Tire tread compounds with silica/CB blends.A wide variety of particulate par·tic·u·late adj. Of or occurring in the form of fine particles. n. A particulate substance. particulate composed of separate particles. fillers is used in the rubber industry to improve the physical properties of rubber compounds. For tire tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. compounds carbon black is the dominant filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, used to impart the abrasion abrasion /abra·sion/ (ah-bra´zhun) 1. a rubbing or scraping off through unusual or abnormal action; see also planing. 2. a rubbed or scraped area on skin or mucous membrane. resistance, traction Traction Definition Traction is the use of a pulling force to treat muscle and skeleton disorders. Purpose Traction is usually applied to the arms and legs, the neck, the backbone, or the pelvis. and durability du·ra·ble adj. 1. Capable of withstanding wear and tear or decay: a durable fabric. 2. necessary for good tire performance. Silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. , as well as other specialty fillers, have been reported to improve specific properties Specific properties of a substance are derived from other intrinsic and extrinsic properties (or intensive and extensive properties) of that substance. For example, the density of steel (a specific and intrinsic property) can be derived from measurements of the mass of a steel bar of passenger tire tread compounds when used in conjunction with carbon black (refs. 1-15). Silica has been widely investigated as the primary filler for passenger tire treads which have the desirable properties of low rolling-resistance with good traction (refs. 16-37). The commercial introduction of tires manufactured using silica-filled passenger tire compounds has been reported to be a result of the improved processing and abrasion resistance of highly dispersible silica (HDS (Hitachi Data Systems, Santa Clara, CA, www.hds.com) A leading provider of high-end storage hardware, software and services. Part of the Information Systems & Telecommunications Division of Hitachi Ltd. ) fillers. These desirable properties have been shown to result from the improved dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. , as evidenced by the absence of particles <onlyinclude> This is a list of particles in particle physics, including currently known and hypothetical elementary particles, as well as the composite particles that can be built up from them. [is greater than]1 [micro]m as measured by microscopic microscopic /mi·cro·scop·ic/ (mi?kro-skop´ik) 1. of extremely small size; visible only by the aid of the microscope. 2. pertaining or relating to a microscope or to microscopy. techniques (refs. 23 and 32-37). This work was carried out to determine the relative performance of an HDS silica to other available silica fillers and to carbon black in blends with carbon black in model passenger tire tread compounds. Also investigated were differences in performance for tread formulations based on solution-polymerized and emulsion-polymerized styrene sty·rene n. A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are produced. Also called vinylbenzene. butadiene butadiene (by  t'ədī`ēn), colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon. There are two structural isomers of butadiene; they differ in the location of the two carbon-carbon double bonds in the rubbers.Experimental Silica physical properties were measured in accordance Accordance is Bible Study Software for Macintosh developed by OakTree Software, Inc.[] As well as a standalone program, it is the base software packaged by Zondervan in their Bible Study suites for Macintosh. with ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials and/or ISO (1) See ISO speed. (2) (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, www.iso.ch) An organization that sets international standards, founded in 1946. The U.S. member body is ANSI. procedures, when available, as shown in table 1. The silicas used were of similar physical properties as shown in table 2. They included: * A highly-dispersible silica; * a silica characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. as easily-dispersible; and * a conventional silica. Table 1 - test methods for physical properties of silicas
