Want to go back to the old ways of farming? Here's how to feed a cow, 1910-style.

Once in a while it's interesting to see what's changed in the nature of agriculture-and what hasn't. This was the recommended feeding plan for dairy cows in the October 1910 Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 44. Because it is rather long, we're running it in two segments.

There are two factors that largely control the economical production of milk. One is the adaptability of the cow used for this purpose and depends upon her individual and breed characteristics. The other is the amount and kind of food eaten. The problem confronting the dairyman is the production of the largest amount of milk and butter at the least expense. In order that this may be realized, both the important factors mentioned must receive careful attention.

In most cases the largest direct expenses are for feed. Everyone familiar with the prevailing conditions knows a large amount of feed is used without producing the returns it should. It would be safe to say that the average yearly milk production per cow could be increased by one-half or three-fourths by following better methods of feeding.

It is not the intention to give results of new experimental work or to lay down fixed rules for feeding, but to make some suggestions adapted to Missouri conditions, these suggestions being based on the facts developed by the practises of the best dairymen and by scientific experiments.

Turning on pasture in the spring

Every owner of a cow welcomes the time when the animal can be turned out to pasture. Not only is the labor and expense connected with winter feeding done away with, but also each cow is expected to give the best results of the year on grass. In changing from dry feed to grass, it is best to go somewhat slowly, especially with heavy milking cows. The young, immature grass, such as we have in early spring, contains a large amount of water and a small amount of dry matter, and it is almost impossible for a heavy milking cow to get enough of such feed to supply the necessary amount of nutrients. Wheat and rye pastures are of the same nature. Another reason for putting cattle on pasture gradually rather than suddenly is the effect on the taste of milk. When a cow is changed at once from a grain ration to grass a very marked taste is developed in the milk, while if this change in feed is made gradually and not suddenly the change in the taste of the milk is scarcely noticed.

Summer conditions to be maintained as near as possible throughout the year

Soon after the cows are on pasture, usually the latter part of May or the first part of June, they reach the maximum production of milk for the year. This suggests that what the dairyman must do, in order that the production of milk may be the largest, is to imitate these summer conditions as far as possible throughout the remainder of the year. This is what the careful dairyman and skilled feeder does, and the results correspond closely to the success with which these summer conditions are maintained. The summer conditions which bring about the maximum production and which are to be maintained as far as possible through the year, are described in the following statement:

1. An abundance of palatable food.

2. A balanced ration.

3. Succulent feed.

4. Moderate temperature.

5. Comfortable surroundings.

How these conditions may be maintained will be discussed in detail further on.

Grain feeding while on pasture

There is some difference of opinion on this question from the standpoint of economy. There is no question but that a cow will produce more milk if fed grain while on pasture, and if a large yield is of more importance than economy of production, grain should certainly be fed. The cow that gives a small average quantity of milk will produce but little more if fed grain while on pasture. However, with the heavy producing cow the case is quite different and it is necessary that she be fed grain or she will not continue on the high level of production long. The necessity of feeding grain to the high producing cows arises from the fact that she cannot secure a sufficient amount of nutrients from the grass alone, and must have some concentrated feed in the form of grain in order to continue to produce large quantities of milk.

Experiments made by the Cornell Experiment Station, covering four years, showed that while an increase of milk yield was secured from grain feeding, it was not economical to produce it in this way. They secured only about an additional pound of milk for each pound of grain fed. In these experiments the pastures produced an abundance of nutritious grasses. They observed, however, that the cows fed grain during the summer gave better results after the grazing period was over, than those not having received grain. This is also a matter of common observation, and should be taken into account in considering the advisability of feeding grain. The point is that the cows fed grain stored a considerable quantity of surplus nutrients on their body which were afterwards available for the production of milk. A Jersey cow that is giving as much as 20 pounds or 10 quarts per day, or a Holstein or Shorthorn giving 25 pounds or more daily should be given some grain. Our practice in regard to feeding on pasture is about as follows:

Jersey cow producing:

20 lbs. milk daily: 3 lbs. grain 25 lbs. milk daily: 4 lbs. grain 30 lbs. milk daily: 6 lbs. grain 35 lbs. milk daily: 8 lbs. grain 40 lbs. milk daily: 10 lbs. grain

Holstein, Shorthorn or Ayrshire producing:

25 lbs. milk daily: 3 lbs. grain 30 lbs. milk daily: 5 lbs. grain 35 lbs. milk daily: 7 lbs. grain 40 lbs. milk daily: 9 lbs. grain 50 lbs. milk daily: 10 lbs. grain

It must be kept in mind that this applies only when pastures are abundant. Where a small amount of grain is fed to a cow on pasture, corn is as well adapted as anything else where it is cheaper than other feeds, since on account of the comparative narrow nutritive value of the grass the corn does not unbalance the ration. However, in case of feeding large quantities of grain, for example, five pounds per a day or above, other feeds containing more protein should be used in part, such as bran, gluten meal, oats or cotton seed meal.

