Urban university students' knowledge of alcohol and drinking.Abstract: Empirical data suggest that alcohol is still the number one drug of choice on college campuses and that a large proportion of college students drink. Drinking among college students has traditionally been a part of the college experience. This research project examined the drinking patterns and problems of university students and specifically focused on the knowledge of urban university students related to alcohol use and drinking patterns. A cross-sectional cross section also cross-sec·tion n. 1. a. A section formed by a plane cutting through an object, usually at right angles to an axis. b. A piece so cut or a graphic representation of such a piece. 2. survey research design was utilized. Twelve hundred and nines-six (1,296) students completed and returned the survey. The survey tool was a modified version of the Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ SAQ Société des Alcools du Québec SAQ Speed, Agility & Quickness (UK based movement training company) SAQ Self Administered Questionnaire SAQ Short Answer Question SAQ Safety Attitudes Questionnaire SAQ Self-Assessment Question ) and The Alcohol Attitude Scale developed by Engs (1977) and Hanson Hanson may refer to:
 (alpha) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. It was first named as alpha by Cronbach (1951), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. was .88. The instrument was modified to include a
section of questions related to the urban experience. A
socio-demographic profile also was included to collect information about
gender, race, age, level of education, professional program, health
status, employment status, and distance students resided from the
university. Descriptive analysis was used to profile the
socio-demographic variables. Data was tested by Chisquare analysis,
using the cross-tabulation method. Multivariate The use of multiple variables in a forecasting model. analyses of variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial.In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality and covariance Covariance A measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem. A positive covariance means that asset returns move together. A negative covariance means returns vary inversely. were used to examine the effect of background characteristics. SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that urban university students overall knowledge of alcohol and alcohol effects were generally low. ********** This study offered the opportunity to examine potential differences in alcohol-related knowledge between urban, non-residential university students and the more traditional university populations previously examined, as well as an opportunity to establish new baseline The horizontal line to which the bottoms of lowercase characters (without descenders) are aligned. See typeface. baseline - released version data for use on campus, to compare data with other urban institutions, and to contribute to the empirical data currently being collected at a national level. Data concerning attitudes, beliefs and self-reported behaviors related to alcohol use and abuse of urban university students also were collected. Results of this study can be compared to longitudinal lon·gi·tu·di·nal adj. Running in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. data collected over the past 25 years as part of a trend analysis. BACKGROUND A significant volume of research over the past 30 years was focused on alcohol and drinking-related behaviors and to a lesser extent analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. psychosocial psychosocial /psy·cho·so·cial/ (si?ko-so´shul) pertaining to or involving both psychic and social aspects. psy·cho·so·cial adj. Involving aspects of both social and psychological behavior. factors. Very few studies focused on student knowledge of alcohol as a primary factor for study. The populations most frequently examined were traditional residential college and university student populations. Empirical data suggests that alcohol is still the number one drug of choice and that a large proportion of college students drink. Drinking among college students has traditionally been a part of the college experience regardless of the legal status of their alcohol consumption. Of particular concern in much of the literature is the exhibition of underage drinking. Other issues of concern include quantity of alcohol consumed con·sume v. con·sumed, con·sum·ing, con·sumes v.tr. 1. To take in as food; eat or drink up. See Synonyms at eat. 2. a. , binge drinking binge drinking An early phase of chronic alcoholism, characterized by episodic 'flirtation' with the bottle by binges of drinking to the point of stupor, followed by periods of abstinence; BD is accompanied by alcoholic ketoacidosis–accelerated lipolysis and , drinking-related violent behavior, other drinking-related behaviors, gender differences, ethnic differences and of particular interest to this study, differences related to the urban university experience. Many studies have shown that more men drink and experience drinking-related problems than women (Wechsler Wechsler is a German word meaning "exchanger" (from '', "(ex)change"). Wechsler (or Wexler) may refer to:
n. 1. a. A Latin doxology beginning with the words Gloria Patri. b. A Latin doxology that is the second item of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass and begins with the words , Roth, & Schuetter, 1993). Ethnicity ethnicity Vox populi Racial status–ie, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic appears to influence alcohol consumption as well. Several studies have suggested that Whites consume greater quantifies of alcohol than Non-Whites (Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, & Castillo Castillo may refer to: In places:
This page or section lists people with the surname Kanitz. , 1993; Crowley Crowley (krou`lē), city (1990 pop. 13,983), seat of Acadia parish, SW La.; inc. 1888. It is a shipping, milling, and storage center for a large rice-growing area and has a rice experiment station. Oil and natural gas wells are located nearby. , 1991; Schall, Weede Weede is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. • • [ , & Maltzman, 1991; Hanson & Engs, 1990). One large study that examined alcohol and drug use on American college American College is the name of:
