Understanding tolerance, embracing diversity: park and recreation professionals should have tolerance and respect diversity in the field.The phrase 'zero tolerance' has entered our mindset mind·set or mind-set n. 1. A fixed mental attitude or disposition that predetermines a person's responses to and interpretations of situations. 2. An inclination or a habit. as a positive strategy regarding both institutional and personal levels of acceptance of certain behaviors in our society. Typically, an organization will indicate a policy of zero tolerance The policy of applying laws or penalties to even minor infringements of a code in order to reinforce its overall importance and enhance deterrence. Since the 1980s the phrase zero tolerance has signified a philosophy toward illegal conduct that favors strict imposition of as it relates to violence, all forms of abusive behavior abusive behavior Public health Any of various behaviors–aggressive, coercive or controlling, destructive, harassing, intimidating, isolating, threatening–which a batterer may use to control a domestic partner/victim. See Domestic violence. , illegal drug use, park vandalism and other patently anti-social, destructive activities. Zero tolerance affirms our beliefs and strengthens our resolve to "do what's right," and in most cases does not promote reflection. It is also not the answer when applied to the beliefs, customs, or choices of others that do not constitute antisocial antisocial /an·ti·so·cial/ (-so´sh'l) 1. denoting behavior that violates the rights of others, societal mores, or the law. 2. denoting the specific personality traits seen in antisocial personality disorder. or illegal behaviors. In this case a lack of tolerance becomes a dangerous and counterproductive coun·ter·pro·duc·tive adj. Tending to hinder rather than serve one's purpose: "Violation of the court order would be counterproductive" Philip H. Lee. attitude. What encroaches upon and destroys leisure is repression, intolerance and fixation fixation: see psychoanalysis. on conformity (Parker 1977). Our post 9/11 world challenges, and perhaps compels, us to protect what we value, in both the material and ideological worlds. The ethos, or fundamental character of our culture, is being tested and potentially altered in ways that we may not fully grasp at present time. Rather than entrenching ourselves in the familiar, we can serve our communities and society better by understanding people and practices that are different than ourselves. What, one may ask, does this have to do with the roles and responsibilities of recreational service providers and those among us who study these activities? The answer lies in our ability to identify the important issues related to tolerance as a part of the benefits provided by our profession. Understanding the role of recreational program services, and the unique opportunities provided by those special places we call parks, are critical to furthering the vision of our profession. The role of the recreational service provider creates a unique opportunity to become an agent for change and catalyst within our community, regarding tolerance for the beliefs and interests of others. It allows us to be leaders in realizing and celebrating the inherent diversity within our communities to the benefit of all. With the positive impact of our profession on communities, also comes the responsibility to fully explore the topics of tolerance and diversity in order to understand both the positive and negative implications of our efforts. Peter Witt of Texas A&M University observes that leisure research in the area of diversity is in its "infancy with regard to taking into account the impact of individual and subgroup sub·group n. 1. A distinct group within a group; a subdivision of a group. 2. A subordinate group. 3. Mathematics A group that is a subset of a group. tr.v. differences." He further states that we must look at the "totality TOTALITY. The whole sum or quantity. 2. In making a tender, it is requisite that the totality of the sum due should be offered, together with the interest and costs. Vide Tender. of lives as they are experienced" rather than treating individuals as merely "members of categories." (from unpublished remarks shared by Dr. Witt) The complexity within our communities goes well beyond race, gender and location. We must strive to understand human behavior as influenced by factors more complicated and profound than these. The ever-present challenge for the working professional is to translate the philosophical perspectives provided by academic research into useful, bite-sized pieces that can be understood and actually used by service providers. Definitions Provide Clarity Concepts such as tolerance, diversity, multi-culturalism and difference have become a part of the operative vocabulary of social services social services Noun, pl welfare services provided by local authorities or a state agency for people with particular social needs social services npl → servicios mpl sociales . Public school systems, guided by directed research and changing demographics The attributes of people in a particular geographic area. Used for marketing purposes, population, ethnic origins, religion, spoken language, income and age range are