Use these helpful tips to choose a midrange UPS.Network administrators have a variety of selections to protect equipment.An uninterruptible power supply See UPS. (hardware) Uninterruptible Power Supply - (UPS) A battery powered power supply unit that is guaranteed to provide power to a computer in the event of interruptions in the incoming mains electrical power. (UPS)--hardware attached between computer equipment and the electrical power supply--can encompass everything from a single PC to network servers to complete data centers. UPSs plug into computer equipment or can be hardwired (1) Electronic circuitry that is designed to perform a specific task. See hard coded. (2) Devices that are closely or tightly coupled. For example, a hardwired terminal is directly connected to a computer without going through a switched network. into the device. UPSs regulate reg·u·late v. 1. To control or direct according to rule, principle, or law. 2. To adjust to a particular specification or requirement. 3. To adjust a mechanism for accurate and proper functioning. 4. the flow of electricity from the wall outlet outlet /out·let/ (-let) a means or route of exit or egress. pelvic outlet the inferior opening of the pelvis. to the attached computer equipment, absorb absorb To offset sell orders or a new security offering with buy orders. power surges An oversupply of voltage from the power company that can last up to 50 microseconds. Although surges are very short in duration, they often reach 6,000 volts and 3,000 amps when they arrive at the equipment. Power surges are a common cause of damage to computers and electronic equipment. and power spikes spikes see peplomer. , and account for low power situations. These systems provide protection to computer equipment from electrical spikes--momentary, unpredictable increases in the voltage--while also maintaining power with internal battery packs in brownout A lowering of AC power voltage for some period of time. Brownouts can be very harmful to electronic equipment if sustained for long periods. Brownouts can cause flickering or a dimming on screen, and the computer may experience intermittent problems as a result. See blackout. and blackout A complete loss of power. See brownout. situations. The battery pack also protects data from loss. These power supplies give users, or the system itself, enough time to save information, then shut down the system safely. Electrical anomalies account for about 87% of all power disturbances. A standard surge suppressor A device that provides protection against power surges. See surge suppression. Surge suppressor A device that is designed to offer protection against voltage surges on the power line that supplies electrical energy to the sensitive components in electronic will not protect computer equipment in any of these situations. The average time a UPS provides power backup is five to 15 minutes for medium to large units. Larger UPSs allow network administrators to monitor everything from the environment, which includes temperature and moisture moisture wetness due to any liquid; usually refers to water as a component, e.g. in feed. moisture free a substance heated at 220°F (105°C) to constant weight. Called also oven-dry or 100% dry matter. , to system warnings that will send notifications of a system failure. The purpose of this research is three-fold: * Identify midsize UPS characteristics for use in a data center environment. * Define the major vendors who make equipment in the 2 kVA to 5 kVA range. * Compare and contrast these UPSs based on the defined target criteria criteria (krītēr´ē  ),n. . A UPS, for this purpose, was defined as a unit that continues to provide power in the event of any type of power failure or anomaly Abnormality or deviation. Pronounced "uh-nom-uh-lee," it is a favorite word among computer people when complex systems produce output that is inexplicable. See software conflict and anomaly detection. . The next step was to delineate between the various types of UPSs. The selected 2 kVA to 5 kVA range encompasses the midrange midrange Epidemiology The halfway point or midpoint in a set of observations; for most data, MR is calculated as the sum of the smallest observation and the largest observation, divided by 2; for age data, one is added to the numerator; a midrange is usually sizes of UPSs, those that could protect three or four network servers, their monitors and peripheral Any input, output or storage device connected externally or internally to the computer's CPU, such as a monitor, keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse. equipment. Next, UPS vendors producing units that fit the criteria were selected. Comparisons were made on a basis of criteria deemed as important for an enterprise to know. As can be expected, each vendor listed the criteria differently and direct comparisons were not always obvious. Contacting vendors and further research allowed for the clarification Clarification The removal of small amounts of fine, particulate solids from liquids. The purpose is almost invariably to improve the quality of the liquid, and the removed solids often are discarded. of these issues. When purchasing a UPS, the issues and criteria to consider include: Sizing. A good rule of thumb to follow when sizing UPSs is to add the total kVA ratings of all the devices that will be protected and add 25%. This gives a baseline The horizontal line to which the bottoms of lowercase characters (without descenders) are aligned. See typeface. baseline - released version total from which to start. For example, if protecting a small server that has a rating of 2200 VA and a monitor that has a rating of 300 VA, the total device rating is 2500 VA. Add 25% for a total requirement of 3.125 VA, or 3.125 kVA. Be sure to plan for any anticipated growth. In addition, the UPS selected should provide the proper utility connections (120V to 240V), and have enough outlets to support the number of devices being attached. Backup time. How much time will be needed for the device to operate on battery power? Do you expect a blackout or brownout? Does the UPS selected provide support for additional batteries to increase runtime Refers to the actual execution of a program. "At runtime" means while the program is running. See runtime library, runtime engine, runtime environment and runtime error. ? If so, how many can be added? Level of protection. Three basic types of UPS offer different levels of protection: standby standby Medtalk adjective Referring to the immediate availability of a certain specialist–anesthesiologist, surgeon, who can be deployed in a medical emergency. Cf Concurrent. , line interactive and online topologies. The standby topology topology, branch of mathematics, formerly known as analysis situs, that studies patterns of geometric figures involving position and relative position without regard to size. system will switch between utility and battery power when there is a blackout situation. The standby system leaves a brief switching interval interval, in music, the difference in pitch between two tones. Intervals may be measured acoustically in terms of their vibration numbers. They are more generally named according to the number of steps they contain in the diatonic scale of the piano; e.g. (two to 10 milliseconds), which is undetectable to attached equipment. A line interactive UPS provides additional power protection in blackout, as well as brownout and surge See power surge. SURGE - Sorter, Updater, Report Generator, Etc. IBM 704, 1959. Sammet 1969, p.8. situations. This type of system will monitor the power supply on a continuous basis, allowing the UPS to maintain the integrity of the power coming from the outlet. The last type of UPS topology is online, which converts high-voltage adj. 1. having, operating on, or powered by high voltage; as, a high-voltage generator; a high-voltage line s>. 