Property tested Procedure
B.E.T. surface area ASTM D1993
CTAB surface area Huber standard test
pH, 5% slurry ASTM D1512
Linseed oil absorption Rub-out method
Average projected area ASTM D3849
Table 2 - physical properties of silicas used
Silica
A B C
Classification Highly- Easily- Conventional
dispersable dispersable
B.E.T. surface area
m[sup 2]/g 186 195 178
CTAB surface area,
m[sup 2]/g 144 145 141
pH, 5% Slurry 7.0 7.1 6.6
Linseed oil absorption,
cm[sup 3]/10g 199 236 211
Average projected area,
nm[sup 2] 2,890 *** 6,780
The rubber formulations were a blend of high vinyl vinyl /vi·nyl/ (vi´nil) the univalent group CH2dbondCH—. vinyl chloride a vinyl group to which an atom of chlorine is attached; the monomer which polymerizes to polyvinyl chloride; it is toxic content, solution-polymerized SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication (sSBR) and high-cis butadiene rubber filled with varying blends of silica and carbon black as shown in table 3, and a tri-blend formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation of emulsion-polymerized SBR (eSBR), natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) with varying levels of silica and types of carbon black as shown in table 4. Note that for all compounds the level of bifunctional bi·func·tion·al adj. 1. Having two functions: bifunctional neurons. 2. Chemistry Having or involving two functional groups or binding sites: silane silane or silicon hydride Any of a series of inorganic compounds of silicon and hydrogen with covalent bonds and the general chemical formula SinH(2n + 2). , bis- bis- pref. 1. Two; twice: bisalbuminemia. 2. Having two identical but separated complex chemical groups in one molecule: 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)-benzene. (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide, and the level of diphenyl diphenyl /di·phen·yl/ (di-fen´il) a toxic compound comprising two linked benzene rings, used as a fungistat in containers for shipping citrus fruits. di·phen·yl n. See biphenyl. guanidine guanidine /gua·ni·dine/ (gwah´ni-den) the compound NHdbondC(NH2)2, a strong base found in the urine as a result of protein metabolism and used in the laboratory as a protein denaturant. curative curative /cur·a·tive/ (kur´ah-tiv) tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. cu·ra·tive adj. 1. Serving or tending to cure. 2. have been adjusted relative to the silica level in an attempt to provide similar cross-link cross-link (kros´link?) a covalent bond formed between polymer chains, either within or across chains. density for each compound. All compounds were mixed using a laboratory internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. and 2-roll mill in accordance with ASTM D3182. Rubber processability was measured using a Mooney viscometer viscometer Instrument for measuring the viscosity (resistance to internal flow) of a fluid. In one type, the time taken for a given volume of fluid to flow through an opening is recorded. according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. ASTM D1646. Silica dispersion was estimated by the % white area at 1,000x magnification Magnification A measure of the effectiveness of an optical system in enlarging or reducing an image. For an optical system that forms a real image, such a measure is the lateral magnification m using a Dispergrader 1000 with optional silica scale. Rubber cure properties were tested using an oscillating os·cil·late intr.v. os·cil·lat·ed, os·cil·lat·ing, os·cil·lates 1. To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm. 2. die rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. in accordance with ASTM D2084. All compounds were cured to [T.sub.90] + appropriate mold mold, name for certain multicellular organisms of the various classes of the kingdom Fungi, characteristically having bodies composed of a cottony mycelium. The colors of molds are caused by the spores, which are borne on the mycelium. lag and physical properties of the cured compounds were tested using the test procedures shown in table 5.
Table 3 - solution-polymerized SBR rubber compound formulations
Ingredient Compound
1 2 3 4 5 6
High-vinyl sSBR 75 75 75 75 75 75
High-cis BR 25 25 25 25 25 25
N351 carbon black 86.4 64.8 64.8 64.8 43.2 43.2
Silica A 0 20 0 0 40 0
Silica B 0 0 20 0 0 40
Silica C 0 0 0 20 0 0
X5S coupling agent 0 3.2 3.2 3.2 6.4 6.4
Aromatic processing oil 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5
Antidegradants 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Zinc oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7
CBS 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Stearic acid 1 1 1 1 1 1
DPG 0 .5 .5 .5 1 1
Sulfur 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Ingredient Compound
7 8 9 10 11 12
High-vinyl sSBR 75 75 75 75 75 75
High-cis BR 25 25 25 25 25 25
N351 carbon black 43.2 18.6 18.6 18.6 0 0
Silica A 0 60 0 0. 80 0
Silica B 0 0 60 0 0 80
Silica C 40 0 0 60 0 0
X5S coupling agent 6.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 12.8 12.8
Aromatic processing oil 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5
Antidegradants 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Zinc oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7
CBS 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Stearic acid 1 1 1 1 1 1
DPG 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2
Sulfur 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Ingredient Compound
13
High-vinyl sSBR 75
High-cis BR 25
N351 carbon black 0
Silica A 0
Silica B 0
Silica C 80
X5S coupling agent 12.8
Aromatic processing oil 32.5
Antidegradants 2.5
Zinc oxide 2.5
CBS 1.7
Stearic acid 1
DPG 2
Sulfur 1.7
Table 4 - emulsion-polymerized tread compound formulations
Ingredient Compound
14 15 16
SBR 1502 50 [right arrow] [right arrow]
BR 1207 25 [right arrow] [right arrow]
NR 25 [right arrow] [right arrow]
N330 carbon black 58.3 44.9 26.5
Silica A 0 12.7 30
X50S coupling agent 0 2.0 4.8
Aromatic processing oil 7 [right arrow] [right arrow]
Zinc oxide 2.5 [right arrow] [right arrow]
Antiozonant 1.0 [right arrow] [right arrow]
Sulfur 1.5 [right arrow] [right arrow]
TBBS 1.5 [right arrow] [right arrow]
DPG 0 .3 .75
Ingredient Compound
17 18
SBR 1502 [right arrow] [right arrow]
BR 1207 [right arrow] [right arrow]
NR [right arrow] [right arrow]
N330 carbon black 8.7 0
Silica A 47.3 60
X50S coupling agent 7.6 9.6
Aromatic processing oil [right arrow] [right arrow]
Zinc oxide [right arrow] [right arrow]
Antiozonant [right arrow] [right arrow]
Sulfur [right arrow] [right arrow]
TBBS [right arrow] [right arrow]
DPG 1.2 1.5
Table 5 - rubber test procedures
Property tested Test procedure
Stress/strain ASTM D412
Tear STM D624
Abrasion resistance ISO 4649
Rebound D1504
Tangent delta @ 60[degrees] C Monsanto RPA
Results and discussion The cure properties and Mooney viscosity of compounds 1-13, based on sSBR mixed with varying levels of silica/ black are shown in table 6. Several general trends for the effect of replaCing silica with carbon black were evident from the analysis of this data which agree well with published comparisons of the properties of silica-filled and carbon-black filled tread compounds (refs. 38-40). These include longer cure time and higher minimum torque. Figure 1 shows the Mooney viscosity versus the percentage silica replacing carbon black. The expected increase in viscosity appears to be nearly linear for all silicas until over 75% of the black has been replaced by silica, at which point the viscosity increases dramatically. This is consistent with proposed mechanisms of filler-filler network interactions between silica particles in the rubber compound (ref. 41) and/or filler-polymer electrostatic Stationary electrical charges in which no current flows. For example, laser printers and copier machines place a positive charge of the image on a drum, and negatively charged toner is attracted onto the drum. The toner is then transferred to positively charged paper and fused to the paper by heat. interaction (ref. 34), as well as the reported specific interaction between the vinyl group of the SBR and filler surface (ref. 42). The Mooney viscosity of rubber compounds using HDS (A) in compounds 14-18, based on emulsion-polymerized SBR, displayed a linear increase in viscosity as silica replaced carbon black with no dramatic increase for the all-silica compound. Factors which may inhibit inhibit /in·hib·it/ (in-hib´it) to retard, arrest, or restrain. in·hib·it v. 1. To hold back; restrain. 2. specific interactions are not well understood, but may include decreased electrostatic interaction between the polymer chains and the silica surface, residual surfactant Surfactant Definition Surfactant is a complex naturally occurring substance made of six lipids (fats) and four proteins that is produced in the lungs. It can also be manufactured synthetically. interfering with electrostatic interactions at the silica surface or polymer domain morphology morphology In biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of organisms in relation to some principle or generalization. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, morphology explains the shapes and arrangement of parts of organisms in terms of such which physically interferes with network formation. [Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Table 6 - cure properties of sSBR-based tread compounds Test Compound ODR @ 160 1 2 3 4 5 Silica - A B C A % Silica 0 25 Minimum torque, dNm 5.8 6.4 6.6 7.0 8.1 Maximum torque, dNm 46.7 45.5 45.3 47.8 47.7 Delta torque, dNm 40.9 39.1 38.7 40.8 39.6 [TS.sub.2] Scorch, minutes 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.0 [T.sub.50] cure, minutes 5.2 4.6 5.0 4.5 4.6 [T.sub.90] cure, minutes 6.3 5.5 6.4 5.6 6.1 % white area, Dispergrader 0.06 - - - - Test Compound ODR @ 160 6 7 8 9 10 Silica B C A B C % Silica 50 75 Minimum torque, dNm 8.6 8.6 9.0 10.3 10.8 Maximum torque, dNm 46.6 50.2 53.6 53.0 48.1 Delta torque, dNm 38.0 41.6 44.6 42.7 37.3 [TS.sub.2] Scorch, minutes 3.0 3.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 [T.sub.50] cure, minutes 5.3 4.5 3.9 4.9 3.7 [T.sub.90] cure, minutes 10.9 6.1 9.0 15.8 7.8 % white area, Dispergrader - - - - - Test Compound ODR @ 160 11 12 13 Silica A B C % Silica 100 Minimum torque, dNm 12.2 14.8 15.7 Maximum torque, dNm 60.0 60.8 66.6 Delta torque, dNm 37.8 46.0 50.9 [TS.sub.2] Scorch, minutes 1.7 1.9 1.9 [T.sub.50] cure, minutes 3.0 3.4 3.3 [T.sub.90] cure, minutes 7.8 12.8 11.0 % white area, Dispergrader 0.29 0.81 1.27 The stress/strain properties of compounds 1- 13 are shown in table 7. The tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , (figure 2) and elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. at break (figure 3) for the HDS (A) is significantly higher than for the conventional silica (C) of the same surface area, with the silica (B) providing intermediate properties. This is consistent with the more dispersible silica minimizing failure initiation sites provided by non-dispersed silica agglomerates [is greater than]1 [micro]m diameter. Modulus values for silica A are generally higher than for silicas B and C. Similar to the trends found for vicosity, the 100% modulus values figure 4, show a distinct change in slope as the filler changes to all silica in the sSBR formulation. The data for rubber compounds 14-18 based on eSBR are in table 8. It is significant that the discontinuous discontinuous /dis·con·tin·u·ous/ (dis?kon-tin´u-us) 1. interrupted; intermittent; marked by breaks. 2. discrete; separate. 3. lacking logical order or coherence. behavior for low-strain modulus is absent in the eSBR formulation. Additional research to define the specific interaction responsible for the discontinuous behavior and the lack of such behavior in the eSBR-based compound is needed. This is particularly emphasized by the fact that such behavior is present in both the uncured (viscosity) and cured (modulus) state for these compounds, which precludes potential arguments that such anomalies
Anomalies is Cephalic Carnage's 4th full-length album. It was released on Relapse Records. The group expanded their sound even more than their previous album, Lucid Interval, and gained more popularity. could be due to cross-link density and [S.sub.x] length changes introduced by silica fillers. [Figures 2-4 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Table 7 - physical properties of sSBR-based tread compounds Test Compound Cured T90+5 @ 160 [degrees] C 1 2 3 4 Silica - A B C % Silica 0 25 Hardness, Shore A 68 66 66 67 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 2.47 2.07 2.14 2.19 Modulus @ 300%, MPa 10.7 9.79 9.96 9.89 [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.5 Tensile @ break, MPa 15.8 16.7 16.5 15.7 Elongation @ break, % 432 458 407 430 Tear strength, N/mm 7.0 12.1 9.2 8.9 Din abrasion, index 164 168 158 157 Tangent delta, 1 % strain/1 Hz 0.160 0.131 0.128 0.139 Test Compound Cured T90+5 @ 160 [degrees] C 5 6 7 8 Silica A B C A % Silica 50 Hardness, Shore A 66 66 66 64 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 2.12 2.29 2.56 2.28 Modulus @ 300%, MPa 10.6 10.3 11.4 11.9 [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] 5.0 4.5 4.4 5.2 Tensile @ break, MPa 16.4 15.3 14.6 16.7 Elongation @ break, % 416 347 363 378 Tear strength, N/mm 15.2 10.4 9.9 21.1 Din abrasion, index 147 140 138 152 Tangent delta, 1 % strain/1 Hz 0.120 0.130 0.130 0.103 Test Compound Cured T90+5 @ 160 [degrees] C 9 10 11 Silica B C A % Silica 75 Hardness, Shore A 67 69 72 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 2.76 2.47 3.40 Modulus @ 300%, MPa 12.2 12.5 14.3 [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] 4.4 4.8 4.2 Tensile @ break, MPa 14.0 12.8 15.4 Elongation @ break, % 340 300 309 Tear strength, N/mm 18.9 13.4 28.7 Din abrasion, index 144 140 146 Tangent delta, 1 % strain/1 Hz 0.104 0.108 0.080 Test Compound Cured T90+5 @ 160 [degrees] C 12 13 Silica B C % Silica 100 Hardness, Shore A 71 72 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 3.52 3.85 Modulus @ 300%, MPa - - [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] - - Tensile @ break, MPa 12.4 11.4 Elongation @ break, % 290 261 Tear strength, N/mm 20.6 15.0 Din abrasion, index 133 128 Tangent delta, 1 % strain/1 Hz 0.088 0.090 Table 8 - properties of eSBR-based compounds Test Compound ODR @ 160 14 15 16 % Silica 0 21 50 Minimum torque, dNm 11.8 12.8 14.8 Maximum torque, dNm 66.5 63.4 68.9 Delta torque, dNm 54.7 50.6 54.1 [TS.sub.2] scorch, minutes 3.9 2.9 2.9 [T.sub.50] cure, minutes 6.5 5.0 4.5 [T.sub.90] cure, minutes 8.3 6.5 5.8 Hardness, Shore A 72 71 71 Mooney viscosity, mu 73.3 78.3 87.1 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 3.78 3.13 3.38 Modulus @ 300% MPa 18.3 15.6 16.4 [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] 4.8 5.0 4.8 Tensile @ break MPa 23.2. 22.4 22.1 Elongation @ break, % 373 409 388 Test Compound ODR @ 160 17 18 % Silica 79 100 Minimum torque, dNm 17.8 18.4 Maximum torque, dNm 68.2 68.1 Delta torque, dNm 50.4 49.7 [TS.sub.2] scorch, minutes 2.8 3.4 [T.sub.50] cure, minutes 4.6 5.4 [T.sub.90] cure, minutes 5.6 6.9 Hardness, Shore A 70 70 Mooney viscosity, mu 102 103 Modulus @ 100%, MPa 2.84 2.97 Modulus @ 300% MPa 14.9 15.1 [Ratio.sub.modulus 300/modulus 100] 5.2 5.1 Tensile @ break MPa 21.1 21.9 Elongation @ break, % 391 397 The tear properties for compounds 1-13 are shown in figure 5. As expected, tear strength increases as carbon black is replaced by silica with silica (A) showing the greatest tear improvement. [Figure 5 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Tangent tangent, in mathematics. 