Twenty-five years of forest succession in Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana.ABSTRACT. In April 1974 a tornado tornado, dark, funnel-shaped cloud containing violently rotating air that develops below a heavy cumulonimbus cloud mass and extends toward the earth. The funnel twists about, rises and falls, and where it reaches the earth causes great destruction. severely damaged the sugar maple/Ohio buckeye buckeye: see horse chestnut. buckeye Any of about 13 trees and shrubs of the genus Aesculus (family Hippocastanaceae), native to North America, southeastern Europe, and eastern Asia. forest in Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 31,705. The county seat is Madison6. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 940 km² (363 mi²). . Virtually all canopy trees were destroyed or damaged. In the fall of 1974, the forest was sampled on three transects across the valley. The most damaged portion of the valley forest was characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. as a sugar maple/white oak spp./white ash community. Seven years later the forest was sampled on the same transects, and the most damaged part was described as a sugar maple/elm spp./ Ohio buckeye/redbud community. Fifteen years after the tornado the forest was sampled on the same transects, and the most damaged part was described as a sugar maple/slippery elm elm, common name for the Ulmaceae, a family of trees and shrubs chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere. Elm trees (genus Ulmus) have a limited use as hardwoods for timber, especially the rock or cork elm (U. thomasi). community. Twenty and twenty-five years after the tornado the most damaged portion of the forest is still a sugar maple/ slippery elm slippery elm or red elm Large-leaved elm (Ulmus rubra or U. fulva) of eastern North America that has hard wood and fragrant inner bark. A gluelike substance in the inner bark has long been steeped in water as a remedy for throat ailments, powdered for use in community, with chinkapin Noun 1. chinkapin - small nut of either of two small chestnut trees of the southern United States; resembles a hazelnut chincapin, chinquapin edible nut - a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell oak, Ohio buckeye, American American, river, 30 mi (48 km) long, rising in N central Calif. in the Sierra Nevada and flowing SW into the Sacramento River at Sacramento. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill (see Sutter, John Augustus) along the river in 1848 led to the California gold rush of basswood basswood: see linden. basswood Any of certain species of linden common to North America. The name refers especially to Tilia americana, found in a vast area of eastern North America but centred in the Great Lakes region, and to T. caroliniana and T. , white ash and hackberry hackberry: see elm. of secondary importance. The less damaged portion of the valley is dominated dom·i·nate v. dom·i·nat·ed, dom·i·nat·ing, dom·i·nates v.tr. 1. To control, govern, or rule by superior authority or power: by sugar maple sugar maple: see maple. , with black walnut black walnut see juglans nigra. , box-elder, white ash, slippery elm and red oak of secondary importance. Important changes in overall forest structure that occurred between 20 and 25 years after the tornado are described, and predictions of future changes are included. Keywords Keywords are the words that are used to reveal the internal structure of an author's reasoning. While they are used primarily for rhetoric, they are also used in a strictly grammatical sense for structural composition, reasoning, and comprehension. : Forest composition, forest structure, Jefferson County, Indiana, oaks, Ohio buckeye, secondary succession secondary succession See under succession. , slippery elm, sugar maple Temperate forests Temperate forests are forests in the temperate climate zones. They include:
A region of the north-central United States around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley. It is generally considered to include Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. have been subjected to natural disturbances since they evolved. One dramatic cause of such disturbance DISTURBANCE, torts. A wrong done to an incorporeal hereditament, by hindering or disquieting the owner in the enjoyment of it. Finch. L. 187; 3 Bl. Com. 235; 1 Swift's Dig. 522; Com. Dig. Action upon the case for a disturbance, Pleader, 3 I 6; 1 Serg. & Rawle, 298. is tornadic winds. On the afternoon of 3 April 1974, a series of tornadoes ripped RiPPED are an alternative rock band from Burlington, Ontario, Canada on Sextant Records/EMI Distribution. The band formed in 1994, and were originally called "Ripped Emotions". across Indiana Across Indiana is a weekly 30 minute long documentary-style television program which covers places, people, history and culture across Indiana. Hosted by Michael Atwood, Across Indiana . One traveled through the town of Hanover Hanover, city, Germany Hanover, Ger. Hannover, city (1994 pop. 524,820), capital of Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Leine River and the Midland Canal. , traversed the Hanover College Hanover College is a coeducational liberal arts college, located in Hanover, Indiana, near the banks of the Ohio River. campus, and continued northeast “Northeastern” redirects here. For the Boston college, see Northeastern University, Boston. Northeast or north east is the ordinal direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest. See boxing the compass. across the adjacent wooded Happy Valley creating extensive damage. The tornado left nine people dead in the county and damaged nearly every building on the college campus (Larking 1974; Anonymous Nameless. See anonymous post and anonymous Web surfing. 1974). Bailey Bailey may refer to:
In the United Kingdom:
adj. 1. Almost exact or correct: the approximate time of the accident. 2. one-third of the trees (dbh[greater than or equal to]5) had been destroyed. The valley floor was so littered lit·ter n. 1. a. A disorderly accumulation of objects; a pile. b. Carelessly discarded refuse, such as wastepaper: the litter in the streets after a parade. 2. with logs that one was forced to climb over them. Forest destruction was most severe at the northern end of the Valley. Destruction of the canopy allowed sunlight sunlight the actinic rays of direct sunlight are known to have disinfectant properties, to be instrumental in the production of vitamin D in the skin and to be the trigger mechanism in photosensitive dermatitis, squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in cattle and of the vulva in sheep to reach the forest floor, which in turn supported abundant herbaceous plant herbaceous plant (hûrbā`shəs), plant whose stem is soft and green and shows little growth of wood. The term is used to distinguish such plants from woody plants. growth. Within a few years, woody Woody Slang to describe when the market has a strong and quick upward movement. Notes: For example, you'll hear "the market has a woody," when the market is performing well... seriously, we don't make this stuff up. shrubs and tree saplings emerged above the piles piles: see hemorrhoids. of fallen stems and branches; and many of the damaged standing stems branched profusely pro·fuse adj. 1. Plentiful; copious. 