Providing for periods of short pasture

As long as fresh pasture grasses are abundant, the ordinary cow is about as well provided for as she can be to produce milk economically. Unfortunately the season of abundant pasture is often short. In many localities, a dry period, often of several weeks, occurs during the middle or latter part of the summer and the pastures become short and insufficient to maintain a full flow of milk. This season is often the critical time of the year for the dairy cow. It is probable that as much loss occurs by lack of feed at this time as occurs from improper feeding during the winter season. When the season of dry feeding arrives, the farmer expects to feed his stock and is prepared for it. On the other hand, as long as the cattle are on pasture and the fieldwork is pressing, the tendency is to let the cows get along the best way they can.

Under average conditions in this state cows are fresh in the spring, give a good flow of milk while the pastures are good, but when hot weather and short pastures come, the flow drops one-half to two-thirds, and the cows are almost dry at the beginning of winter. It is almost impossible to restore the flow of milk to the original amount after it is once allowed to run down from lack of feed. To make large returns from the cow a large yearly production must be had, and to do this, the flow of milk must be kept up 10 or 11 months in the year.

It is possible to hold up the milk flow by heavy grain feeding, but this is unnecessarily expensive. Provision should always be made to have green crops on hand that may be cut and fed when needed or to have silage available. It is the nature of bluegrass to grow freely in the spring, then to rest until fall. This leaves a period in the summer from about the middle of July to the middle of September when the pasture is apt to be short.

Corn is in many ways the best crop for summer soiling. The main difficulty is that it does not come on early enough. Even the early varieties are hardly mature enough to feed before August 1 and something is often needed earlier. Sweet corn is a good feed, but does not yield heavily. Second growth clover, millet or alfalfa can be used if available. After August 1, in the corn belt, corn and sorghum are the best crops for supplementing pastures.

Sorghum yields immense crops and if a surplus is on hand it may be made into hay profitably. A yield of from 15 to 25 tons of green sorghum per acre is not unusual on good land.

Green crops fed as a supplement to pasture may be fed in the pasture or in the barn lot, but as a rule are fed most economically in the barn. The cows remain inside long enough at milking time to eat their portions.

As a rule the most economical method of supplying feed to help out the short pastures of midsummer and fall is to feed corn silage. Silage will keep in good condition for summer feeding with no loss except on the surface. If it is not needed during the summer, it may be covered with the new silage and kept until wanted. Corn furnishes a larger yield of dry matter per acre than any crop that can be ordinarily grown for summer feeding, and has the further advantage of being on hand as early as wanted.

It is handled more economically also than soiling crops, since it is cut all at once and not every day, as is necessary with soiling crops.

Winter feeding

Fortunately, the period of winter feeding in Missouri is shorter than in most of the dairy states. By pasturing wheat and having a blue grass pasture, which has not been eaten down, to turn into late in the fall, the pasturing season can be greatly prolonged. The great problem in winter feeding, as already stated is, in general, to maintain summer conditions. It is entirely feasible to maintain nearly these summer conditions throughout the entire winter on any farm when the subject is properly understood and the necessary arrangements made. In order to point out how these summer conditions may best be maintained during the winter, the statements already given will be discussed in detail.

Amount of feed

The first condition given as typical of the summer feeding is an abundance of palatable food, and on this point is made one of the most common mistakes in feeding cows. In producing milk, the cow may be looked upon in a way as a milk producing machine which we supply with a certain amount of raw material in the form of feed, and this raw material is manufactured into milk. The same rule holds in running the milk manufacturing plant; it is run most economically near its full capacity.

Every one who feeds animals should thoroughly comprehend that, first of all, the animal must use a certain proportion of its food to maintain the body. This is the first requirement of the animal and it is the first use to which it puts its food. This we call the ration of maintenance, and it is practically a fixed charge. That is, it is practically the same whether the animal is being utilized for maximum production, or if the animal is being merely kept without producing any milk at all.

In the case of an ordinary dairy cow this ration of maintenance amounts to about 60 percent of the ration that she is given. In the case of a heavier producing animal, for example, one producing 1-3/4 pounds of butterfat per day, this ration of maintenance amounts to about one-half the total feed of the animal. It should be clear that, after going to the expense of giving the animal the necessary amount to keep her alive, it is the poorest economy to refuse to furnish the other 40-50 percent which she would utilize exclusively for milk production. On the average farm this is one of the most common mistakes made. The importance of liberal feeding for economical production can be easily understood from the chart.