The literature suggests that the drinking patterns and problems of urban, nonresidential Adj. 1. nonresidential - not residential; "the commercial or nonresidential areas of a town"; "community colleges are typically nonresidential" residential - used or designed for residence or limited to residences; "a residential hotel"; "a residential quarter"; "a students differ from traditional residential university students. Dr. Ruth Engs (personal conversation, 1996), an expert in this field, has stated the need for this research because "few studies examining the drinking patterns of students at urban post-secondary institutions have been conducted." The specific focus of this article was to explore the accuracy of knowledge concerning alcohol consumption and related drinking behaviors. Subsequent articles will examine attitudes, beliefs and behaviors related to alcohol consumption and drinking. METHODS A cross-sectional survey research design was utilized in this study. The target population for this study was defined as all students enrolled at a large midwestern Mid·west or Middle West A region of the north-central United States around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley. It is generally considered to include Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and urban university. Researchers were afforded the opportunity to mail the surveys to the entire student population at no cost to the research project. The survey, cover letter, and business reply envelope were included in a non-essential non-essential Adjective not absolutely necessary non-essential adj → unnötig n non-essentials → nicht (lebens)notwendige Dinge pl mailing prepared by the registrar's office and sent to all (15,683) students registered for classes during the semester se·mes·ter n. One of two divisions of 15 to 18 weeks each of an academic year. [German, from Latin (cursus) s . No follow-up follow-up, n the process of monitoring the progress of a patient after a period of active treatment. follow-up subsequent. follow-up plan or reminder letter was sent. A total of 1,296 students completed and returned the survey. The sample proportions with regard to age, ethnicity, gender, classification, and marital status marital status, n the legal standing of a person in regard to his or her marriage state. are consistent with those for the university as a whole. For most descriptive studies a sample size of between 10 and 20 percent of the sample size is sufficient (Cicciarella, 1997). Krejecie and Morgan Morgan, American family of financiers and philanthropists. Junius Spencer Morgan, 1813–90, b. West Springfield, Mass., prospered at investment banking. (1970) suggest that for a population between 15,000 and 20,000 a sample of 375-377 is acceptable. Because college student populations tend to be more homogeneous The same. Contrast with heterogeneous. homogeneous - (Or "homogenous") Of uniform nature, similar in kind. 1. In the context of distributed systems, middleware makes heterogeneous systems appear as a homogeneous entity. For example see: interoperable network. than general adult populations, a smaller sample size can be used. Another point to emphasize is that sample size does not need to be a certain size of the population. When random sampling is employed, a sample size that is only a small percentage of the population can represent the population well (Cicciarella, 1997). The survey tool used was the Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ) developed by Engs (1975). Originally, the test-retest reliability test-retest reliability Psychology A measure of the ability of a psychologic testing instrument to yield the same result for a single Pt at 2 different test periods, which are closely spaced so that any variation detected reflects reliability of the instrument and the Kuder-Richardson reliability were .79 for the behavior and knowledge subscales (Engs, 1977, 1978). The Alcohol Attitude Scale (Hanson, 1972) was added to the instrument in 1981. The reliability of the newest version of the instrument including all four subscales: (1) drinking patterns using the Spearman-Brown split-half technique was .84 and Cronbach's alpha was .86, (2) drinking problems using the Spearman-Brown split-half technique was .89 and Cronbach's alpha was .92, (3) alcohol knowledge using the Spearman-Brown split-half technique was .85 and the Cronbach's alpha was .86, and (4) alcohol attitudes using the unequallength Spearman-Brown split-half technique was .27 and the Cronbach's alpha was .55. It was concluded that the SAQ is a reliable instrument for measuring college students' drinking patterns, problems related to drinking, knowledge of alcohol, and attitudes towards alcohol (Engs & Hanson, 1994). The instrument was modified to include a section of questions related to the urban experience. A socio-demographic profile was included to collect information about gender, race, age, level of education, professional program, health status, employment status, and distance students resided from campus. The instruments, the modifications and the socio--demographic information selected for use in this study were incorporated into one survey tool and formatted to fit on a one-page scantron Scantron is a company, based in Irvine, California, USA, that makes and sells (1) machine-readable papers on which pupils and students mark their answers to academic test questions, (2) the machines to grade them, (3) Survey and Test Scoring systems, and (4) Image based data form. Reliability was .88, .91, .84, and .41, respectively, for drinking patterns, drinking problems, alcohol knowledge and alcohol attitudes. DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis included descriptive statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. including frequencies, means, and standard deviations In statistics, the average amount a number varies from the average number in a series of numbers. (statistics) standard deviation - (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. . Chi square chi square (kī), n a nonparametric statistic used with discrete data in the form of frequency count (nominal data) or percentages or proportions that can be reduced to frequencies. analyses of respondents' background characteristics were conducted to assess homogeneity Homogeneity The degree to which items are similar. . Multivariate analyses of variance and covariance (MANOVAs and MANCOVAs) were used to examine the effect of background characteristics on knowledge of alcohol and alcohol effects. SPSS statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The majority of college students were female (65%), white (75%) and working towards a Bachelor's bach·e·lor's n. A bachelor's degree. degree in arts and science (52%). A majority of students (46%) identified themselves as having "A-"or above grades. The ages of students ranged from 16 to 83 years (M = 29.4, SD = 10.7). Results of the Chi square analyses to assess homogeneity in respondent's background characteristics indicated significant differences based upon major, classification, sex, and marital status. Respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. more frequently identified themselves as arts/science majors ([c.sup.2]=192.9, df=6, p=.000) and those identified as arts/ science majors were more likely to be married ([X.sup.2]]=15.3 df=6, p=.018) than those in other degree areas. NonWhite non·white n. A person who is not white. non  white adj. respondents were more
concentrated in business ([X.sup.2]=0.4 df=3, p=.015) than in other
degree areas. Education majors were ([X.sup.22]=36.6, df=9, p=.000) less