2. Giving or given freely and abundantly; extravagant: were profuse in their compliments. and leafed out. After seven years (1981), emergent emergent /emer·gent/ (e-mer´jent) 1. coming out from a cavity or other part. 2. pertaining to an emergency. emergent 1. coming out from a cavity or other part. 2. coming on suddenly. trees began to form a canopy creating an environment that supported more shade tolerant plants (Martin & MacMillan 1982). Data on the Happy Valley forest, gathered before the tornado of 1974, was not systematically collected; but it suggested that the forest had been a sub-climax, sugar maple/Ohio buckeye community. The summer following the tornado, Bailey & MacMillan (1977) established three west-to-east transects across the valley to census the forest. They found the remaining forest to be composed primarily of sugar maple. White ash, elm spp. and white oak spp. were of secondary importance, while Ohio buckeye was a very minor component of the forest. Prior to and since the tornado, sugar maple is the dominant species. However, many changes have taken place in the sub-dominant or secondary tree species since the tornado. Seven years later (1981), the same three transects were recensused. The dominant species in the most severely damaged (northern) portion of the valley was sugar maple, with Ohio buckeye and slippery elm of secondary importance. In the less disturbed Disturbed is a rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The group was formed in 1996 when musicians Dan Donegan, Steve "Fuzz" Kmak, and Mike Wengren hired singer David Draiman in Chicago, Illinois. (southern) portion of the valley, sugar maple was by far the most dominant tree with white ash, white oak spp., and box-elder of secondary importance (Martin & MacMillan 1982). In 1989, 15 years after the tornado, the valley forest was described as a sugar maple/slippery elm community (MacMillan 1996). American basswood, black maple and sycamore sycamore: see plane tree. sycamore Any of several distinct trees called by the same name though in different genera and families. In the U.S. the term refers to the American plane tree or buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis), a hardy street tree. were of secondary importance in the more damaged (northern) part of the valley, while black walnut, white ash, northern red oak, and box-elder were of secondary importance in the less damaged (southern) portion of the valley. The objectives of this present study were to (1) describe the composition and structure of the Happy Valley forest 20 and 25 years after the tornado of 1974, (2) compare the current valley forest composition and structure with the predictions made 15 years after the tornado, and (3) predict future changes in the forest composition and structure. STUDY SITE Happy Valley is located at 38[degrees]43'N and 85[degrees]27'W, just east of the Hanover College campus, in Jefferson County, Indiana. The valley contains a small intermittent intermittent /in·ter·mit·tent/ (-mit´ent) marked by alternating periods of activity and inactivity. in·ter·mit·tent adj. 1. Stopping and starting at intervals. 2. stream that drains from the northwest For names and places containing the slightly longer word 'northwestern' (or variants), see . Northwest or north west is the ordinal direction halfway between north and west on a compass. It is the opposite of southeast. to the southeast Southeast or south east is the ordinal direction halfway between south and east. It the opposite of northwest. Southeast or South East can refer to: Major river, eastern central U.S. Formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, it flows northwest out of Pennsylvania, and west and southwest to form the state boundaries of Ohio–West Virginia, Ohio-Kentucky, Indiana-Kentucky, and . The east- and west-facing sides descend de·scend v. de·scend·ed, de·scend·ing, de·scends v.intr. 1. To move from a higher to a lower place; come or go down. 2. steeply steep 1 adj. steep·er, steep·est 1. Having a sharp inclination; precipitous. 2. At a rapid or precipitous rate: a steep rise in salaries. 3. a. (25-50% slope) ca. 250 ft (75 m) to a narrow valley floor. The wooded valley slopes are composed of Eden-Caneyville soils, and the valley floor is composed of Dearborn Dearborn, city (1990 pop. 89,286), Wayne co., SE Mich., on the River Rouge, adjoining Detroit; settled 1795, consolidated with the city of Fordson in 1928, inc. as a city 1929. channery silt loam loam, soil composed of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in evenly mixed particles of various sizes. More fertile than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and tenacious like clay soils. Its porosity allows high moisture retention and air circulation. soils (Nickell 1985). Three west-to-east transects were laid out in 1974. These transects have been used in each subsequent survey (Fig. 1). Transects 1 and 2 are located in the more severely damaged north and central areas of the valley, Transect tran·sect tr.v. tran·sect·ed, tran·sect·ing, tran·sects To divide by cutting transversely. [trans- + -sect. 3 is in the less-damaged southern portion. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] METHODS The point-center-quarter method described by Cottam A cottam, as confirmed by the Oxford University's History Department is derived from the word "cottage". It means a collection of cottages at the end of a lane, smaller than a hamlet. & Curtis (1956) was used to sample the trees at 15 m intervals along each of three transects. Transect 1 (northern) is 345 m long and included 92 trees (23 points); Transect 2 (middle) is 405 m long and included 109 trees (27 points); Transect 3 (southern) is 390 m long and included 104 trees (26 points). Data collected in the field included diameter at breast height Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk of a tree. The trunk is measured at the height of an adult's breast; this is defined differently in different situations, with foresters measuring the diameter at 1. (dbh) in cm, point-to-tree distance in meters, tree species, and any notes that might prove to be important such as the death of a previously measured tree along the transect line. Relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance dominance In genetics, the greater influence by one of a pair of genes (alleles) that affect the same inherited trait. If an individual pea plant that has one allele for tallness and one for shortness is the same height as an individual that has two alleles for tallness, the were calculated for each species using the methods of Cox (1990), and those values were summed to determine importance values. Finally, comparisons were made using Sorenson's quotient quotient - The number obtained by dividing one number (the "numerator") by another (the "denominator"). If both numbers are rational then the result will also be rational. of similarity Similarity is some degree of symmetry in either analogy and resemblance between two or more concepts or objects. The notion of similarity rests either on exact or approximate repetitions of patterns in the compared items. (Brower Brower is a surname, and may refer to:
et al. 1990) and the Bray & Curtis (1957) similarity index. Sorenson's quotient of similarity was calculated as: [CC.sub.s] = 2C/([s.sub.1] + [s.sub.2]) where C is the number of species common to both sites, [s.sub.1] is the number of species at site 1, and [s.sub.2] is the number of species at site 2. The Bray & Curtis similarity index was calculated as: [CC.sub.B] = (2W/(a + b)) 100 where W is the sum of the lower importance values for those species which are common to both sites, a is the sum of importance values for all the species at site 1, and b is the sum of importance values for all the species at site 2. RESULTS These results are from the censuses in 1994 and 1999 (20 and 25 years after the tornado, respectively). Complete transect data by diameter diameter - The diameter of a graph is the maximum value of the minimum distance between any two nodes. classes for the 1994 and 1999 censuses were reported by Betz Betz may refer to:
Composition of the forest after 20 years (1994).--On Transect 1, across the northern portion of the valley, sugar maple and slippery elm were the dominant trees (importance values 87 and 76, respectively) based on their large relative density, frequency, and dominance (i.e., dbh) (Table 1). American basswood, redbud redbud or Judas tree, name for trees and shrubs of the genus Cercis, handsome plants of the family Leguminosae (pulse family), covered along the branches in the early spring with deep rose or (rarely) white flowers resembling pea blossoms. and sycamore were of secondary importance (importance values 36, 23 and 22, respectively). The frequency and diameter of basswood contributed to its importance value. The importance value of redbud was due to its density and frequency. There was one large sycamore, with a badly damaged top, accounting for its importance. Eight other species, including chinkapin oak, Ohio buckeye, white ash, and hackberry, had lower importance values (Table 1). On Transect 2, across the middle portion of the valley, sugar maple was the dominant tree (importance value 101) and slippery elm ranked second (importance value 64), again due to their large relative density, frequency, and dominance (Table 3). Trees of secondary importance included chinkapin oak, Ohio buckeye, white ash, box-elder, and hackberry (importance values 33, 26, 18, 14, and 11, respectively). The large diameter of a few chinkapin oaks contributed to its importance value. The importance value of Ohio buckeye was due to many small-diameter stems. Nine other species, including red oak, black walnut, and American basswood, bad lower importance values (Table 3). On Transect 3, across the southern end of the valley, sugar maple was the dominant tree (importance 105) with large relative density, frequency, and dominance values (Table 5). Of secondary importance were box-elder, black walnut, white ash, and slippery elm (importance values 31, 31, 30, and 28, respectively). The importance of box-elder and white ash was due to their many small-diameter stems. The importance of black walnut and slippery elm was due to a few large-diameter stems. Ten other species, including chinkapin oak, red oak, Ohio buckeye, and pawpaw pawpaw: see custard-apple; papaya. , had lower importance values (Table 5). In 1994, twenty years TWENTY YEARS. The lapse of twenty years raises a presumption of certain facts, and after such a time, the party against whom the presumption has been raised, will be required to prove a negative to establish his rights. 2. after the tornado, Transects 1 & 2 (the more damaged part of the valley) remained a sugar maple/slippery elm community with chinkapin oak, Ohio buckeye, basswood, and white ash of secondary importance (Table 7). Composition of the forest after 25 years (1999).--On Transect 1, sugar maple was the dominant species (importance 111) due to large relative density, frequency, and dominance values (Table 2). Slippery elm was second in importance (68) due to fewer large-diameter trees. American basswood, chinkapin oak, redbud, and Ohio buckeye were of secondary importance (importance values 35, 20, 19, and 13, respectively). The importance of basswood was due to rapid growth of many stems. Chinkapin oak importance was due to its relative dominance. The importance of redbud and Ohio buckeye was due to their many small-diameter stems. Seven other species, including hackberry, white ash, and bitternut hickory Hickory, city, United States Hickory, city (1990 pop. 28,301), Burke and Catawba counties, W N.C., at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mts.; inc. 1870. It is a processing and trade center for an abundant agricultural region (grain, soybeans, poultry, hogs, , had lower importance values (Table 2). On Transect 2, the importance value of sugar maple (124) was twice that of slippery elm (62) (Table 4). Large relative density, frequency, and dominance values provide the high importance value of sugar maple. Slippery elm values were smaller, and there were fewer large-diameter trees. Of secondary importance were Ohio buckeye, chinkapin oak, white ash, and box-elder (importance values 24, 22, 16, and 15, respectively). The importance of Ohio buckeye was due to many small-diameter stems. A few larger-diameter stems of chinkapin oak contributed to its importance. Eight other species, including hackberry, red oak, black walnut, and American basswood, had lower importance values (Table 4). On Transect 3, the importance value of sugar maple was 98 (Table 6). Of secondary importance were black walnut, box-elder, white ash, slippery elm, and red oak (importance values 34, 28, 26, 24, and 24, respectively). The importance of box-elder and ash was due to the rapid growth of many small stems. The importance of walnut walnut, common name for some members of the Juglandaceae, a family of chiefly deciduous, resinous trees characterized by large and aromatic compound leaves. Species of the walnut family are indigenous mostly to the north temperate zone, but also range from Central , slippery elm, and red oak was due to a few larger-diameter stems. Ohio buckeye and chinkapin oak had lower importance values on this transect. Seven other species, including black maple, hackberry, and Osage orange Osage orange: see mulberry. , had lower importance values (Table 6). Tables 7 and 8 contain data combined from the more heavily damaged northern and middle portions of the valley (Transects 1 and 2) collected 20 and 25 years after the tornado, respectively. These data show changes that occurred in the tornado-damaged area, and allow comparison with the less-damaged southern portion (Transect 3). Over the 5 years of this study sugar maple, slippery elm, chinkapin oak, Ohio buckeye, American basswood, and white ash keep the same descending descending /des·cend·ing/ (de-send´ing) extending inferiorly. order of importance although the importance value of sugar maple increased about 15%. In 1999, twenty-five years after the tornado, the more damaged (northern and middle) part of the valley remained a sugar maple/slippery elm community with chinkapin oak, Ohio buckeye, basswood, and white ash of secondary importance (Table 8). In the less disturbed southern part of the valley, sugar maple was clearly the dominant tree, with black walnut, box-elder, white ash, slippery elm, and red oak of secondary importance (Table 6). Similarity indices.--Sorenson's quotient of similarity showed a general increase in similarity within transects from 1989-1994 and into 1999 (Table 9). Transects 1 and 2 (across the northern and middle portions of the valley) had relatively low similarities. Transects 1 and 3 (northern and southern) also had low similarities. Transects 2 and 3 (middle and southern) had the highest similarity indices in each of the three survey years. The comparison of Transects 1 + 2 and 3 showed increasing similarity through time. The Bray & Curtis similarity index also showed a trend of increasing similarity between transects from 1989-1999 (Table 9), except for the comparison of Transects 1 and 3, which decreased. The similarity between Transects 1 and 2 increased over the 10 years. Likewise, the similarity between Transects 2 and 3 increased somewhat. And the comparison between Transects 1 + 2 and 3 showed an increasing trend of similarity. Changes in forest structure,--On all three transects the mean point-to-tree distance decreased from 1974-1989 and 1994 (15-20 years) then increased in 1999 (Table 10). Likewise, the mean area per tree decreased from 1974-1989 and 1994; then increased in 1999 on all three transects. In the most damaged portion of the valley (Transects 1 & 2), mean area per tree decreased from 23.7 in 1974, to 11.0 in 1981, to 8.5 in 1989, then increased to 10.3 in 1994 and 11.2 in 1999. On all three transects, the density of trees (stems/ha) increased from 1974-1989 and 1994, then decreased in 1999 (Table 10). The more damaged portion of the valley (Transects 1 & 2) increased in density from 425 in 1974 to 1186 in 1989. These three sets of data illustrate the rapid growth of new trees in Happy Valley following the tornado of 1974, even on the less damaged southern portion (Transect 3). DISCUSSION Changes in forest composition.--Over the past 25 years, sugar maple has remained the most important tree in the northern and middle portions (Transects 1 & 2) of Happy Valley. It reproduces and grows successfully in shade and in clearings (Elias Elias (ēlī`əs), Greek form of Elijah. 