examples of demographic data. , have led the way in exploring the concepts of tolerance and diversity. As in many disciplines, the meaning and use of these types of terms have evolved. Tolerance Tolerance, in contemporary society, is considered to be a key political virtue in our post-modern, secular world (Conyers, 2001). Tolerance, as the ability and commitment to recognize, respect, engage and negotiate difference is said to be an integrative socio-political force (DeVries, 2002). Tolerance is a fundamental criterion for peace, civility and the exercise of democratic principles (Moreno-Riano, 2003). Tolerance is considered to be the deliberate act of an individual or organization in refraining from disapproval, censure A formal, public reprimand for an infraction or violation. From time to time deliberative bodies are forced to take action against members whose actions or behavior runs counter to the group's acceptable standards for individual behavior. In the U.S. or violence against the beliefs of another, despite one's disagreement with those beliefs (Thompson 2002). It suggests, according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the UNESCO UNESCO: see United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCO in full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Declaration on Tolerance, that one is free to adhere to adhere to verb 1. follow, keep, maintain, respect, observe, be true, fulfil, obey, heed, keep to, abide by, be loyal, mind, be constant, be faithful 2. one's own convictions, and accepts that others adhere to theirs. It means accepting that human beings, naturally diverse in their appearance, situation, speech, behavior and values, have the right to live in peace and to be as they are. It also means that one's views are not to be imposed on others. Tolerance is not the same as agreement or conversion. It is, in many cases, more along the lines of "agreeing to disagree" or accepting that the seemingly foreign beliefs and actions of others are equally as valid as our own. Diversity The term diversity entered the socio-political landscape of American thought with the 1970s Supreme Court rulings regarding the compelling interest of state educational institutions in fostering racially diverse campuses. Minority inclusion was seen as a valuable component of First Amendment rights as they relate to academic freedom. The debate that has ensued for the past 30 years has, for the most part, benefited society. Allison and Schneider (2000) identify six core dimensions of diversity: sexual identity, age, social class, gender, race/ethnicity and mental/physical ability. Religion, along with first language, education, work style, communication style, organizational role, geographic location and work experience make up secondary dimensions of diversity according to Allison's depiction of the work of Loden lo·den n. 1. A durable, water-repellent, coarse woolen fabric used chiefly for coats and jackets. 2. A deep olive green. (1996). Tolerance and diversity are therefore, not synonymous. Tolerance suggests that we can choose to accept or reject differences that we may have the potential to change. We must be tolerant of ideas, beliefs, opinions and lifestyles. Many core characteristics of an individual that describe diversity, such as age, gender and race, cannot possibly be changed and therefore do not call for tolerance in the truest sense of the word, hut rather an open mindedness to the value of these differences (deLisle 2004). We see, therefore, two challenges. The first is to value, incorporate and celebrate those differences that are permanent characteristics of others, those things that we describe as diversity. Second, and no less important, we must attempt to understand and tolerate the beliefs, cultural practices and other non-biological variables that others choose to express as a means of self-actualization. Diversity In Our Communities There has been an expansion of research in the area of diversity in the last 15 years. Investigations into demographic differences such as sexual identity, age, social class, gender, race and ability have aided both academics and practitioners in understanding the needs and aspirations of under-represented groups. Recreational sport, and the context of participation, is seen to be a means of acculturation acculturation, culture changes resulting from contact among various societies over time. Contact may have distinct results, such as the borrowing of certain traits by one culture from another, or the relative fusion of separate cultures. for certain first-generation immigrants by increasing social contacts with other residents. Recreational activities, particularly traditional sports, are also reported to be a means of retaining a sense of identification and solidarity within immigrant groups, a strategy that is beneficial to both the social and economic adjustment of new arrivals (Stodolska & Alexandris, 2004). Leisure settings such as parks, beaches and community gardens have been recently studied from the perspective of diversity (see the Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 36). Differences in attitudes towards such facilities, and rates of use by various ethnic and economic groups are noted. Ethnicity, economic class and longevity in country were shown to be determinant determinant, a polynomial expression that is inherent in the entries of a square matrix. The size n of the square matrix, as determined from the number of entries in any row or column, is called the order of the determinant. factors in rates of usage, assimilation and motivation for choices of sport and outdoor recreational activities. These special community places may potentially aid in promoting positive interracial in·ter·ra·cial adj. Relating to, involving, or representing different races: interracial fellowship; an interracial neighborhood. interaction. Gomez (2003) has diligently dil·i·gent adj. Marked by persevering, painstaking effort. See Synonyms at busy. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin d compiled the vast majority of current research in the area of ethnicity and recreation in Ethnicity and Recreation: An Abridged Annotated Bibliography An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been done. It is still an alphabetical list of research sources. In addition to bibliographic data, an annotated bibliography provides a brief summary or annotation. . One can easily trace the development of our profession's understanding of the issues of tolerance and diversity by reading the research updates in Parks & Recreation during the past several years. These updates provide a useful summary of issues that relate to our understanding of diversity and the exercise of tolerance. These updates address multiple issues related to tolerance and diversity, and are a valuable and easily accessible resource. Within each of these valuable summaries are numerous references to articles that will enhance our understanding of particular aspects of tolerance and diversity. It is evident that our profession is moving in the right direction while also illustrating the need for additional research and continual evaluation of the application of these findings. Diversity and the Recreational Profession: Organizational Perspectives, (Allison & Schneider eds., 2000) provides the practitioner with the most useful compendium com·pen·di·um n. pl. com·pen·di·ums or com·pen·di·a 1. A short, complete summary; an abstract. 2. A list or collection of various items. of materials regarding the implementation of diversity-conscious practices in the workplace. This book clearly explains concepts such as diversity, cultural competence cultural competence Social medicine The ability to understand, appreciate, and interact with persons from cultures and/or belief systems other than one's own , intercultural in·ter·cul·tur·al adj. Of, relating to, involving, or representing different cultures: an intercultural marriage; intercultural exchange in the arts. dynamics and more, while providing useful exercises and activities for training staff and community members. The contributing authors seek to provide institutional strategies enabling organizations to progress from the position of being "unconsciously incompetent" to a position of "conscious competence" regarding issues such as cultural sensitivity and an inclusive culture. This valuable resource is the culmination of much research and writing on the topic of diversity that was realized during the 1990s, and is presented in the text by 24 leaders in the field of leisure and recreational services. Each chapter provides a list of references, further reinforcing the value of this book. Research from Outside the Field Richard Florida Richard Florida (1957, Newark NJ) is an American economist and urban studies theorist. Professor Florida's focus is on social and economic theory. He is currently a professor and head of the Prosperity Institute at the Rotman School of Management and the MaRS Discovery (2002), in his book, The Rise of the Creative Class and How it's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, speaks about the advantages of embracing diversity in our communities. "... di-verse and open communities have a compelling advantage in stimulating creativity, generating innovations and increasing wealth and economic growth." (p.323). He observes that communities that are on the forefront of attracting creative young workers and viable new technologies are those that "value the community as the social matrix that holds us together." (p. 324) Florida rightfully declares that leisure and recreational opportunities, along with a diverse and open environment, are critical to the economic and social success of future population centers. Italian author, Umberto Eco Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) and his many essays. (The Name of the Rose, Foucald's Pendulum), has developed an online resource entitled: Accepting Diversity: An Interactive Handbook In Progress, that provides the educator, and the recreational service provider, with sociological and historical explanations of diversity and educational exercises interspersed with exercises, games and even food recipes designed to increase one's appreciation of diversity. Efforts by UNESCO, including the Declaration on Tolerance (1995) outline both the significance and obligations of governments regarding the exercise of tolerance in democratic societies. Of particular importance in the declaration is the mandate that