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

The first illustrates the proper feeding of a heavy producing cow, which is the one usually underfed. The line A-C represents the total capacity of the animal for food, or a full ration. The first half from A to B represents the amount of food required to maintain the animal's body, or the ration of maintenance. The second hall that portion from B to C, represents the proportion of the food used for the production of milk. In this case there is no fat being produced on the animal's body and the cow is supposed to be of such dairy quality that all the feed she can eat in excess of that required for maintenance is used for milk production.

The line below represents what would happen if the feed of this animal were reduced one-fourth. The ration of maintenance remains practically the same as in the first case. The amount represented by the line D to E is the amount required to maintain the animal's body, which is the same quantity as in the first case; however, the cut of one-fourth in the ration will be seen to come entirely on that available for milk production and reduces that amount one-half.

Suppose that the ration of such a cow be still further reduced to one-half of the full ration, or that required for maintenance alone, as represented by the third line. In this case the cutting down of the ration one-half would remove all available feed for milk production. However, the animal would not cease producing milk at once. This is a point of great importance in feeding cows, and a lack of such knowledge leads to serious errors in feeding. The milk producing function is so strong that the cow will continue to produce milk for some time, even when the feed is insufficient, utilizing the reserve material which has been accumulated in the body in past. This always happens in the case of a heavy milking cow during the first few weeks after the birth of a calf. At this time, it is not generally possible and not desirable on account of the condition of the animal to feed her a sufficient quantity of feed to supply the nutrients necessary to produce the milk, and even if the feed was offered, the appetite is not usually strong enough to cause the necessary amount of feed to be taken to prevent loss in weight. As a rule, all heavy milking cows decline in weight for the first two or three weeks, and occasionally for ten weeks, after calving, which means that milk production has been in excess of the feed supplied for that purpose. The same thing happens in the case of a cow that is not fed a sufficient ration for the amount of milk she is producing. She may continue to produce considerable milk for a while by drawing on the reserve material of the body, but as soon as this is exhausted the production of milk must come down to the amount available for this purpose, above the ration of maintenance. When the feed is in cow begins to store reserve material on her body. If the amount of milk produced by a cow varied directly with the feed, and she did not store up nutrients at one time and draw on reserve materials at another, it would simplify the problem of feeding very much and result in more economical feeding at all times.

How to avoid over-feeding

While the statement and illustration given applies to one class of dairy cows, there is another class to which it does not apply, and with which it would lead to a serious mistake in feeding from an economical standpoint. This group includes those of lower productive capacity, which are liable to be over-fed, especially when they are in the herds of dairymen, who realize the necessity of liberal feeding. The proper feeding of this group of animals can perhaps be made clearer by the following illustration:

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

The line a to d represents the amount of feed that an animal of this class will consume; a to b represents the ration of maintenance as before. In this case, however, the capacity for making milk is not equal to the capacity of the animal for utilizing feed in excess of that required to maintain the body. The amount which the animal is capable of utilizing for milk production is represented by that portion of the line b to c, while the animal's appetite is equal to the total line a to d. This gives a surplus, c to d, which is not utilized for milk production, but which will be used for storing fat on the animal's body and will have the cow gaining in weight while she is producing milk. This gain in weight will be of no service so far as milk production is concerned, except that it is of some value as a reserve material to be drawn upon at some other time when feed is not supplied in sufficient mounts, but it is not economical nor desirable to fatten dairy animals with expensive feeds. That portion of the feed represented by the line, c to d, should be taken from the ration. This means reducing her feed to take off the amount used for string fat on the body; in other words, to feed her only what she will utilize for milk production. This means feeding enough to maintain a practically uniform body weight. In every large herd where the amount fed is not carefully regulated, we find errors made in both these classes. We find the heavy producing cows being under fed and the light producing cows being over fed and allowed to accumulate fat.

Farm numbers through the years

1850: Total population: 23,191,786; farm population; 11,680,000 (est.); farmers 64% of labor force; Number of farms: 1,449,000; average acres: 203

1910: Total population: 91,972,266; farm population: 32,077,000 (est.); farmers 31% of labor force; Number of farms: 6,366,000; average acres: 138

By 1999: Total population. 261,423,000;farm population:2,987,552; farmers 2.6% of labor force; Number of farms: 2,143,150; average acres: 461; irrigated acres: 49,404,000 (1992)

1998: Number of farms: 2.19 million; average acres: 435

C.H. ECKLES

PROFESSOR OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI