The terrestrial Coleoptera of Point Clear Island and surrounding Marshlands, Hancock county, Mississippi.A general survey of the terrestrial beetles beetles members of the insect order Coleoptera. They are common intermediate hosts for tapeworms. darkling beetles this and other mealworms are common inhabitants of poultry houses and are suspected of aiding in the transmission of of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands was conducted using a wide variety of collection techniques. A list containing at least 279 species, representing 39 families, was compiled, with the Carabidae (57 species), Scarabaeidae (39 species) and Staphylinidae (33 species) best represented. The list compared favorably with results of similar studies done in North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. and Florida salt marshes Salt marsh A maritime habitat characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding. Salt marshes are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions. , South Carolina South Carolina, state of the SE United States. It is bordered by North Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). Facts and Figures Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Pop. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. salt marshes and beach habitats, and on Horn Island Horn Island is the name of:
********** The extensive tidal marsh A tidal marsh is a type of marsh that is found along coasts and estuaries of which the flooding characteristics are determined by the tidal movement of the adjacent estuary, sea or ocean [1]. of southwestern Hancock County, Mississippi Hancock County is the southernmost county of the U.S. state of Mississippi, situated along the Gulf of Mexico and the state line with Louisiana. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2000, the population was 42,967. encloses several small, sandy islands, of which Point Clear Island is one of the largest and most accessible. These islands are part of a Late Holocene littoral littoral /lit·to·ral/ (lit´ah-r'l) pertaining to the shore of a large body of water. littoral pertaining to the shore. ridge complex (Otvos, 1973) and are surrounded, more or less, by dense marsh vegetation. Because of the size of Point Clear Island, private ownership of the eastern half of the island, and its relative nearness to the mainland, there has been some interest over the years in potential development, much to the chagrin of some local residents as well as to those of us who have been studying the natural history of this area. However, we were pleased to learn recently that most of the privately owned land on the island and much of the surrounding salt marsh has been acquired for conservation by the state of Mississippi. While Point Clear Island appears to be safe from development for the foreseeable future, which is, in our way of thinking, a very pleasant development, indeed, one major change recently occurred on the island that significantly impacts species diversity. The flowing artesian well artesian well, deep drilled well through which water is forced upward under pressure. The water in an artesian well flows from an aquifer, which is a layer of very porous rock or sediment, usually sandstone, capable of holding and transmitting large quantities of at the east end (Fig. 1. "A") has been capped, thus the only freshwater fresh·wa·ter adj. 1. Of, relating to, living in, or consisting of water that is not salty: freshwater fish; freshwater lakes. 2. Situated away from the sea; inland. 3. pond known on Point Clear Island no longer exists. Consequently, several freshwater insect species, as well as some plant species, occurring only at this site have likely disappeared from the island. A general survey of the insect fauna fauna All the species of animals found in a particular region, period, or special environment. Five faunal realms, based on terrestrial animal species, are generally recognized: Holarctic, including Nearactic (North America) and Paleartic (Eurasia and northern Africa); of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands was conducted from September, 1985 through April, 1987. We have discussed portions of our survey in earlier papers [Ephemeroptera and Odonata (Lago and Testa, 1987); Embiidina, Dermaptera, Isoptera and Orthoptera (Lago et al., 1988); aquatic and semiaquatic sem·i·a·quat·ic adj. Adapted for living or growing in or near water; not entirely aquatic: a semiaquatic plant or animal. Hemiptera and Coleoptera (Lago and Testa, 1989); biting flies Biting flies may refer to:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area--We have described various physical characteristics of our study area in each of the papers mentioned above, some including more detail than others. Point Clear Island, situated about two miles south of Lakeshore, is larger (4 km long X 230 m wide near mid-length) than many of our coastal marsh-bound islands. At the east end (Point Clear) it is exposed to the Gulf of Mexico Noun 1. Gulf of Mexico - an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico Golfo de Mexico Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean - the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east (Fig. 1). Elevation peaks at 2.5 m above sea level within 50 m of Point Clear, but most of the island has an elevation of less than 1.5 m. At the extreme west end, the island grades into a series of narrow, isolated sandy ridges Sandy Ridge refers to the following places:
adj. 1. Having a somewhat salty taste, especially from containing a mixture of seawater and fresh water: "You could cut the brackish winds with a knife/Here in Nantucket" marshes. The soil is Eustis loamy loam n. 1. Soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter. 2. A mixture of moist clay and sand, and often straw, used especially in making bricks and foundry molds. tr.v. fine sand (Smith et al. 1981), with the lower elevations toward the west being somewhat less sandy than the higher elevations to the east. Most of the island is forested. The dominant species present is slash pine slash pine: see pine. (Pinus elliottii Engelmann), although some hardwoods are present [live oak (Quercus virginiana Miller) and southern magnolia Magnolia, city, United States Magnolia (măgnō`lyə), city (1990 pop. 11,151), seat of Columbia co., SW Ark.; inc. 1855. Its oil industry has been important since 1938. (Magnolia grandiflora L.)] where elevations are greater than 1.5 m. Two species of palmetto palmetto or cabbage palmetto Tree (Sabal palmetto) of the palm family, occurring in the southeastern U.S. and the West Indies. Commonly grown for shade and as ornamentals along avenues, palmettos grow to about 80 ft (24 m) tall and have fan-shaped leaves. [Serenoa repens Serenoa repens, n See saw palmetto. (Bartram) Small and Sabal minor (Jacquin) Persoon] dominate the understory un·der·sto·ry n. An underlying layer of vegetation, especially the plants that grow beneath a forest's canopy. in forested areas. Common shrubs include French mulberry mulberry, common name for the Moraceae, a family of deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, often climbing, mostly of pantropical distribution, and characterized by milky sap. Several genera bear edible fruit, e.g. (Callicarpa americana L.), which can be found throughout the island, yaupon yau·pon n. An evergreen holly (Ilex vomitoria) of the southeast United States, having lustrous red or sometimes yellow fruit, whose dried leaves are used to make a bitter tea. Also called cassina. (Ilex vomitoria Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon Holly, Yaupon, or Cassina; the latter shared with Ilex cassine), is a species of holly native to southeastern North America, occurring in United States from Virginia south to Florida and west to Oklahoma (extreme southeast Aiton) and hawthorn hawthorn, any species of the genus Crataegus of the family Rosaceae (rose family), shrubs and trees widely distributed in north temperate climates and especially common in E North America. (Crataegus sp.), which occur primarily on the eastern ("higher") half of the island, and marsh elder (Iva frutescens L.), which occurs in extensive stands on margins of the island above the high water line and along some swales. Open sandy habitats, densely to sparsely covered with mixed grasses and various forbs, are scattered Scattered Used for listed equity securities. Unconcentrated buy or sell interest. on the island, with the two largest areas, totaling 1.5 to 2 hectares, located near the island mid-point. An area of open sandy beach Sandy Beach (location ) is on the South Shore of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi. It is known for its shorebreak for bodyboarding and bodysurfing. The area is also known for its strong current and dangerous shorebreak. , beginn ing at Point Clear and extended intermittently about 350 m to the southwest in a narrow arching band, encloses the southeastern corner of the