concentrated among those reporting grades of "C+" or below.An examination of classification differences indicated that undergraduate students were more frequently categorized cat·e·go·rize tr.v. cat·e·go·rized, cat·e·go·riz·ing, cat·e·go·riz·es To put into a category or categories; classify. cat between the ages of 21-24 years while graduate students were more frequently categorized as 24 years of age and older ([X.sup.2]=276.9, df=4, p=.000). Significantly more ([X.sup.2]=229.9, df=6, p=.000) graduate than undergraduate students reported having grades of "A- or above," and graduate students were concentrated among education majors ([c.sup.2]=192.9, df=6, p=.000) while undergraduate students were concentrated in arts/sciences and business. Finally, both undergraduate and graduate students were significantly more likely to be female ([X.sup.2]=7076, df=2, p=.021) and graduate students were more likely to be married ([X.sup.2]=83.9, df=4, p=.000) than undergraduate students. An examination of sex differences indicated that male respondents were more frequently identified as business majors while females were more frequently identified as education majors ([X.sup.2]=57.3, df=3, p=.000). More females ([X.sup.2]=10.64, df=2, p=.005) reported being "single", "married" or "other. Finally, those identified as married more frequently reported higher grade point averages than those identified as single (never married) ([X.sup.2]=72.5, df=6, p=.000). Respondents were asked a series of questions using a 3-point Likert type scale (1= True, 2= False, and 3 = not sure) format to assess their knowledge regarding alcohol and its effects. Respondents overall knowledge of alcohol and alcohol effects were generally low, with only 16 of 36 items answered with 51% or greater accuracy. Multivariate analysis multivariate analysis, n a statistical approach used to evaluate multiple variables. multivariate analysis, n a set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. of covariance (MANCOVA MANCOVA Multivariate Analysis of Covariance ) was conducted to examine the effects of the demographic variables on respondents' knowledge scores. After controlling for differences in background characteristics, results indicated that knowledge scores differed significantly based on sex (F=4.37; df=36, 1047; p=.000), classification (F=1.35; df=72, 2000, p=.028), major (F=1.45; df=108, 2941; p= .002), age (F=1.72; df=72, 2010; p=.000), grade point average (F=1.83; df=108, 3031; p=.000), race (F=6.37; df=36, 1025; p=.000), and employment status (F=1.41; df=72, 2002; p=.014). After controlling for age, sex, major, grade, and classification, no significant difference in knowledge scores was found for marital status (F=1.47; df=72, 2030; p=.081) or student status (F=.73; df=36, 966; p= .882). Univariate univariate adjective Determined, produced, or caused by only one variable F-tests on individual subscale items found that males were significantly more knowledgeable than were females on 15 of 36 items while females were more knowledgeable than males on 4 of 36 items. Graduate students were more knowledgeable on 10 of 36 items while undergraduates were more knowledgeable on 3 of 36 items. DISCUSSION Results of the socio-demographic data analyses were used to develop a profile of nontraditional Adj. 1. nontraditional - not conforming to or in accord with tradition; "nontraditional designs"; "nontraditional practices" untraditional traditional - consisting of or derived from tradition; "traditional history"; "traditional morality" urban university students. The psychometric psy·cho·met·rics n. (used with a sing. verb) The branch of psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and properties of the questionnaire and the additional urban components were explored. Findings are discussed within the framework of this information. The results of the data analyses for this study were used to develop baseline data dealing with knowledge of urban university students related to alcohol use and drinking patterns. The results of this study showed that urban non-residential college students' knowledge regarding alcohol and alcohol effects are consistent with those reported in other studies (Engs, 1978, 1989, 1994). Although overall knowledge for both urban, non-residential college students and traditional college students was generally low, this study indicated that urban, non-residential college students' knowledge regarding alcohol was lower than alcohol knowledge of students from traditional colleges. (See Table 3) Characteristics that set non-residential college students apart from traditional college students seemed to both positively and negatively affect knowledge regarding alcohol. For example, age and employment status remained significant factors influencing knowledge even after controlling for interacting variables. Older students and students who were employed either full-time or part-time were more knowledgeable than non-employed students. These results are similar to those of other studies assessing the effects of age and employment status on alcohol knowledge. Differences in knowledge based upon gender, age, and race appeared to be associated with one common factor, previous experience. Research has consistently documented that knowledge regarding alcohol is more favorable fa·vor·a·ble adj. 1. Advantageous; helpful: favorable winds. 2. Encouraging; propitious: a favorable diagnosis. 3. for those who are male, older, and Caucasian Caucasian or Caucasoid: see race. (Engs & Hanson, 1989; Engs, 1978). Reasons for variations in knowledge may simply be associated with one's experience with alcohol. Given that females, youth, and people of color Noun 1. people of color - a race with skin pigmentation different from the white race (especially Blacks) people of colour, colour, color race - people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; "some biologists doubt that there are important (Dawson, 1998; Griffin, Scheier, Botvin, & Diaz, 2000) have a tendency to begin alcohol consumption at later stages than their counterparts (McNeal & Amato, 2000; Wallace Wal·lace , Alfred Russel 1823-1913. British naturalist who developed a concept of evolution that paralleled the work of Charles Darwin. & Bachman, 1991), this lack of or delayed experience may influence knowledge regarding alcohol and alcohol effects. Other factors such as cultural and societal so·ci·e·tal adj. Of or relating to the structure, organization, or functioning of society. so·ci e·tal·ly adv.Adj. taboos regarding alcohol consumption by youth, females, and among ethnic and religious populations also may play a role in influencing experimentation with alcohol and subsequent knowledge regarding alcohol effects (McNeal & Amato, 2000). Most of the information about alcohol and the effects it has on the body has not changed since the original instrument was developed. However, there is conflicting information regarding absorption of alcohol when mixed with "soda pop" which is usually considered a carbonated car·bon·ate tr.v. car·bon·at·ed, car·bon·at·ing, car·bon·ates 1. To charge (a beverage, for example) with carbon dioxide gas. 2. To burn to carbon; carbonize. 3. To change into a carbonate. drink. On the original survey the correct response to the statement "liquor liquor /li·quor/ (lik´er) (li´kwor) pl. liquors, liquo´res [L.] 1. a liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. mixed with soda pop will affect you faster than liquor drunk straight" was false. Some textbooks used in college classes have suggested that the opposite is true. For example, Ray and Ksir (1996) indicate that carbon dioxide carbon dioxide, chemical compound, CO2, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is about one and one-half times as dense as air under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. moves alcohol more rapidly from the stomach to the small intestine small intestine Long, narrow, convoluted tube in which most digestion takes place. It extends 22–25 ft (6.7–7.6 m), from the stomach to the large intestine. where absorption into the blood takes place. Additionally, the increased rate of absorption seems to increase headaches and hangovers. The researchers in this study questioned if carbonation carbonation Addition of carbon dioxide gas to a beverage, imparting sparkle and a tangy taste and preventing spoilage. The liquid is chilled and cascaded down in an enclosure containing carbon dioxide (either as dry ice or a liquid) under pressure. in champagne and sparking wines increase absorption, then why the carbonation in "soda pop" when mixed with liquor does not have the same effect on the stomach and small intestine. LIMITATIONS There were some limitations to this research that should be noted. The survey was included within a registrar's general mailing and not under separate cover. No follow-up or reminder letter, post-card, phone call or email was utilized. The survey was comprised of 110 questions. The length of the survey may have been a deterrent de·ter·rent adj. Tending to deter: deterrent weapons. n. 1. Something that deters: a deterrent to theft. 