The impact of 200 series CB on C&C resistance of solid tire tread compound--part 1.Since the discovery of carbon black (CB) as a filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, for polymeric polymeric /poly·mer·ic/ (pol?i-mer´ik) exhibiting the characteristics of a polymer. pol·y·mer·ic adj. 1. Having the properties of a polymer. 2. materials, there have been many efforts to characterize this material in order to be able to know in advance the properties of the final composites. The dynamic mechanical properties (DMP DMP Dossier Médical Personnel (France) DMP Debt Management Plan DMP Debt Management Program DMP Digital Media Project DMP Dot Matrix Printer DMP Designated Mailer Protocol DMP Dynamic Multi-Pathing ) of rubber compounds are important for tire applications, as well as for other dynamic rubber products. Many studies on the DMPs of various rubber compounds have been reported, including the effect of the type and amount of polymers (refs. 1-3) and fillers (refs. 4-8), the interaction between polymers and fillers (ref. 7), the other compounding ingredients and the state of cure (refs. 9 and 10). Off the road solid tires, in comparison to the pneumatic tires Noun 1. pneumatic tire - a tire made of reinforced rubber and filled with compressed air; used on motor vehicles and bicycles etc pneumatic tyre bicycle wheel - the wheel of a bicycle , are bulky bulk·y adj. bulk·i·er, bulk·i·est 1. Having considerable bulk; massive. 2. Of large size for its weight: a bulky knit. 3. Clumsy to manage; unwieldy. , carry more load, move on irregular/rough surfaces and are subjected to diversified diversified (di·verˑ·s and complex degradation DEGRADATION, punishment, ecclesiastical law. A censure by which a clergy man is deprived of his holy orders, which he had as a priest or deacon. mechanisms while in use (service conditions). One of the major degradative mechanisms is cutting and chipping, which carries the attention of all solid tire manufacturers. Because of non-availability of an air cushion air cushion n. 1. Trapped air that supports a vehicle a short distance above the surface of land or water. 2. A device that uses trapped air to absorb the shock of motion, especially in vehicles. Also called air spring. , a solid tire tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. plays a dual role of extending abrasion abrasion /abra·sion/ (ah-bra´zhun) 1. a rubbing or scraping off through unusual or abnormal action; see also planing. 2. a rubbed or scraped area on skin or mucous membrane. resistance, as well as rigidity rigidity /ri·gid·i·ty/ (ri-jid´i-te) inflexibility or stiffness. clasp-knife rigidity . A solid tire tread gets cut upon striking sharp objects with a heavy load or force. Usually, chipping follows the cut and is a secondary effect. The factors responsible for cutting and chipping behavior of solid tire treads can be classified into two groups, including uncontrollable, i.e., nature of terrain, working environmental conditions and services, and controllable, i.e., compound properties, manufacturing formulations and raw material properties. Very limited published information is available on the studies of cut and chip behavior of solid tire tread compounds. Among the ingredients used for making solid tread compounds, polymer and filler play a major role, apart from the manufacturing condition. Schwarz Schwarz is a common surname, derived from the German schwarz, meaning black. It may refer to: People
n.pl complex, insoluble, sticky substances secreted by plants. Used as astringents, antimicrobials, and antiinflammatories, and are burned as incense. Can cause oral ulcers and epidermal irritations. and modifications to the cure system were also evaluated, along with polymer variables, in a model compound. Wolff Wolff , Kaspar Friedrich 1733-1794. German anatomist noted for his pioneering work in embryology. His chief work, Theoria Generationis (1759), refuted the theory of preformation, which held that the embryo is a fully formed miniature adult. (ref. 12) observed improvement in OTR OTR Over The Road (truckers) OTR Other OTR Old Time Radio OTR On The Road OTR Off the Record OTR Outer OTR Over The Rainbow OTR Office of Tax and Revenue OTR Over-The-Rhine tire tread properties with increasing mixing temperature and reaction time, which helps in improvement of filler-rubber and rubber-rubber interaction. Improvement of cutting and crack resistance was observed with the help of dual phase filler in NR compounds (refs. 13-15). Addition of petroleum resin resin, any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Resins are found in nature and are chiefly of vegetable origin. They are typically light yellow to dark brown in color; tasteless; odorless or faintly aromatic; translucent or transparent; brittle, fracturing to a solid tire tread improved the C&C index (ref. 16). The use of oil extended SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication (OESBR) in agricultural tire treads resulted in improvement of cut and chip properties (ref. 17). The performance and life of tires were improved by adjusting the crosslinking network structure of the tire tread with the curing system, which increases the crosslinking density (ref. 18). Replacement of carbon black with amorphous Unorganized or vague. A lack of structure. For example, the amorphous state of a spot on a rewritable optical disc means that the laser beam will not be reflected from it, which is in contrast to a crystalline state which will reflect light. See crystalline. silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. in a NR/BR tread formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation improved the tread cut resistance. For off-the-road tire compounds, properties required are tear strength, tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. , modulus See modulo. , abrasion resistance and cut and chip resistance (ref. 19). Both filler as well as polymer play a major role apart from the chemicals and manufacturing conditions. Considering the load bearing capacity and environmental conditions under which solid tires are exposed, they have to be very tough under dynamic conditions. Therefore, the fillers should be highly reinforcing in nature. In the present work, the cure characteristics, crosslink structure, physical properties and dynamic mechanical properties (DMPs) of carbon black (N220, N231 and N234) filled natural robber (NR) and SBR vulcanizates cured with conventional (CV) and semi-efficient (SEV SEV Severity SEV Schienenersatzverkehr (German: Rail-Substitution-Traffic; by Bus During Engineering Works) SEV State Equalized Value SeV Sendai Virus SEV Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins (Switzerland) ) cure systems, along with silica replacement (10 phr), were investigated. Experimental The selections of the formulations have been done on the basis of the common solid tire tread formulations being practiced as well as from the literature available. The polymers selected were NR (Natural Rubber ISNR ISNR International Society for Neuronal Regulation 3 CV) and SBR-1502. The addition of different ingredients has been done with the general practice of tire manufacturers. Details of the formulations and mixing conditions are given in table 2. We have used a 1.5 L internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. for both stages (masterbatch and final batch) of mixing. Final sheeting was done using an open two-roll mill (6" diameter x 13" width). Curing of the compounds was done (after eight hours cooling at room temperature 23[+ or -]3[degrees]C) in a 180 MT curing press using hard chrome (jargon) chrome - (From automotive slang via wargaming) Showy features added to attract users but contributing little or nothing to the power of a system. "The 3D icons in Motif are just chrome, but they certainly are *pretty* chrome!" plated molds (152 x 152 x 1.90 mm size) as per ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials D 412. The three carbon blacks were characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. physico-chemically following the ASTM standard methods. Table 1 shows the major properties of all three carbon blacks, along with the test methods adopted for the analysis. The equipment used for physico-chemical and compound property characterization A rather long and fancy word for analyzing a system or process and measuring its "characteristics." For example, a Web characterization would yield the number of current sites on the Web, types of sites, annual growth, etc. of carbon black and rubber vulcanizates include: Oil absorption (Brabender OAN OAN Oregon Association of Nurserymen OAN Optical Access Network OAN On Another Note OAN Open Austrian Network OAN Optical Access Node OAN Operational Area Networks OAN Overshoot Amplitude Noise OAN Online Account Number OAN Open Aggregate Navigation machine, with DADS software from Hitec); [N.sub.2] surface area (Quantachrome); aggregate size (Bi-DCR Brookhaven Brookhaven. 1 City (1990 pop. 10,243), seat of Lincoln co., SW Miss.; inc. 1859. It is situated in a dairy, timber, and farm area. Oil and gas fields are nearby. The city's manufactures include wood products, apparel, lumber, wire cloth, and asphalt. Instruments); tint 1. TINT - Interpreted version of JOVIAL. [Sammet 1969, p. 528]. 2. tint - hue (Erichsen Tint Tester); toluene toluene (tōl`y  ēn') or methylbenzene (mĕth'əlbĕn`zēn), C7H8 discoloration dis·col·or·a·tion n. 1. a. The act of discoloring. b. The condition of being discolored. 2. A discolored spot, smudge, or area; a stain. Noun 1. (Shimadzu UV spectrophotometer spectrophotometer, instrument for measuring and comparing the intensities of common spectral lines in the spectra of two different sources of light. See photometry; spectroscope; spectrum. ); Mooney Mooney is family name, which is probably predominantly derived from the Irish Ó Maonaigh. It can also be spelled Moony, Meaney, Mauney, Moon, Money. The word can refer to: Companies
Meaney spelling Instrument for measuring the viscosity (resistance to internal flow) of a fluid. In one type, the time taken for a given volume of fluid to flow through an opening is recorded. , (MV 2000) and rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. (MDR MDR, n See multidrug resistance. MDR, n the abbreviation for minimum daily requirement, specifically the Minimum Daily Requirements for Specific Nutrients compiled by the United States Food and Drug Administration. 2000, Alpha Technologies USA); hardness (IRHD IRHD International Rubber Hardness Degree , Wallace Wal·lace , Alfred Russel 1823-1913. British naturalist who developed a concept of evolution that paralleled the work of Charles Darwin. ); tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. tester (Zwick Zwick is a surname. The name is believed to originate from the town of Zwickau, Germany.
n/v 1. a recovery from illness. n 2. an outbreak of fresh reflex activity after withdrawal of a stimulus rebound adjective resilience resilience (r  ·zilˑ·yens),n (Zwick 5109); tan [delta] and heat buildup build·up also build-up n. 1. The act or process of amassing or increasing: a military buildup; a buildup of tension during the strike. 2. at different temperatures (Goodrich Goodrich is a surname, and may refer to:
The formulations were designed on the basis of varying the loading of different grades of CB in a NR formulation and based on the optimized cut and chip properties, with other parameters like change of polymer, curing system and partial silica replacement done for other formulations. In total, 33 formulations were studied. C&C tester A BF Goodrich cut and chip tester was used that provides relative information on the service life of the tire treads subject to severe conditions (ref. 20). The test piece consists of a compression molded mold 1 n. 1. A hollow form or matrix for shaping a fluid or plastic substance. 2. A frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped. 3. Something that is made in or shaped on a mold. rubber annulus annulus /an·nu·lus/ (an´u-lus) pl. an´nuli [L.] anulus. an·nu·lus or an·u·lus n. pl. an·nu·lus·es or an·nu·li A circular or ring-shaped structure. 5.08 cm in diameter and 1.27 cm wide, with a 1.27 cm concentric Coming from the center, or circles within circles. For example, tracks on a hard disk are concentric. Tracks on optical media are concentric or spiral shaped (in a coil) depending on the type. hole at the center. Test pieces were placed into the mold mold, name for certain multicellular organisms of the various classes of the kingdom Fungi, characteristically having bodies composed of a cottony mycelium. The colors of molds are caused by the spores, which are borne on the mycelium. , pre-heated to curing temperature, and cured at the appropriate time and temperature. After removal from the mold and cooling, samples were carefully trimmed. The weight of the test piece was recorded to an accuracy of 0.0000 grams and the outer diameter was measured with a caliper caliper Instrument that consists of two adjustable legs or jaws for measuring the dimensions of material parts. Spring calipers have an adjusting screw and nut; firm-joint calipers use friction at the joint to hold the legs unmoving. device to an accuracy of 0.00 cm. The measurements obtained were weight loss in grams (CWL CWL Catholic Women's League CWL Campus Wide Login CWL Center for Writing and Learning CWL Concealed Weapons License CWL Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom - Cardiff-Wales (Airport Code) CWL Congestion Window Limit CWL Crying With Laughter ) and diameter reduction in millimeters (CRD CRD See Central Registration Depository (CRD). ) after a specified test time (minutes). Results and discussion The results of the compounds tested (F1-F33) are shown in tables 3A-3C. Compound viscosity (ASTM D1646, at 100[degrees]C) The rate of increase of viscosity with filler loading was found to be minimum in the case of N231, because of lower structure (OAN value 93.2 cc/100g). Mostly, viscosity of the compounds is controlled by the structure of carbon black. The rate of viscosity increase with loading was highest with N234, which has the highest structure among the three carbon blacks (ref. 21). In the presence of silica, viscosity reduction was mostly due to reduction in filler structure (ref. 22). A viscosity reduction was also seen with the SEV cure system. The viscosity of SBR is 51 and the viscosity of NR is 68. The lower viscosity of SBR resulted in better mixing of ingredients used for compounding, compared to the higher viscosity of NR. In SBR, the replacement of carbon black with silica did not give additional advantage and the curing system had little effect (viscosity will increase only at a higher amount of silica, such as 60 phr (ref. 23). Mooney scorch (ASTM D1646, at 138[degrees]C) The decrease of the [T.sub.5] scorch value with increase of carbon black loading was due to the linear relationship of CB loading with viscosity. Viscosity was increased due to increased CB loading, which caused the [T.sub.5] value to decrease. In the presence of silica, [T.sub.5] was increased due to a drop in viscosity of the compound. However, the replacement of NR with SBR did not show a similar trend, which is possibly due to the inherent characteristics of SBR. For [T.sub.35] scorch, the trend remains almost identical to the [T.sub.5] observations for all three carbon black grades, as well as silica-replaced compounds, under different curing systems. [T.sub.90]--optimum cure time (ASTM D6204, at 145[degrees]C) There was no impact of CB loading on [T.sub.90] values for all three CB grades, as [T.sub.90] is dependent mostly on cure characteristics that remained identical for all the formulations. The impact of accelerator accelerator: see particle accelerator. (1) A key combination such as Alt-G or Ctrl-Shift H that is used to activate a task. (2) An incubator that expects to develop the company considerably faster than normal. See incubator. could be observed only in [T.sub.90], because of accelerated crosslinking. However, the presence of SBR made the compound slow to cure, which may be due to its lower viscosity. MH--maximum torque (ASTM D6204, at 145 [degrees] C) The maximum torque value increased with CB loading, but gets saturated saturated /sat·u·rat·ed/ (sach´ah-rat?ed) 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance. , which is a common phenomenon. Higher MH values were observed with N234, which is possibly due to its higher CTAB CTAB Clear to auscultation bilaterally, see there value combined with higher OAN. The reduction in MH value observed due to addition of silica is because of reduction in viscosity (ref. 24). Hardness--IRHD (ASTM D1415) IRHD hardness measurements indicated that, in general, this property tends to increase with the amount of reinforcement reinforcement /re·in·force·ment/ (-in-fors´ment) in behavioral science, the presentation of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of subsequent responses, whether positive to desirable events, or properties of filler (ref. 25). Aggregate size and aggregate size distribution can achieve it (although, in the case of N220, the [DELTA] d50 is large at 78 nm, but iodine value The iodine value (or "iodine adsorption value" or "iodine number") in chemistry is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance. An iodine solution is yellow/brown in color and any chemical group in the substance that reacts with iodine will and [N.sub.2]SA are high at 123.5 and 118.2 [m.sup.2]/gm respectively). The drop in hardness value when changing the curing system from CV to SEV, in both NR and SBR, is possibly because of lower crosslink density. The presence of silica did not contribute to hardness in NR; whereas, in SBR formulations, it had a positive impact for all the grades of CB used for this study. 300% modulus (ASTM D412) Modulus of the compound is dependent on crosslinking and the filler structure (both primary and secondary), keeping other variables constant. Compared to OAN, which is an expression of both primary and secondary structure, compressed OAN (COAN COAN Change of Address Notification (Canada Post Corporation) COAN Computer Association of Nigeria COAN Comptroller Office Automation Network ) reflects only the primary structure and has more relevance (ref. 26). Sometimes the difference between COAN and OAN, which reflects the amount of secondary structure, plays a negative role for dynamic properties of the compound. In the present study, we have observed that 300% modulus was high in the case of N220. Although N234 has marginally higher COAN and higher OAN, it did not give the highest modulus. The possible reason is the presence of higher secondary structure that got damaged during the mixing of compounds and played no role at the time of vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. . Therefore, N220 has shown higher modulus. For modulus, it is not only COAN that is important, but also [N.sub.2]SA (higher for N220) contributes to some extent (ref. 27). Tensile strength (ASTM D412) Tensile strength of the compounds was found to show an initial increase, followed by a drop in value, with increase of carbon black loading (ref. 28). Changing the curing system to SEV improved tensile strength, but the presence of silica did not have any significant effect (ref. 29). In SBR-1502, we observed that the presence of silica had a significant contribution in N220 grade. Elongation at break (ASTM D412) Elongation at break is always negatively correlated cor·re·late v. cor·re·lat·ed, cor·re·lat·ing, cor·re·lates v.tr. 1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. to tensile strength and modulus. Therefore, with increasing CB loading, the elongation at break decreases. N231, which had the lowest modulus, showed higher elongation at break because of lower COAN. Abrasion loss (ASTM D5963) Abrasion loss is mostly controlled by the tint property of carbon black (ref. 30). With narrower panicle size distribution, the abrasion loss will be minimal. CB grade N234 was found to have the lowest abrasion loss in all formulations and had the highest tint (124.0) and CTAB (l 18.3 [m.sup.2]/g) values. For abrasion loss, iodine iodine (ī`ədīn, –dĭn) [Gr.,=violet], nonmetallic chemical element; symbol I; at. no. 53; at. wt. 126.9045; m.p. 113.5°C;; b.p. 184.35°C;; sp. gr. 4.93 at 20°C;; valence −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. number and N[.sub.2]SA also play a role. Rebound resilience (ASTM D1054) The drop of resilience with increase of carbon black content (ref. 31) may be due to the maximum attainment of elasticity. The carbon black loading in the present experiment was beyond the optimum level for resilience, keeping in mind the solid tire tread compound formulation. Cut and chip resistance Weight loss The results for the three CB grades shown in figure 1 indicate: [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] * As the CB loading increased, the weight loss reached a minimum and then increased. * Among the three carbon blacks, N220 gave slightly lower weight loss after 10 minutes testing. With subsequent exposure to cutting and chipping, weight loss was found to be minimal with N234. * Changing the curing system to SEV did not appear to have much effect overall. * Addition of silica increased the weight loss. * Overall, N234 in combination with the SEV curing system gave the lowest weight loss after 30 minutes testing (compound F28). * On changing the base polymer to SBR, the trend of weight loss remained identical for all the carbon blacks, but the minimum loss was found without silica. The addition of silica in the NR and SBR formulations made the compound less cut and chip resistant. Diameter loss The diameter loss results (figure 2) for all three CB grades show: [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] * With increasing carbon black loading, the reduction in diameter initially decreases then remains almost constant with time. * After 10 minutes testing, N231 showed higher diameter reduction compared to the other two grades, and N220 was found to be minimal; whereas after 30 minutes testing, N234 gave the minimum reduction in diameter. * Changing the curing system did not have any significant impact on diameter reduction. * Addition of silica increased the reduction in diameter. * Diameter reduction was less when changing the base polymer to SBR from NR, except for N234. * With some silica replacing CB in SBR, the diameter reduction increased, but upon changing the curing system to SEV, it decreased to some extent. Heat build-up build·up also build-up n. 1. The act or process of amassing or increasing: a military buildup; a buildup of tension during the strike. 2. (ASTM D623) The heat build-up study was done at three different temperatures of testing, i.e., 25 [degrees] C, 70 [degrees] C and 100 [degrees] C. The results are shown in figure 3 for all three CB grades, and the observations include: [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] * With the increasing of carbon black loading, heat build-up increased irrespective of irrespective of prep. Without consideration of; regardless of. irrespective of preposition despite the grade of carbon black, for all three testing temperatures. However, the rate of rise was more at lower test temperature than in comparison to higher temperature. * There was no significant difference among the three carbon black grades in terms of heat build-up value. * On changing the curing system to SEV, a drop in heat build-up was observed. * Replacement of carbon black with 10 phr of silica further reduced the heat build-up. With changing the curing system to SEV, the heat build-up was found to be minimal with all three carbon black grades. The lowest heat build-up was recorded in the NR formulation with 10 phr of silica and SEV curing. N220 was lowest, followed by N234 and N231. * With changing the polymer from NR to SBR 1502, heat build-up was found to increase with all three carbon black grades at all three temperatures of testing. With 10 phr of silica, the heat build-up decreased for all test temperatures. But on changing the curing system to SEV, a decrease in heat build-up value was observed for all three CB grades. Tan [delta] (ASTM D623, 10 Hz, 10% strain) The results are shown in figure 4 for all three CB grades. All the compounds were tested for tan [delta] values at the temperatures of 25 [degrees] C, 70 [degrees] C and 100 [degrees] C. Results show: [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] * Although only a minor difference was observed among the three carbon black grades (at three different temperatures) for the tan [delta] values, N234 gave the minimum value. * With increasing carbon black loading, the tan [delta] value was found to increase for all three carbon black grades. * Upon changing the curing system from CV to SEV, the tan [delta] value increased slightly for N220 and N231 but reversed for N234. * Replacement of CB with 10 phr of silica decreased the tan [delta] values in CV curing. * Changing the base polymer from NR to SBR increased the tan [delta] for N220 and N231, but decreased it for N234. The combination of NR as base polymer and 10 phr replacement of silica gave the optimum tan [delta] values. N234 CB gave the minimum, followed by N220 and N231. Tear strength (ASTM D624) Tear strength results are shown in figure 5 for all three CB grades. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Effect of carbon black With the increase of carbon black loading, the tear strength showed an initial increase, followed by a drop in value for all three carbon blacks (ref. 28). Also, tear strength was maximum in the case of N220, followed by N234 and N231. Effect of curing system Changing the curing system from CV to SEV showed an increase in tear strength with N234 and N220, whereas N231 showed the reverse trend. Effect of silica The presence of silica in both CV and SEV cure systems showed increased tear strength (ref. 29) with N220 and N234, but the trend was reversed with N231. Effect of polymer With all three carbon blacks, tear strength increased with a change of base polymer from NR to SBR 1502. Conclusion An attempt has been made to understand the impact of the control variables like the curing system, partial replacement of carbon black with silica and change of base polymer from NR to SBR, with the application properties of the compound having three carbon blacks belonging to the 200 series, i.e., N220, N231 and N234, in solid tire tread formulations. The properties that benefited from the change to an SEV curing system were tensile strength, tear strength and heat build-up. The properties that showed negative impact were hardness and tan [delta] values. The SEV curing system had no impact on the cut and chip behavior of the compounds. With the presence of silica, the viscosity was lower with all CB grades. This may be due to the nature of silica, where the filler-rubber interaction is comparatively less than the CB. A low London London, city, Canada London, city (1991 pop. 303,165), SE Ont., Canada, on the Thames River. The site was chosen in 1792 by Governor Simcoe to be the capital of Upper Canada, but York was made capital instead. London was settled in 1826. dispersive dispersive /dis·per·sive/ (-per´siv) 1. tending to become dispersed. 