marsh. Because of the capping of the artesian well near Point Clear, and the subsequent loss of the freshwater pond, only brackish aquatic habitats remain on the island. The freshwater pond was a focal point focal point n. See focus. of much collecting activity during our visits to the island, but its disappearance will undoubtedly affect diversity of aquatic insects Aquatic insects live some portion of their life cycle in the water. They feed in the same ways as other insects. Some diving insects, such as predatory diving beetles, can hunt for food underwater where land-living insects cannot compete. more than the terrestrial species considered in the current paper. Most permanent or semi-permanent brackish ponds were located near the middle of the island (Fig. 1 "B"). None of these seemed to be connected in any way to the waters of the Gulf, i.e. water levels did not fluctuate with the tides. Most of these ponds were choked choke v. choked, chok·ing, chokes v.tr. 1. To interfere with the respiration of by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea. 2. a. with stands of Juncus spp. and Spartina Noun 1. Spartina - grass of freshwater swamps and salt marshes of Europe, Africa, America, and South Atlantic islands genus Spartina liliopsid genus, monocot genus - genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed patens (Ait (Advanced Intelligent Tape) A magnetic tape technology from Sony that uses 8mm cartridges similar in appearance to 8mm video cassettes, but are of far higher quality suitable for corporate use. .) Mull. Water levels in the brackish ponds were seriously affected by periods of drought conditions "Drought Conditions" is episode 126 of The West Wing. Plot Senator Rafferty, a new presidential candidate garnered much media attention with a ground-breaking speech about health care. , and during the summer of 1986, all but one (inhabited by a large alligator alligator, large aquatic reptile of the genus Alligator, in the same order as the crocodile. There are two species—a large type found in the S United States and a small type found in E China. Alligators differ from crocodiles in several ways. and family) dried completely. The vegetation of Mississippi tidal marshes was described by Eleutarius (1972, 1980). The marshes surrounding Point Clear Island appear to be typical for the region and are dominated by two species of plants: black rush (Juncus roemerianus Scheele) and smooth cord grass cord grass n. Any of several perennial grasses of the genus Spartina, several of which form colonies in salt marshes and are important as coastal soil binders. Noun 1. (Spartina alterniflora Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) is a perennial deciduous grass which is found in intertidal wetlands, especially estuarine salt marshes. It grows 1-1.5 m tall, and has smooth, hollow stems which bear leaves up to 20-60 cm long and 1. Loisel). The most abundant of these is black rush, and large, monotypic monotypic said of a genus with only one species. stands are present both north and south of the island. Scattered along the edges of black rush stands, particularly along bayous, are similarly uniform, but much smaller, "islands" of smooth cord grass. Small areas of higher ground, not affected by daily tides, are found scattered throughout the marshes, and these proved to contain a surprising diversity of terrestrial insects. A variety of plant species, which vary considerably based on site stability (= height above high tide) may be found in these areas. The highest banks are often covered with halophytic shrubby shrub·by adj. shrub·bi·er, shrub·bi·est 1. Consisting of, planted with, or covered with shrubs. 2. Of or resembling a shrub. species, such as Baccharis halimifolia Noun 1. Baccharis halimifolia - a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel bush, groundsel tree L. and Iva frutescens. Somewhat lower areas a long bayous, or between these shrubby ridges and the salt marsh, are generally covered with low herbaceous her·ba·ceous adj. 1. Relating to or characteristic of an herb as distinguished from a woody plant. 2. Green and leaflike in appearance or texture. vegetation. The dominant species here is salt grass [Distichlis spicata The Grama Salada (Distichlis spicata) are Culmos erectos and thin from 10 to 60 cm high; plates erectas even of 15 cm long, with a distance from 1 to 2.5 cm between yes, equal or longer than the inflorescence pistilada and occasionally shorter than the inflorescence estaminada. (L.) Greene] and the term "Distichlis meadow" will be used in subsequent references to this habitat. The largest Distichlis meadow within the study area occurred along the access canal between Bayou bayou (bī`ō, bī`  ) [Louisiana Fr.; from Choctaw bayuk=small stream], term used mainly in U.S. Caddy A plastic container that holds a CD or DVD disc for added protection. The bare disc is placed in the caddy, and the caddy is inserted into the drive. A caddy is not a jewel case. A jewel case protects the disc for transportation. A caddy protects the disc while reading and writing. and the north side
of the island, while others were found in isolated patches along all
bayous. Most meadows were less than 40 m long and varied from one to 3 m
in width.
Methods--Sampling of the insect fauna of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands (Fig. 1) was conducted from September, 1985, through April, 1987. Ten collecting trips, comprising 56 man-days (27 days), were made to the study area during this time period. Most collecting was done during the spring, summer and autumn of 1986, with cool season collections made in late October and early February. Over this 20 month period, collections were made throughout the length of Point Clear Island. Collecting activities were concentrated, however, on the eastern end surrounding the artesian Ar`te´sian a. 1. Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a pond and in an extensive area near the middle of the island. The artesian area extended about 1 km westward from the Point and the mid-island area began about 300 m east of the access canal (Fig. 1) and extended southwestward nearly 1.5 km. The latter area contained most of the brackish marshes located on the island. In all areas of true coastal marsh, collecting activity generally was limited by accessibility and, by necessity, occurred primarily along waterways The list of waterways is a link page for any river, canal, estuary or firth. International waterways
tr.v. de·lim·it·ed also de·lim·i·tat·ed, de·lim·it·ing also de·lim·i·tat·ing, de·lim·its also de·lim·i·tates To establish the limits or boundaries of; demarcate. by the access canal, Bayou Caddy, Bryan Bayou and Bayou Pt. Clear The two smaller areas were located in the southeastern (40 acres) and southwestern (80 acres) corners of T9S-R S-R Stimulus-Response (Pavlovian psychology) S-R Set-Reset 15W-Sec. 24. In the following list of species, and on specimen data labels, these two localities are designated 1 mi SSW SSW abbr. south-southwest Noun 1. SSW - the compass point midway between south and southwest sou'-sou'-west, south southwest Lakeshore and 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, respectively. A wide variety of collecting techniques was employed during this study. Many specimens were captured using either aerial or light-duty sweeping insect nets. Hand-picking from flowers, the surface of the soil, under bark of dead trees, etc. was predictively productive. Large numbers of specimens were taken at black lights, which were employed in both island and marsh habitats (as many as three per evening) at least once per trip when air temperatures and weather conditions were favorable. Some of the marsh habitats sampled were less than 1 km from the mainland, so in an attempt to attract as few beetles as possible from the mainland, light trapping trapping, most broadly, the use of mechanical or deceptive devices to capture, kill, or injure animals. It may be applied to the practice of using birdlime to capture birds, lobster pots to trap lobsters, and seines to catch fish. in these areas involved setting an enamel enamel, a siliceous substance fusible upon metal. It may be so compounded as to be transparent or opaque and with or without color, but it is usually employed to add decorative color. It was used to decorate jewelry in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. pan filled with 50% ethanol on the soil surface and laying a blacklight bulb directly on the pan. These lights, surrounded by marsh vegetation, were not easily seen from any distance, but were, nevertheless, very effective in attracting specimens, including some species that most certainly flew from the mainland. Additional ly, Malaise traps A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure used for trapping flying insects particularly hymenoptera and diptera. The trap is a tent like structure made of a material such as terylene netting and can be various