2. to some of the students. The response rate was lower than is generally accepted for academic research probably due to the factors listed above. Students may also have overlooked the survey because it was included with other literature from the registrars office. Results of this study can be generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. , with caution to the total student population and to a limited degree to other similar urban university populations. Dillman (1978) suggests that "response rate is only one indication of representativeness. In many surveys it is not a very good indicator and is certainly far less important than others" (p.41). One of the factors that he identified regarding representativeness is that all members of the population had an equal opportunity to be included in the study. Because the mailing went to the total student population, this criterion was met. Another issue is the potential for bias among the respondents. However, because respondents' characteristics such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, classification, and marital status, are similar to all the students enrolled at the university, we concluded that the sample was not biased. Despite these limitations, this study has several strengths. First, it contributes to the growing body of research concerning the knowledge related to alcohol use drinking patterns of university students. This study is unique in focus because the majority of previous studies examined traditional university students while this one studied urban, non-residential students. This research can be used as a comparison with other urban institutions and provide baseline data for urban universities to begin to address alcohol use and abuse. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge regarding alcohol and alcohol effects is generally low among urban college students. This study suggests that differences in knowledge regarding alcohol and alcohol effects exist based upon the college setting (traditional vs non-traditional). People of color, younger students, and females tended to be less knowledgeable regarding alcohol and alcohol effects. Since many students experiment with alcohol during their college experience, concerns regarding their lack of knowledge about alcohol and alcohol effects exist with regard to their risk of unexpected outcomes in relation to alcohol consumption. RECOMMENDATIONS College and universities in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. are charged with educating individuals as well as preparing them not only for the world of work but also for a lifetime of learning. Yet, the low rate of knowledge regarding alcohol and alcohol effects among college students suggests that universities need to take steps to take action; to move in a matter. See also: Step to educate college students early during their college experience. Because many college students experiment with alcohol and other drugs for the first time upon entering college, it seems appropriate to suggest that teaching students about alcohol and the effects of alcohol may provide an opportunity for them to gain the needed personal and social skills as well as opportunities to practice those skills that are considered to be beneficial to all university students. Requiring personal health education courses are just one example of how universities could increase alcohol awareness and knowledge by providing basic information to help students make responsible decisions regarding their overall health and personal behaviors. Particular emphasis should be placed on the implementation of effective, coordinated campus-based health education programs. Adjustments and changes to existing curricula also should be considered. In order to increase the likelihood that alcohol education and prevention programs produce favorable effects for student populations, well-designed summative Adj. 1. summative - of or relating to a summation or produced by summation summational additive - characterized or produced by addition; "an additive process" and formative formative /for·ma·tive/ (for´mah-tiv) concerned in the origination and development of an organism, part, or tissue. program evaluations Program evaluation is a formalized approach to studying and assessing projects, policies and program and determining if they 'work'. Program evaluation is used in government and the private sector and it's taught in numerous universities. should be required. Efforts to broaden the research base through the coordination, development and continuation of projects such as this one focusing on urban, nonresidential students should continue. It is our hope that research will continue to examine the drinking patterns and problems of urban university students. Our first step will be to include other urban universities within the state in this project, with additional plans to broaden this to a regional and national project. Results of this study also suggest that the survey utilized for this project is a viable scale. Internal consistency In statistics and research, internal consistency is a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores. was good and certainly fell well within the range of acceptability for this type of instrument. Myths about alcohol continue to exist on college campuses. It seems clear that future research related to urban university students' attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and self-reported behaviors related to alcohol use and abuse is needed. HEALTH EDUCATION RESPONSIBILITY AND COMPETENCY COMPETENCY, evidence. The legal fitness or ability of a witness to be heard on the trial of a cause. This term is also applied to written or other evidence which may be legally given on such trial, as, depositions, letters, account-books, and the like. 2. ADDRESSED Responsibility I: Assessing Individual and Community Needs for Health Education Competency B: Distinguish between behaviors that foster and those that hinder hin·der 1 v. hin·dered, hin·der·ing, hin·ders v.tr. 1. To be or get in the way of. 2. To obstruct or delay the progress of. v.intr. well-being Sub-competency 1: Investigate physical, social, emotional, and intellectual factors influencing health behavior
Table 1. Background Characteristics of Urban College Students
Variable N (%)
Age
25 and over 715 (58)
21-24 years 316 (25)
Under 21 years 207 (17)
Sex
Female 838 (66)
Male 431 (34)
Race/Ethnicity
White 945 (75)
African American 155 (12)
Asian 46 (4)
Hispanic 43 (3)
International student 25 (2)
Other 22 (2)
American Indian 1 (<1)
Classification
Graduate 443 (35)
Senior 262 (21)
Junior 210 (17)
Freshman 127 (10)
Sophomore 124 (9)
Other 110 (8)
Earned Grade Level
A- and above 586 (46)
B- to B+ 505 (40)
C+ and below 172 (13)
Marital Status
Single (never married) 779 (60)
Married 345 (27)
Other 165 (13)
N = 1,296 college students; Data only reflects those responding to
these items
Table 2.
