Violence among family members and intimate partners.INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of violence among family members has been present in Western society throughout its history. It is a significant societal so·ci·e·tal adj. Of or relating to the structure, organization, or functioning of society. so·ci  e·tal·ly adv.Adj. as well as an individual problem, but it has not always been considered a crime. History records instances of wife beating as early as the time of the Roman Empire. Further, the English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is common law as codified cod·i·fy tr.v. cod·i·fied, cod·i·fy·ing, cod·i·fies 1. To reduce to a code: codify laws. 2. To arrange or systematize. by jurist A judge or legal scholar; an individual who is versed or skilled in law. The term jurist is ordinarily applied to individuals who have gained respect and recognition by their writings on legal topics. jurist n. Sir William Blackstone Sir William Blackstone (originally pronounced Blexstun) (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780) was an English jurist and professor who produced the historical and analytic treatise on the common law called Commentaries on the Laws of England in 1768 affirmed af·firm v. af·firmed, af·firm·ing, af·firms v.tr. 1. To declare positively or firmly; maintain to be true. 2. To support or uphold the validity of; confirm. v.intr. the right of a husband to physically chastise chas·tise tr.v. chas·tised, chas·tis·ing, chas·tis·es 1. To punish, as by beating. See Synonyms at punish. 2. To criticize severely; rebuke. 3. Archaic To purify. his wife as long as "the stick was no bigger than his thumb." This right was upheld by an appellate court A court having jurisdiction to review decisions of a trial-level or other lower court. An unsuccessful party in a lawsuit must file an appeal with an appellate court in order to have the decision reviewed. in North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. as late as 1867. (1) M. A. Straus Straus (strous), family of American merchants, public officials, and philanthropists. Isidor Straus, 1845–1912, b. Rhenish Bavaria, emigrated (1854) with his brothers to the United States in order to join their father, Lazarus and R. J. Gelles, who have authored several works about family violence, also categorized cat·e·go·rize tr.v. cat·e·go·rized, cat·e·go·riz·ing, cat·e·go·riz·es To put into a category or categories; classify. cat instances of child abuse throughout history. Some of the cases they examined date to biblical times. "Infanticide infanticide (ĭnfăn`təsīd) [Lat.,=child murder], the putting to death of the newborn with the consent of the parent, family, or community. Infanticide often occurs among peoples whose food supply is insecure (e.g. , mutilation Mutilation See also Brutality, Cruelty. Mutiny (See REBELLION.) Absyrtus hacked to death; body pieces strewn about. [Gk. Myth.: Walsh Classical, 3] Agatha, St. had breasts cut off. [Christian Hagiog. , and other forms of violence were legal parental prerogatives from ancient Rome Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. to colonial America America [for Amerigo Vespucci], the lands of the Western Hemisphere—North America, Central (or Middle) America, and South America. The world map published in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller is the first known cartographic use of the name. . " (2) Child abuse was identified as a social problem by church and social workers in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. However, it was not until C. Henry Kemper Kemper may refer to:
Battered child syndrome refers to injuries sustained by a child as a result of physical abuse, usually inflicted by an adult caregiver. " (3) that child abuse found its way onto the public agenda. Likewise, it was not until the 1970s that wife beating was recognized as a problem and that significant scholarly research on spousal spou·sal adj. 1. Of or relating to marriage; nuptial. 2. Of or relating to a spouse. n. Marriage; nuptials. Often used in the plural. abuse began. In their writings, Straus and Gelles (1988) and Straus (2000) listed some of the factors that led to the reformation Reformation, religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th cent. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church (see Roman Catholic Church) and ultimately led to the freedom of dissent (see Protestantism). in our society's view of family violence. Those factors included the social movements This is a partial list of social movements.
tr.v. op·pressed, op·press·ing, op·press·es 1. To keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority: a people who were oppressed by tyranny. 2. groups; the growth in paid employment of married women; the re-emergence of the women's movement women's movement: see feminism; woman suffrage. women's movement Diverse social movement, largely based in the U.S., seeking equal rights and opportunities for women in their economic activities, personal lives, and politics. in the 1970s; the provision of shelters for battered bat·ter 1 v. bat·tered, bat·ter·ing, bat·ters v.tr. 1. To hit heavily and repeatedly with violent blows. 2. To subject to repeated beatings or physical abuse. 3. women; public abhorrence of violence evidenced by the rising homicide homicide (hŏm`əsīd), in law, the taking of human life. Homicides that are neither justifiable nor excusable are considered crimes. A criminal homicide committed with malice is known as murder, otherwise it is called manslaughter. and assault rates; violent political and social protests; assassinations; terrorist activity; the Vietnam War Vietnam War, conflict in Southeast Asia, primarily fought in South Vietnam between government forces aided by the United States and guerrilla forces aided by North Vietnam. ; the critical reassessment Reassessment The process of re-determining the value of property or land for tax purposes. Notes: Property is usually reassessed on an annual basis. You may request a "reassessment" if you disagree with your assessment. of the family; and changes in theoretical perspectives in sociology sociology, scientific study of human social behavior. As the study of humans in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities—economic, social, political, and religious. , family studies, and criminology criminology, the study of crime, society's response to it, and its prevention, including examination of the environmental, hereditary, or psychological causes of crime, modes of criminal investigation and conviction, and the efficacy of punishment or correction (see . (4) Measuring Domestic Violence The subject of domestic violence is broad in scope and there are many ways to measure it. For example, the Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, is a national survey of approximately 77,200 [1] households in the United States, on the frequency of crime victimization, as well as chacteristics and consequences (NCVS NCVS National Center for Voice and Speech (Denver, CO) NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS National Crime Victimization Study NCVS National Crime Victims Survey NCVS Northwest Credentials Verification Service ) questions individuals regarding their victimization victimization Social medicine The abuse of the disenfranchised–eg, those underage, elderly, ♀, mentally retarded, illegal aliens, or other, by coercing them into illegal activities–eg, drug trade, pornography, prostitution. experiences. Investigators from other agencies examine hospital records and physicians' reports to determine the frequency of broken bones This article or section has multiple issues: * It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by citing reliable sources. * It needs to be expanded. Please help [ improve the article] or discuss these issues on the talk page. and use that information as evidence of child or spousal abuse. (5) The present work investigates the problem of violence among intimate partners and other family members by examining the incidents reported to law enforcement who, in turn, submitted data to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR (Under Color Removal) A method for reducing the amount of printing ink used. It substitutes black for gray color (equal amounts of cyan, magenta and yellow). Thus black ink is used instead of the three CMY inks. See GCR and dot gain. ) Program. The years considered are 1996 through 2001. Although there are other studies of this criminal phenomenon from the vantage point of the victim or from a public health perspective, this study is confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to the experiences of victims in close relationships with their offenders. Some additional data presented in this report are from other sources and are tendered to underline underline an animal's ventral profile; the shape of the belly when viewed from the side, e.g. pendulous, pot-belly, tucked up, gaunt. the nature of the phenomenon. However, those data are presented only as background information. Data from the UCR Program clearly demonstrate that violence among family members is a prevalent prevalent widespread occurrence. problem. For instance, the Program's 1996 Supplementary Homicide Report (6) (SHR SHR Shore SHR Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat SHR Staff Human Resources SHR Saskatoon Health Region (Saskatoon, SK, Canada) SHR Shift Logical Right SHR Sensible Heat Ratio SHR Supplementary Homicide Report SHR Steroid Hormone Receptor ) showed that 30 percent of all female victims of murder or nonnegligent manslaughter manslaughter, homicide committed without justification or excuse but distinguished from murder by the absence of the element of malice aforethought. Modern criminal statutes usually divide it into degrees, the most common distinction being between voluntary and in the U.S. were killed by their husbands, ex-husbands, or boyfriends. (7) The 2000 SHR data indicated that of the 3,173 women homicide victims for which supplemental data were provided, 1,029 were killed by their husbands, former husbands, or boyfriends. Further, data from the UCR Program's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS NIBRS National Incident-Based Reporting System (US DoD) ) for 2001 showed that an estimated 38,614 women were beaten and/or and/or