1980). It grows rapidly and resists wind damage. Following the census in 1989, MacMillan (1996) suggested that if the relative density and relative frequency of sugar maple continued to decrease, as they had over the first 15 years, then the fast-growing adj. 1. tending to spread quickly; - used mostly of plants. Adj. 1. fast-growing - tending to spread quickly; "an aggressive tumor" strong-growing, aggressive slippery elm would become the most important tree in this area of the valley. Now after an additional 10 years, the Years, The the seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109] See : Time importance of sugar maple is increasing: 80 in 1989 (MacMillan 1996), 100 in 1994 (Table 7), and 118 in 1999 (Table 8). Although sugar maple has increased in all three components of the importance value, most of the increase has been in their relative dominance (i.e., basal area Basal area is the term used in forest management that defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base. In most countries, this is usually a measurement taken at a person's breast height (1 - 1. ). We predict that sugar maple will continue to increase in importance over the next 10 years in this most damaged portion of the valley, then it will decrease as other canopy species increase in density and basal area. Slippery elm and American elm were both found in this most damaged portion of Happy Valley in 1974 and 1981, although only slippery elm was found in 1986, 1994, and 1999. The American elm apparently died off due to Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease: see diseases of plants; elm. Dutch elm disease Widespread disease that kills elms, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi. It was first identified in the U.S. , as it had on the adjacent Hanover College campus. Slippery elm grows in many habitats in eastern North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. , including dry slopes and well-drained bottomlands. It grows moderately fast and is often found growing with sugar maples (Elias 1980). The rank of slippery elm importance increased from fifth in 1974, to third in 1981, to second in 1989. It has been second to sugar maple since 1989 (Tables 7 & 8). Over the past 25 years the importance value of slippery elm has rested on its relative density and relative frequency, indicative indicative: see mood. of many smaller stems. It has not become the most important tree in the valley, as was suggested by MacMillan (1996). It now appears that few slippery elm saplings become 5 cm diameter trees (Betz unpubl. data). If this pattern persists, the importance of slippery elm will increase as the present stems increase in diameter but over the longer term it will decrease due to lack of recruitment recruitment /re·cruit·ment/ (re-krldbomact´ment) 1. the gradual increase to a maximum in a reflex when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is prolonged. 2. . The importance of sycamore has changed dramatically over the past 25 years. Sycamore only grows where it has a continual water supply, in this case, only in the valley bottom. Following the tornado of 1974, Bailey (unpubl.data) recorded only three sycamores on Transects 1 & 2, although all were large trees. What did not show in that tree census was the number of large-diameter sycamore logs on the valley floor, making it impossible to walk through the valley. As MacMillan (1996) described, many of the sycamore logs remained rooted and their branches became trees. This is the history of sycamore importance over the past 25 years. In 1974 there were 3 sycamore stems in the most damaged area, and it ranked second to sugar maple in relative dominance. In 1981 there were 2 stems, and it ranked second to sugar maple. In 1989 there were 4 stems, and it ranked second to sugar maple. In 1994 there were 2 stems, and it ranked fourth to sugar maple. In 1999 there was 1 stem, and it ranked fifteenth In music, a fifteenth (sometimes abbreviated 15ma) is the interval between one musical note and another with one-quarter or quadruple the frequency. It corresponds to two octaves. It is the fourth harmonic. in relative dominance. Clearly, the large-diameter stems that remained after the tornado started dropping out after 1989. We suggest that sycamore will remain a very minor component of this damaged portion of the valley for many years to come, until new saplings along the creek are recruited into tree diameter classes. Chinkapin oak is found throughout the American Midwest Midwest or Middle West, region of the United States centered on the western Great Lakes and the upper-middle Mississippi valley. It is a somewhat imprecise term that has been applied to the northern section of the land between the Appalachians (Elias 1980). It grows in welldrained soils on upland Upland, city (1990 pop. 63,374), San Bernardino co., S Calif., in a citrus-fruit region at the foot of the San Gabriel Mts.; inc. 1906. Citrus fruits and grapes are packed and processed in the city. Paint, orchard heaters, auto parts, and feed products are also made. sites, limestone limestone, sedimentary rock wholly or in large part composed of calcium carbonate. It is ordinarily white but may be colored by impurities, iron oxide making it brown, yellow, or red and carbon making it blue, black, or gray. The texture varies from coarse to fine. outcrops, and slopes. Because leaf and bark bark, sailing vessel bark or barque (both: bärk), sailing vessel with three masts, of which the mainmast and the foremast are square-rigged while the mizzenmast is fore-and-aft-rigged. characters are often not distinct in young oak trees, earlier studies only distinguished "red oak spp." and "white oak spp." In 1989 chinkapin oak ranked fourth, in 1994 and 1999 it ranked third; each time the importance value was influenced by its large relative dominance value. However, these importance values are 20-30% smaller than those of sugar maple, suggesting that several larger-diameter trees survived the tornado of 1974 because young oak trees would not grow to that diameter in 25 years (Elias 1980). We predict that chinkapin oak will remain an important secondary species in this most damaged portion of the valley and that it will maintain its current rank. Ohio buckeye is found throughout the Midwestern states in well-drained soils (Elias 1980). It is commonly found as a minor component although the trees are usually large. Its seedlings develop quickly and are very shade-tolerant. Based on unpublished pre-tornado data, Bailey & MacMillan (1977) described the middle portion of Happy Valley as a sugar maple/Ohio buckeye sub-climax forest. At that time, Ohio buckeye was a significant component in small- and large-diameter classes, indicating that saplings were being recruited into the "tree" category and that some large trees survived the tornado. In the combined data from Transects 1 and 2, Ohio buckeye ranked a distant second in 1981, ninth in 1989, and fourth in 1994 and 1999. The decrease found in 1989 was due to loss of several large-diameter trees that were damaged in the tornado, managed to survive through 1981, but succumbed by 1984. In 1994 and 1999 the importance of Ohio buckeye was due to many small stems (relative density and frequency). As predicted, the importance value of Ohio buckeye has increased following canopy closure (MacMillan 1996). American basswood is a fast-growing, long-lived long-lived adj. 1. Having a long life: a long-lived aunt. 2. Lasting a long time; persistent: a long-lived rumor. 