2. same as high-powered. Adj. 1. AC power from the outlet to low-voltage adj. 1. (Electricity) subjected to or capable of operating under relative low voltage, usually considered as no greater than 250 volts. Contrasted with high-voltage nt>. Adj. 1. DC power, then back to AC to supply it to the devices attached to the UPS. The batteries for this type of UPS are always online, so there is virtually no downtime The time during which a computer is not functioning due to hardware, operating system or application program failure. during a blackout situation. Manageability man·age·a·ble adj. That can be managed or controlled: manageable problems. man . Most UPSs include software that allows management of the UPS itself, as well as the attached equipment. Line-interactive and online UPSs usually provide this option, but standby UPSs do not give the user the option of choosing the type of shutdown shut·down n. A cessation of operations or activity, as at a factory. shutdown Noun the closing of a factory, shop, or other business Verb shut down that will occur. Uninterruptible power supplies provide a good measure of data insurance by providing clean power to the equipment on which the data resides. Additionally, UPSs provide an increased measure of reliability for computers and connected networks during a power outage Noun 1. power outage - equipment failure resulting when the supply of power fails; "the ice storm caused a power outage" power failure equipment failure, breakdown - a cessation of normal operation; "there was a power breakdown" . Ask the right questions, compare the product specifications in the accompanying ac·com·pa·ny v. ac·com·pa·nied, ac·com·pa·ny·ing, ac·com·pa·nies v.tr. 1. To be or go with as a companion. 2. chart, and ensure that your enterprise protects its network from power outages This is a list of famous wide-scale power outages. 1965
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Brand/Model/Circle Number Electrical Input Electrical Output
for more information Voltage Voltage
APC Symmetra RM 2KVA/#252 208V 2000VA
800-890-4272
www.apcc.com/products/symmetra
LIEBERT GXT2U-2000 RT120/#268 120V 2000VA
800-877-9222; www.liebert.com
Minuteman MCP 2000/#281 120V 2000VA
972-446-7363
www.minutemanups.com/
products/buy.htm
Powerware 9125/#269 120V 2000VA
877-797-9273
www.powerware.com
APC Smart-UPS 2200 RM 3U 120V 2200VA
(SU2200RM3U)/#278
APC Smart-UPS 2200 XL 120V 2200VA
(SU2200XLNET)/#280
Tripp Lite SU2200RT 2U/#283 120V 2200VA
773-869-1111
www.tripulite.com
Tripp Lite SMART 230V 2200VA
INT 2200RM/#284
Powerware 5119/#285 120V, 130V 2880VA
APC Matrix 3000 (MX3000)/#286 120,208,240V 3000VA
APC Matrix 3000 XR (MX3000XR) 120,208,240V 3000VA
/#287
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3U 120V 3000VA
(SU3000RM3U)/#289
APC Smart-UPS 3000 120V 3000VA
(SU3000NET)/#291
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3UT 208V 3000VA
(SU3000RMT3U)/#293
APC Smart-UPS 3000T 208V 3000VA
(SU3000TNET)/#294
Compaq/Rackmountable 208, 230V 3000VA
UPS R3000 XR/#277
800-888-0220
www.compaq.com/products/servers
/options/ups/low-volt-qs.html
LIEBERT GXTC-3000RT120/#288 120V 3000VA
MGE Pulsar EX30/#290 230V 3000VA
800-523-0142; www.mgeups.com
MGE Rackmount Pulsar EX30 230V 3000VA
3000VA/#292
Minuteman MCP 3000/#282 120V 3000VA
Powerware 9170/#275 200, 240V 3000VA
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 208, 240V 3000VA
3000/#296
Tripp Lite DATACENTER 3000 XR 208, 240V 3000VA
/#297
BestPower FERRUPS FE3.1kVA/ 120V 3100VA
#267
800-554-3448;
www.bestpower.com
KS Engineering FERRUPS 110V 3100VA
FE31KD DAAGDA/#298
800-308-8378
www.ksengineering.com
KS Engineering UNITY 230V 4000VA
UT4KH/#299
APC Smart-UPS 5000T 208V 5000VA
(SU5000T)/#382
APC Matrix 5000 (MX5000)/#273 120,208,240V 5000VA
APC Matrix 5000XR 120,208,240V 5000VA
(MX5000XR)/#274
Tripp Lite Smart INT 230V 5000VA
5000 XL/#370
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 208, 240V 5000VA
5000/#371
UNITED POWER Series 700/#271 208, 240V 5000VA
877-888-1084
www.unitedpowercorp.com
Brand/Model/Circle Number Indicators and Controls
for more information Comm. Ports
APC Symmetra RM 2KVA/#252 LED indicators of online,
800-890-4272 bypass, on battery,
www.apcc.com/products/symmetra and fault conditions,
4-line LCD w/full com-
munication capability,