conj. Used to indicate that either or both of the items connected by it are involved. Usage Note: And/or is widely used in legal and business writing. sexually assaulted by family members. (8) Intimate Partner and Spousal Abuse Domestic violence takes many forms including intimate partner and spousal abuse, child abuse, and elder abuse Elder Abuse Definition Elder abuse is a general term used to describe harmful acts toward an elderly adult, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional or psychological abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect, including self-neglect. . Regarding spousal abuse, data from the American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. Description and history The association has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. (APA (All Points Addressable) Refers to an array (bitmapped screen, matrix, etc.) in which all bits or cells can be individually manipulated. APA - Application Portability Architecture ) (9) indicate that one-third of all adult women will be assaulted by a partner during adulthood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. reported that "nearly two-thirds of women who reported being raped, physically assaulted, or stalked stalked adj. Having a stalk or stem. Often used in combination: long-stalked; short-stalked. Adj. 1. since the age of 18 were victimized by a current or former husband, cohabiting partner, boyfriend A boyfriend is a male partner in a non-marital romantic relationship. Scope The term is most commonly used to describe any male person, who is in a romantic relationship with another person. , or date." (10) Further, one in three of these women were injured in·jure tr.v. in·jured, in·jur·ing, in·jures 1. To cause physical harm to; hurt. 2. To cause damage to; impair. 3. . (11) Reports from the NCVS from 1992 to 1996 showed that, without adjusting for socioeconomic status socioeconomic status, n the position of an individual on a socio-economic scale that measures such factors as education, income, type of occupation, place of residence, and in some populations, ethnicity and religion. , an average of 12 per 1,000 black women experienced violence by an intimate partner compared to an estimated 8 per 1,000 white women. (12) In studies of visits to hospital emergency rooms in 1994, the Bureau of Justice Statistics Noun 1. Bureau of Justice Statistics - the agency in the Department of Justice that is the primary source of criminal justice statistics for federal and local policy makers BJS reported that women accounted for nearly 40 percent of all the patients in need of treatment for violent victimizations. Thirty-six percent of these victims were attacked by their intimate partners. (13) Female victims were more likely than male victims to require medical attention, take time off work, and spend more days in bed. (14) Moreover, the National Research Council argues that the psychological costs for these victims are quite high and "can include depression, suicidal su·i·cid·al adj. 1. Of or relating to suicide. 2. Likely to attempt suicide. thoughts and attempts, lowered self-esteem self-esteem Sense of personal worth and ability that is fundamental to an individual's identity. Family relationships during childhood are believed to play a crucial role in its development. , alcohol and other drug abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mental disorder that follows an occurrence of extreme psychological stress, such as that encountered in war or resulting from violence, childhood abuse, sexual abuse, or serious accident. ." (15) According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Straus and Gelles, perpetrators of violence are more likely to have had a history of physical or sexual abuse themselves or were victims of threats of abuse. Furthermore, men who abuse their partners are more likely to abuse their children. (16) Both victims and perpetrators of domestic violence are more likely to abuse alcohol. Statistics from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), as part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. show that more than 50 percent of male batterers and 20 percent of female victims are alcohol abusers. (17) Surveys taken by the NCVS between 1992 and 1996 indicated that financial losses to women victims of non-lethal intimate violence amounted to more than $150 million per year. This amount was made up of medical costs (approximately 40 percent), property losses (about 44 percent), and the rest comprised lost pay. (18) Child Abuse Men are more likely to be the offenders in cases of physical and sexual abuse against children. Approximately 10 percent of all injuries to children under 7 years of age who are examined in emergency rooms come from abuse. (19) More than 50 percent of murder victims under the age of 12 are killed by a parent. About 3.3 million children each year witness acts of violence by family members against their mothers or female caretakers. The APA estimates that 16 to 34 percent of girls and 10 to 20 percent of boys are sexually abused, most often by a family member or trusted family friend. The APA has for a long time indicated that children who experience violence are at greater risk of becoming adult abusers. The Association terms this the "cycle of violence. " (20) Children at risk for being abused include those who are unwanted, who have physical or mental disabilities, and whose parents are under stress (e.g., parents with more than four children, those who make less than $15,000 annually, those who abuse drugs, or young mothers who are isolated from others outside the family.) (21) The U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect An omission to do or perform some work, duty, or act. As used by U.S. courts, the term neglect denotes the failure of responsibility on the part of defendants or attorneys. reports that there are particular characteristics that are associated with child abusers child abuser Public health A person who mentally or physically abuses a child Typical CA profile Age < 30, slightly more likely to be ♀, whose mother was unemployed/employed part time as a manual laborer Typical victim Young children, teens. . Usually, the offenders are in their mid- mid- pref. Middle: midbrain. 20s, do not have high school educations, live at or below the poverty level, suffer from depression, and may have difficulty coping with stressful situations. (22) Elder Abuse Elder abuse affects thousands of individuals each year, but according to the National Center on Elder Abuse, (23) the incidents are underreported. Few studies examine this topic; however, a 1997 study of case reports of various protective agencies by the National Center on Elder Abuse found that neglect is the most common form of elder elder or elderberry: see honeysuckle. elder Any of about 20–30 species, mainly shrubs and small trees, that make up the genus Sambucus, in the honeysuckle family. maltreatment maltreatment Social medicine Any of a number of types of unreasonable interactions with another adult. See Child maltreatment, Cf Child abuse. in domestic settings, and adult children are the most frequent abusers of the elderly. From the data that were available, authors Tatara Tatara (婁宿) is a Byakko celestial warrior from Yuu Watase's Fushigi Yūgi. Statistics
Also according to Tatara, Kuzmeskus, and Duckhorn, most elderly victims of abuse were female, but from 1990 to 1996, the gap between male and female victims narrowed somewhat, changing from 68.3 percent female/31.5 percent male in 1990 to 67.3 percent female/32.4 percent male in 1996. (25) Additionally, they found that nearly a third of the murders of victims 60 years of age or older were committed by a family member. Further, most elder abuse was committed by someone with whom the elderly victim lived. Because most caregivers for the elderly are women, they found that most of the neglect cases were committed by female family members. On the other hand, the most frequent offenders of physical abuse against the elderly were male family members. (26) OBJECTIVES This study examines violent crime incidents in which at least one of the offenders and one of the victims are related within the family. The crimes included in this analysis are murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible forc·i·ble adj. 1. Effected against resistance through the use of force: The police used forcible restraint in order to subdue the assailant. 2. Characterized by force; powerful. rape, robbery robbery, in law, felonious taking of property from a person against his will by threatening or committing force or violence. The injury or threat may be directed against the person robbed, his property, or the person or property of his relative or of anyone in his , aggravated assault A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he or she attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another or causes such injury purposely, knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; or attempts to cause or purposely or , simple assault, intimidation, forcible sodomy sodomy Noncoital carnal copulation. Sodomy is a crime in some jurisdictions. Some sodomy laws, particularly in Middle Eastern countries and those jurisdictions observing Shari'ah law, provide penalties as severe as life imprisonment for homosexual intercourse, even if the , sexual assault with an object, and forcible fondling. The relationships included in this study fall into the categories of family members and intimate partners and include spouse spouse A legal marriage partner as defined by state law , common-law com·mon-law adj. 1. Of, relating to, or based on common law. 2. Of or relating to a common-law marriage. Adj. 1. spouse, parent, sibling sibling /sib·ling/ (sib´ling) any of two or more offspring of the same parents; a brother or sister. sib·ling n. , child, grandparent, grandchild, in-law in-law n. A relative by marriage. [Back-formation from such compounds as mother-in-law.] in-law Noun a relative by marriage Adjective , stepparent step·par·ent n. A stepfather or stepmother. Noun 1. stepparent - the spouse of your parent by a subsequent marriage , stepchild step·child n. 1. A child of one's spouse by a previous union. 