colours. and both baited and unbaited pitfall pit·fall n. 1. An unapparent source of trouble or danger; a hidden hazard: "potential pitfalls stemming from their optimistic inflation assumptions" New York Times. traps yielded specimens on the island. Baits included goat and human feces Human feces (also faeces — see spelling differences), also known as stools, vary significantly in appearance, depending on the state of the whole digestive system, influenced by diet and health. Normally they are semisolid, with mucus coating. and mammal mammal, an animal of the highest class of vertebrates, the Mammalia. The female has mammary glands, which secrete milk for the nourishment of the young after birth. carrion. Both cattle and hogs occurred sporadically on the island during the collecting period and fecal fecal /fe·cal/ (fe´k'l) pertaining to or of the nature of feces. fe·cal adj. Relating to or composed of feces. fecal pertaining to or of the nature of feces. material from these yielded numerous dung beetles dung beetle: see scarab beetle. dung beetle Any member of one subfamily (Scarabaeinae) of scarab beetles, which shapes manure into a ball (sometimes as large as an apple) with its scooperlike head and paddle-shaped antennae. They vary from 0. . As was indicated earlier, a set of voucher specimens has been placed in the insect collection at the University of Mississippi. RESULTS During this survey, specimens of at least 279 species (not all could be identified to species), representing 39 families, were collected. The number of beetle beetle, common name for insects of the order Coleoptera, which, with more than 300,000 described species, is the largest of the insect orders. Beetles have chewing mouthparts and well-developed antennae. families recognized has fluctuated considerably over the past several years because of both splitting and lumping. In the following list of species, however, a fairly conservative family classification is used, e.g. Scarabaeidae is used in the classical sense, as is Curculionidae. The primary exception to this is the inclusion of the alleculids and lagriids in the Tenebrionidae because of the general acceptance of this classification. Some families include both aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial species. The reader is directed to Lago and Testa (1989) for a discussion of the aquatic and semiaquatic beetles, except for the Dryopidae which was inadvertently omitted from that paper (but is listed below). Annotations in the following list include collection dates, collection sites and numbers of specimens examined. In those instances where three or more collection dates were available for a particular species, the dates are presented as a range without regard to year of collection as long as they appeared to represent continuous seasonal occurrence. If only two dates were available, they are listed separately, as are dates that were widely disjunct dis·junct adj. 1. Characterized by separation. 2. Music Relating to progression by intervals larger than major seconds. 3. . The abbreviation abbreviation, in writing, arbitrary shortening of a word, usually by cutting off letters from the end, as in U.S. and Gen. (General). Contraction serves the same purpose but is understood strictly to be the shortening of a word by cutting out letters in the middle, PCI (1) (Payment Card Industry) See PCI DSS. (2) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) The most widely used I/O bus (peripheral bus). refers to the island proper, as well as marsh habitats directly bordering the island. Although a few references are made to host plants, these are handpicking records as sweeping generally does not lend itself well to associating insects with food plants. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Anobiidae Ernobius parvus White. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen. Tricorynus sp. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Anthicidae Anthicus ephippium LaFerte-Senectere. PCI, 23 June, 4 specimens. Tomoderus sp. PCI, swept from vegetation near artesian pond, 23 June, 1 specimen. Vacusus vicinus (LaFerte-Senectere). PCI, 24 June, 2 specimens. Anthribidae Trigonorhinus sticticus (Boheman). PCI, 25 April--20 May, 8 specimens. Bruchidae Acanthoscelides floridae (Horn). PCI, 20 May--23 October, 3 specimens. Caryobruchus gleditsiae (L.). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Megacerus coryphae (Olivier). PCI, 24 June--17 August, 7 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 June--14 August, 6 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Buprestidae Anthaxia quercata (F.). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Taphrocerus agriloides Crotch. PCI, 25 June--23 October, 8 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 27 September, 1 specimen. Taphrocerus gracilis (Say). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 14 August--25 October, 9 specimens, 3 from Baccharis halimifolia. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 25 April--14 August, 10 specimens. Taphrocerus laevicollis LeConte. PCI, 12 May, 4 specimens. Taphrocerus schaefferi Nicolay & Weiss. PCI, 13 August, 2 specimens. Cantharidae Chauliognathus marginatus (F.). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 14 August, 1 specimen. Cantharis can·tha·ris n. pl. can·thar·i·des In both senses also called Spanish fly. 1. A brilliant green blister beetle (Lytta vesicatoria or Cantharis vesicatoria) of central and southern Europe. 2. sp-l. PCI, 24 April, 8 specimens. Cantharis sp-2. PCI, 24 April, 9 specimens. Carabidae Acupalpus pauperculus Dejean. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen, at black light. Acupalpus testaceus Dejean. PCI, 24 April, 12 August, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. Amblygnathus subtinctus (LeConte). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Agonum decorum DECORUM. Proper behaviour; good order. 2. Decorum is requisite in public places, in order to permit all persons to enjoy their rights; for example, decorum is indispensable in church, to enable those assembled, to worship. (Say). PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Agonum punctiforme (Say). PCI, 10 May, 23 June, 2 specimens. Anisodactylus dulcicollis (LaFerte-Senectere). PCI, 29 June, 1 specimen. Anisodactylus merula (Germar). PCI, 17 August, 3 specimens, in pit traps. Bembidion impotens Casey. PCI, 27 September, 2 specimens. Bembidion rapidum (LeConte). PCI, 27 September, 1 specimen. Bembidion viridicolle (LaFerte-Senectere). PCI, 10 May-12 August, 47 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 23 June-12 August, 6 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 12 August, 2 specimens. Brachinus quadripennis Dejean. PCI, 24 April-23 June, 3 specimens. Bradycellus rupestris (Say). PCI, 23 June, 15 August, 2 specimens. Calosoma sayi Dejean. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen, at black light.. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 5 specimens, at black light. Calosoma scrutator Scru`ta´tor n. 1. One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. (F.) PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen, at black light. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Chlaenius erythropus Gennar. PCI, 15 August, 17 August, 2 specimens, unbaited pitfall traps. Chlaenius maxillosus Horn. PCI, 12 August, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 4 specimens. The four "marsh" specimens of this very uncommon species were captured at a black light placed in a Distichlis meadow They were not actually captured in the pan of alcohol, but were found running on the wet surface of the soil near and under the pan. Cicindela dorsalis venusta LaFerte-Senectere. PCI, 26 June, 1 specimen, on sand beach southwest of Point Clear. Cicindela hamata Audouin & Brulle. PCI, 20 May-26 June, 57 specimens, on beach southwest of Point Clear. Cicindela punctulata Olivier. PCI, 24 June-17 August, 13 specimens. Cicindela severa LaFerte-Senectere. PCI, 24 June-17 August, 39 specimens. Occasionally specimens were collected as they ran on paths through grass at dusk, but most were taken at a black light run near the largest brackish pond near the middle of the island. Graves and Pearson (1973) list one Mississippi record for this species, stating "the Mississippi coast does not appear to be very suitable for this species." In our experience, however, Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands should be considered a reasonably good habitat for them. Cicindela togata LaFerte-Senectere. PCI, 26 June-12 August, 7 specimens, on sand beach southwest of Point Clear. Cicindela trifasciata ascendens LeConte. PCI, 26 June, 29 specimens, on beach southwest of Point Clear. Clivina americana Dejean. PCI, 23 June-15 August, 12 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. All specimens taken at black light. Elaphropus sp. PCI, 12 May-12 August, 2 specimens. Galerita lecontei Dejean. PCI, 23 June-15 August, 7 specimens. Most were taken at black light near Point Clear. Harpalus compar LeConte. PCI, near artesian pond, 23 June, 1 specimen. Harpalus texanus Casey. PCI, near artesian pond, 23 June, 2 specimens. Lebia analis Dejean. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. Lebia fuscata Dejean. PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Lebia viridipennis Dejean. PCI, 12 August-15 August, 4 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 3 specimens. Lebia viridis Say. PCI, 11 May-15 August, 4 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Loxandrus celeris Dejean. PCI, 23 June, 3 specimens. Loxandrus floridanus LeConte. PCI, 12 & 15 August, 4 males, plus 2 females that probably represent this species (23 June). 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 28 June, 1 male. Loxandrus sp-1. PCI, 23 June, 1 female. Megacephala carolina (L.). PCI, 23 June-17 August, 45 specimens. Commonly taken in pitfall traps and at black light. Notiobia terminata (Say). PCI, 24 April-24 June, 6 specimens. Panagaeus crucigerus Say. PCI, 23 June-15 August, 3 specimens, at black light. Paratachys sp. PCI, 24 April-15 August, 61 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 9 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 13 August, 21 specimens. Pasimachus sublaevis (Palisot de Beauvois Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot, Baron de Beauvois 27 July 1752 Arras - 21 January 1820 Paris, was a French naturalist. Palisot collected insects in Oware, Benin, Saint Domingue, and the United States, during the period 1786 – 1797. ). PCI, 24 June-17 August, 9 specimens. Of the 9 specimens, 7 were taken in pitfall traps. Pentagonica flavipes flavipes (LeConte). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Platynus cincticollis (Say). PCI, 24 April, 8 specimens. Pseudaptinus lecontei (Dejean). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Pterostichus ebeninus (Dejean). PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Scarites subterraneus F. PCI, 23 June, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Selenophorus granarius Dejean. PCI, 29 June-17 August, 5 specimens. Selenophorus fatuus (LeConte). PCI, 23 June-17 August, 9 specimens. Selenophorus maritimus Casey. PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Selenophorus opalinus (LeConte). PCI, 24 April-15 August, 6 specimens. Selenophorus palliatus (F.). PCI, 23 June-17 August, 18 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Stenocrepis duodecimstriata (Chevrolat). PCI, 10 May-17 August, 41 specimens. Stenolophus infuscatus (Dejean). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Stenolophus lecontei (Chaudoir). PCI, 24 April-12 August, 3 specimens. 1.5 ml SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. All specimens taken at black light. Stenolophus ochropezus (Say). PCI, 24 April, 13 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 2 specimens. All specimens taken at black light. Tachys sp. PCI, 12 August-15 August, 4 specimens. Tachyta nana Nana indictment of social decay during Napoleon III’s reign (1860s). [Fr. Lit.: Nana, Magill I, 638–640] See : Decadence Nana Newfoundland, nurse to the children. [Br. Lit.: J. M. inornata (Say). PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Tetragonoderus intersect In a relational database, to match two files and produce a third file with records that are common in both. For example, intersecting an American file and a programmer file would yield American programmers. us (Germar). PCI, 12 May-17 August, 31 specimens. One specimen was taken during a sweep of Baccharis halimifolia. This seemed an unusual place to find a typically nocturnal nocturnal /noc·tur·nal/ (nok-tur´n'l) pertaining to, occurring at, or active at night. noc·tur·nal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or occurring in the night. 2. , ground-inhabiting species. Zuphium sp. PCI, 12 August, 3 specimens. 1.5 ml SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 8 specimens. All specimens taken at black light. Cerambycidae Anelaphus pumilus (Newman). PCI, 24 April, 10 May, 2 specimens, at black light. Archodontes melanopus (L.). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Elaphidion mucronatum (Say). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Enaphalodes atomarius (Drury). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Goes tigrinus (DeGeer). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Hippopsis lemniscata (F.). PCI, 10 May, 1 specimen. Leptostylus albescens (Haldeman). PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen, at black light. Liopinus alpha (Say). PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen, at black light. Methia sp., prob. pusilla Newman. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Prionus pocularis Dalman. PCI, 24 June, 2 specimens, at black light. Chelonariidae Chelonarium lecontei Thomson. PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Chrysomelidae Acalymma vittata (F.). PCI, 24 April, 2 specimens. Alticia litigata Fall. PCI, 24 April-27 September, 7 specimens. Alticia sp. PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, or near. PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Chaetocnema sp. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Colaspisfavosa Say. PCI, 15 August, 2 specimens. Colaspis recurva Blake. PCI, 24 June, 3 specimens. Crepidodera bella Parry. PCI, 25 April, 1 specimen, swept from Distichlis meadow. Derospidea brevicollis (LeConte). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 14 May, 1 specimen, ex. Opuntia opuntia Any plant of the genus Opuntia, the largest genus of the cactus family. Native to the New World, it has characteristic small bristles with backward-facing barbs. sp. Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. PCI, 15 August-23 October, 13 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 14 August-25 October, 8 specimens. Specimens were occasionally taken from flowers of Baccharis halimifolia. Donacia cincticornis Newman. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Erynephala maritima (LeConte). PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. Exema canadensis Pierce. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 May, 27 September, 2 specimens. Exema gibber (F.). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 14 May, 1 specimen, ex. Opuntia sp. Floridocassis repudiata (Suffrian). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 2 specimens (1 female, 1 male). Lysathia ludoviciana (Fall). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 2 specimens. Metachroma lurida (Olivier). PCI, 29 June, 2 specimens. Metachroma orientale Blake. PCI, 10 May, 1 specimen. Ophraella notulata (F.). PCI, 25 April-23 October, 16 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April-25 October, 131 specimens, several series swept from Iva frutescens and Baccharis halimifolia. Pachybrachis vestigialis- Fall. 12 May-13 August, 5 specimens. Paria sp. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen, swept from Juncus roemerianus. Rhabdopterus sp. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen (female). Systena frontalis (F.). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 3 specimens. Trirhabda bacharidis (Weber). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 4 specimens. Cleridae Cregya oculata (Say). PCI, 29 June, 1 specimen. Isohydnocera aegra (Newman). PCI, 24 April-20 May, 4 specimens, 1 from Shrankia sp. and 1 swept from Distichlis meadow. 0.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen. Coccinellidae Chilocorus stigma (Say). PCI, 25 April, 1 specimen. Coccinella septempunctata Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or, in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or seven-spotted lady beetle), is the most common ladybird in Europe. L. PCI, 25 April, 1 specimen. Cycloneda san guinea san guinea (L.). PCI, 14 February-23 October, 56 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April-25 October, 8 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 3 specimens. Two specimens were swept from Baccharis halimifolia. Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. PCI, 23 June, 26 June, 2 specimens. Naemia seriata (Melsheimer). PCI, 14 February-19 October, 121 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May-25 October, 6 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June-14 August, 9 specimens. Three specimens of this common species were swept from Baccharis halimifolia. Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant). PCI, 29 June-15 August, 5 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 October, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 3 specimens. Psyllobora parvinotata Casey. PCI, 25 June, 1 specimen. Scymnus (Pullus) sp. PCI, 12 May-23 June, 4 specimens. Scymnus (Pullus) securus J. Chapin. PCI, 17 August, 3 specimens. Scymnus (Scymnus) indianensis Weise. PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Colydiidae Aulonium parallelopipedum (Say). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Cryptophagidae Cryptophilus integer integer: see number; number theory (Heer). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Curculionidae (not including aquatic species, see Lago and Testa, 1989) Agraphus bellicus (Say). PCI, 28 February-23 October, 6 specimens. Apion sp. PCI, 13 August, 1 specimen. Bans sp. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen, swept from Distichlis meadow. Conotrachelus posticatus Boheman. PCI, 29 June, 1. specimen. Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). PCI, 12 August-15 August, 4 specimens. Eudiagogus maryae Warner. PCI, 26 June, 2 specimens. Eudiagogus pulcher Fahraeus. PCI, 13 August-27 September, 6 specimens. Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi Fahraeus. PCI, 12 May-27 September, 4 specimens. Graphognathus peregrinus (Buchanan). PCI, 23 October, 3 specimens. Nicentrus sp. PCI, 12 May, 14 May, 2 specimens. Notiodes sp. PCI, 12 May, 6 specimens. Onychylis sp. PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Sibariops sp., or near. PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Sphenophorus coesifrons Gyllenhal. PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Tanymecus sp. PCI, 13 August, 1 specimen. Dryopidae (not included in Lago and Testa, 1989) Helichus lithophilus (Germar). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen, at black light. Elateridae Nearly all of the adult click beetles click beetle, common name for members of the widespread beetle family Elateridae. Also called elater beetle, the click beetle has a hinge across the front of the body that allows it to flex, and a spine-and-groove arrangement on the underside of the body that collected during this study were taken at black lights. Alaus myops (F.). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Aeolus scutellatus (Schaeffer). PCI, 23 June, 3 specimens. Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal). PCI, 17 August, 1 specimen. Conoderus auritus (Herbst). PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. Conoderus avers Avers is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. us (LeConte). PCI, 23 June-24 June, 9 specimens. Conoderus bellus (Say). PCI, May 11-23 June, 2 specimens. Conoderus falli Lane. PCI, May 10-15 August, 10 specimens. Conoderus lividus (DeGeer). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Conoderus scissus (Schaeffer). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 65 specimens. Conoderus vespertinus (F.). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Dipropus (Ischiodontus) soleatus (Say). PCI, 24 June, 12 August, 3 specimens. Glyphonyx nanus Smith & Balsbaugh. PCI, 11 May-23 June, 20 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Lanelater sallei (LeConte). PCI, May 12-24 June, 5 specimens. Megapenthes insignis LeConte. PCI, 24 June, 12 August, 2 specimens. Megapenthes rufilabris (Germar). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 12 specimens. Melanotus piceatus Blatchley. PCI, May 11, 2 specimens. Agrypnus rectangularis (Say). PCI, 17 August, 2 specimens. Neotrichophorus carolinensis (Schaeffer). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 10 specimens. Orthostethus infuscatus (Germar). PCI, 10 May, 12 August, 2 specimens. Erotylidae Ischyrus quadripunctatus quadripunctatus (Olivier). PCI, 10 May, 1 specimen, at black light. Heteroceridae All of the heterocerid specimens collected during this study were taken at black light. Neoheterocerus fatuus (Kiesenwetter). PCI, 9 May-15 August, 288 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 3 specimens. Neoheterocerus glicki (Pacheco). 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. Tropicus pusillus (Say). PCI, 10 May-15 August, 26 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 24 April-12 August, 10 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 8 specimens. Histeridae Hypocaccus fraternus (Say). PCI, 24 April-23 June, 11 specimens, 6 were taken from a rotting fish carcass carcass, carcase 1. the body of an animal killed for meat. The head, the legs below the knees and hocks, the tail, the skin and most of the viscera are removed. The kidneys are left in and in most instances the body is split down the middle through the sternum and the vertebral and 2 were found under dung DUNG. Manure. Sometimes it is real estate, and at other times personal property. When collected in a heap, it is personal estate; when spread out on the land, it becomes incorporated in it, and it is then real estate. Vide Manure. of something that had been eating crabs Crabs An informal or slang term for pubic lice. Mentioned in: Lice Infestation crabs Pubic lice, see there (probably raccoon raccoon, nocturnal New World mammal of the genus Procyon. The common raccoon of North America, Procyon lotor, also called coon, is found from S Canada to South America, except in parts of the Rocky Mts. and in deserts. ). Hydrophilidae Although the terrestrial members of this family are often associated with fecal material, all of the specimens collected during this study were taken at black lights. Cercyon praetextatus (Say). PCI, 10 May, 12 August, 15 August, 8 specimens. Cercyon mendax Smetana. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Languriidae Languria erythrocephalus Blatchley. PCI, 23 June, 2 specimens. Leiodidae Ptomaphagus consobrinus (LeConte). PCI, 28 February, 13 specimens, pitfall traps baited with human feces. Limnichidae Eulimnichus ater (LeConte). PCI, 15 August, 92 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. All specimens collected at black light Lycidae Celetes basalis LeConte. PCI, 24 April, 1 specimen. Melyridae Collops Collops are slices of meat. The term derives from the French escalope. In Elizabethan times, "collops" came to refer specifically to slices of bacon. On Shrove Monday, also known as Collop Monday balteatus LeConte. PCI, 24 April-15 August, 164 specimens. Very common on a variety of plants along the beach just southwest of Point Clear. Collops nigriceps (Say). PCI, 25 April-14 August, 21 specimens, 3 swept from Distichlis meadow, 1 was taken from Baccharis halimifolia. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 25 April, 14 August, 3 specimens. 0.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen. Temnopsophus bimaculatus Horn. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 14 May, 2 specimens. Mordellidae Mordella atrata Melsheimer. PCI, 12 May-23 October, 33 specimens, 5 of which were collected from flowers of Helenium Helenium North American genus of plants in the Asteraceae family; contain sesquiterpene lactones which cause a syndrome of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, incoordination, dyspnea. Includes H. amarum (H. tenuifolium), H. amarum. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Mordella marginata Melsheimer. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 27 September, 1 specimen. Mordellistena nigricans (Melsheimer) PCI, 23 June-15 August, 70 specimens. I mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 2 specimens. Baccharis halimifolia flowers yielded most specimens of this species. Mordellistena splendens Smith PCI, 23 June-15 August, 4 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 3 specimens. Mordellistena sp., near ambusta LeConte. PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. Mycetophagidae Typhaea stercorea (L.). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Nitidulidae Lobiopa insularis (LaPorte). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Carpophilus sp. PCI, 28 September, 1 specimen. Omosita colon (L.). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen, pitfall trap baited with human feces. Stelidota strigosa (Gyllenhal). PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. Phalacridae Genus genus, in taxonomy: see classification. genus Biological classification. It ranks below family and above species, consisting of structurally or phylogenetically (see and species undetermined-PCI, 25 April-15 August, 21 specimens, 14 of which were swept from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 12 August, 2 specimens. Platypodidae Platypus platypus (plăt`əpəs), semiaquatic egg-laying mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, of Tasmania and E Australia. Also called duckbill, or duckbilled platypus, it belongs to the order Monotremata (see monotreme), the most primitive group compositus Say. PCI, 23 June-24 June, 4 specimens, at black light. Rhipiphoridae Macrosiagon pectinata (F.). PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. Scarabaeidae Anomala flavipennis Burmeister. PCI, 15 August, 5 specimens, black light. Anomala innuba (F.). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen, black light. Anomala undulata Melsheimer. PCI, 24 April-23 June, 39 specimens, black light. Ataenius aequalis Harold. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen collected at black light. This is apparently only the second record for this species in the U.S., the first being from "Louisiana" (Cartwright, 1974). Ataenius cylindrus Horn. PCI, 17 August, 2 specimens, in pitfall traps baited with human feces. Ataenius imbricatus (Melsheimer). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 4 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 3 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Ataenius picinus Harold. PCI, 10 May-15 August, 13 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 2 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Ataenius platensis (Blanchard). PCI, 23 June-17 August, 16 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Seven specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with human feces, the remainder were collected at black light. Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman). PCI, 15 August, 5 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 5 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 2 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Ataenius strigatus (Say). PCI, 11 May-15 August, 11 specimens, 3 from pitfall traps baited with human feces, the remainder were collected at black light. Ateuchus lecontei (Harold). PCI, 29 June-19 October, 25 specimens, 3 from pitfall traps baited with goat dung, 21 from traps baited with human feces. Cyclocephala lurida Bland. PCI, 23 June-12 August, 11 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 3 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Cyclocephala nigricollis Burmeister. PCI, 23 June-12 August, 8 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 24 June, 1 specimen. All specimens were collected at black light. Dichotomius carolinus (L.). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen in pitfall trap baited with human feces. Diplotaxis subcostata Blanchard. PCI, 24 April, 20 May, 129 specimens. Most specimens were taken at black light, but two were collected as they fed on leaves of Quercus virginiana. Dyscinetus morator (F.). PCI, 24 April-15 August, 90 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 24 April, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 24 April-12 August, 12 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Euetheola humilis rugiceps (LeConte). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 17 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 4 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Geotrupes blackburnii excrementi Say. PCI, 28 February-19 October, 4 specimens, 1 ex. cow dung Noun 1. cow dung - a piece of dried bovine dung buffalo chip, cow chip, chip droppings, dung, muck - fecal matter of animals , 3 from pitfall traps baited with human feces. Ligyrus gibbosus (DeGeer). PCI, 15 August, 2 specimens, collected at black light. Martineziella dutertrei (Chalumeau This article is about the historical musical instrument. For other uses, see Chalumeau (disambiguation). The chalumeau (plural chalumeaux; from Greek: κάλαμος, kalamos ). PCI, 23 June-15 August, 63 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 2 specimens. All specimens were collected at black light. Omorgus monaciws (Herbst). 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen at black light. Onthophagus gazella (F.). PCI, 12 May-23 October, 131 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 34 specimens. Although most specimens of this species were taken at black light both on the island and in the marsh, 34 were collected in pitfall traps baited with human feces and a small series was collected from fresh pig dung on the island. Onthophagus hectate (Panzer). PCI, 12 May-19 October, 68 specimens, most of which were captured in pitfall traps baited with human feces, but a few specimens were collected in cattle dung. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 12 specimens, ex. pitfall traps baited with human feces. Onthophagus taurus Schreber. PCI, 17 August, 28 September, 2 specimens, pitfall traps baited with human feces. Onthophagus tuberculifrons Harold. PCI, 19 October, 1 specimen, ex. cattle dung. Parataenius simulator (Harold). PCI, 23 June--15 August, 6 specimens, at black light. Phyllophaga cupuliformis Langston. PCI, 24 April-11 May, 13 specimens, at black light. Phyllophaga dispar (Burmeister). PCI, 24 June, 4 specimens, at black light. Phyllophaga prununculina (Burmeister). PCI, 23 June-24 June, 14 specimens, at black light. Phyllophaga (Phytalus) obsoleta vanalleri (Schaeffer). 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. Platytomus longulus (Cartwright). PCI, 12 August, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June-12 August, 3 specimens. All specimens taken at black light. Polyphylla occidentalis (L.). PCI, 10 May-24 June, 3 specimens, at black light. Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte). PCI, 12 May, 5 specimens, pitfall traps baited with human feces. Serica parallela Casey. PCI, 24 April-20 May, 135 specimens, at black light. Strategus aloeus (L.). PCI, 23 June-24 June, 5 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. All specimens taken at black light Strategus antaeus (Drury). PCI, 23 June-17 August, 9 specimens, 3 of which were captured on separate occasions as they were walking along sandy paths on the island during mid-afternoon. Trigonopeltastes delta (Forster). PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen, in Malaise trap near center of island. Trox terrestris Say. PCI, 28 February, 13 specimens, 1 from a pitfall trap baited with goat dung, the remainder from traps baited with human feces. Of these specimens, two were taken near the artesian pond on the eastern end of the island, the remainder were collected near mid island. Trox variolatus Melsheimer. PCI, 28 February, 23 specimens, all taken in pitfall traps baited with human feces. Scolytidae Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff). PCI, 29 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.). PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen, at black light. Silphidae Necrodes surinamensis (F.). PCI, 24 April, 23 June, 2 specimens, at black light. Silvanidae Ahasverus advena (Waltl). PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Staphylinidae Aleochara lustrica Say. PCI, 17 August, 1 specimen, pit trap baited with human feces. Aleochara notula Erichson. PCI, 29 June 1 specimen, pit trap baited with human feces. Aleocharinae. Sp 1. Undetermined genus and species (2 specimens), April, PCI. Sp. 2. Undetermined genus and species (1 specimen), May, PCI. Anotylus sp. PCI, 28 February-29 June, 7 specimens from pit trap baited with human feces. Belonuchus sp. PCI 29 June, 1 specimen from pit trap baited with human feces. Bledius sp-1. PCI, 12 & 15 August, 2 specimens. Bledius sp-2. PCI, 23 June, 5 specimens. Bryoporus sp. PCI, 28 February, 1 specimen, from pit trap baited with goat dung. Carpelimus (or related genus). 31 specimens, not separated to species groups. Eupsenius rufus LeConte. PCI, 23 June, 2 specimens. Homaeotarsus sp-1. PCI, 11 May-15 August, 16 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Homaeotarsus sp-2. PCI, 23 June, 15 August, 3 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 2 specimen. Homaeotarsus sp-3. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Homaeotarsus sp-4. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Lobrathium sp-1. PCI, 29 April-15 August, 37 specimens. Lobrathium sp-2. PCI, 23 June-15 August, 31 specimens. Lobrathium sp-3. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. Lobrathium sp-4. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. Myrmecosaurus ferrugineus Bruch. PCI, 28 February, 1 specimen taken under bark of Magnolia grandiflora in association with ants. Neobisnius sp. PCI, 11 May, 15 August, 2 specimens. Nisaxis maritima Casey. PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. Nisaxis tomentosa (Aube). PCI, 24 April, 23 June, 2 specimens. Philonthus alumnus ALUMNUS, civil law. A child which one has nursed; a foster child. Dig. 40, 2, 14. Erichson. PCI, 11 May-15 August, 10 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 12 August, 4 specimens. Philonthus inquietus Erichson. PCI, 28 February, 12 May, 10 specimens, 1 from pit trap baited with human feces. Philonthus sp. PCI, 9 May-15 August, 55 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 12 August, 7 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 8 specimens. Pinophilus sp-1. PCI, 23 June, 12 & 15 August, 20 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 12 August, 10 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 6 specimens. Pinophilus sp-2. PCI, 10 May, 23 June, 2 specimens. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 12 August, 6 specimens. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 3 specimens. Osorius sp. PCI, 17 May, 1 specimen, pit trap baited with human feces. Oxytelus sp. PCI, 28 February, 2 specimens from pit trap baited with human feces. Reichenbachia puncticollis (LeConte). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Rugilus sp. 29 June, 15 August, 2 specimens, 1 from a pit trap baited with human feces. Scopaeus sp. PCI, 15 August, 1 specimen. 1 mi SSW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 12 August, 1 specimen. Tenebrionidae Alobates barbata Knoch. PCI, 10 May, 24 June, 2 specimens. Diaperis maculata Oliver. PCI, 19 October, 3 specimens. Gonwanocrypticus obsoletus (Say). PCI, 14 February-17 August, 10 specimens. A few of these ground inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. were collected in pitfall traps. Haplandrus atra (LeConte). PCI, 10 May, 1 specimen. Hymenorus curticollis Casey. PCI, 10 May, 1 specimen, at black light. Hymenorus dubius Fall. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Hymenorus heteropygus Fall. PCI, 23 June, 3 specimens, at black light. Hymenorus niger Melsheimer. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Hymenorus pilosa (Melsheimer). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Isomira pulla (Melsheimer). 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, 25 April, 1 specimen, ex. Iva frutscens. Platydema erythrocera LaPorte & Brulle. PCI, 19 October, 1 specimen. Schoenicus puberulus LeConte. PCI, 12 August, 1 specimen. Statira basalis Horn. PCI, 24 April, 7 specimens, at black light. Strongylium tenuicolle (Say). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen, at black light. Uloma mental is Horn. PCI, 19 October, 2 specimens. Ulus maritimus Casey. PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. DISCUSSION Results of this survey are difficult to compare to those of other coastal areas primarily because sampled habitats often differ greatly. In a study conducted in northeastern Florida, McCoy and Rey (1981) examined the terrestrial species of beetles associated with salt marshes. They listed 51 species (including several identified only to the generic level) in 23 families, numbers considerably smaller than we recorded in our study; however, their sampling was restricted to salt marsh habitat only, while our list includes the island fauna. We made no special effort to separate marsh samples from island samples, particularly because we collected extensively within the ecotone e·co·tone n. A transitional zone between two communities containing the characteristic species of each. [eco- + Greek tonos, tension, tone; see tone. between these two main habitats. Differences between the two lists appear to be due mostly to the extensive terrestrial habitat collecting conducted on Point Clear Island. Also, the Florida survey was done during daylight hours and with sweep nets a net for drawing over a large compass. See also: Sweep only, while we employed a much wider array of techniques, including night collecting. Neverthel ess, and not unexpectedly, the lists share many similarities. Of the 22 terrestrial families present in the Florida marshes (the 23rd family was Dytiscidae, an aquatic group), only Dermestidae, Latridiidae and Oedemeridae were absent from our list. These three families were represented by four species, but only one of these (Melanophthalma sp., Latridiidae) was particularly common. While future collecting on and around Point Clear Island will probably reveal the presence of these normally common families, and it is possible that any one of them may be common there from time to time, none fell prey to us during our sampling period. Eight of the 51 Florida species were found in the Point Clear area during the current study and 16 others were represented in our list by congeners. Major differences between families well represented in both areas were most apparent within the lists of weevils (Curculionidae), with only one congener congener /con·ge·ner/ (kon´je-ner) something closely related to another thing, as a member of the same genus, a muscle having the same function as another, or a chemical compound closely related to another in composition and exerting , and rove beetles (Staphylinidae), with no overlap. These diverse families are prob ably under-represented in both lists and we suspect the apparent discrepancies are attributable more to chance in collecting than to actual faunal fau·na n. pl. fau·nas or fau·nae 1. (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Animals, especially the animals of a particular region or period, considered as a group. 2. differences. In a somewhat more inclusive study, Davis (1978) presented a list of insects associated with the coastal zone of South Carolina. This survey encompassed marshes as well as beach habitats, and resulted in a list of 62 species of terrestrial beetles belonging to 20 families. The inclusion of beach habitats increased the general similarity between the South Carolina and Point Clear Island lists. As might be expected from localities this far distant from one another, species differences do occur, but basic familial familial /fa·mil·i·al/ (fah-mil´e-il) occurring in more members of a family than would be expected by chance. fa·mil·ial adj. and generic diversity between the two areas is quite similar. Four families [Eucinetidae, Lampyridae, Oedemeridae, Corylophidae (as Orthoperidae)], each represented by single species, included in the South Carolina list were not present in our samples, but only one of these was represented by a common species (Eucinetus strigosus LeConte). Perhaps the greatest discrepancy between the lists is the presence of at least 50 species of Carabidae in the Point Clear area while none is listed from South Carol ina. This must be the result of an inadvertent omission from the South Carolina paper. Davis and Gray (1966) studied salt marshes in North Carolina and found about nine species of beetles (three of which were listed as "sp."), representing six families, in their samples. Of the six specific species they listed, three occurred in our study area, and representatives of all of the other genera genera, in taxonomy: see classification. , except Cryptocephalus (Chrysomelidae), also occurred on or around Point Clear Island. Unlike the above mentioned studies, Richmond (1962, 1968) collected extensively in terrestrial habitats during his survey of the Horn Island (Jackson County Jackson County is the name of 23 counties and one parish in the United States:
cosmopolitan bionomics, environmental science, ecology - the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms in Mississippi, their absence from our samples is difficult to explain. The most reasonable explanation is that if they occurred on Point Clear Island, they were present in very low numbers during the sampling period and were simply missed. However, very distinct species differences do exist between the two islands. Richmond's study, as well as recent collections made on Horn Island, indicated numerous species occur there that do not occur on Point Clear. For example, Ataenius miamii (Cartwright), Cyclocephala setidiosa (LeConte), Ligyrus cunuculus (F.) and Odontopsammodius bidens (Horn) (Scarabaeidae) and Leichenum canaliculatus variegatum (Klug) (Tenebrionidae) are species occurring on Horn Island that have not been, or are rarely, collected anywhere else in Mississippi, and were not found on Point Clear Island during our sampling period. We believe that some of these differences are attributable to the presence of extensive, open, sandy habitats, including dunes, (see Richmond, 1962: figs 5-9) on Horn Island. By comparison, Point Clear Island is mostly vegetated. Outside of these habitat related differences, and those attributable to nearness to the mainland (greater species diversity in several families on Point Clear Island), the faunal li sts from the two islands are fairly similar, sharing 51 species. If the identity of all of the specimens collected by Richmond were known (47 were left as "sp."), that number would almost certainly be greater. The beetle fauna of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands is quite diverse, and is undoubtedly more so than is indicated in the above list. In a general survey, such as the one conducted here, it is nearly impossible for a group of collectors to accumulate representatives of every species of a group exhibiting the incredible diversity of habits and habitat use that beetles do, in a time as short as two years. However, we do believe that the variety of techniques we employed and the wide coverage of seasons and conditions in which we collected have yielded a strong representation of the beetle fauna of the study area. And with the recent news that most of the area is now under state control, this very interesting section of the Mississippi coastal marsh zone will be available to future investigators who wish to expand on our work or to examine any of the other myriad ecological facets associated with this unique environment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although most of the collecting