2. promoting dispersion. component and a high polar component characterize surface energetics en·er·get·ics n. (used with a sing. verb) 1. The study of the flow and transformation of energy. 2. The flow and transformation of energy within a particular system. of silicas. The high polar component leads to strong interactions among silica particles <onlyinclude> This is a list of particles in particle physics, including currently known and hypothetical elementary particles, as well as the composite particles that can be built up from them. ; on the other hand, the low London dispersive component causes weak filler-rubber interactions. On the other hand, silica enhances the tear strength and prolongs the cure time (ref. 30). For silica filled rubber systems, the rubber/filler interactions play a major role in improvement of DMPs, like heat build-up and tan [delta] and are most likely controlled by the introduction of coupling agent (refs. 31 and 32). Cut and chip performance deteriorated in the presence of silica, which may be due to the chemical bonding between silica and rubber molecules enhancing the chain scission scis·sion n. 1. A separation, division, or splitting, as in fission. 2. See cleavage. during the deformation deformation /de·for·ma·tion/ (de?for-ma´shun) 1. in dysmorphology, a type of structural defect characterized by the abnormal form or position of a body part, caused by a nondisruptive mechanical force. 2. of filled vulcanizates. The surface characteristics of silica after silane silane or silicon hydride Any of a series of inorganic compounds of silicon and hydrogen with covalent bonds and the general chemical formula SinH(2n + 2). treatment leads to an increase of the crosslink density of the silica/rubber composites compared to that of untreated silica/rubber composites. This results in increased tearing increased tearing Hyperlacrimation energy of the composites, which then leads to an increase in the mechanical properties. The role of SBR, in place of NR, could not be found beneficial with respect to cut and chip behavior of the compound, although it had a positive impact on tear strength in the present study. SBR is amorphous in nature and does not undergo strain-induced crystallization Crystallization The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapor, or a different solid phase. Crystallization from solution is an important industrial operation because of the large number of materials marketed as crystalline particles. like NR, but it responds positively to filler reinforcement to a greater degree. In conclusion, it was found that the combination of N234 carbon black, NR base polymer, 10 phr silica replacement and the SEV curing system gave the optimum cut and chip weight loss and reduction in diameter. Using the statistical analytical analytical, analytic pertaining to or emanating from analysis. analytical control control of confounding by analysis of the results of a trial or test. tools like cluster and factor analysis, these data have been analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. to understand observations, forming them into groups, where members of the groups share properties in common. This analysis will be discussed in the May, 2005 issue. Table 1--physico-chemical properties of carbon blacks Physico-chemical Units of ASTM properties measure method N220 N231 N234 Iodine adsorption mg/kg D 1510 123.5 121.3 122.4 CTAB [m.sup.2]/g D 3765 110.9 106.3 118.3 [N.sub.2]SA [m.sup.2]/g D 6556 118.2 110.8 120.2 Tint strength % ITRB3 D 3265 115.0 116.2 124.3 Aggregate size nm 78 60 67 OAN (oil absorp. no.) cc/100g D 2414 114.6 93.2 124.8 COAN cc/100g D 3493 99.1 84.8 102.5 (compressed OA) Table 2--formulation details and mixing conditions S1 Ingredients Phr No. Formulation no. F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 1 CB-N220 50 55 60 65 70 65 Formulation no. F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 1 CB-N231 50 55 60 65 70 70 Formulation no. F23 F24 F25 F26 F27 F28 1 CB-N234 50 55 60 65 70 70 2 NR 100 100 100 100 100 100 3 SBR 1502 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 Silica -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 Si-69 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 Zinc oxide 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 TDQ A.O. 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 6PPD A.O. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 10 Aromatic oil 6 7.5 9 11 12 11 11 CBS Accel. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.5 12 Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 S1 Ingredients Phr No. Formulation no. F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 1 CB-N220 55 55 65 55 55 Formulation no. F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 1 CB-N231 60 60 70 60 60 Formulation no. F29 F30 F31 F32 F33 1 CB-N234 60 60 70 60 60 2 NR 100 100 -- -- -- 3 SBR 1502 -- -- 100 100 100 4 Silica 10 10 -- 10 10 5 Si-69 2 2 -- 2 2 6 Zinc oxide 5 5 5 5 5 7 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 2 8 TDQ A.O. 1 1 1 1 1 9 6PPD A.O. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 10 Aromatic oil 11 11 11 11 11 11 CBS Accel. 