2. Something that does not receive appropriate care, respect, or attention: "Demography has a reputation for being the stepchild of . . . , stepbrother step·broth·er n. A son of one's stepparent. stepbrother Noun a son of one's stepmother or stepfather Noun 1. or stepsister, boyfriend, girlfriend This article is about a female partner. For other uses, see Girlfriend (disambiguation). A girlfriend is a female partner in a non-marital romantic relationship. , child of boyfriend/girlfriend, ex-wife, ex-husband Noun 1. ex-husband - a man who was formerly a certain woman's husband ex adult male, man - an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus" ex-husband n , and other family member. The general objective of this study is to analyze an·a·lyze v. 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. To separate a chemical substance into its constituent elements to determine their nature or proportions. 3. the domestic violence data that are provided in the UCR Program's NIBRS data. It will show the types of crimes that are committed in domestic disputes (e.g., assaults, rapes, and sexual assaults). The relationships of the individuals involved (i.e., partner or ex-partner, parent, or other relationship) are examined. Further, variables such as the number and degree of injury in the cases, the weapons used, and the severity of the sustained injuries are included. Study Question 1--Characteristics of the Incidents and Offenses The level of analysis in this study question is the incident itself. In the NIBRS data that were used in this study, an incident includes all the family violence offenses within a single incident, whether the offense is against an intimate partner, a child, or an elder. Variables that describe the incident such as the number of incidents per year, the use of alcohol, and the violence involved (i.e., homicides, injuries, and types of weapons used) are addressed in question 1. Study Question 2--Victims, Offenders, and Relationship Status Question 2 concerns the victim and offender offender n. an accused defendant in a criminal case or one convicted of a crime. (See: defendant, accused) characteristics. The age, sex, and race of the victims and offenders are examined here. The incidents are broken down by the selected relationships of victim to offender (intimate partner, child/offspring, or elderly relative). This question also concerns the relationships of the victims to the offenders. In this section, different crime categories are examined by types of incidents to show the similarities and differences between them. DATA The UCR's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data from 1996-2001 Data for this study came from the UCR Program's NIBRS database. The NIBRS, which is the redesigned, expanded version of the Program's original Summary system, was established in the 1980s, and a limited number of agencies began submitting data to the FBI via the NIBRS in January January: see month. 1989. This database contains information on incidents and arrests reported by the participating local, county, and state law enforcement agencies A law enforcement agency (LEA) is a term used to describe any agency which enforces the law. This may be a local or state police, federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). . The NIBRS collects data for 22 crime categories and includes information about each incident, the offenses committed within the incident, and details about the victim and offender. The data collected by this method provide a rich, disaggregated Broken up into parts. source of information that can be used to enhance law enforcement and crime research as well as assist officials in strategic and administrative decision-making decision-making, n the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment. decision-making, evidence-based, n a type of informal decision-making that combines clinical expertise, patient concerns, and evidence gathered from . METHODS The years considered for this study are 1996 through 2001. Frequency distributions and cross tabulations A cross tabulation (often abbreviated as cross tab) displays the joint distribution of two or more variables. They are usually presented as a contingency table in a matrix format. are used to explore the data and to address the Study Questions. For this report, relationships that fall into the spousal abuse category are defined as those in which the victim and offender were related as spouse, common-law spouse, ex-spouse n. 1. a person who was formerly a spouse. Noun 1. ex-spouse - a person who was formerly a spouse adult, grownup - a fully developed person from maturity onward , boyfriend, or girlfriend. Child abuse cases are defined as those in which at least one victim was below age 18. However, when relationships are considered in the data presented in this study, the term child can also mean the offspring off·spring n. 1. The progeny or descendants of a person, animal, or plant considered as a group. 2. A child of particular parentage. (adult or juvenile juvenile /ju·ve·nile/ (ju´vin-il) 1. pertaining to youth or childhood. 2. a youth or child; a young animal. 3. a cell or organism intermediate between immature and mature forms. ) of a victim or offender. Footnotes are provided in the appropriate tables to clarify how this classification applies. Elderly abuse cases are defined as those in which as least one victim was above age 65 and had a familial familial /fa·mil·i·al/ (fah-mil´e-il) occurring in more members of a family than would be expected by chance. fa·mil·ial adj. relationship to one of the offenders. FINDINGS Incident Characteristics Number of Incidents and Offenses Table 5.1 shows the total number of incidents reported to the UCR Program via the NIBRS for each year from 1996 through 2001. The number of incidents reflect violent, property, and society crimes. As expected, the numbers steadily increased over the period as more jurisdictions began reporting data via the NIBRS. The total number of incidents over the period was 12,545,546, and of those, 2,985,101 (23.8 percent) contained at least one violent offense. Table 5.2 presents the number of incidents reported each year containing at least one violent offense. During the timeframe of this study, simple assault was the most prevalent violent crime, present in 58.5 percent of the total violent incidents. Aggravated assault and intimidation followed comprising 16.2 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. Table 5.3 also shows the prevalence prevalence /prev·a·lence/ (prev´ah-lins) the number of cases of a specific disease present in a given population at a certain time. prev·a·lence n. of the violent offenses examined in this study. The highest percentages of violent offenses for each year were for simple assault (58.2 percent overall), aggravated assault (16.7 percent overall), and intimidation (14.8 percent overall). Each of the remaining crime categories reflected percentages less than 5.0 percent. Relationships in Violent Offenses Tables 5.4 and 5.5 show the relationships of the victims to the offenders in the violent offenses studied. Table 5.4 shows all relationship categories that were available and that applied to this study. Of the 3,368,347 violent offenses reported during the period, there were 3,534,254 confrontations for which the UCR Program knew the relationships of victims to offenders. Of these, 1,551,143 were familial relationships, and the totals for each of these categories are provided in Table 5.5, broken down by year. The most prevalent relationship was boyfriend/ girlfriend (29.6 percent) followed by spouse (24.4 percent). When spouse, common-law spouse, and ex-spouse were considered together, the percentage of the total rose to 32.4 percent. Table 5.6 shows violent incidents by the type of abuse being studied. Simple assault was the most prevalent offense in all three relationship categories followed by aggravated assault and intimidation in the spousal abuse category. In the case of child abuse, simple assault was the most prevalent offense, followed by combined sexual assaults, then aggravated assault, and intimidation. In the elderly abuse categories, simple assault comprised the largest offense total, followed by intimidation, robbery, and aggravated assault. Most sex offenses A class of sexual conduct prohibited by the law. Since the 1970s this area of the law has undergone significant changes and reforms. Although the commission of sex offenses is not new, public awareness and concern regarding sex offenses have grown, resulting in the (i.e., forcible rape, forcible sodomy, sexual assault with an object, forcible fondling, incest incest, sexual relations between persons to whom marriage is prohibited by custom or law because of their close kinship. Ideas of kinship, however, vary widely from group to group, hence the definition of incest also varies. , and statutory rape Sexual intercourse by an adult with a person below a statutorily designated age. The criminal offense of statutory rape is committed when an adult sexually penetrates a person who, under the law, is incapable of consenting to sex. ) fall in the category of child abuse, comprising approximately 17 percent of those offenses. Weapons The weapons used in violent offenses in which there was a familial relationship are broken down by year in Table 5.7. For each year studied, the most prevalent weapon used were those categorized by the UCR as "personal" (i.e., hands, fists, or feet). Nearly 70 percent of violent offenses involving familial relationships were carried out using this type of weapon. Following personal weapons, no weapons (11.4 percent) and knives knives n. Plural of knife. knives Noun the plural of knife knives knife , handguns, and blunt blunt (blunt) having a thick or dull edge or point; not sharp. objects, (between 3 and 5 percent) were used most often to carry out the most common offenses reported for the period. Weapon use in offenses involving familial relationships broken down by the three types of relationships studied is presented in Table 5.8. Personal weapons were used most often in cases of spousal and child abuse, (78.4 percent and 73.3 percent, respectively). However, in the elderly abuse category, personal weapons constituted only 36.1 percent of the offenses involving weapons. Almost 44 percent of elder abuse offenses involved the use of a handgun. Victims, Offenders, and Relationships Substance Abuse Table 5.9 shows the number of family violence incidents in which substance abuse was involved. The overwhelming majority of these situations involved alcohol, which was used in approximately 99 percent of violent family incidents for which there was a substance abuse code. Substance abuse in offenses involving the three domestic relationships studied is presented in Table 5.10. In all three relationships, more than 99 percent of the offenses involving abused substances involved alcohol. Gender, Race, and Age Victims of violent family crimes tend to be female. Table 5.11 presents the overall breakdown, indicating that 74.8 percent of the victims were female. The races of the victims of violent crime are presented in Table 5.12. Over 70 percent of the victims were white; black victims accounted for a little more than 27 percent of all victims. Age groups of victims of domestic violence are presented in Table 5.13. As we would expect, the 18 to 65 age group is the most prevalent, comprising 83.4 percent of the victims. The two juvenile groups follow. The elderly group is very small; the over- over- pref. 1. Above or upon in position: overpass; overcoat. 