3. tree common in sugar maple forests (Elias 1980). It grows best in low, moist moist having a moderate moisture content, slightly wet to the touch. moist dermatitis see moist dermatitis of rabbits. moist grain storage grain stored at about 30% moisture in airtight silos. , welldrained areas, although it grows well on the mesic mes·ic adj. Ecology Of, characterized by, or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. mesic Relating or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. east-facing slopes of Happy Valley. Following the tornado of 1974, most of the damaged basswood trees coppiced, meaning they sent up several stems from the root crown. In this most damaged portion of the valley, American basswood ranked fourteenth in 1974, seventh in 1981, ninth in 1989, and fifth in 1994 and 1999. These importance values were due to higher relative density and frequency values during the first 20 years. After 25 years, as predicted (MacMillan 1996), the relative dominance (basal area) of basswood is now a significant factor in its importance, indicating the growth of smaller stems into larger diameter classes. White ash is found across the eastern United States in deep, well-drained soils (Elias 1980). It often grows near streams and along lower slopes of hills and mountains. It grows slowly during the sapling stage and increases in growth rate over the next 50 years. In this most damaged portion of the valley, white ash ranked a distant second in 1974 (based on its relative frequency and dominance), fifteenth in 1981 (based on a very small relative dominance), twelfth in 1989 (with a larger relative dominance), and sixth in 1994 and 1999 based more on relative density and frequency than dominance. These results suggest that a few large white ash trees ash tree see fraxinus excelsior. were damaged but survived the tornado and spread many seeds. The older trees then died, and many saplings were recruited into the smaller diameter classes before the canopy closed, as MacMillan (1996) suggested. There is still a large white ash seedling population in the understory un·der·sto·ry n. An underlying layer of vegetation, especially the plants that grow beneath a forest's canopy. . Tulip tree tulip tree: see magnolia. tulip tree or tulip poplar or yellow poplar Lofty North American ornamental and timber tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) of the magnolia family, not related to true poplars. (or yellow poplar yellow poplar: see magnolia. ) is an invader of disturbed sites. It was not found in the most disturbed region of the valley in 1974. Two stems were recorded in 1981, 1 stem in 1989, none in 1994, and 1 stem in 1999. After the 15-year census, MacMillan (1996) predicted that this rapidly growing species would increase in importance over the next 5 years. That has not happened, probably because the canopy closed and few disturbed sites remain. Changes in forest structure.--Sorenson's quotient of similarity (Brower et al. 1990) suggests that Transects 1 & 2, and Transects 1 & 3 became more similar between 1989 and 1994, and decreased in similarity in 1999 (Table 9). Transects 2 & 3, and 1 + 2 & 3 increased in similarity over the past 10 years. These data suggest that the more damaged northern and central portions of the valley are becoming similar to the less damaged southern portion. The Bray & Curtis (1957) similarity index indicates that Transects 1 & 2 became more similar, Transects 1 & 3 became less similar, and Transects 2 & 3, and 1 + 2 & 3 became slightly more similar over the past 10 years (Table 9). Differences between the two measures of similarity may be due to the factors they compare. Bray and Curtis compare importance values, and Sorenson compares the number of species common to both sites. The trend toward increasing similarity was expected due to the proximity PROXIMITY. Kindred between two persons. Dig. 38, 16, 8. of the sites, the similar soils, seed sources, exposure and climate. This trend of increasing similarity throughout the valley forest is predicted to continue. The structure of the Happy Valley forest has not continually con·tin·u·al adj. 1. Recurring regularly or frequently: the continual need to pay the mortgage. 2. changed in one direction over the past 25 years (Table 10). Between 15 and 20 years after the tornado (1989-1994) the trend of decreasing values of mean point-to-tree distance and mean area per tree, and the increasing values of tree density (number of trees per hectare hectare (hĕk`târ, –tär), abbr. ha, unit of area in the metric system, equal to 10,000 sq m, or about 2.47 acres. ), reversed on all three transects. Forest recovery had reached a turning point. After 20 years, the mean point-to-tree distance began to increase suggesting that some trees had died. Likewise, the mean area per tree began to increase suggesting that the canopy had closed and canopy trees were increasing in diameter. On the more-damaged Transects 1 & 2, the density of trees in 1974 (immediately following the tornado) was lower than on the less damaged Transect 3, as expected due to wind damage. By 1981 (7 years after the tornado) the density of trees on Transects 1 & 2 was higher than on the less-damaged Transect 3, and it remained higher for 25 years. This is explained by the rapid growth of saplings once the canopy had been removed. By 1999 (25 years after the tornado) the density of trees had decreased on all three transects (Table 10). We predict that the mean point-to-tree distance and mean area per tree will continue to increase, and the density of trees will continue to decrease, as the valley forest matures. We attempted to use size structure analysis (Parker 1992; Ziegler 1995) to evaluate the structural dynamics Structural dynamics is a subset of structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subject to dynamic loading. of the most abundant species on each transect. However, our samples were too small, 79% of the stems sampled were less than 25 cm dbh, and historically most of the trees were less than 25 years old due to the tornado of 1974. In conclusion, we predict that the damaged and undamaged areas of Happy Valley will continue to change in structure and composition and that they will continue to become more similar. Sugar maple will continue to be the dominant tree throughout the valley. lf Ohio buckeye continues to increase in importance and establish itself in the canopy, the valley forest may grow back to the same type of community it was before the tornado of 1974.
Table 1.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 1
(northern portion) twenty years after
the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 31.25 27.02
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 29.17 28.37
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 9.38 12.16
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 10.42 8.11
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 1.04 1.35
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 4.16 5.40
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 3.12 4.05
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 3.12 4.05
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 3.13 2.70
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 1.04 1.35
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 2.08 2.70
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 1.04 1.35
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 1.04 1.35
Relative Importance
Species dominance Value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 29.17 87.44
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 18.07 75.61
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 14.00 35.54
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 4.10 22.63
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 19.90 22.29
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 2.72 12.28
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 1.63 8.80
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 1.37 8.54
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 0.75 6.58
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 3.82 6.21
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.54 5.32
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 2.60 4.99
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 1.44 3.83
Sum 300.06