1 In geometry, the tangent to a circle or sphere is a straight line that intersects the circle or sphere in one and only one point. delta @ 60 [degrees] C, 1 Hz and 1% strain, which is used to estimate the tread contribution to tire rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when an object such as a ball or tire rolls. It is caused by the deformation of the wheel or tire or the deformation of the ground. for compounds 1-13 is shown in figure 8. A linear decrease in tangent delta is observed as carbon black is replaced with silica. Similar trends are observed for compounds 14-25. [Figure 8 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Statistical analysis of the data was carried out to study the effects of volume fraction of the filler ([Vf.sub.filler]), volume fraction of carbon black ([Vf.sub.black]) and volume fraction of silica ([Vf.sub.silica]) on the physical properties of the compounds. For compounds 14-18, based on eSBR, the influence on cured rubber properties of silica or carbon black particles at equal volumes is nearly equivalent. Thus, the observed increase in modulus and tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. for carbon black over silica is due to the increased volume of the rubber compound occupied by the filler particles. Conversely con·verse 1 intr.v. con·versed, con·vers·ing, con·vers·es 1. To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk. See Synonyms at speak. 2. , the decreased tangent delta and abrasion resistance associated with replacing carbon black with silica can be explained by the decreased volume of rubber occupied by the silica particles. It should be noted that replacing carbon black with silica increases the viscosity of the uncured compound in spite of in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding. See also: Spite the lower volume occupied by the filler. For compounds 1-13, based on sSBR polymer, volume fraction effects of carbon black and silica are not equivalent. The increases in low-strain modulus are related to a non-linear function of [Vf.sub.silica], while the increases attributable to [Vf.sub.filler] and [Vf.sub.black] are linear and with a lower overall slope. The increase in tangent delta for increasing [Vf.sub.silica], has a significantly lesser slope than for the effects of [Vf.sub.filler] and [Vf.sub.black]. Again, the effect of increasing [Vf.sub.silica] on Mooney viscosity is significantly greater than for that of increasing [Vf.sub.filler] or [Vf.sub.black]. Conclusions The advantages of the highly-dispersible silica over the conventional or easily-dispersible silica in rubber performance as evidenced by the higher tensile, higher tear, higher modulus, higher elongation to break and lower tangent delta in the sSBR compound at all levels of replacement for carbon black are readily observed in the sSBR compounds. These advantages, in addition to the observed deviation DEVIATION, insurance, contracts. A voluntary departure, without necessity, or any reasonable cause, from the regular and usual course of the voyage insured. 2. from that which can be explained by the volume fraction change for silica, are believed to be due to specific interactions between silica particles which are enhanced by the larger number and smaller average size of particles generated by the mixing of the highly dispersible silica. The lack of evidence for specific interactions of this magnitude in eSBR based compounds may explain the lack of commercially viable tire tread formulations based on eSBR and high levels of silica filler. Research to define the interactions between silica particles in the presence of SSBR and their absence in eSBR compounds is warranted. References (1.) C. Dragus, B. Mehr and S. Florea, RO 95946 B 1 (9/15/ 88). (2.) R. Scriver and W.H. Stair to Goodyear, U.S. 4,522,970 (6/11/85). (3.) H. Hayashi and Y. Nomura to Toyo, JP 0430247 A2 (10/27/92). (4.) H. Nakamura and S. Furusawa to Ohtsu, JP 60139728 A2 (7/24/85). (5.) L. Gonzalez-Hernandez, L.M.L Rueda and C.C. Anton, Rubber Chem. Technol., 60, 606 (1987). (6.) S.N. Chakravarty, A.L. Kapur, S.N. Sau and M. Mittal, Rubber India, 33, 11 (1981). (7.) E.J. Stewart, J. Elastomers Plastics, 9, 439 (1977). (8.) S. Ahmad and R.J. Schaefer to B.F. Goodrich, U.S. 4,519,430 (5/28/85). (9.) S. Wolff Wolff , Kaspar Friedrich 1733-1794. German anatomist noted for his pioneering work in embryology. His chief work, Theoria Generationis (1759), refuted the theory of preformation, which held that the embryo is a fully formed miniature adult. , Tire Sci. Technol., 15, 276 (1987). (10.) C.J. Derham, P. Newell and P. McL. Swift, NR Technol., 19, 1 (1988). (11.) TS. Mroczkowski to Pirelli Armstrong, U.S. 5,162,409 (11/10/92). (12.) J. A Byers, Tire Technol. Int. '93, 58 (1993). (13.) P.H. Sandstrom, R.G. Bauer, D.J. Burlett and M.S. Sinsky to Goodyear, U.S. 5,328,949 (7/12/94). (14.) P.H. Sandstrom, R.G. Bauer, D.J. Burlett and M.S. Sinsky to Goodyear, U.S. 5,336,730 (8/9/94). (15.) L.G. Wideman and P.H. Sandstrom to Goodyear, U.S. 5,434,206 (7/18/95). (16.) C. C. Stueber, III to PPG PPG Points Per Game (basketball player statistic) PPG Power Play Goals (hockey) PPG Planning Policy Guidance (UK) PPG Programmable Pulse Generator PPG Power Puff Girls , US 3,451,458 (6124169). (17.) T.J. Doran, M.P. Wagner and H.C. Stevens to PPG, U.S. 3,664,403 (5/23/72). (18.) T.J. Doran, M.P. Wagner and H.C. Stevens to PPG, U.S. 3,737,334 (6/5/73). (19.) R.H. Hess Hess , Walter Rudolf 1881-1973. Swiss physiologist. He shared a 1949 Nobel Prize for his research on the brain's control of the body. , H.H. Hockje, J.R. Creasey and F. Strain to PPG, U.S. 3,768,537 (10/30/73). (20.) D.B. Russell and T.J. Doran to PPG, U.S. 3,884,285 (5/20/75). (21.) D.B. Russell and T.J. Doran to PPG, U.S. 3,994,742 (11/30/76). (22.) N. Shimada, I. Hattori, M. Sakakibara, N. Oshima, T Hamada, H. Fukuoka and T. Fujimaki to Japan Synthetic Rubber synthetic rubber: see rubber. and Bridgestone, U.S. 4,894,409 (1/16/90). (23.) R. Rauline to Michelin, U.S. 5,227,425 (7/13/93). (24.) J. Bergh, M. Kunio and J.-C.J. Kihn to Goodyear, U.S. 5,447,971 (9/5/95). (25.) P.H. Sandstrom, D.J. Zanzig, J.J.. Verthe and M.J. Crawford to Goodyear, EP 0623650 A1 (4/25/94). (26.) R.J. Zimmer, YA. Bernard, U.E. Frank, W. Lauer, T.F. Materne and F. Visel to Goodyear, EP 0631982 (6/20/94). (27.) D.J. Zanzig, P.H. Sandstrom, M.J. Crawford, J.J. Verthe and C.A. Losey to Goodyear, EP 0638610 A1 (7/27/94). (28.) B. D. W. Powell to Sumitomo, EP 0643099 A1 (8119194). (29.) D.J. Zanzig, P.H. Sandstrom, M.J. Crawford, J.J. Verthe and C.A. Losey to Goodyear, EP 0641823 A1 (8/25/94). (30.) G. Agostini, J. Bergh and Th. Materne, "New compound technology," Akron Rubber Group, October 27, 1994. (31.) J.-C.J. Kihn, J. Bergh, M. Junio, TD. Linster and J. -P. Lambotte to Goodyear, EP 0645423 A1 (3/29/95). (32.) F. Bomo, Y. Chevallier, P. Lamy and J.-C. Morawski to Rhone Poulenc, U.S. 5,089,554 (2/18/92). (33.) P. Cochet, P. Barruel, L. Barriquand, J. Grobert, Y Bomal and E. Prat, Rubber World, 210, 20 (1994). (34.) W.H. Waddell, P.A. Beauregard and L.R. Evans, Tire Technol. Int. '95, 14 (1995). (35.) L.R. Evans, J. T. Dew dew, thin film of water that has condensed on the surface of objects near the ground. Dew forms when radiational cooling of these objects during the nighttime hours also cools the shallow layer of overlying air in contact with them, causing the condensation of some , L. T. Hope, T. G. Krivak and W. H. Waddell, Rubber & Plastics News, July 31, 1995, p. 12. (36.) L.R. Evans and W.H. Waddell, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 48, 718 (1995). (37.) Ph. Cochet, L. Barriquand, Y Bomal and S. Touzet, "Precipitated silica in tire tread," presented at the ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. Rubber Division Meeting, Cleveland, OH, October, 1995. (38.) M.P. Wagner, Rubber Chem. Technol., 49, 703 (1976). (39.) L.R. Evans and W.H. Waddell, Rubber World, 209, 18 (1993). (40.) L.R. Evans and W.H. Waddell, Rubber & Plastics News, April 25, 1994, p. 16. (41.) S. Wolff, "Silica-based tread compounds: Background and performance," presented at TyreTech '93, Basel, Switzerland, October, 1993. (42.) R. Mansencal, et. al., "Molecular dynamics Molecular dynamics (MD) is a form of computer simulation wherein atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a period of time under known laws of physics, giving a view of the motion of the atoms. of polymer chains at the matrix-filler interface in multimaterials," presented at the ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Anaheim, CA, May, 1997. |
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