Univariate F test for Gender and Racial Differences in Knowledge of
Alcohol and Alcohol Effects
Knowledge about Alcohol Gender (M / SD) Race (M / SD)
(T = True, F = False) Male Caucasian
Female People of Color
1. Drinking milk before drinking 1.87 / .33 1.89 / .31
an alcoholic beverage will slow 1.90 / .30 1.88 / .32
the absorption of alcohol into
the body. (T)
2. Wines are made by fermenting 1.34 / .47 *** 1.35 / .48 ***
grains. (F) 1.44 / .50 1.61 / .49
3. Alcoholic beverages do not 1.17 / .38 1.10 / .30 ***
provide weight-increasing 1.13 / .34 1.30 / .46
calories. (F)
4. In America, drinking is usually 1.31 / .46 1.26 / .44
considered an important 1.24 / .43 ** 1.25 / .43
socializing custom in business,
for relaxation and for
improving interpersonal
relationships. (T)
5. Gulping of alcoholic beverages 1.59 / .49 1.61 / .49
is a commonly accepted drinking 1.64 / .48 1.67 / .47
pattern in this country. (F)
6. Alcohol is usually classified 1.34 / .47 1.35 / .44 ***
as a stimulant. (F) 1.36 / .48 1.63 / .49
7. Alcohol is not a drug. (F) 1.16 / .37 1.08 / .27 ***
1.09 / .29 *** 1.23 / .42
8. A blood alcohol content of 0.1% 1.09 / .29 *** 1.41 / .49 ***
is the legal definition of 1.16 / .37 1.64 / .48
alcohol intoxication in most
states, in regards to driving.
(T)
9. Approximately 10% of fatal 1.68 / .47 1.64 / .48
highway accidents are alcohol 1.61 / .49 ** 1.59 / .49
related. (T)
10. Alcohol was used for centuries 1.47 / .50 1.44 / .50 **
as a medicine in childbirth for 1.45 / .50 1.52 / .50
sedation and surgery. (T)
11. Table wines contain from 2- 12% 1.39 / .49 *** 1.40 / .50 ***
alcohol by volume. (T) 1.49 / .50 1.55 / .50
12. It is estimated that 1.76 / .43 ** 1.80 / .40
approximately 85% of the adult 1.82 / .38 1.83 / .38
Americas who drink misuse or
abuse alcoholic beverages. (F)
13. Many people drink to escape 1.80 / .39 1.14 / .35
from problems, loneliness and 1.13 / .34 ** 1.17 / .37
depression. (T)
14. Liquor mixed with soda pop will 1.85 / .35 * 1.88 / .32
affect you faster than liquor 1.90 / .31 1.89 / .32
drunk straight. (F)
15. The most commonly drunk alcohol 1.50 / .50 *** 1.57 / .49 ***
beverage in the United States 1.66 / .47 1.73 / .45
are distilled liquors (whiskey,
gin, vodka). (F)
16. A 150 pound person to keep his 1.79 / .41 *** 1.84 / .37 ***
blood alcohol concentration 1.89 / .31 1.91 / .28
below the legally intoxicated
level would have to drink fewer
than 3 beers in an hour. (F)
17. A person cannot become an 1.15 / .36 1.16 / .30 ***
alcoholic by just drinking 1.12 / .33 1.23 / .42
beer. (F)
18. To prevent getting a hangover, 1.30 / .46 1.26 / .44 ***
one should sip one's drink 1.29 / .45 1.40 / .49
slowly, drink and eat at the
same time, space drinks over a
period of time, and not drink
over one's limit. (T)
19. Responsible drinking can result 1.28 / .45 1.29 / .45 ***
in relaxation, enhanced social 1.32 / .47 1.40 / .49
interactions, and a feeling of
well-being. (T)
20. Distilled liquors (whiskey, 1.67 / .47 1.69 / .46
gin, vodka) usually contain 1.71 / .45 1.70 / .46
about 15-20% alcohol by volume.
(T)
21. Moderate consumption of 1.37 / .48 1.37 / .48 ***
alcoholic beverages is 1.42 / .49 1.52 / .50
generally not harmful to the
body. (T)
22. It takes about as many hours as 1.59 / .49 *** 1.64 / .48 ***
the number of beers drunk to 1.72 / .45 1.81 / .39
completely burn up the alcohol
ingested. (T)
23. An ounce of whisky contains 1.92 / .27 1.92 / .27
about 60 calories. (F) 1.93 / .25 1.95 / .22
24. Many people drink for social 1.20 / .40 1.17 / .37
acceptance, because of peer 1.16 / .37 1.20 / .40
group pressures, and to gain
adult status. (T)
25. A blood alcohol concentration 1.68 / .47 *** 1.73 / .44 ***
of .02% causes a person to be 1.81 / .40 1.87 / .34
in a stupor. (F)
26. Liquors such as gin, scotch and 1.41 / .49 *** 1.45 / .50 ***
whiskies are usually distilled 1.53 / .50 1.62 / .49
from mashes made from
fermenting grains. (T)
27. Proof on a bottle of liquor 1.57 / .49 *** 1.68 / .47 **
represents half the percent of 1.75 / .43 1.76 / .43
alcohol contained in the
bottle. (F)
28. The United States lacks a 1.53 / .50 * 1.56 / .50 *
national consensus on what 1.59 / .49 1.63 / .48
constitutes the responsible use
of alcoholic beverages. (T)
29. There is usually more 1.59 / .49 ** 1.63 / .48
alcoholism in a society that 1.66 / .47 1.67 / .47
accepts drunken behavior than
in a society that frowns on
drunkenness. (T)
30. Beer usually contains from 1.39 / .49 *** 1.48 / .50 ***
2-12% alcohol by volume. (T) 1.59 / .49 1.65 / .48
31. Eating while drinking will have 1.28 / .45 1.25 / .43 ***
no effect on slowing down the 1.29 / .45 1.41 / .49
absorption of alcohol in the
body. (F)
32. Drinking coffee or taking a 1.44 / .50 ** 1.45 / .49 ***
cold shower can be an effective 1.51 / .50 1.69 / .46
way of sobering up. (F)
33. Wines throughout history have 1.12 / .32 1.08 / .27 ***
been commonly drunk at 1.09 / .29 1.17 / .38
religious ceremonies and family
gatherings. (T)
34. Drinking of alcoholic beverages 1.15 / .50 *** 1.57 / .50 ***
has been common in the U.S.A. 1.62 / .48 1.70 / .46
since the Puritans first
settled here. (T)
35. Alcohol has only been used in a 1.16 / .45 1.29 / .45 ***