audible alarms, DB9
port integrated Web/SNMP adapter
LIEBERT GXT2U-2000 RT120/#268 Custom power protection
800-877-9222; www.liebert.com via network and Web
Minuteman MCP 2000/#281 with alarms, load and
972-446-7363 runtimes, and shutdown
www.minutemanups.com/ Online, 5 receptacles, SNMP, external
products/buy.htm battery pack
Powerware 9125/#269 Front panel display; load
877-797-9273 segmentation, RS-232
www.powerware.com standard; X-slot communications
options for SNMP, multiport, USB
APC Smart-UPS 2200 RM 3U Load display, smarttrim, online,
(SU2200RM3U)/#278 smart boost, overload, on-battery,
replace battery, battery
charge/line voltage display,
site wiring fault; on-
test/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
APC Smart-UPS 2200 XL Load display, smarttrim, online,
(SU2200XLNET)/#280 smart boost, overload, on-battery,
replace battery, battery
charge/line voltage display,
site wiring fault; on-
test/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
Tripp Lite SU2200RT 2U/#283 Includes front panel mounted power
773-869-1111 switch, full LED status indicators and
www.tripulite.com hardware to configure UPS for 2U rack-
mount or freestanding tower format
Tripp Lite SMART Line interactive
INT 2200RM/#284 On-battery
Powerware 5119/#285 Overload/on-battery/low-battery/replace
APC Matrix 3000 (MX3000)/#286 battery/site wiring fault indicators,
multifunction LCD status and control
console, DB9 port, accessory card slot
APC Matrix 3000 XR (MX3000XR) Overload/on-battery/low-battery/replace
/#287 battery/site wiring fault indicators,
multifunction LCD status and control
console, De9 port, accessory card slot
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3U Load display, smarttrim,
(SU3000RM3U)/#289 online, smart boost,
overload, on-battery,
replace battery, battery
charge/line voltage display,
site wiring fault; on-
test/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
APC Smart-UPS 3000 Load display, smarttrim,
(SU3000NET)/#291 online, smart boost,
overload, on-battery,
replace battery, battery
charge/line voltage display,
site wiring fault; on-test
/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3UT Load display, smarttrim,
(SU3000RMT3U)/#293 online, smart boost,
overload, on-battery, replace
battery, battery charge/fine voltage
display, site wiring fault; on-
test/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
APC Smart-UPS 3000T Load display, smarttrim,
(SU3000TNET)/#294 online, smart boost,
overload, on-battery,
replace battery, battery
charge/line voltage display,
site wiring fault; on-
test/off buttons; DB9 port,
accessory card slot
Compaq/Rackmountable Online, battery, load
UPS R3000 XR/#277
800-888-0220
www.compaq.com/products/
servers/options/ups/
low-volt-qs.html
LIEBERT GXTC-3000RT120/#288 Custom power protection
via network and Web
with alarms, load and runtimes,
and shutdown
MGE Pulsar EX30/#290 6 LEDs, bar graphs, buzzer
800-523-0142; www.mgeups.com
MGE Rackmount Pulsar EX30 Online, overload, load
3000VA/#292
Minuteman MCP 3000/#282 Online, 5 receptacles, SNMP, external
battery pack
Powerware 9170/#275 Front panel LCD display
(programmable),
English, French, Spanish,
German; RS-232, (DB9)
contact closures (standard)
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 18 indicator lights
3000/#296
Tripp Lite DATACENTER 3000 XR 18 indicator lights
/#297
BestPower FERRUPS FE3.1kVA/ Harmonics filtering, redundant power
#267 paths, galvanic isolation, automatic
800-554-3448; system tests
www.bestpower.com
KS Engineering FERRUPS Overload
FE31KD DAAGDA/ #298
800-308-8378
www.ksengineering.com
KS Engineering UNITY Online, battery status, single-phase,
UT4KH/ #299 buck/boost status, load level,
battery discharge level, alarms (shut-
down, battery test fail)
APC Smart-UPS 5000T Load display, smarttrim, online, smart-
(SU5000T)/#382 boost, overload, on-battery, replace
battery, battery charge/line voltage
display, site wiring fault;
on/test button, off button;
DB9 port, integrated Web/
SNMP adapter
APC Matrix 5000 (MX5000)/#273 Overload/on-battery/low-battery/replace