0.8 1.5 1.8 0.9 1.8 12 Sulfur 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.2 Mixing conditions: Start temp.: 50[degrees]C, RPM 70, fill factor 80% First stage: Sequence 0-01:00 min.:sec. Add rubber 01:01-02:00 1/2 CB + ZnO + stearic acid 02:01-03:00 Add remaining CB + oil 03:01-03:30 Sweep 03:40 Dump and sheet it out Dump temp: 125[degrees]C-130[degrees]C; maturation period: two hrs. at 25[+ or -]3[degrees]C Second stage: Sequence 0-00:30 min.:sec, Warm masterbatch 00:31-01:30 Add curatives 01:31-01:40 Sweep 01:45 Dump and sheet it out Cool at room temperature (25[+ or -]3[degrees]C); dump temp.: 95[degrees]C-100[degrees]C Table 3A--compound properties--N220 carbon black N231 CB 50 55 60 65 Silica -- -- -- -- Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV CV CV CV Formula no. F1 F2 F3 F4 Viscosity 59.9 77.1 75.1 85.5 t5 scorch 6.48 6.02 5.46 5.04 t35 scorch 8.42 7.56 7.48 7.06 tc90 cure time 19.07 19.12 18.58 19.11 MH (max. torque) 12.71 14.36 15.00 15.38 IRHD hardness 63 66 68 69 300% modulus 9.83 11.13 11.65 12.14 Tensile strength 22.40 23.30 21.64 20.81 Tear strength 56 61 65 62 Elongation at break 558 548 528 502 Abrasion loss 0.0936 0.0984 0.0992 0.0960 Rebound 42.5 36.9 35.4 32.7 CWL 10 min. 1.9484 1.8463 1.8810 1.8449 CWL 20 min. 3.3967 3.2288 3.2016 3.2497 CWL 30 min. 4.1703 3.7251 3.5163 3.5219 CRD 10 min. 3.96 3.59 3.22 3.96 CRD 20 min. 7.80 6.82 6.84 7.10 CRD 30 min. 11.44 8.50 8.06 8.09 HBU at 25[degrees]C 51 55 68 78 HBU at 70[degrees]C 28 37 43 49 HBU at 100[degrees]C 39 41 44 44 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.218 0.229 0.257 0.284 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.158 0.180 0.212 0.226 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.163 0.176 0.198 N231 CB 70 65 55 55 Silica -- -- 10 10 Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV SEV CV SEV Formula no. F5 F6 F7 F8 Viscosity 87.5 69.2 58.7 53.4 t5 scorch 4.57 5.58 8.24 7.37 t35 scorch 7.03 8.02 10.32 10.09 tc90 cure time 19.13 11.57 22.18 15.17 MH (max. torque) 15.31 15.38 13.76 13.27 IRHD hardness 73 67 68 67 300% modulus 12.60 19.79 9.87 10.78 Tensile strength 20.39 20.53 18.91 21.16 Tear strength 62 68 64 66 Elongation at break 485 556 527 573 Abrasion loss 0.1060 0.0981 0.1055 0.1066 Rebound 30.0 32.5 31.4 34.4 CWL 10 min. 2.0366 1.8489 2.3357 2.2130 CWL 20 min. 3.3608 3.1557 3.7600 3.4759 CWL 30 min. 3.8321 3.8631 4.5808 3.8740 CRD 10 min. 4.02 3.76 4.47 4.34 CRD 20 min. 7.24 6.88 8.39 7.72 CRD 30 min. 8.62 8.82 10.45 7.84 HBU at 25[degrees]C 82 69 59 58 HBU at 70[degrees]C 55 45 39 34 HBU at 100[degrees]C 51 42 41 41 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.307 0.291 0.255 0.259 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.252 0.246 0.199 0.211 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.224 0.222 0.167 0.184 N231 CB 65 55 55 Silica -- 10 10 Polymer SBR SBR SBR Cure system SEV CV SEV Formula no. F9 F10 F11 Viscosity 86.3 81.5 82.0 t5 scorch 10.11 10.10 9.14 t35 scorch 13.13 17.19 12.49 tc90 cure time 29.42 47.30 30.33 MH (max. torque) 14.58 14.02 16.22 IRHD hardness 64 75 73 300% modulus 9.95 11.56 11.45 Tensile strength 17.46 24.75 22.14 Tear strength 81 82 91 Elongation at break 479 580 527 Abrasion loss 0.0844 0.0828 0.0846 Rebound 33.2 34.9 34.6 CWL 10 min. 1.8857 1.8754 1.9848 CWL 20 min. 3.0454 3.1015 2.7978 CWL 30 min. 3.3379 3.7204 3.2991 CRD 10 min. 3.29 3.46 3.92 CRD 20 min. 6.20 5.55 6.10 CRD 30 min. 7.21 7.64 7.21 HBU at 25[degrees]C 88 117 80 HBU at 70[degrees]C 55 72 47 HBU at 100[degrees]C 54 56 48 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.300 0.305 0.287 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.268 0.278 0.244 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.239 0.267 0.218 Table 3B--compound properties--N231 carbon black N231 CB 50 55 60 65 Silica -- -- -- -- Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV CV CV CV Formula no. F12 F13 F14 F15 Viscosity 49.4 55.7 59.7 62.1 t5 scorch 8.35 8.28 7.38 7.21 t35 scorch 10.39 10.32 9.45 9.37 tc90 cure time 19.54 19.52 20.06 20.28 MH (max. torque) 12.06 11.84 13.06 13.11 IRHD hardness 58 62 63 63 300% modulus 6.91 7.67 8.01 8.27 Tensile strength 19.22 20.85 20.35 19.12 Tear strength 54 57 58 55 Elongation at break 597 591 577 558 Abrasion loss 0.0939 0.0894 0.1071 0.1051 Rebound 42.4 36.2 37.4 34.5 CWL 10 min. 2.0491 1.7511 2.1651 2.2777 CWL 20 min. 3.8290 3.5122 3.8040 3.8060 CWL 30 min. 5.1124 4.8368 4.0673 4.3145 CRD 10 min. 4.02 4.01 4.20 4.47 CRD 20 min. 8.26 8.15 8.34 8.18 CRD 30 min. 11.26 9.50 9.58 9.74 HBU at 25[degrees]C 45 51 59 72 HBU at 70[degrees]C 28 33 44 52 HBU at 100[degrees]C 41 40 46 49 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.211 0.229 0.259 0.297 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.169 0.193 0.226 0.241 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.168 0.194 0.229 N231 CB 70 70 60 60 Silica -- -- 10 10 Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV SEV CV SEV Formula no. F16 F17 F18 F19 Viscosity 65.7 47.9 48.9 40.8 t5 scorch 6.54 7.41 8.48 8.22 t35 scorch 9.22 9.32 11.35 11.05 tc90 cure time 20.57 12.18 21.34 15.11 MH (max. torque) 13.57 13.75 12.41 13.09 IRHD hardness 64 62 63 60 300% modulus 8.42 11.45 8.87 8.32 Tensile strength 17.85 22.14 19.83 19.71 Tear strength 55 53 53 56 Elongation at break 540 527 581 593 Abrasion loss 0.1015 0.109 0.0950 0.0927 Rebound 31.1 30.4 31.0 35.3 CWL 10 min. 2.4367 2.0486 2.6803 2.3055 CWL 20 min. 3.8616 3.2951 4.0258 3.6690 CWL 30 min. 4.0385 3.6203 4.2331 3.8169 CRD 10 min. 4.91 4.35 5.31 4.38 CRD 20 min. 8.77 8.72 9.74 