very few societies throughout 1.34 / .47 1.44 / .50
history. (T)
36. Liquor taken straight will 1.17 / .50 1.49 / .50
affect you faster than liquor 1.48 / .50 1.43 / .50
mixed with water. (F)
Knowledge about Alcohol Age (M / SD)
(T = True, F = False) Under 21
21-24
25 and older
1. Drinking milk before drinking 1.90 / .30
an alcoholic beverage will slow 1.91 / .30
the absorption of alcohol into 1.89 / .31
the body. (T)
2. Wines are made by fermenting 1.50 / .50
grains. (F) 1.41 / .49
1.37 / .48 ***
3. Alcoholic beverages do not 1.24 / .43
provide weight-increasing 1.13 / .33 ***
calories. (F) 1.12 / .33 ***
4. In America, drinking is usually 1.27 / .45
considered an important 1.26 / .47
socializing custom in business, 1.22 / .41 ***
for relaxation and for
improving interpersonal
relationships. (T)
5. Gulping of alcoholic beverages 1.71 / .45
is a commonly accepted drinking 1.67 / .47
pattern in this country. (F) 1.58 / .49 ***
6. Alcohol is usually classified 1.44 / .50
as a stimulant. (F) 1.45 / .48 *
1.32 / .47 ***
7. Alcohol is not a drug. (F) 1.13 / .33
1.14 / .33
1.10 / .31
8. A blood alcohol content of 0.1% 1.49 / .50
is the legal definition of 1.44 / .50
alcohol intoxication in most 1.47 / .50
states, in regards to driving.
(T)
9. Approximately 10% of fatal 1.60 / .49
highway accidents are alcohol 1.63 / .48
related. (T) 1.64 / .48
10. Alcohol was used for centuries 1.43 / .50
as a medicine in childbirth for 1.46 / .50
sedation and surgery. (T) 1.46 / .50
11. Table wines contain from 2- 12% 1.53 / .50
alcohol by volume. (T) 1.54 / .50
1.42 / .49 ***
12. It is estimated that 1.87 / .34
approximately 85% of the adult 1.79 / .41 *
Americas who drink misuse or 1.80 / .40 *
abuse alcoholic beverages. (F)
13. Many people drink to escape 1.13 / .34
from problems, loneliness and 1.12 / .33
depression. (T) 1.16 / .37
14. Liquor mixed with soda pop will 1.90 / .26
affect you faster than liquor 1.91 / .34
drunk straight. (F) 1.88 / .33
15. The most commonly drunk alcohol 1.67 / .47
beverage in the United States 1.56 / .50 *
are distilled liquors (whiskey, 1.61 / .49
gin, vodka). (F)
16. A 150 pound person to keep his 1.80 / .30
blood alcohol concentration 1.83 / .37 *
below the legally intoxicated 1.85 / .36
level would have to drink fewer
than 3 beers in an hour. (F)
17. A person cannot become an 1.18 / .38
alcoholic by just drinking 1.17 / .37
beer. (F) 1.10 / .30 ***
18. To prevent getting a hangover, 1.31 / .45
one should sip one's drink 1.32 / .45
slowly, drink and eat at the 1.30 / .45
same time, space drinks over a
period of time, and not drink
over one's limit. (T)
19. Responsible drinking can result 1.28 / .45
in relaxation, enhanced social 1.28 / .45
interactions, and a feeling of 1.31 / .45
well-being. (T)
20. Distilled liquors (whiskey, 1.69 / .46
gin, vodka) usually contain 1.66 / .47
about 15-20% alcohol by volume. 1.71 / .45
(T)
21. Moderate consumption of 1.38 / .50
alcoholic beverages is 1.41 / .49
generally not harmful to the 1.37 / .48 ***
body. (T)
22. It takes about as many hours as 1.69 / .46
the number of beers drunk to 1.67 / .47
completely burn up the alcohol 1.68 / .47
ingested. (T)
23. An ounce of whisky contains 1.94 / .23
about 60 calories. (F) 1.95 / .24
1.92 / .28
24. Many people drink for social 1.21 / .34
acceptance, because of peer 1.18 / .39
group pressures, and to gain 1.18 / .38
adult status. (T)
25. A blood alcohol concentration 1.85 / .36
of .02% causes a person to be 1.69 / .45 ***
in a stupor. (F) 1.76 / .43 **
26. Liquors such as gin, scotch and 1.42 / .48
whiskies are usually distilled 1.56 / .50 *
from mashes made from 1.40 / .49 ***
fermenting grains. (T)
27. Proof on a bottle of liquor 1.68 / .47
represents half the percent of 1.64 / .48
alcohol contained in the 1.73 / .44 ***
bottle. (F)
28. The United States lacks a 1.68 / .47
national consensus on what 1.59 / .49
constitutes the responsible use 1.53 / .50 ***
of alcoholic beverages. (T)
29. There is usually more 1.62 / .49
alcoholism in a society that 1.66 / .48
accepts drunken behavior than 1.64 / .48
in a society that frowns on
drunkenness. (T)
30. Beer usually contains from 1.40 / .48
2-12% alcohol by volume. (T) 1.50 / .50 ***
1.50 / .50 ***
31. Eating while drinking will have 1.29 / .45
no effect on slowing down the 1.23 / .42 *
absorption of alcohol in the 1.30 / .45
body. (F)
32. Drinking coffee or taking a 1.46 / .50
cold shower can be an effective 1.47 / .50
way of sobering up. (F) 1.45 / .50 ***
33. Wines throughout history have 1.10 / .30
been commonly drunk at 1.13 / .29
religious ceremonies and family 1.14 / .30
gatherings. (T)
34. Drinking of alcoholic beverages 1.56 / .50
has been common in the U.S.A. 1.56 / .50
since the Puritans first 1.62 / .49
settled here. (T)
35. Alcohol has only been used in a 1.32 / .47
very few societies throughout 1.29 / .45
history. (T) 1.33 / .47
36. Liquor taken straight will 1.37 / .48
affect you faster than liquor 1.39 / .49
mixed with water. (F) 1.54 / .50 ***
Significance = * > .05, ** p > .01, *** p > .001; N = 1296, Male = 431,
Female = 838, Caucasian = 945, People of Color = 292, Under 21 =
207,21-24 = 316,25 and Older = 715 p > .01
Table 3.