done during this project was conducted on University of Mississippi property, the eastern two-thirds of Point Clear Island was privately owned during the sampling period and we thank Mrs. Mary B. Russ and Mr. N. E. Beckendorff for giving us permission to work in this area. Tommy and Ray Bordages provided boat launching facilities at their marina and were a constant source of useful information concerning the island, the marshes and the bayou system. As is generally true of any studies as broad as our survey many specialists were instrumental in helping us construct this faunal list, and we gratefully acknowledge their assistance. Identifications were verified or provided by: T.H. Atkinson, Dow AgroSciences Dow AgroSciences LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company specializing in not only agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, but also seeds and biotechnology solutions. The company is based in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the United States. (Scolytidae), G.E. Ball, University of Alberta (Carabidae); E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr., North Dakota State University North Dakota State University, at Fargo; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered and opened 1890 as North Dakota Agricultural College, achieved university status in 1960. (Chrysomelidae); W.F. Barr, University of Idaho The university was formed by the territorial legislature of Idaho on January 30, 1889, and opened its doors on October 3, 1892 with an initial class of 40 students. The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women. (Cleridae); J.M. Campbell, Agriculture Canada (Tenebrionidae); D.S D.S Drainage Structure (flood protection) . Chandler, University of New Hampshire New Hampshire, one of the New England states of the NE United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts (S), Vermont, with the Connecticut R. forming the boundary (W), the Canadian province of Quebec (NW), and Maine and a short strip of the Atlantic Ocean (E). (Anthicidae, Staphylinidae); J.B. Chapin, Louisiana State University Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and the main campus of the Louisiana State University System. (Coccinellidae); J.R. Dogger Dog´ger n. 1. (Naut.) A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch. 1. A sort of stone, found in the mines with the true alum rock, chiefly of silica and iron. , ARS, USDA USDA, n.pr See United States Department of Agriculture. (Elateridae); N.M. Downie, Lafayette, IN, (Mordellidae); R.D. Gordon, National Museum of Natural History For the museum in Manhattan, see . This article is about the museum in Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see National Museum of Natural History (disambiguation). The National Museum of Natural History (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae); D. Hildebrandt, University of Mississippi Medical Center University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMC) is the health sciences campus of the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). Located in Jackson, Mississippi (USA), it houses the Schools of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Health Related Professions, and Graduate Studies in the Health (Carabidae); F.T. Hovore, Placenta placenta (pləsĕn`tə) or afterbirth, organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It is a unique characteristic of the higher (or placental) mammals. In humans it is a thick mass, about 7 in. Canyon Nature Center (Cerambycidae); C.D. Johnson, Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University (NAU) is a public university in Flagstaff, Arizona in the United States. As of Fall 2007, the university has 21,352 students, 13,989 of these are situated in the main Flagstaff campus<ref name="Enrollment" />. (Bruchidae); P.J. Johnson, South Dakota State University South Dakota State University, at Brookings; land-grant support; coeducational; chartered 1883 as Dakota Agricultural College, opened 1884. In 1907 it became South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and in 1964 its present name was adopted. (Elateridae); J.M. Kings olver, ARS, USDA (various families); S.B. Peck, Carlton University (Leiodidae); E.G. Riley, Texas A&M University (Chrysomelidae); T.L. Schiefer, Mississippi State University Mississippi State University, at Mississippi State, near Starkville; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1878 as an agricultural and mechanical college, opened 1880. From 1932 to 1958 it was known as Mississippi State College. (Cerambycidae); A. Smetana, Agriculture Canada (Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae); C.A. Triplehom, Ohio State University Ohio State University, main campus at Columbus; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1873 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, renamed 1878. There are also campuses at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark. (Tenebrionidae); B.D. Valentine, Columbus, OH (Anthribidae); R.L. Westcott, Oregon Department of Agriculture (Buprestidae); R.E. White, ARS, USDA (Anobiidae, Chrysomelidae); D.R. Whitehead whitehead /white·head/ (hwit´hed) 1. milium. 2. closed comedo. white·head n. 1. , ARS, USDA (Curculionidae). LITERATURE CITED Davis, L.V. 1978. Class Insecta. Pages 186-220 in R.G. Zingmark, ed. An annotated checklist of the biota biota /bi·o·ta/ (bi-o´tah) all the living organisms of a particular area; the combined flora and fauna of a region. bi·o·ta n. The flora and fauna of a region. of the coastal zone of South Carolina. Univ. of South Carolina Pr., Columbia, SC. Davis, L.V., and I.E. Gray. 1966. Zonal and seasonal distribution of insects in North Carolina salt marshes. Ecolog. Monogr. 36:275-295. Eleutarius, L.N. 1972. The marshes of Mississippi. Castanea 37:153-168. Eleutarius, L.N. 1980. An illustrated guide to the tidal marsh plants of Mississippi and adjacent states. Alabama-Mississippi Sea Grant Consortium Publ. MASGP-77-039. 131 pp. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa, 1987. Insects of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County Hancock County is the name of ten counties in the United States. All are named for John Hancock who was a leader in the American Revolution. The counties are:
adj. Undergoing a metamorphosis that lacks a pupal stage. Used of certain insects. [hemi- + metabol(ic) + -ous. orders (Ephemeroptera, Odonata). J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 32:109-118. Lago, P.K., S. Tests, III, and M.E. Dakin, Jr. 1988. The insects of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County, Mississippi. II. Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Isoptera, and Embioptera. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 33:81-91. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa, III. 1989. The aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera and Coleoptera of Point Clear Island, Hancock County, Mississippi. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 34:33-38. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa, III. 1990. Notes on the biting flies (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Tabanidae) of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County Mississippi. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 35:59-63. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa. 2000. The terrestrial Hemiptera and auchenorrhynchous Homoptera of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County Mississippi. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 45:184-193. McCoy, E.D., and J.R. Rey. 1981. Terrestrial arthropods of northwest Florida salt marshes: Coleoptera. Florida Entomol. 64:405-411. Otvos, E.G., Jr. 1973. Geology of the Mississippi-Alabama coastal area and nearshore near·shore n. The region of land extending from the backshore to the beginning of the offshore zone. near zone. A guide book for the 1973 field trip of the New Orleans New Orleans (ôr`lēənz –lənz, ôrlēnz`), city (2006 pop. 187,525), coextensive with Orleans parish, SE La., between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, 107 mi (172 km) by water from the river mouth; founded Geological Society. New Orleans, LA. 67 pp. Richmond, E.A. 1962. The fauna and flora of Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. 1:59-106. Richmond, E.A. 1968. A supplement to the fauna and flora of Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. 2:213-254. Rings, R.W, and E.A. Richmond. 1953. Mosquito survey of Horn Island, Mississippi. Mosquito News 13:252-255. Smith, W.I., P. Nichols, Jr., L.B. Walton, and L.B. Hale. 1981. Soil survey of Hancock County, Mississippi. U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conserv. Ser. and Mississippi Agr. Forestry Exp. Sta. 103 pp. +40 maps. Paul K. Lago (1) (1.) Author for correspondence. Department of Biology, plago@olemiss.edu |
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