Table 2.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 1
(northern portion) twenty-five years
after the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 34.05 35.00
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 25.54 23.75
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 10.63 10.00
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 5.32 6.25
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 8.51 7.50
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 5.32 5.00
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 3.19 3.75
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 2.12 2.50
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 1.06 1.25
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 1.06 1.25
Tulip tree, Yellow poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 1.06 1.25
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 1.06 1.25
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 1.06 1.25
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 41.58 110.63
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 18.86 68.15
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 14.42 35.05
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 7.94 19.51
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 2.85 18.86
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 3.04 13.36
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 1.58 8.52
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 1.17 5.79
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 3.35 5.66
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 2.66 4.97
Tulip tree, Yellow poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 1.20 3.51
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 1.15 3.46
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.21 2.52
Sum 299.99
Table 3.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 2
(middle portion) twenty years after
the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 36.69 30.68
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 23.85 22.74
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 5.51 6.83
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 10.09 11.37
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 5.50 6.82
Box-elder
Acer negundo 4.58 5.68
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 3.67 3.42
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 0.92 1.14
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 0.92 1.14
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 1.83 2.27
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 1.83 2.27
Eastern hop hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 0.92 1.14
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis 0.92 1.14
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.92 1.14
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.92 1.14
White mulberry
Morus alba L. 0.92 1.14
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 33.82 101.19
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 17.28 63.87
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 20.23 32.57
Onio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 4.84 26.30
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 5.26 17.58
Box-elder
Acer negundo 3.71 13.97
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 4.03 11.12
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 5.52 7.58
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 3.75 5.81
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 0.15 4.25
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.11 4.21
Eastern hop hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 0.59 2.65
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis 0.42 2.48
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.16 2.22
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.09 2.15
White mulberry
Morus alba L. 0.05 2.11
Sum 300.06
Table 4.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 2
(middle portion) twenty-five years
after the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 43.11 37.78
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 21.09 22.22
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 9.17 10.00
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 4.59 5.55
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 6.42 6.66
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 4.59 5.55
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 2.75 2.22
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 0.92 1.11
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 0.92 1.11
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 1.83 2.22
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 1.83 2.22
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.92 1.11
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.92 1.11
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.92 1.11
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 43.09 123.98
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 18.51 61.82
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 4.40 23.57
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 12.10 22.24
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 2.52 15.60
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 4.46 14.60
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 4.07 9.04
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 5.25 7.28
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 3.49 5.52
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 0.25 4.30
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.14 4.19
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 1.04 3.07
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.51 2.54
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.20 2.23
Sum 299.98
Table 5.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 3
(southern portion) twenty years after
the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 34.83 37.23
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 14.28 9.57
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 6.25 7.44
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 11.61 11.71
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 8.04 7.44
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 1.79 1.06
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 3.57 4.25
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 4.46 5.32
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 5.36 4.26
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 1.78 2.12
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 2.68 3.19
Black maple
Acer nigrum Michx. 1.79 2.13
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 1.79 2.13
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.89 1.06
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.89 1.06
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 33.10 105.16
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 7.35 31.20
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 17.02 30.71
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 6.47 29.79
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 12.98 28.46
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 8.43 11.28
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 2.49 10.31
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 0.44 10.22
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.45 10.07
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 5.20 9.10
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 0.90 6.77
Black maple
Acer nigrum Michx. 2.25 6.17
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 0.27 4.19
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 2.59 4.54
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.06 2.01
Sum 299.98
Table 6.--Characteristics of the Happy Valley forest on transect 3
(southern portion) twenty-five years
after the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 35.08 36.08