2. Superior in rank or importance: overlord. 3. 65 age group accounted for 1.1 percent of the violent crime victims in familial relationships. Table 5.14 displays the number of confrontations of the victims and their offenders by the age ranges reported to the UCR Program via the NIBRS from 1996-2001. A confrontation A fundamental right of a defendant in a criminal action to come face-to-face with an adverse witness in the court's presence so the defendant has a fair chance to object to the testimony of the witness, and the opportunity to cross-examine him or her. can be thought of as each unique combination of victim and offender within a single incident. For example in an incident with two victims and two offenders, there will be four confrontations (i.e., victim #1/offender #1; victim #2/offender #1; victim #1 /offender #2; victim #2/offender #2). This also means that each victim or offender may be present in more than one category ultimately depending upon the total number of victims and offenders in the incident. Table 5.14 provides information on the relationship of victim to offender within each confrontation. When all possible relationships are considered, most of the confrontations involved victims and offenders in the 18 to 65 age category. After the incidents with familial relationships are isolated from the total, again, the highest number of confrontations occurred where both victims and offenders were in the 18 to 65 age group. For those incidents in which the confrontations could be considered spousal abuse, or the victims were "significant others" of the offenders, the majority (891,514) also occur with victims and offenders in the 18- to 65-year-old group. The number of confrontations within incidents involving a child and an individual in a parenting or care-giving role by the ages of the victims and offenders shows that most of these occurred where the offenders were in the 18-to 65-year-old category. Finally, confrontations involving elderly victims again confirm that majority of these incidents (27,574) occur with offenders 18- to 65- years old. Injuries The types of injuries suffered by victims of domestic, or family, violence during the study period are presented in Table 5.15. Major injuries are defined as those in which the victims suffered broken bones, possible internal injuries, loss of teeth, severe lacerations, or unconsciousness un·con·scious·ness n. A state of impaired consciousness in which one shows no responsiveness to environmental stimuli but may respond to deep pain with involuntary movements. . Minor injuries and no injuries were nearly equal in number for every year except 1997 when the data showed a few more minor injuries than none. Overall, 46.0 percent of the injuries reported were minor, and 4.7 percent were major. No injuries were indicated in 49.3 percent of the reports. The numbers and types of injuries by certain types of abuse (i.e., spousal, child, and elderly) are presented in Table 5.16. In the spousal abuse category, the most prevalent type of injuries was minor. In child and elderly abuse situations, a majority of the cases involved no reported injuries (50.0 percent in child abuse cases and 50.4 percent in elderly abuse situations). Nearly 47 percent of child abuse cases and 45.1 percent of elderly abuse cases involved minor injuries. In all three categories, less than 5 percent of the cases involved major injuries. LIMITATIONS There are several limitations to this study. The UCR Program's Summary data, which comprise approximately 80 to 85 percent of the Program's database, could not be used to develop an in-depth in-depth adj. Detailed; thorough: an in-depth study. in-depth Adjective detailed or thorough: an in-depth analysis study of this type. Those data are submitted as summary counts for the seven Part I crimes--murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary burglary, at common law, the breaking and entering of a dwelling house of another at night with the intent to commit a felony, whether the intent is carried out or not. , larceny larceny, in law, the unlawful taking and carrying away of the property of another, with intent to deprive the owner of its use or to appropriate it to the use of the perpetrator or of someone else. , and motor vehicle theft--and cannot be disaggregated to study an incident. Further, the use of the Hierarchy Rule in the Summary system limits the reporting of data to the offenses that fall inside the "hierarchy" structure of Part I crimes as defined by the UCR Program. In multiple offense situations, this procedure requires the reporting agency to count only the highest offense on the hierarchy list and ignore all others. For example, if a man beat, raped, and murdered his wife, the only offense that would be reported to the UCR Program (if the law enforcement agency Noun 1. law enforcement agency - an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation - a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice was not reporting data via the NIBRS) is murder--the highest crime in the hierarchy. The other offenses would simply be lost data. NIBRS data are richer and more disaggregated than Summary data. However, NIBRS data are not as universally submitted as are Summary data. Over the decade of the nineties, more states became certified See certification. NIBRS participants and began submitting NIBRS data. The number of states submitting NIBRS data has grown from year to year. Even so, as of 2002, there were only 4,239 law enforcement agencies from 24 states using the NIBRS. This number represents 17 percent of the U.S. population and 18 percent of the crime statistics collected by the UCR Program. These data do not represent a scientific sample to reflect the national phenomenon. There are no cities participating in the NIBRS that have populations of 1 million or more inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. . There are only 11 cities or consolidated con·sol·i·date v. con·sol·i·dat·ed, con·sol·i·dat·ing, con·sol·i·dates v.tr. 1. To unite into one system or whole; combine: counties that contribute NIBRS data whose populations are 250,000 or more. A regional analysis would be valuable in this study. Regional variances could indicate cultural differences that could be studied to determine the causes and effects of domestic violence. For this study, however, regional analysis may hide more than it shows. NIBRS data for the period 1996-2001 are available for 20 states and the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). . Many of these states joined the program some time in the late nineties; therefore, the data for some of these states are not complete for that period. This study may better have been conducted by examining states for a particular year for which each had NIBRS data available. Even so, until more states contribute NIBRS data, regional analysis will be limited. For example, the West is defined by the UCR Program as Arizona Arizona (âr'əzō`nə), state in the southwestern United States. It is bordered by Utah (N), New Mexico (E), Mexico (S), and, across the Colorado R., Nevada and California (W). , Colorado Colorado, state, United States Colorado (kŏlərăd`ə, –răd`ō, –rä`dō), state, W central United States, one of the Rocky Mt. states. , Idaho Idaho (ī`dəhō), one of the Rocky Mt. states in the NW United States. It is bordered by Montana and Wyoming (E), Utah and Nevada (S), Oregon and Washington (W), and the Canadian province of British Columbia (N). , Montana Montana (mŏntăn`ə), Rocky Mt. state in the NW United States. It is bounded by North Dakota and South Dakota (E), Wyoming (S), Idaho (W), and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan (N). , Nevada Nevada (nəvăd`ə, –vä–), far western state of the United States. It is bordered by Utah (E), Arizona (SE), California (SW, W), and Oregon and Idaho (N). , New Mexico New Mexico, state in the SW United States. At its northwestern corner are the so-called Four Corners, where Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah meet at right angles; New Mexico is also bordered by Oklahoma (NE), Texas (E, S), and Mexico (S). , Utah, Wyoming Wyoming, city, United States Wyoming, city (1990 pop. 63,891), Kent co., W Mich., in the greater Grand Rapids metropolitan area, on the Grand River; settled 1832, inc. 1959. , Alaska Alaska (əlă`skə), largest in area of the United States but third smallest (exceeding only Vermont and Wyoming) in population, occupying the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from the coterminous United States , California California (kăl'ĭfôr`nyə), most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). , Hawaii Hawaii, island, United States Hawaii, island (1990 pop. 120,217), 4,037 sq mi (10,456 sq km), largest and southernmost island of the state of Hawaii and coextensive with Hawaii co.; known as the Big Island. , Oregon Oregon, city, United States Oregon, city (1990 pop. 18,334), Lucas co., NW Ohio, a suburb adjacent to Toledo, on Lake Erie; inc. 1958. It is a port with railroad-owned and -operated docks. The city has industries producing oil, chemicals, and metal products. , and Washington Washington, town, England Washington, town (1991 pop. 48,856), Sunderland metropolitan district, NE England. Washington was designated one of the new towns in 1964 to alleviate overpopulation in the Tyneside-Wearside area. . As of 2003, the only states from this region that were participating in the NIBRS program were Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah. The largest state in the region is California, which has the highest population and the highest number of crimes. In addition, it has many of the largest cities in the region. Its absence from regional statistics could present an inaccurate crime picture of the West. With these limitations, NIBRS data may not represent the crime experience in the entire United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. . Due to these limitations, the results of this study must be interpreted with caution and with the noted caveats. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The objective of depicting violence among family members and intimate partners as reported in the data collected by the FBI's UCR Program has been met. Even though the findings in this report cannot be generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. to the entire country, it has demonstrated the utility of NIBRS data for analyses of this type. Moreover, other crimes or crime categories can be examined at a more in-depth level using NIBRS data. The simple methods used here demonstrate that characteristics of incidents, offenses, victims, and offenders can be examined across data segments. These findings are interesting and have significant implications for law-and policymakers. This study and other research concerning the demographic characteristics of the victims, offenders, and locations of domestic violence and information on prior criminal history and probationary pro·ba·tion n. 1. A process or period in which a person's fitness, as for work or membership in a social group, is tested. 2. a. status of offenders could be used to paint a fuller picture of the problem. This information could be valuable in enabling law enforcement policymakers, state legislatures A state legislature may refer to a legislative branch or body of a political subdivision in a federal system. The following legislatures exist in the following political subdivisions: ENDNOTES (1) Straus, M. A. and R. J. Gelles. (1988). "Violence in American Families American Family is a photographic artwork exhibition by Renée Cox. See also
(2) Straus, M. A. (2000). "Family Violence." In E. G. Borgatta and M. L. Borgatta (eds), Encyclopedia encyclopedia, compendium of knowledge, either general (attempting to cover all fields) or specialized (aiming to be comprehensive in a particular field). Encyclopedias and Other Reference Books of Sociology, Second Edition, v. 2. NY: Macmillan Macmillan, river, c.200 mi (320 km) long, rising in two main forks in the Selwyn Mts., E Yukon Territory, Canada, and flowing generally W to the Pelly River. It was an important route to the gold fields from c.1890 to 1900. , pp. 981-987. Straus and Gelles. (1988), p. 142. (3) Kemper, C. Henry. (1962). "The Battered Child Syndrome," Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American Medical Association. JAMA is the most widely circulated medical journal in the world. . (4) Straus and Gelles. pp. 141-142. (5) Abbott Ab·bott , Berenice 1898-1991. American photographer known especially for her series of black-and-white portraits of New York City. Abbott, George 1887-1995. , J., R. Johnson, J. Kaziol-McLain. (1995). "Domestic Violence Against Women: Incidence and Prevalence in an Emergency Department Population." Journal of the American Medical Association. V.272: 1763-1767. (6) Supplementary Homicide Report. (2002). U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), division of the U.S. Dept. of Justice charged with investigating all violations of federal laws except those assigned to some other federal agency. . (7) Crime in the United States Crime in the United States is characterized by relatively high levels of gun violence and homicide, compared to other developed countries although this is explained by the fact that criminals in America are more likely to use firearms. . (1996). U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (8) National Incident-Based Reporting System. (2002). U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (9) American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org See .org. (networking) org - The top-level domain for organisations or individuals that don't fit any other top-level domain (national, com, edu, or gov). Though many have .org domains, it was never intended to be limited to non-profit organisations. RFC 1591. . (10) Tjaden, P., N. Thoennes. (2000). Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Report for grant 93-IJ-CX-0012, funded by the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington, D.C.: NIJ Noun 1. NIJ - the law enforcement agency that is the research and development branch of the Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Department of Justice, DoJ, Justice Department, Justice - the United States federal department responsible for . (11) Tjaden and Thoennes. (2000). (12) Rand Rand See Witwatersrand. rand 1 n. See Table at currency. [Afrikaans, after(Witwaters)rand. , M. R. (1997). Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. (13) Rand. (1997). (14) Stets, J. E., M. A. Straus. (1990). "Gender Differences in Reporting Marital Pertaining to the relationship of Husband and Wife; having to do with marriage. Marital agreements are contracts that are entered into by individuals who are about to be married, are already married, or are in the process of ending a marriage. Violence and its Consequences." Straus, M. A. and R. J. Gelles, editors. Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families. New Brunswick New Brunswick, province, Canada New Brunswick, province (2001 pop. 729,498), 28,345 sq mi (73,433 sq km), including 519 sq mi (1,345 sq km) of water surface, E Canada. , NJ: Transaction Publishers, (1990): pp. 151-165. (15) National Research Council. (1996). Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 79-90. (16) Straus, M. A. and R. J. Gelles, eds., (1990). Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. (17) Roizen, J. (1993). "Issues in the Epidemiology epidemiology, field of medicine concerned with the study of epidemics, outbreaks of disease that affect large numbers of people. Epidemiologists, using sophisticated statistical analyses, field investigations, and complex laboratory techniques, investigate the cause of Alcohol and Violence." In S. E. Martin, ed., Alcohol and Interpersonal in·ter·per·son·al adj. 1. Of or relating to the interactions between individuals: interpersonal skills. 2. Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary mul·ti·dis·ci·pli·nar·y adj. Of, relating to, or making use of several disciplines at once: a multidisciplinary approach to teaching. Perspectives. Bethesda Bethesda, city, United States Bethesda, uninc. city (1990 pop. 62,936), Montgomery co., W central Md., an affluent residential and commercial suburb of Washington, D.C. The area was settled in the late 17th cent. , MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (National Institutes of Health) NIAAA National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association NIAAA Northwestern Illinois Area Agency on Aging Research Monograph No. 24, pp. 3-36. (18) National Crime Victimization Survey, 1992-1996. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (19) APA Online Press Release, http://www.apa.org/ releases/facts.html. (20) APA Online Press Release, http://www.apa.org/ releases/facts.html. (21) APA Online Press Release, http://www.apa.org/ releases/facts.html. (22) U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1995). A Nation's Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Noun 1. Department of Health and Human Services - the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979 Health and Human Services, HHS . (23) Tatara, T., L. M. Kuzmeskus, and E. Duckhorn. (1997). "Trends in Elder Abuse in Domestic Settings," Elder Abuse Information Series No. 2. Report for grant 90-am-0660, funded by the National Center on Elder Abuse. Washington, D.C.: NCEA NCEA National Catholic Educational Association NCEA National Center for Environmental Assessment NCEA National Center on Elder Abuse NCEA National Community Education Association NCEA National Certificate Educational Achievement (New Zealand) . (24) Tatara, Kuzmeskus, and Duckhorn. (1997). (25) Tatara, Kuzmeskus, and Duckhorn. (1997). (26) Tatara, Kuzmeskus, and Duckhorn. (1997).
Table 5.1
Number of Incidents Reported in
NIBRS, 1996-2001
Percentage
Incidents of Incidents
containing at containing at
Total least one violent least one
Year Incidents crime violent crime
1996 1,064,763 249,872 23.5
1997 1,426,978 325,921 22.8
1998 1,822,675 424,728 23.3
1999 2,157,326 518,975 24.1
2000 2,841,523 689,641 24.3
2001 3,232,281 775,964 24.0
Total 12,545,546 2,985,101 23.8
Table 5.2
Number of Incidents with a Violent Crime
by Crime Type, 1996-2001
1996 1997 1998 1999
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 594 702 929 1,139
Negligent Manslaughter 67 59 95 104
Justifiable Homicide (1) 18 20 14 25
Forcible Rape 4,929 6,819 9,755 10,931
Forcible Sodomy 1,327 1,726 2,466 2,946
Sexual Assault With An
Object 737 1,073 1,364 1,568
Forcible Fondling 5,854 7,733 10,289 12,856
Incest 194 282 296 363
Statutory Rape 951 1,056 1,387 1,820
Robbery 11,805 14,708 19,440 22,680
Aggravated Assault 49,083 60,523 72,815 80,723
Simple Assault 144,060 187,779 248,069 305,199
Intimidation 35,263 47,385 62,066 83,743
Number
of
2000 2001 Incidents
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 1,570 1,820 6,754
Negligent Manslaughter 146 138 609
Justifiable Homicide (1) 40 58 175
Forcible Rape 14,298 16,204 62,936
Forcible Sodomy 3,392 3,819 15,676
Sexual Assault With An
Object 2,163 2,163 9,068
Forcible Fondling 16,603 17,796 71,131
Incest 433 458 2,026
Statutory Rape 2,344 2,806 10,364
Robbery 34,569 42,855 146,057
Aggravated Assault 105,398 114,002 482,544
Simple Assault 406,996 454,558 1,746,661
Intimidation 109,189 127,512 465,158
(1) While technically not a crime, justifiable homicide was included
in the violent offense group due to its particular relationship to
family violence situations.