battery/site wiring fault indicators,
multifunction LCD status and control
console, DB9 port, accessory card slot
APC Matrix 5000XR Overload/on-battery/low-battery/replace
(MX5000XR)/#274 battery/site wiring fault indicators,
multifunction LCD status and control
console, DB9 port, accessory card slot
Tripp Lite Smart INT On-battery; 18 indicator lights
5000 XL/#370
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 18 indicator lights
5000/#371
UNITED POWER Series 700/#271 Low battery, overload indicator
877-888-1084
www.unitedpowercorp.com
Brand/Model/Circle Number Battery
for more information How Many Recharge
Hot Swap Runtimes Capacity
APC Symmetra RM 2KVA/#252 1/Yes 4 hrs/10 min Full
800-890-4272
www.apcc.com/products/symmetra
LIEBERT GXT2U-2000 RT120/#268 1/Yes 5 hrs/5 min 95%
800-877-9222; www.liebert.com
Minuteman MCP 2000/#281 6/N/A 2-4 hrs Full/Half
972-446-7363 from 50%
www.minutemanups.com/ discharge/
products/buy.htm 18-44 min
Powerware 9125/#269 4/Yes 2 hrs/5 min Full
877-797-9273
www.powerware.com
APC Smart-UPS 2200 RM 3U 2/Yes 3 hrs/23.2 min Half
(SU2200RM3U)/#278
APC Smart-UPS 2200 XL 2/Yes 3 hrs/32.3 min Half
(SU2200XLNET)/#280
Tripp Lite SU2200RT 2U/#283 1/Yes 4-8 hrs/6 min Full
773-869-1111
www.tripulite.com
Tripp Lite SMART 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/8 min Full
INT 2200RM/#284 2/Yes 3 hrs/7 min Full
Powerware 5119/#285 2/Yes 2 hrs/18 min Half
APC Matrix 3000 (MX3000)/#286
APC Matrix 3000 XR (MX3000XR) 2/Yes 3.8 hrs/108 min Half
/#287
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3U 2/Yes 3 hrs/12.4 min Half
(SU3000RM3U)/#289
APC Smart-UPS 3000 2/Yes 3 hrs/18.1 min Half
(SU3000NET)/#291
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3UT 2/Yes 3 hrs/12.3 min Half
(SU3000RMT3U)/#293
APC Smart-UPS 3000T 2/Yes 3hrs/18 min Half
(SU3000TNET)/#294
Compaq/Rackmountable 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/ Full/Half
UPS R3000 XR/#277 11-30 min
800-888-0220
www.compaq.com/products/
servers/options/ups/
low-volt-qs.html
LIEBERT GXTC-3000RT120/#288 1/Yes 5 hrs/5 min 95%
MGE Pulsar EX30/#290 1/Yes 2-3 hrs/ Full/Half
800-523-0142; www.mgeups.com 9-32 min
MGE Rackmount Pulsar EX30 Up to 2-3 hrs/ Full/Half
3000VA/#292 2/Yes 16-30 min
Minuteman MCP 3000/#282 8/N/A 2-4 hrs Full/Half
from 50%
discharge/
15-37 min
Powerware 9170/#275 2/Yes 3 hrs/8-24 min Full
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/ Full/Half
3000/#296 11-26 min
Tripp Lite DATACENTER 3000 XR 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/ Full/Half
/#297 36-38 min
BestPower FERRUPS FE3.1kVA/ 4/No 8 hrs/14 min Full
#267
800-554-3448;
www.bestpower.com
KS Engineering FERRUPS 1/Yes 3 hrs/14 min Full
FE31KD DAAGDA/ #298
800-308-8378
www.ksengineering.com
KS Engineering UNITY 1/N/S 2-3 hrs/12 min Full
UT4KH/ #299
APC Smart-UPS 5000T 4/Yes 3 hrs/ Half
(SU5000T)/#382 17.7 min
APC Matrix 5000 (MX5000)/#273 2/Yes 3 hrs/27 min Half
APC Matrix 5000XR 2/Yes 3.8 hrs/ Half
(MX5000XR)/#274 54 min
Tripp Lite Smart INT 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/ Full/Half
5000 XL/#370 18-42 min
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER 1/Yes 2-4 hrs/ Full/Half
5000/#371 1
8-42 min
UNITED POWER Series 700/#271 1/NS 12 hrs/ Full
877-888-1084 5-20 min
www.unitedpowercorp.com
General
Brand/Model/Circle Number Weight Listed
for more information Surge in lbs Price
Topology Protector
APC Symmetra RM 2KVA/#252 Online Yes 259 2,365
800-890-4272
www.apcc.com/products/symmetra
LIEBERT GXT2U-2000 RT120/#268 Online Yes 55 1,176
800-877-9222; www.liebert.com
Minuteman MCP 2000/#281 Online Optional 62 1,599
972-446-7363
www.minutemanups.com/
products/buy.htm
Powerware 9125/#269 Online Yes 50 1,599
877-797-9273
www.powerware.com
APC Smart-UPS 2200 RM 3U Line Yes 103 1,419
(SU2200RM3U)/#278 Interactive
APC Smart-UPS 2200 XL Line Yes 121 1,449
(SU2200XLNET)/#280 Interactive
Tripp Lite SU2200RT 2U/#283 Online Yes 99 1,029
773-869-1111
www.tripulite.com
Tripp Lite SMART Line Yes 110 1,129
Interactive
INT 2200RM/#284 Line Yes 132 1,216
Interactive
Powerware 5119/#285 Line Yes 208 3,599