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 7.90 9.28
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 11.40 9.27
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 10.52 10.30
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 7.01 6.18
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 3.51 3.09
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 5.26 6.19
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 4.38 5.15
Black maple
Acer nigrum Michx. 2.63 3.09
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 4.38 4.12
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 1.76 2.06
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 3.51 2.06
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.88 1.03
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 0.88 1.03
Black cherry
Prunus serotina L. 0.88 1.03
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 27.26 98.42
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 17.28 34.46
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 7.34 28.01
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 4.68 25.50
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 10.76 23.95
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 17.08 23.68
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 0.47 11.92
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 2.18 11.71
Black maple
Acer nigrum Michx. 4.03 9.75
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 1.05 9.55
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 5.33 9.15
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.34 5.91
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 2.01 3.92
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 0.15 2.06
Black cherry
Prunus serotina L. 0.08 1.99
Sum 299.98
Table 7.--Characteristics of the most damaged (northern and middle)
portions of the Happy Valley
forest twenty years after tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 34.64 31.14
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 26.35 24.55
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 4.87 5.40
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 6.83 7.78
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 5.37 6.58
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 4.39 6.00
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 4.88 3.59
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 3.42 3.00
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.98 1.20
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 1.96 3.00
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 0.98 1.20
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 0.49 0.60
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangeng.) K. Koch 0.49 0.60
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.98 1.20
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.98 1.20
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Seib. & Zucc. 0.49 0.60
Eastern hop hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 0.49 0.60
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.49 0.60
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.49 0.60
White mulberry
Morus alba L. 0.49 0.60
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 33.87 99.65
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 18.05 68.95
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 11.67 21.94
ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 3.89 18.50
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 4.91 16.86
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 4.08 14.47
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 1.40 9.87
Hackberry
Celtis occidentails L. 3.03 9.45
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 7.12 9.30
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 1.94 6.90
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 4.29 6.47
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 2.59 3.68
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangeng.) K. Koch 1.31 2.40
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.19 2.37
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.08 2.26
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Seib. & Zucc. 0.88 1.97
Eastern hop hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 0.41 1.50
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.11 1.20
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.07 1.16
White mulberry
Morus alba L. 0.04 1.13
Sum 300.03
Table 8.--Characteristics of the most damaged (northern and middle)
portions of the Happy Valley
forest twenty-five the tornado.
Relative Relative
Species density frequency
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 38.92 36.47
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 23.15 22.94
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 4.93 5.88
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 7.39 7.65
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 5.91 5.88
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 4.43 4.70
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 2.97 2.95
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 3.95 3.53
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 2.46 2.95
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 0.98 1.18
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 0.49 0.59
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangeng.) K. Koch 0.49 0.59
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.99 1.18
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Seib. & Zucc. 0.49 0.59
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.49 0.59
Tulip tree, Yellow poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 0.49 0.59
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.49 0.59
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.49 0.59
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.49 0.59
Relative Importance
Species dominance value
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum Marsh 42.45 117.84
Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 18.62 64.71
Chinkapin oak
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 10.51 21.32
Ohio buckeye
Aesculus glabra Willd. 3.98 19.02
American basswood
Tilia americana L. 5.63 17.42
White ash
Fraxinus americana L. 2.00 11.13
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis L. 3.11 9.03
Redbud
Cercis canadensis L. 1.08 8.56
Box-elder
Acer negundo L. 2.76 8.17
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra L. 3.69 5.85
Black walnut
Juglans nigra L. 2.16 3.24
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis (Wangeng.) K. Koch 1.27 2.35
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 0.08 2.25
Royal paulownia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Seib. & Zucc. 1.01 2.09
Black cherry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. 0.65 1.73
Tulip tree, Yellow poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 0.46 1.54
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis L. 0.31 1.39
Osage orange
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0.12 1.20
Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana L. 0.08 1.16
Sum 300
Table 9--Comparison of Sorenson's quotient of similarity (Brower et al.
1990) and the Bray & Curtis
(1957) similarity index between transects from 1989 to 1999.
1989 1994 1999
Transects 1 & 2
Sorenson 0.563 0.621 0.593
Bray & Curtis 58.64 66.73 75.79
Transects 1 &3
Sorenson 0.600 0.643 0.571
Bray & Curtis 57.30 55.61 55.29
Transects 2 & 3
Sorenson 0.600 0.839 0.897
Bray & Curtis 61.91 72.20 69.67
Transects 1 + 2 & 3
Sorenson 0.556 0.800 0.824
Bray & Curtis 60.63 68.04 64.03
Table 10.--Changes in structure of the Happy Valley forest over 25
years. Pre-tornado conditions (based
on unpublished 1973 class data) were: Mean point-to-tree distance = 4.4
m, Mean area/tree = 19.56 [m.sup.2],
Density of trees = 512/ha. Reference citations (a) Bailey & MacMillan
1977. (b) Martin & MacMillan
1982. (c) MacMillan 1996. (d) Lindsay Betz unpublished.