Urban University Students Knowledge of Alcohol and Alcohol
Effects--Total Percentage Correct
Knowledge about Alcohol 1978 1982 1984 1999
(T = True, F = False)
1. Drinking milk before drinking an 40 45 54 11
alcoholic beverage will slow the
absorption of alcohol into the body.
(T)
6. Alcohol is usually classified as a 68 70 73 64
stimulant. (F)
7. Alcohol is not a drug. (F) 93 95 84
8. A blood alcohol content of 0.1% is 19 76 81 53
the legal definition of alcohol
intoxication in most states, in
regards to driving. (T)
11. Table wines contain from 2-12% 54
alcohol by volume. (T)
14. Liquor mixed with soda pop will 52 13
affect you faster than liquor drunk
straight. (F)
15. The most commonly drunk alcohol 64 68 39
beverage in the United States are
distilled liquors (whiskey, gin,
vodka). (F)
18. To prevent getting a hangover, one 89 90 70
should sip one's drink slowly, drink
and eat at the same time, space
drinks over a period of time, and
not drink over one's limit. (T)
20. Distilled liquors (whiskey, gin, 72 66 31
vodka) usually contain about 15-20%
alcohol by volume. (T)
27. Proof on a bottle of liquor 28 30
represents half the percent of
alcohol contained in the bottle. (F)
29. There is usually more alcoholism in 37
a society that accepts drunken
behavior than in a society that
frowns on drunkenness. (T)
31. Eating while drinking will have no 40 70
effect on slowing down the
absorption of alcohol in the body.
(F)
32. Drinking coffee or taking a cold 52 69 79 51
shower can be an effective way of
sobering up. (F)
Total Mean 20.08 20.9 21.3 17.8
Total % Correct 56 58 59 49
Total N 1128 4877 4146 1296
REFERENCES Babbie, E. A. (1990). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Billingham, R. E., Post, J., & Gross, W. C. (1993). Parental divorce and the change in drinking behavior from high school to college. Psychological Reports, 72(3, Part 2), 1275-1281. Cicciarella, C. F. (1997). Research in physical education, exercise science, and sport: An introduction. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick. Crowley, J. E. (1991). Educational status and drinking patterns: How representative are college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(1), 10-16. Dawson, D.A. (1998). Beyond black, white, and Hispanic Hispanic Multiculture A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race Social medicine Any of 17 major Latino subcultures, concentrated in California, Texas, Chicago, Miam, NY, and elsewhere : Race ethnic origin and drinking patterns in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 321-339. Dillman, D. A. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : John Wiley John Wiley may refer to:
Engs, R. C. (1975). The Student Alcohol Questionnaire. Bloomington, IN: Department of Health and Safety Education, Indiana University Indiana University, main campus at Bloomington; state supported; coeducational; chartered 1820 as a seminary, opened 1824. It became a college in 1828 and a university in 1838. The medical center (run jointly with Purdue Univ. . Engs, R. C. (1977). Drinking patterns and drinking problems of college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 38, 2144-2156. Engs, R. C. (1978). College students' knowledge of alcohol and drinking. Journal of American College Health Association, 26, 189-193. Engs, R. C., & Hanson, D.J. (1985). The drinking patterns and problems of college students: 1983. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 31(1), 65-83. Engs, R. C., & Hanson, D. J. (1989). The alcohol knowledge and drinking myths of a national sample of university students. Journal of College Student Development Journal of College Student Development is an academic journal founded in 1959 and is the official publication of the American College Personnel Association. The journal publishes scholarly articles and reviews from a wide variety of academic fields related to college , 30(2), 180-182. Engs, R. C., & Hanson, D.J. (1990). Gender differences in drinking patterns and problems among college students: A review of the literature. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 35(1), 36-47. Engs, R. C., & Hanson, D. J. (1994). The Student Alcohol Questionnaire: An updated reliability of the drinking patterns, problems, knowledge, and attitude subscales. Psychological Reports, 74, 12-14. Griffin, K. W., Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G.J., & Diaz, T. (2000). Ethnic and gender differences in psychosocial risk, protection, and adolescent ad·o·les·cent adj. Of, relating to, or undergoing adolescence. n. A young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager. alcohol use. Prevention Science, 1, 199-212. Gustafson, R. (1993). Alcohol-related expected effects and the desirability of these effects for Swedish college students measured the Alcohol Expectancy A mere hope, based upon no direct provision, promise, or trust. An expectancy is the possibility of receiving a thing, rather than having a vested interest in it. The term has been applied to situations where an individual hopes and expects to receive something, generally Questionnaire. Alcohol and Alcoholism alcoholism, disease characterized by impaired control over the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a serious problem worldwide; in the United States the wide availability of alcoholic beverages makes alcohol the most accessible drug, and alcoholism is , 28(4), 469-475. Hanson, D. J. (1972). Alcohol norms and deviant deviant /de·vi·ant/ (de´ve-int) 1. varying from a determinable standard. 2. a person with characteristics varying from what is considered standard or normal. de·vi·ant adj. drinking behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation dis·ser·ta·tion n. A lengthy, formal treatise, especially one written by a candidate for the doctoral degree at a university; a thesis. dissertation Noun 1. , Syracuse University Syracuse University, main campus at Syracuse, N.Y.; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1871. Syracuse is noted for its research programs in government and industry; facilities include the Center for Science and Technology, the Newhouse Communications Center, and , Syracuse, New York