Table 5.3
Number of Offenses,
by Violent Crime, 1996-2001
1996 1997
Offenses Percent Offenses Percent
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 643 0.2 749 0.2
Negligent Manslaughter 72 0.0 62 0.0
Justifiable Homicide (1) 18 0.0 21 0.0
Forcible Rape 5,065 1.8 7,039 1.9
Forcible Sodomy 1,496 0.5 1,935 0.5
Sexual Assault With An
Object 800 0.3 1,150 0.3
Forcible Fondling 6,692 2.4 8,888 2.4
Incest 219 0.1 320 0.1
Statutory Rape 1,004 0.4 1,086 0.3
Robbery 11,805 4.2 14,708 4.0
Aggravated Assault 56,805 20.2 70,172 19.2
Simple Assault 159,792 56.7 208,193 57.1
Intimidation 37,389 13.3 50,315 13.8
Total Violent Offenses 281,800 100.0 364,638 100.0
1998 1999
Offenses Percent Offenses Percent
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 1,007 0.2 1,275 0.2
Negligent Manslaughter 112 0.0 127 0.0
Justifiable Homicide (1) 15 0.0 25 0.0
Forcible Rape 10,567 2.2 11,778 2.0
Forcible Sodomy 2,975 0.6 3,585 0.6
Sexual Assault With An
Object 1,540 0.3 1,774 0.3
Forcible Fondling 12,450 2.6 15,302 2.6
Incest 331 0.1 425 0.1
Statutory Rape 1,582 0.3 2,022 0.3
Robbery 19,440 4.0 22,680 3.9
Aggravated Assault 85,472 17.7 94,265 16.0
Simple Assault 279,670 58.0 344,155 58.6
Intimidation 66,986 13.9 90,010 15.3
Total Violent Offenses 482,147 100.0 587,423 100.0
2000 2001
Offenses Percent Offenses Percent
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 1,695 0.2 1,958 0.2
Negligent Manslaughter 158 0.0 142 0.0
Justifiable Homicide (1) 40 0.0 59 0.0
Forcible Rape 14,745 1.9 16,847 1.9
Forcible Sodomy 3,816 0.5 4,316 0.5
Sexual Assault With An
Object 2,362 0.3 2,364 0.3
Forcible Fondling 18,805 2.4 20,063 2.3
Incest 471 0.1 524 0.1
Statutory Rape 2,422 0.3 2,888 0.3
Robbery 34,569 4.5 42,855 4.9
Aggravated Assault 122,391 15.8 134,270 15.3
Simple Assault 456,389 58.9 513,592 58.5
Intimidation 116,854 15.1 137,744 15.7
Total Violent Offenses 774,717 100.0 877,622 100.0
Total
Offenses Percent
Murder/Nonnegligent
Manslaughter 7,327 0.2
Negligent Manslaughter 673 0.0
Justifiable Homicide (1) 178 0.0
Forcible Rape 66,041 2.0
Forcible Sodomy 18,123 0.5
Sexual Assault With An
Object 9,990 0.3
Forcible Fondling 82,200 2.4
Incest 2,290 0.1
Statutory Rape 11,004 0.3
Robbery 146,057 4.3
Aggravated Assault 563,375 16.7
Simple Assault 1,961,791 58.2
Intimidation 499,298 14.8
Total Violent Offenses 3,368,347 100.0
(1) While technically not a crime, justifiable homicide was included
in the violent offense group due to its particular relationship to
family violence situations.
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to 100.0 percent.
Table 5.4
Number of Confrontations Between
Victim and Offender by Relationship, 1996-2001
Year
1996 1997
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 33,432 11.3 42,880 11.2
Common-Law Spouse 7,225 2.5 9,371 2.5
Parent 6,910 2.3 9,222 2.4
Sibling 7,505 2.5 9,605 2.5
Child 7,312 2.5 10,012 2.6
Grandparent 315 0.1 452 0.1
Grandchild 502 0.2 606 0.2
In-Law 2,346 0.8 2,854 0.8
Stepparent 1,165 0.4 1,485 0.4
Stepchild 1,920 0.7 2,413 0.6
Stepsibling 326 0.1 493 0.1
Other Family Member 5,784 2.0 7,313 1.9
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 35,805 12.1 48,650 12.8
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 808 0.3 1,054 0.3
Ex-Spouse 3,879 1.3 4,922 1.3
Acquaintance 72,411 24.5 88,514 23.2
Friend 8,379 2.8 10,051 2.6
Neighbor 4,703 1.6 6,389 1.7
Babysittee (the baby) 346 0.1 455 0.1
Homosexual relationship 296 0.1 492 0.1
Employee 725 0.3 1,123 0.3
Employer 572 0.2 862 0.2
Stranger 36,725 12.4 44,114 11.6
Victim was Offender (1) 17,447 5.9 22,003 5.8
Otherwise Known 13,692 4.6 20,979 5.5
Unknown 24,920 8.4 35,092 9.2
TOTAL 295,450 100.0 381,406 100.0
Year
1998 1999
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 54,552 10.8 67,662 11.0
Common-Law Spouse 13,253 2.6 14,910 2.4
Parent 12,200 2.4 15,842 2.6
Sibling 12,815 2.5 16,177 2.6
Child 14,313 2.8 18,185 3.0
Grandparent 618 0.1 783 0.1
Grandchild 939 0.2 1,095 0.2
In-Law 3,595 0.7 4,450 0.7
Stepparent 2,258 0.5 3,000 0.5
Stepchild 3,464 0.7 4,300 0.7
Stepsibling 720 0.1 890 0.1
Other Family Member 10,947 2.2 14,336 2.3
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 62,133 12.3 77,247 12.6
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 1,482 0.3 1,840 0.3
Ex-Spouse 6,213 1.2 7,911 1.3
Acquaintance 110,506 21.8 124,845 20.3
Friend 13,796 2.7 17,086 2.8
Neighbor 8,670 1.7 10,845 1.8
Babysittee (the baby) 595 0.1 665 0.1
Homosexual relationship 757 0.2 968 0.2
Employee 1,338 0.3 1,742 0.3
Employer 1,034 0.2 1,391 0.2
Stranger 53,302 10.5 60,622 9.9
Victim was Offender (1) 27,873 5.5 34,016 5.5
Otherwise Known 30,918 6.1 41,675 6.8
Unknown 58,134 11.5 72,986 11.9
TOTAL 506,425 100.0 615,469 100.0
Year
2000 2001
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 87,681 10.8 92,896 10.1
Common-Law Spouse 17,229 2.1 17,105 1.9
Parent 21,028 2.6 24,171 2.6
Sibling 21,206 2.6 24,588 2.7
Child 23,943 2.9 26,567 2.9
Grandparent 1,122 0.1 1,348 0.2
Grandchild 1,344 0.2 1,440 0.2
In-Law 5,389 0.7 6,001 0.7
Stepparent 3,804 0.5 4,345 0.5
Stepchild 5,509 0.7 6,037 0.7
Stepsibling 1,266 0.2 1,335 0.1
Other Family Member 19,112 2.4 22,435 2.4
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 108,280 13.3 126,556 13.7
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 2,404 0.3 2,894 0.3
Ex-Spouse 10,055 1.2 11,659 1.3
Acquaintance 157,013 19.3 176,002 19.1
Friend 22,720 2.8 24,422 2.7
Neighbor 13,950 1.7 15,863 1.7
Babysittee (the baby) 742 0.1 778 0.1
Homosexual relationship 1,578 0.2 2,027 0.2
Employee 2,388 0.3 2,821 0.3
Employer 1,731 0.2 1,922 0.2
Stranger 83,666 10.3 95,169 10.3
Victim was Offender (1) 47,280 5.8 55,772 6.1
Otherwise Known 57,798 7.1 67,205 7.3
Unknown 95,850 11.8 110,058 11.9
TOTAL 814,088 100.0 921,416 100.0
Year
Total
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent
Spouse 379,103 10.7
Common-Law Spouse 79,093 2.2
Parent 89,373 2.5
Sibling 91,896 2.6
Child 100,332 2.8
Grandparent 4,638 0.1
Grandchild 5,926 0.2
In-Law 24,635 0.7
Stepparent 16,057 0.5
Stepchild 23,643 0.7
Stepsibling 5,030 0.1
Other Family Member 79,927 2.3
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 458,671 13.0
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 10,482 0.3
Ex-Spouse 44,639 1.3
Acquaintance 729,291 20.6
Friend 96,454 2.7
Neighbor 60,420 1.7
Babysittee (the baby) 3,581 0.1
Homosexual relationship 6,118 0.2
Employee 10,137 0.3
Employer 7,512 0.2
Stranger 373,598 10.6
Victim was Offender (1) 204,391 5.8
Otherwise Known 232,267 6.6
Unknown 397,040 11.2
TOTAL 3,534,254 100.0
(1) The category "Victim was Offender" was used in cases where
all of the participants in an incident were victims and offenders
of the same offense such as domestic disputes where both husband
and wife are charged with assault, double murders, etc.
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to 100.0 percent.
Table 5.5
Number of Confrontations Between Victim and Offender by Family
Relationship (1) 1996-2001
Year
1996 1997
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 33,432 26.4 42,880 25.9
Common-Law Spouse 7,225 5.7 9,371 5.7
Parent 6,910 5.5 9,222 5.6
Sibling 7,505 5.9 9,605 5.8
Child 7,312 5.8 10,012 6.0
Grandparent 315 0.3 452 0.3
Grandchild 502 0.4 606 0.4
In-Law 2,346 1.9 2,854 1.7
Stepparent 1,165 0.9 1,485 0.9
Stepchild 1,920 1.5 2,413 1.5
Stepsibling 326 0.3 493 0.3
Other Family Member 5,784 4.6 7,313 4.4
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 35,805 28.3 48,650 29.3
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 808 0.6 1,054 0.6
Ex-Spouse 3,879 3.1 4,922 3.0
Victim was Offender 9,744 7.7 12,318 7.4
Otherwise Known 393 0.3 572 0.3
Unknown 1,373 1.1 1,586 1.0
TOTAL 126,744 100.0 165,808 100.0
Year
1998 1999
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 54,552 25.0 67,662 24.9
Common-Law Spouse 13,253 6.1 14,910 5.5
Parent 12,200 5.6 15,842 5.8
Sibling 12,815 5.9 16,177 6.0
Child 14,313 6.6 18,185 6.7
Grandparent 618 0.3 783 0.3
Grandchild 939 0.4 1,095 0.4
In-Law 3,595 1.7 4,450 1.6
Stepparent 2,258 1.0 3,000 1.1
Stepchild 3,464 1.6 4,300 1.6
Stepsibling 720 0.3 890 0.3
Other Family Member 10,947 5.0 14,336 5.3
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 62,133 28.4 77,247 28.4
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 1,482 0.7 1,840 0.7
Ex-Spouse 6,213 2.8 7,911 2.9
Victim was Offender 15,868 7.3 19,239 7.1
Otherwise Known 1,226 0.6 1,943 0.7
Unknown 1,890 0.9 1,975 0.7
TOTAL 218,486 100.0 271,785 100.0
Year
2000 2001
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent Number Percent
Spouse 87,681 24.3 92,896 22.8
Common-Law Spouse 17,229 4.8 17,105 4.2
Parent 21,028 5.8 24,171 5.9
Sibling 21,206 5.9 24,588 6.0
Child 23,943 6.6 26,567 6.5
Grandparent 1,122 0.3 1,348 0.3
Grandchild 1,344 0.4 1,440 0.4
In-Law 5,389 1.5 6,001 1.5
Stepparent 3,804 1.1 4,345 1.1
Stepchild 5,509 1.5 6,037 1.5
Stepsibling 1,266 0.4 1,335 0.3
Other Family Member 19,112 5.3 22,435 5.5
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 108,280 30.0 126,556 31.1
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 2,404 0.7 2,894 0.7
Ex-Spouse 10,055 2.8 11,659 2.9
Victim was Offender 27,397 7.6 32,634 8.0
Otherwise Known 2,301 0.6 2,506 0.6
Unknown 2,256 0.6 2,477 0.6
TOTAL 361,326 100.0 406,994 100.0
Year
Total
Relationship
to Offender Number Percent
Spouse 379,103 24.4
Common-Law Spouse 79,093 5.1
Parent 89,373 5.8
Sibling 91,896 5.9
Child 100,332 6.5
Grandparent 4,638 0.3
Grandchild 5,926 0.4
In-Law 24,635 1.6
Stepparent 16,057 1.0
Stepchild 23,643 1.5
Stepsibling 5,030 0.3
Other Family Member 79,927 5.2
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 458,671 29.6
Child of Boyfriend/
Girlfriend 10,482 0.7
Ex-Spouse 44,639 2.9
Victim was Offender 117,200 7.6
Otherwise Known 8,941 0.6
Unknown 11,557 0.8
TOTAL 1,551,143 100.0
(1) The additional relationship codes were included as family
relationships in this table. The category Victim was Offender is used
in cases where all of the participants in an incident were victims and
offenders of the same offense such as domestic disputes were both
husband and wife are charged with assault, double murders, etc.
Otherwise Known and Unknown categories were also included due to the
possibility that many of these encounters would include family
relationships not otherwise captured.
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to 100.0 percent
Table 5.6
Number of Incidents Containing at Least One Violent Offense
by Family Relationship,
1996-2001
Child Elderly
Spouse (1) relative
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter 1,226 1,061 444
Negligent Manslaughter 38 200 51
Justifiable Homicide 7 14 5
Forcible Rape 8,195 33,644 432
Forcible Sodomy 852 12,112 78
Sexual Assault with an Object 612 6,588 71
Forcible Fondling 1,920 57,941 363
Incest 88 1,789 5
Statutory Rape 2,765 10,570 3
Robbery 1,801 19,080 7,140
Aggravated Assault 115,769 102,675 6,919
Simple Assault 647,286 397,775 20,955
Intimidation 93,173 76,303 11,229
(1) The category of child refers to victims under the age of 18.
Table 5.7
Use of Weapons in Violent Offenses
Within Family Relationships, 1996-2001
1996 Percent 1997 Percent
Firearm (Type Unknown) 1,678 0.8 2,184 0.8
Handgun 9,330 4.4 10,808 3.9
Rifle 712 0.3 857 0.3
Shotgun 1,313 0.6 1,471 0.5
Other Firearm 384 0.2 507 0.2
Knife/Cutting Instrument 11,399 5.3 13,421 4.9
Blunt Object 11,128 5.2 12,222 4.4
Motor Vehicle 2,445 1.1 3,093 1.1
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 154,076 72.0 197,632 71.7
Poison 38 0.0 38 0.0
Explosives 42 0.0 37 0.0
Fire/Incendiary Device 117 0.1 145 0.1
Asphyxiation 21 0.0 34 0.0
Unknown Weapon 5,084 2.4 9,385 3.4
No Weapon 16,112 7.5 23,832 8.7
TOTAL 213,879 100.0 275,666 100.0
1998 Percent 1999 Percent
Firearm (Type Unknown) 2,506 0.7 3,478 0.8
Handgun 13,214 3.7 15,165 3.6
Rifle 1,084 0.3 1,213 0.3
Shotgun 1,741 0.5 2,076 0.5
Other Firearm 757 0.2 681 0.2
Knife/Cutting Instrument 16,535 4.6 19,214 4.5
Blunt Object 13,676 3.8 14,582 3.4
Motor Vehicle 4,313 1.2 5,123 1.2
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 247,287 69.0 287,413 67.8
Poison 67 0.0 72 0.0
Explosives 72 0.0 104 0.0
Fire/Incendiary Device 147 0.0 205 0.1
Asphyxiation 59 0.0 111 0.0
Unknown Weapon 10,991 3.1 13,969 3.3
No Weapon 46,168 12.9 60,623 14.3
TOTAL 358,617 100.0 424,029 100.0
2000 Percent 2001 Percent
Firearm (Type Unknown) 5,195 0.9 5,245 1.0
Handgun 22,821 4.1 24,791 4.6
Rifle 1,481 0.3 1,418 0.3
Shotgun 2,545 0.5 2,485 0.5
Other Firearm 969 0.2 965 0.2
Knife/Cutting Instrument 24,747 4.4 25,510 4.7
Blunt Object 19,813 3.5 19,841 3.7
Motor Vehicle 7,101 1.3 7,811 1.5
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 381,916 68.2 369,559 68.5
Poison 79 0.0 89 0.0
Explosives 132 0.0 125 0.0
Fire/Incendiary Device 275 0.1 293 0.1
Asphyxiation 133 0.0 100 0.0
Unknown Weapon 27,199 4.9 21,992 4.1
No Weapon 65,381 11.7 59,032 11.0
TOTAL 559,787 100.0 539,256 100.0
Percent of
Total total
Firearm (Type Unknown) 20,286 0.9
Handgun 96,129 4.1
Rifle 6,765 0.3
Shotgun 11,631 0.5
Other Firearm 4,263 0.2
Knife/Cutting Instrument 110,826 4.7
Blunt Object 91,262 3.9
Motor Vehicle 29,886 1.3
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 1,637,883 69.1
Poison 383 0.0
Explosives 512 0.0
Fire/Incendiary Device 1,182 0.1
Asphyxiation 458 0.0
Unknown Weapon 88,620 3.7
No Weapon 271,148 11.4
TOTAL 2,371,234 100.0
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to 100.0 percent.