individuals, groups and nations work towards greater tolerance through legislation that fosters equal treatment and opportunity for all. Some Controversy While there are many good reasons to develop and support ideas of personal and communal tolerance, the practices associated with diversity, as realized in our society, are not without problems. The original intent of the Supreme Court in supporting the concept of diversity, was to ultimately address the centuries-old practices of racism in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. . Recent arguments, including those taken to the Supreme Court concerning the University of Michigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. , support the ideas of diversity and consideration of race in admissions as a compelling interest of the university. However, some view this as reverse discrimination, in that such decisions are still based on race with different groups being excluded. Some see the current practices related to diversity as a more subtle form of racism. Detractors (see Sullivan, 1999), view this attempt to bring racially diverse individuals into the mainstream as a token assimilation of people of color Noun 1. people of color - a race with skin pigmentation different from the white race (especially Blacks) people of colour, colour, color race - people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; "some biologists doubt that there are important into the white-supremacist culture. More simply stated, the value of diversity is mainly realized by the majority; the minority is, in a sense, used to benefit and serve the needs of the prevailing group. Others see diversity as a threat to the overall values of national identity due to the emphasis on differences. Do the values of diversity at some point in time override the need for assimilation? The very concept of assimilation is being called into question as never before. In an examination of the assimilation of Hispanics into North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. society, The Washington Post reporter William Branigin (Monday, May 25, 1998; Page A1) stated that some sociologists argue that the melting pot melting pot America as the home of many races and cultures. [Am. Pop. Culture: Misc.] See : America often means little more than "Anglo conformity" and that assimilation is not always a positive experience--for either society or the immigrants themselves. Cultural difference is easily lost in cultural dominance. Research indicates that the hardest-working Hispanic students were often those who were the most recent arrivals to the community. Many Hispanic parents fear the inevitable influence that the Americanization of their children will have on their families. Many stay close to their own, out of the melting pot, protecting against the negativity of a highly consumptive con·sump·tive adj. Of, relating to, or afflicted with consumption. society. With today's emphasis on diversity and ethnicity, it has become easier than ever for immigrants to avoid the melting pot entirely. This reinforces the need for exercises in diversity to be guided by a full understanding of tolerance. Despite these important issues that are yet to be resolved, our leadership has rightfully identified and addressed the need for inclusion of difference in our profession. A Strategic Plan for our Profession The NRPA NRPA National Recreation and Park Association NRPA Natural Resources Protective Association (Staten Island, NY) NRPA Niagara Regional Police Association (Canada) NRPA National Rifle and Pistol Association strategic plan identifies the need to develop cultural understanding in healthy communities in order to address the social needs of our constituents. It seeks to create a membership that is reflective of our nation's population by removing barriers to minority participation, supporting culturally sensitive resources that serve diverse populations, and preparing future leaders Future Leaders is a UK schools-led charitable organisation that aims to widen the pool of talented leaders especially for urban challenging secondary schools. It was founded in March 2006 by Nat Wei, a former founder of Teach First. . Attracting a more diverse population to the profession, and training the next generation of leaders to fully embrace the values associated with a diverse workforce is central to this strategy. NRPA's national leadership has backed these goals through their support of the National Institute on Inclusion, the National Recreation and Park Ethnic Minority Society, the Diversity Roundtable and through collaborative efforts with outside agencies. These efforts are mirrored in the various branches of NRPA, all of which have made efforts to actively pursue the diversity goals of the organization. Efforts have been made within our profession to understand tolerance and embrace diversity. The task before us is to continue to make progress, both personally and professionally, in these critical areas. We are challenged to ask the question, "Who is left out?" (Samdahl, 2004). In our lives and in our communities we must continually reach out to those who have yet to experience the benefits of our services. References Allison, M.& Schneider, Ingrid. Eds.