1974 1981 1989
(a) (b) (c)
Transect 1
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 5.1 3.1 2.9
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 25.64 9.60 7.83
Density (trees/ha) 391 1041 1180
Transect 2
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 4.7 3.5 3.0
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 21.78 12.30 9.21
Density (trees/ha) 460 813 1091
Transect 3
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 3.9 3.7 3.4
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 15.24 13.70 11.57
Density (trees/ha) 652 730 857
Transect 1 & 2
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 4.9 3.3 2.9
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 23.70 11.00 8.51
Density (trees/ha) 425 926 1186
1994 1999
(a) (b) (c)
Transect 1
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 2.9 3.2
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 8.41 10.24
Density (trees/ha) 1231 983
Transect 2
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 3.5 3.5
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 12.25 12.25
Density (trees/ha) 864 819
Transect 3
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 3.3 3.2
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 10.89 13.69
Density (trees/ha) 946 746
Transect 1 & 2
Mean Point-to-tree distance (m) 3.3 3.4
Mean area/tree ([m.sup.2]) 10.33 11.24
Density (trees/ha) 1047 901
LITERATURE CITED CITED Copyright in Transmitted Electronic Documents CITEd Center for Implementing Technology in Education [Anonymous]. 1974. Death toll climbs to 9 from tornado. The Madison Madison, cities, United States Madison. 1 City (1990 pop. 12,006), seat of Jefferson co., SE Ind., on the Ohio River; settled c.1806, inc. 1838. It is a port of entry and a tobacco marketing center. Courier A monospaced typeface originating from the typewriter that is commonly used for letters. It is still considered by many to be the "appropriate" typeface for business correspondence. 126(278):15c. (April 5). Madison, Indiana Madison is a city in Jefferson County, Indiana, along the Ohio River. The population was 12,004 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Jefferson CountyGR6. . Bailey, J.B J.B . Job’s trials in modern setting and idiom. [Am. Lit.: J.B.] See : Suffering J.B . testing of contemporary Job. [Am. Lit.: J.B.] See : Test . 1974. A tree census of post-tornado conditions of Happy Valley. Biology biology, the science that deals with living things. It is broadly divided into zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. Subdivisions of each of these sciences include cytology (the study of cells), histology (the study of tissues), Department, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana Hanover is a town in Jefferson County, Indiana, along the Ohio River. The population was 2,834 at the 2000 census. Hanover is the home of Hanover College, a small Presbyterian liberal arts college. Hanover is also the home of Southwestern High School (Indiana). . 27 pp.(unpubl.) Bailey, J.B. & P.C p.c. (post cibum), n a Latin phrase meaning “after meals”; the abbreviation may be used in prescription writing. . MacMillan. 1977. A tree census of pre- pre- word element [L.], before (in time or space). pre- pref. 1. Earlier; before; prior to: prenatal. 2. and post-tornado forest conditions of Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Indiana, state, United States Indiana, midwestern state in the N central United States. It is bordered by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan (N), Ohio (E), Kentucky, across the Ohio R. (S), and Illinois (W). Academy of Science 86: 199-202. Betz, Lindsay Lindsay, town (1991 pop. 16,696), SE Ont., Canada, on the Scugog River, NE of Toronto. It is an industrial town, with woolen, flour, and lumber mills, in an agricultural and scenic lake district. . 1999. Twenty-five years of forest succession succession: see ecology. in Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana. Biology Department, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana. 35 pp. (unpubl.) Bray, J.R. & J.T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination ordination: see ministry; orders, holy. of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin Wisconsin, state, United States Wisconsin (wĭskŏn`sən, –sĭn), upper midwestern state of the United States. It is bounded by Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, from which it is divided by the Menominee . Ecological ecological emanating from or pertaining to ecology. ecological biome see biome. ecological climax the state of balance in an ecosystem when its inhabitants have established their permanent relationships with each Monographs 27:325-349. Brower, J., J. Zarr & C. von Ende. 1990. Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology ecology, study of the relationships of organisms to their physical environment and to one another. The study of an individual organism or a single species is termed autecology; the study of groups of organisms is called synecology. . Wm. C. Brown Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa Dubuque is a city in the U.S. State of Iowa, located along the Mississippi River. Its population was estimated at 57,696 in 2006,[3] making it the eighth-largest city in the state. . 237 pp. Cottam, C. & J.T. Curtis. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology 37:451-460. Cox, G.W. 1990. Laboratory Manual in General Ecology. Wm. C. Brown Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 237 pp. Elias, T.S. 1980. The Complete Trees of North America. Times Mirror Magazine. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of . 948 pp. Larking, L. 1974. Tornado strips away famed beauty of Hanover College campus in Indiana. The Courier Journal: A56. (April 5). Louisville, Kentucky  “Louisville” redirects here. For other uses, see Louisville (disambiguation). . MacMillan, P.C. 1996. Fifteen years of forest succession in Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 105:159-168. Martin, C.J. & P.C. MacMillan. 1982. Seven years of forest succession in Happy Valley, Jefferson County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 92:197-206. Nickell, A.K. 1985. Soil survey of Jefferson County Jefferson County is the name of 25 counties and one parish in the United States. The following are named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States:
n.pr established in 1862, USDA is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. It conducts ongoing research in areas from human nutrition to new crop technologies and also helps ensure open , Soil Conservation Service. Parker, A.J. 1992. Spatial Having to do with space. Contrast with "temporal," which deals with time. variation in diameter structures of forests in Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park, 106,372 acres (43,081 hectares), N Calif., at the southern end of the Cascade Range. Proclaimed as Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone national monuments in 1907, the two were incorporated into a new national park in 1916. , California California (kăl'ĭfôr`nyə), most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). . Professional Geographer 44: 147-160. Ziegler, S.S. 1995. Relict RELICT. A widow; as A B, relict of C D. eastern white pine (Pinus Pinus a genus of coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. Pinus cubensis, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus radiata the leaves of the trees P. ponderosa (western yellow pine), P. radiata and P. strobus L.) stands in southwestern south·west n. 1. Abbr. SW The direction or point on the mariner's compass halfway between due south and due west, or 135° west of due north. 2. An area or region lying in the southwest. 3. Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 133:88-100. Manuscript manuscript, a handwritten work as distinguished from printing. The oldest manuscripts, those found in Egyptian tombs, were written on papyrus; the earliest dates from c.3500 B.C. received 8 August 2002, revised 23 January January: see month. 2003. Lindsay Betz and Paul Paul, 1901–64, king of the Hellenes (1947–64), brother and successor of George II. He married (1938) Princess Frederika of Brunswick. During Paul's reign Greece followed a pro-Western policy, and the Cyprus question was temporarily resolved. C. MacMillan: Department of Biology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana 47243 USA |
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