Syracuse (IPA: . Hanson, D. J., & Engs, R. C. (1990). Black college students drinking patterns. In Forster, B. & Salloway, J. C. (eds.), The sociocultural so·ci·o·cul·tur·al adj. Of or involving both social and cultural factors. so  ci·o·cul matrix of alcohol and drug abuse: A sourcebook of patterns
and factors (62-78). Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press.Krejecie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 608. Light, R. J., Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (1990). By design: Planning research on higher education higher education Study beyond the level of secondary education. Institutions of higher education include not only colleges and universities but also professional schools in such fields as law, theology, medicine, business, music, and art. . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. . Loughlin, K. A., & Kayson, W. A. (1990). Alcohol consumption and self-reported drinking-related problem behaviors as related to sex, work environment, and level of education. Psychological Reports, 67, 1323-1328. McNeal, C., & Amato, P. R. (2000). Parental alcohol use: Effects on African American African American Multiculture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. See Race. and white adults. Race & Society, 3, 61-74. Page, R. M., Scanlan, A., & Gilbert, L. (1999). Relationship of the estimation estimation In mathematics, use of a function or formula to derive a solution or make a prediction. Unlike approximation, it has precise connotations. In statistics, for example, it connotes the careful selection and testing of a function called an estimator. of binge drinking among college students and personal participation in binge drinking implications for health education and promotion. Journal of Health Education, 30(2), 98-103. Presley, C. A., Meilman, P. W., & Lyerla, R. (1995). Alcohol and drugs on American college campuses: Use, consequences, and perceptions of the campus environment, Volume II: 1990-1992. Carbondale, Illinois Carbondale is a city in Southern Illinois in the midwest United States, is 96 miles or about two hours south of Saint Louis, Missouri. It is known mainly as the site of the main campus of Southern Illinois University. The city is located in Jackson County, Illinois. : The Core Institute, Student Health Programs, Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University, main campus at Carbondale; state supported; coeducational; est. 1869, opened 1874 as a normal school, renamed 1947. It has a center for archaeological investigation and a fisheries research laboratory. There is also a campus at Edwardsville. at Carbondale. Ray, O., & Ksir, C. (1996). Drugs, society and behavior. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Robinson, S. E., Gloria, A. M., Roth, S. L., & Schuetter, R. M. (1993). Patterns of drug use among female and male undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development,34(2), 130-137. Saltz, R., & Elandt, R. (1986). College student drinking studies, 1976-1985. In Contemporary drug problems, 13(1), 117-159. Schall, M., Weede, T.J., & Maltzman, I. (1991). Predictors of alcohol consumption by university students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 37(1), 72-80. Wallace, J. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1991). Explaining racial/ethnic differences in adolescent drug use: The impact of background and lifestyle. Social Problems, 38(3), 333-357. Wechsler, H., Dowdall, G. W., Davenport, A., & Castillo, S. (1995). Correlates of college student binge drinking. American Journal of Public Health The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) is a peer reviewed monthly journal of the American Public Health Association (APHA). The Journal also regularly publishes authoritative editorials and commentaries and serves as a forum for the analysis of health policy. , 85(7), 921-926. Wechsler, H., Dowdall, G. W., Davenport, A., & DeJong, W. (2000). Binge drinking on campus: (Contract No. SS9-30-25-001).Washington, DC: US Department of Education. Wechsler, H., Dowdall, G. W., Maenner, G., Gledhill-Hoyt, J., & Lee, H. (1998, September). Changes in binge drinking and related problems among American college students between 1993-1997. Journal of American College Health, 47, 57-68. Williams, J. E., Newby, R. G., & Kanitz, H. E. (1993). Assessing the need for alcohol abuse programs for African-American college students. Journal of Multicultural mul·ti·cul·tur·al adj. 1. Of, relating to, or including several cultures. 2. Of or relating to a social or educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture. Counseling and Development, 21 (3), 155-167. Jill M. Black, Ph.D., CHES is an Associate Professor of Health Education at Cleveland State University Cleveland State University, at Cleveland, Ohio; coeducational; founded 1964, incorporating Fenn College (est. 1923). The Cleveland-Marshall School of law was incorporated in 1969. . Judith A. Ausherman, Ed.D., CHES is an Associate Professor of Health Education at Cleveland State University. Tina L. Kandakai, Ph.D is an Assistant Professor of Health Education and Promotion at Kent State University. Eddie T. C. Lam, Ph.D is an Assistant Professor of Sport Management at Cleveland State University. Sara C. Jurjevic, M.Ed, was a graduate assistant with Cleveland State University. Address all correspondence to Jill M. Black, Ph.D., CHES, Associate Professor of Health Education, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue For the street in Ontario, California, see . Euclid Avenue is a name applied to streets in many American cities; however, Cleveland, Ohio’s Euclid Avenue received nationwide attention from the 1860s to the 1920s for its beauty and wealth. , Cleveland, Ohio "Cleveland" redirects here. For the Cleveland metropolitan area, see . For other uses, see Cleveland (disambiguation). Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. 44115, PHONE: 216.687.4829, FAX: 216.687.5410. E-MAIL e-mail: see electronic mail. in full electronic mail Messages and other data exchanged between individuals using computers in a network. : j.black@csuohio.edu |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion