           X
Panicum dichotomiflorum                       X
Polygonum hydropiperoides                     X
Potamogeton robbinsii                         X
Satureja arkansana                            X
Scleria pauciflora caroliana       X
Talinum rugospermum                           X

Table 6

Threatened plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, in the wetlands of DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve
(C&P), and Miller Woods.

          Species               Location

Scientific name            Common name                 DuPont

Arenaria stricta           Stiff sandwort
Aristata intermedia        False arrow feather
Aster ptarmicoides         Stiff aster
Cakile edentula            Sea rocket
Carex aureg                Golden sedge                  X
Carex bebbi                Bebb's oval sedge             X
Carex garberi              False golden sedge
Cirsium picheri            Dune thistle
Eriophorum angustifolium   Narrow-leaved cotton grass
Juncus pelocarpus          Brown-fruited rush
Lathyrus orchtoleucus      Pale vetchling
Myriophyllm verticullatum
 pentinatum                Whorled water milfoil
Polygonella articulata     Jointweed
Utricularia cornuta        Horned bladderwort

                                 Location

Scientific name            C&P       Miller

Arenaria stricta                       X
Aristata intermedia         X          X
Aster ptarmicoides          X          X
Cakile edentula                        X
Carex aureg                 X          X
Carex bebbi
Carex garberi                          X
Cirsium picheri                        X
Eriophorum angustifolium    X
Juncus pelocarpus                      X
Lathyrus orchtoleucus                  X
Myriophyllm verticullatum
 pentinatum                            X
Polygonella articulata                 X
Utricularia cornuta                    X

Table 7

Rare plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, in the wetlands of DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve
(C&P), and Miller Woods.

           Species

Scientific name                   Common name

Aralia nudicularis                Wild sarsaparilla
Arcrostaphylos uva-ursi coatilis  Arctic bearberry
Aster borealis                    Rush aster
Baptisia leucantha                White wild indigo
Betula papyrifera                 Paper birch
Catalpa speciosa                  Northern catalpa
Cypripedium caleolus parviflorum  Small yellow lady's slipper
Diervilla lonicera                Dwarf honeysuckle
Drosera intermedia                Narrow-leaved sundew
Hypericum kalmianum               Kalm's St. John's wort
Liparis loeselii                  Green twayblade
Pinus banksiana                   Jack pine
Pogonia ophioglossoides           Snake-mouth orchid
Potamogeton pusillus              Small pondweed
Rhynchospora macrostachya         Horned beak rush
Solidago ptarmicoides             Prairie golden rod
Tofieldia glutinosa               False asphodel

                                              Location

Scientific name                   DuPont      C&P       Miller

Aralia nudicularis                             X          X
Arcrostaphylos uva-ursi coatilis               X          X
Aster borealis                                            X
Baptisia leucantha                  X                     X
Betula papyrifera                   X          X
Catalpa speciosa                    X
Cypripedium caleolus parviflorum               X
Diervilla lonicera                                        X
Drosera intermedia                                        X
Hypericum kalmianum                 X          X
Liparis loeselii                               X          X
Pinus banksiana                                           X
Pogonia ophioglossoides                                   X
Potamogeton pusillus                                      X
Rhynchospora macrostachya                                 X
Solidago ptarmicoides                                     X
Tofieldia glutinosa                            X

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