(2000) Diversity and the recreation profession: organizational perspectives. State College PA: Venture Publishing. Branigin, William. (May 1998). Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation. Washington Post. Washington DC. Conyers, A.J. (2001). The long truce: How toleration TOLERATION. In some. countries, where religion is established by law, certain sects who do not agree with the established religion are nevertheless permitted to exist, and this permission is called toleration. made the world safer for power and profit. Dallas TX: Spence n. 1. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery; a larder; a pantry. In . . . his spence, or "pantry" were hung the carcasses of a sheep or ewe, and two cows lately slaughtered. - Sir W. Scott. Publication. Daniel, L. (2004) Adopting a new strategic plan. Parks and Recreation. 39(12), 2-3. DeGraaf, D. & Jordan, D. Social Capital: How Parks and Recreation Help to Build Social Community. Parks & Recreation. 38(12), 20-27. DeLisle, L. (2004) Leisure and Tolerance--An historical perspective. World Leisure Journal Volume 46(2), 55-63 DeLisle, L. (2004). Respecting religious traditions in recreational programming. Parks and Recreation. 39(10), 74- 81. DeVries, Hent hent tr.v. hent·ed, hent·ing, hents Obsolete To take hold of; seize. [Middle English henten, from Old English hentan.] . (2002). Religion and violence: Philosophical perspectives from Kant to Derrida. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University, mainly at Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins in 1867 had a group of his associates incorporated as the trustees of a university and a hospital, endowing each with $3.5 million. Daniel C. Press. Donahue, James. (2004) Letter to the membership. Parks & Recreation. 39(5), 2-6. Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto (əmbĕr`tō ĕcō), 1932–, Italian novelist, essayist, and scholar. His first novel, The Name of the Rose (tr. 1983), is a medieval mystery. . Accepting diversity: An interactive handbook. Retrieved January 6, 2005 from www.tolerance. kataweb.it/eng/. Gomez, E. (2002). The Ethnicity and Public Recreation Participation Model. Leisure Sciences. 24(2). 123-142. Gomez, E. (2003). Ethnicity and recreation: An abridged, annotated bibliography. Norfolk VA: Old Dominion University “ODU” redirects here. For other uses, see ODU (disambiguation). The university was recently named one of the best colleges in the Southeast by The Princeton Review. . unpublished. Hibbler, D. & Shinew, K. (2002) The role of leisure service in providers in enhancing multiracial mul·ti·ra·cial adj. 1. Made up of, involving, or acting on behalf of various races: a multiracial society. 2. Having ancestors of several or various races. families' leisure experiences. Parks and Recreation. 37(2) Johnson, C. Speaking the unspeakable: A decade of research on sexual minorities. Parks and Recreation. 38(3), 21-34. Knapp, J. McLean, D. (2002) Help employees move to the top of your organization. Parks and Recreation. 37(8), 20-27 Loden, M. (1996). Implementing Diversity Chicago, IL: Irwin Publishers. Mahon, M. & MacTavish, J. & Bockstael, E. (2000), Making friends through recreation: social integration, leisure and individuals with intellectual disability. Parks and Recreation. 35(4), 25-38. Moreno-Riano, Gerson. (2003). The roots of tolerance. In: Revue revue, a stage presentation that originated in the early 19th cent. as a light, satirical commentary on current events. It was rapidly developed, particularly in England and the United States, into an amorphous musical entertainment, retaining a small amount of of Politics 65(1), 111-129. 101 Tools for Tolerance. Southern Poverty Law Center The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an internationally known nonprofit organization that files Class Action lawsuits to fight discrimination and unequal treatment; it also tracks hate groups and runs a program to educate Americans about racism, anti-Semitism, and other forms of Retrieved October 3, 2004 from www.tolerance.org/ index.jsp. Parker, Stanley. (1977) The Sociology of Leisure. London: George Allen George Allen may refer to:
Roberts, N. & Outley, C. Innovation and resourcefulness Resourcefulness Buck clever and temerarious dog perseveres in the Klondike. [Am. Lit.: Call of the Wild] Crichton, Admirable butler proves to be infinite resource for castaway family on island. [Br. Lit. : recruitment and retention of diverse staff for the 21st century. Parks and Recreation. 37(4), 39-45. Samdahl, D. (2004) Taken from an email on the sprenet @listserve.uga.edu on November 16, 2004. Stodolska, M. & Yi, J. (2002) Social networks, ethnic enclosure and leisure behavior among immigrants from Korea, Mexico and Poland. Abstract from the Leisure Symposium: National Recreation and Park Association. p.67. Stodolska, M. & Livengood, J. (2003). The effects of Islam on leisure behavior and the use of community recreation resources by American Muslim immigrants. Abstract from the Leisure Research Symposium. St Louis: National Recreation and Park Association. Stodolska, M., & Alexandris, K. (2004). The Role of Recreational Sport in the Adaptation of First Generation Immigrants The term First generation immigrant may be used to describe either of two[1] [2] classes of people:
Sullivan (1999) The gift of Hopwood[Hopwood v Texas, 78 F.3d932 (5th Cir. 1996]: Diversity and the fife and drum march back to the nineteenth century. Georgia Law Review. 34(1), 291-348. Thapa, B. & Graefe, A. Recreation conflict and tolerance among skiers and snowboarders. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 22(1), 37-52. Thompson, Denise. (2002) Power and distaste: Tolerance and its limitations. Retrieved from www.sprc. unsw.edu.au/seminars/tolerance.pdf April 6, 2004. UNESCO (1995) Declaration of Principles on Tolerance www.unesco.org/tolerance/declaeng.htm Witt, P. (2004) Carping carp·ing adj. Naggingly critical or complaining. carp  ing·ly adv.Noun 1. about diversity Unpublished and un-presented thoughts prepared for the first Butler Lecture at the Leisure Research Symposium, Reno, NV. Dr. Lee deLisle is an assistant professor at Western Michigan University Western Michigan University, at Kalamazoo, Mich.; coeducational; founded in 1903 as Western State Normal School, became accredited in 1927 as a college, gained university status in 1957. . He teaches undergraduate courses in the history of leisure, management theory and practice, and special topics classes. RELATED ARTICLE: Research into action: from awareness to action. Tolerance can be furthered by shaping attitudes of openness, mutual listening and solidarity in schools, homes and non-traditional opportunities for education (UNESCO 1995). Recreational programs and activities provide such an opportunity if the need is identified and addressed by the appropriate leaders. These services have been identified as a viable means of creating social cohesion amongst and between diverse groups. This knowledge is useless unless local leaders begin to incorporate this information into the policies, practices and programs within communities. The Community Level * Know your community. Spend some time at the U.S. Census Bureau Noun 1. Census Bureau - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States Bureau of the Census Web site, or use local sources, to gather information about your community regarding its demographics, particularly, the diverse characteristics of your residents. * Track the usage patterns and demographics of your community relative to your programs and facilities. Are there geographic areas of your community that lag behind in the use of your programs and resources? Are these neighborhoods distinguishable by age, ethnicity, immigration immigration, entrance of a person (an alien) into a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence. Motives for immigration, like those for migration generally, are often economic, although religious or political factors may be very important. status or economic level? Discuss this information with your staff and community leaders. Develop a strategy to overcome barriers to greater participation by all residents. * Visit the Southern Poverty Law Center Web site. This site provides more than 100 suggestions for developing a fuller understanding of tolerance. Included are ideas designed to help you explore your own hidden biases, create employee programs that encourage tolerance and organize events that promote diversity. Share this information with your programming staff. Determine if new programs or events based on the proposed activities can be developed. For more information visit www.tolerance. org/index.jsp. * For further insight into the most up-to-date work in the area of diversity research, visit the Diversity Lab site at the University of Illinois University of Illinois may refer to:
* Study the UNESCO Declaration of Principles on Tolerance--it is one of the most comprehensive explanations of the relationship between tolerance, diversity and community for contemporary societies. Workplace Progress * Hiring a diverse workforce potentially adds value to your organization. However, intolerance and prejudicial prej·u·di·cial adj. 1. Detrimental; injurious. 2. Causing or tending to preconceived judgment or convictions: attitudes are not eliminated by only making external changes. * Foster a workplace environment that does not tolerate personal or communal destruction, violence, racism or repression. Create training opportunities for full and part-time staff members that specifically address the need to understand and overcome all forms of prejudice. * De-institutionalize ignorance and promote cultural competence. * Encourage employees to share their cultural riches with each other. These are assets that can enhance the workplace and lead to greater levels of understanding. Further Research * Academics and practitioners must answer the call for additional research into public spaces and their use by minorities of all description. This research must find its way into the busy schedules of community leaders so that we may maximize the benefits of our resources for our increasingly diverse communities. Edited by Mary Parr Mary Parr (January 29, 1889 - October 30, 2002) was an American supercentenarian. Mary Parr was believed to be the oldest person in the United States and second oldest in the world when she died. (After her death, it was discovered that Mae Harrington was actually older). , Ph.D. |
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