Table 5.8
Use of Weapons Within Family Violence Incidents by Family
Relationship, 1996-2001
Child
Spouse Percent (1)
Firearm (Type Unknown) 1,679 0.2 91
Handgun 8,997 1.2 450
Rifle 1,464 0.2 115
Shotgun 2,189 0.3 130
Other Firearm 202 * 29
Knife/Cutting Instrument 26,415 3.5 1,287
Blunt Object 17,721 2.3 2,078
Motor Vehicle 6,867 0.9 369
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 599,072 78.4 58,141
Poison 78 * 5
Explosives 22 * 2
Fire/Incendiary Device 331 * 73
Asphyxiation 200 * 37
Unknown Weapon 19,787 2.6 3,490
No Weapon 79,397 10.4 13,040
TOTAL 764,421 100.0 79,337
Elderly
Percent relative Percent
Firearm (Type Unknown) 0.1 2,253 8.2
Handgun 0.6 11,989 43.7
Rifle 0.1 67 0.2
Shotgun 0.2 103 0.4
Other Firearm * 7 *
Knife/Cutting Instrument 1.6 396 1.4
Blunt Object 2.6 593 2.2
Motor Vehicle 0.5 72 0.3
Personal Weapons (hands,
fists, feet, etc.) 73.3 9,889 36.1
Poison * 10 *
Explosives * 1 *
Fire/Incendiary Device 0.1 19 0.1
Asphyxiation 0.1 8 *
Unknown Weapon 4.4 475 1.7
No Weapon 16.4 1,542 5.6
TOTAL 100.0 27,424 100.0
(1) The category of child refers to victims under the age of 18.
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to 100.0 percent.
* Less than 1 one-tenth of 1 percent.
Table 5.9
Number of Family Violence Incidents Involving Substance
Abuse, 1996-2001
Substance 1996 1997 1998 1999
Alcohol 39,486 47,088 59,189 68,079
Drugs 27 52 100 163
Substance 2000 2001 Total
Alcohol 89,877 79,972 383,691
Drugs 188 173 703
Table 5.10
Number of Offenses Involving Substance Abuse
by Family Relationship, 1996-2001
Elderly
Substance Spouse Child relative
Alcohol 182,822 10,691 3,476
Drugs 77 47 3
The category of child refers to victims under the age of 18.
Table 5.11
Number of Victims of Violent Crime
in Family Relationships by Gender,
1996-2001
Percent
Gender Number of total
Female 1,041,498 74.8
Male 348,267 25.0
Unknown 2,156 0.2
TOTAL 1,391,921 100.0
Due to rounding, the percent of total may
not add to 100.0 percent.
Table 5.12
Number of Victims of Violent Crime
in Family Relationships by Race,
1996-2001
Percent
Race Number of total
Asian/Pacific
Islander 6,676 0.5
Black 379,884 27.3
American Indian/
Alaskan Native 5,320 0.4
Unknown 22,707 1.6
White 977,334 70.2
TOTAL 1,391,921 100.0
Due to rounding, the percent of total may
not add to 100.00 percent.
Table 5.13
Number of Victims of Violent Crime
in Family Relationships by Age,
1996-2001
Percent
Age Number of Total
0-11 92,865 6.7
12-17 122,948 8.8
18-65 1160300 83.4
66 and up 15800 1.1
TOTAL 1,391,921 100.0
Table 5.14
Number of Confrontations Specific to Incidents involving Family
Relationships
by Age of Victim and Offender, 1996-2001
Offender age Offender age Offender age
0-11 12-17 18-65
All
Victim age 0-11 69,911 60,730 163,449
Victim age 12-17 41,498 228,466 244,432
Victim age 18-65 202,189 192,708 2,095,617
Victim age 66 and up 5,513 2,936 27,574
Victim all ages 319,111 484,840 2,531,072
All Family Relationships
Victim age 0-11 8,473 14,031 75,443
Victim age 12-17 2,915 30,951 98,374
Victim age 18-65 19,579 73,687 1,077,014
Victim age 66 and up 289 1,102 11,828
Victim all ages 31,256 119,771 1,262,659
Significant Other (1)
Victim age 0-11 1,707 196 12,180
Victim age 12-17 576 8,829 23,497
Victim age 18-65 11,821 8,548 891,514
Victim age 66 and up 46 22 2,422
Victim all ages 14,150 17,595 929,613
Parent-Child (2)
Victim age 0-11 1,877 2,278 52,831
Victim age 12-17 680 4,399 51,559
Victim age 18-65 564 1,464 29,631
Victim age 66 and up 12 5 86
Victim all ages 3,133 8,146 134,107
Elderly Relative
Victim age 0-11 0 0 0
Victim age 12-17 0 0 0
Victim age 18-65 0 0 0
Victim age 66 and up 5,513 2,936 27,574
Offender age Offender
66 and up all ages
All
Victim age 0-11 2,892 296,982
Victim age 12-17 2,495 516,891
Victim age 18-65 18,335 2,508,849
Victim age 66 and up 5,576 41,599
Victim all ages 29,298 3,364,321
All Family Relationships
Victim age 0-11 965 98,912
Victim age 12-17 807 133,047
Victim age 18-65 6,995 1,177,275
Victim age 66 and up 3,284 16,503
Victim all ages 12,051 1,425,737
Significant Other (1)
Victim age 0-11 84 14,167
Victim age 12-17 54 32,956
Victim age 18-65 4,037 915,920
Victim age 66 and up 2,658 5,148
Victim all ages 6,833 968,191
Parent-Child (2)
Victim age 0-11 734 57,720
Victim age 12-17 614 57,252
Victim age 18-65 1,683 33,342
Victim age 66 and up 28 131
Victim all ages 3,059 148,445
Elderly Relative
Victim age 0-11 0 --
Victim age 12-17 0 --
Victim age 18-65 0 --
Victim age 66 and up 5,576 41,599
(1) Includes the categories of spouse, common-law spouse,
boy/girlfriend, and ex-spouse as victim.
(2) Includes the categories of child, grandchild, stepchild,
babysittee ("the baby"), and child of boy/girlfriend as victim.
Table 5.15
Number and Type of Injuries in Violent Offenses, 1996-2001
Percent of Percent of
1996 total 1997 total
None 102,488 48.5 129,192 47.1
Minor 94,422 44.7 130,012 47.4
Major 14,573 6.9 15,239 5.6
TOTAL 211,483 100.0 274,443 100.0
Percent of Percent of
1998 total 1999 total
None 176,386 48.7 215,217 49.6
Minor 168,686 46.5 200,054 46.1
Major 17,434 4.8 19,091 4.4
TOTAL 362,506 100.0 434,362 100.0
Percent of Percent of
2000 total 2001 total
None 285,087 49.8 276,795 50.4
Minor 262,678 45.9 250,099 45.5
Major 24,794 4.3 22,891 4.2
TOTAL 572,559 100.0 549,785 100.0
Number Percent of
of injuries total
None 1,185,165 49.3
Minor 1,105,951 46.0
Major 114,022 4.7
TOTAL 2,405,138 100.0
Due to rounding, the percent of total may not add to
100.0 percent.
Table 5.16
Number of Injuries in Violent Offenses by Victim Category, 1996-2001
Spousal Percent Child Percent of Elderly Percent
abuse of total abuse total abuse of total
Major 24,769 3.2 2,546 3.0 648 4.5
Minor 425,267 54.4 39,714 46.9 6,436 45.1
None 332,142 42.5 42,344 50.0 7,195 50.4
TOTAL 782,178 100.0 84,604 100.0 14,279 100.0
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