APC Matrix 3000 (MX3000)/#286 Interactive
APC Matrix 3000 XR (MX3000XR) Line Yes 446 4,399
/#287 Interactive
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3U Line Yes 114 1,599
(SU3000RM3U)/#289 Interactive
APC Smart-UPS 3000 Line Yes 123 1,739
(SU3000NET)/#291 Interactive
APC Smart-UPS 3000 RM 3UT Line Yes 129 2,219
(SU3000RMT3U)/#293 Interactive
APC Smart-UPS 3000T Line Yes 137 2,219
(SU3000TNET)/#294 Interactive
Compaq/Rackmountable Line Yes 82 1,703
UPS R3000 XR/#277 Interactive
800-888-0220
www.compaq.com/products/servers
/options/ups/low-volt-qs.html
LIEBERT GXTC-3000RT120/#288 Online Yes 75 1,860
MGE Pulsar EX30/#290 Online Yes 85 1,462
800-523-0142; www.mgeups.com
MGE Rackmount Pulsar EX30 Online Yes 97 1,535
3000VA/#292
Minuteman MCP 3000/#282 Online Optional 86 2,999
Powerware 9170/#275 Online Yes 66 2,100
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER Line Yes 181 2,088
3000/#296 Interactive
Tripp Lite DATACENTER 3000 XR Line Yes 274 2,585
/#297 Interactive
BestPower FERRUPS FE3.1kVA/ Line Yes, AC 248 3,761
#267 Interactive
800-554-3448;
www.bestpower.com
KS Engineering FERRUPS Online Yes 183 2,318
FE31KD DAAGDA/ #298
800-308-8378
www.ksengineering.com
KS Engineering UNITY Online Yes 280 2,849
UT4KH/#299
APC Smart-UPS 5000T Line Yes 230 2,899
(SU5000T)/#382 Interactive
APC Matrix 5000 (MX5000)/#273 Line Yes 303 5,299
Interactive
APC Matrix 5000XR Line Yes 477 5,500
(MX5000XR)/#274 Interactive
Tripp Lite Smart INT Line Yes 496 3,380
5000 XL/#370 Interactive
Tripp Lite Smart DATACENTER Line Yes 311 2,939
5000/#371 Interactive
UNITED POWER Series 700/#271 Online Yes 296 7,450
877-888-1084
www.unitedpowercorp.com
Product Specification Definitions
Electrical Input Voltage Defines the electrical input
voltage rating Most models
support either 120 and/or 240 volts.
The input voltage refers to
the connection to the utility power.
Electrical Output Power Levels This rating indicates the capacity
of the UPS in VA (Volts x Amps).
Devices attached to the UPS may
not exceed the total power.
Indicators and Controls Indicates the type(s) of indicator
lights and controls found on
the device.
Battery - How Many Indicates the total number of
batteries supported.
Battery - Hot Swappable Indicates whether batteries are
hot swappable or not.
Battery - Recharge Time This is the amount of time it will
take the UPS to recharge after
the charge is fully dissipated
Battery - Run time/Capacity Indicates the expected total
runtime. Runtimes are approximate
and may vary with equipment,
configuration, disk access,
battery age, temperature and other
variables Capacity indicates at
what "load" the UPS was to
calculate Runtime.
Topology Indicates internal structure of
the UPS circuitry and battery
pack. Options are either 1)
standby, 2) line-interactive, or
3) online. See article for complete
definition of each
Surge Protection Indicates whether the UPS provides
for surge protection.
Unit Weight This is the weight of the actual
UPS in pounds.
This review was conducted as part of the Applied Research Institute at Ball State University, with the goal of presenting unbiased research in the telecommunications Communicating information, including data, text, pictures, voice and video over long distance. See communications. field to aid users and the industry. Research assistants for this project were: James James, person in the Bible James, in the Gospel of St. Luke, kinsman of St. Jude. The original does not specify the relationship. James, rivers, United States James. Duffie, Courtney Courtney (also Courteney or Courtenay) is a common given name, derived from an English surname. Surname origin This distinguished name is of Norman, Old French origin, introduced into England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Tabor and Isabelle (theory, tool) Isabelle - A generic theorem prover with support for several object-logics, developed by Lawrence C. Paulson <Larry.Paulson@cl.cam.ac.uk> in collaboration with Tobias Nipkow at the Technical University of Munich. Chan. |
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