8.39 CRD 30 min. 9.29 9.96 10.23 8.96 HBU at 25[degrees]C 86 77 72 68 HBU at 70[degrees]C 57 44 44 40 HBU at 100[degrees]C 52 40 43 37 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.327 0.328 0.302 0.315 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.267 0.294 0.258 0.266 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.238 0.239 0.208 0.248 N231 CB 70 60 60 Silica -- 10 10 Polymer SBR SBR SBR Cure system SEV CV SEV Formula no. F20 F21 F22 Viscosity 74.4 74.1 68.0 t5 scorch 13.25 16.40 9.13 t35 scorch 17.09 27.07 12.49 tc90 cure time 34.14 50.43 38.01 MH (max. torque) 13.04 12.29 15.55 IRHD hardness 62 72 71 300% modulus 8.82 8.64 9.66 Tensile strength 18.81 19.26 21.39 Tear strength 81 77 74 Elongation at break 525 556 559 Abrasion loss 0.0780 0.0828 0.0835 Rebound 34.4 33.5 32.3 CWL 10 min. 2.1645 2.2860 2.1425 CWL 20 min. 3.0071 3.6619 3.5517 CWL 30 min. 3.3034 4.5418 4.3733 CRD 10 min. 3.51 4.40 3.55 CRD 20 min. 6.49 7.52 6.72 CRD 30 min. 6.83 9.47 8.72 HBU at 25[degrees]C 91 115 82 HBU at 70[degrees]C 56 74 53 HBU at 100[degrees]C 50 58 48 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.355 0.302 0.327 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.313 0.280 0.284 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.270 0.268 0.256 Table 3c--compound properties--N234 carbon black N234 CB 50 55 60 65 Silica -- -- -- -- Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV CV CV CV Formula no. F23 F24 F25 F26 Viscosity 59.0 71.8 78.1 86.0 t5 scorch 7.03 6.28 6.00 6.13 t35 scorch 8.41 8.11 7.52 7.21 tc90 cure time 18.57 18.58 19.05 19.52 MH (max. torque) 13.2 14.07 14.10 15.28 IRHD hardness 62 66 68 71 300% modulus 9.53 10.27 11.35 12.21 Tensile strength 19.57 20.88 19.39 19.22 Tear strength 55 57 59 57 Elongation at break 589 578 488 459 Abrasion loss 0.1069 0.1035 0.1060 0.0996 Rebound 38.5 34.9 33.6 33.2 CWL 10 min. 1.9485 1.7335 1.8696 1.9917 CWL 20 min. 3.6312 3.3734 3.3021 2.9168 CWL 30 min. 4.5613 4.2926 4.1117 3.0434 CRD 10 min. 3.56 3.02 3.40 3.68 CRD 20 min. 8.08 7.32 7.14 6.28 CRD 30 min. 10.02 9.94 9.34 6.96 HBU at 25[degrees]C 50 53 63 75 HBU at 70[degrees]C 36 32 40 47 HBU at 100[degrees]C 39 34 40 43 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.191 0.195 0.219 0.248 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.142 0.170 0.182 0.208 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.137 0.169 0.180 N234 CB 70 70 60 60 Silica -- -- 10 10 Polymer NR NR NR NR Cure system CV SEV CV SEV Formula no. F27 F28 F29 F30 Viscosity 89.0 65.9 54.1 51.1 t5 scorch 5.54 6.42 8.10 7.42 t35 scorch 7.02 7.53 10.16 9.55 tc90 cure time 19.03 12.00 21.44 14.45 MH (max. torque) 15.10 15.55 14.25 13.95 IRHD hardness 74 72 73 69 300% modulus 11.73 11.10 10.74 10.95 Tensile strength 18.55 18.73 17.01 19.70 Tear strength 58 67 63 65 Elongation at break 417 481 450 520 Abrasion loss 0.0987 0.0969 0.0931 0.0952 Rebound 31.4 32.4 31.7 32.1 CWL 10 min. 2.0665 1.9280 2.3538 1.9588 CWL 20 min. 2.8885 2.5430 3.8020 3.0753 CWL 30 min. 2.9722 2.6098 4.8950 3.1616 CRD 10 min. 4.14 3.84 4.71 3.83 CRD 20 min. 6.40 6.31 8.84 7.35 CRD 30 min. 7.02 6.56 11.90 8.35 HBU at 25[degrees]C 82 78 69 65 HBU at 70[degrees]C 52 47 44 37 HBU at 100[degrees]C 46 42 41 37 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.296 0.268 0.219 0.235 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.245 0.229 0.196 0.186 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.219 0.212 0.160 0.160 N234 CB 70 60 60 Silica -- 10 10 Polymer SBR SBR SBR Cure system SEV CV SEV Formula no. F31 F32 F33 Viscosity 77.8 85.4 74.5 t5 scorch 13.27 8.34 12.22 t35 scorch 16.35 11.29 17.34 tc90 cure time 35.06 31.42 38.46 MH (max. torque) 12.72 20.22 16.27 IRHD hardness 65 78 75 300% modulus 8.08 16.11 10.69 Tensile strength 20.62 19.97 17.87 Tear strength 90 83 85 Elongation at break 617 366 453 Abrasion loss 0.0723 0.0782 0.0834 Rebound 36.0 34.2 33.2 CWL 10 min. 1.6123 1.9638 1.9688 CWL 20 min. 2.7919 3.4598 3.0525 CWL 30 min. 3.1827 4.7367 3.4161 CRD 10 min. 3.06 3.81 3.52 CRD 20 min. 6.01 6.91 7.02 CRD 30 min. 7.63 9.99 7.11 HBU at 25[degrees]C 92 89 76 HBU at 70[degrees]C 58 54 42 HBU at 100[degrees]C 47 48 45 Tan [delta] at 25[degrees]C 0.268 0.266 0.277 Tan [delta] at 70[degrees]C 0.247 0.209 0.238 Tan [delta] at 100[degrees]C 0.229 0.169 0.203 References (1.) D.J. Schuring and S. Futamura, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 63 (3), p. 315, 1990. (2.) W.J. Kern Kern, river, 155 mi (249 km) long, rising in the S Sierra Nevada Mts., E Calif., and flowing south, then southwest to a reservoir in the extreme southern part of the San Joaquin valley. The river has Isabella Dam as its chief facility. and S. Futamura, Polymer, 29, p. 1,081, 1988. (3.) K.H. Nordseik, Kaustsch Gummi Kunstst, 38, p. 178, 1985. (4.) H.E. Trexler and M.C.H. Lee, Journal of Appl. Poly (language) Poly - 1. A polymorphic, block-structured language developed by D.C.J. Matthews at Cambridge in the early 1980s. ["An Overview of the Poly Programming Language", D.C.J. Matthews, in Data Types and Persistence, M.P. Atkinson et al eds, Springer 1988]. 2. . Sci., 32 (3), p. 3,899, 1986. (5.) J.D. Ulmer, V.E. Chirico and C.E. Scott, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 46 (4), p. 61, 1973. (6.) M-J. Wang (Wang Laboratories, Inc., Lowell, MA) A computer services and network integration company. Wang was one of the major early contributors to the computing industry from its founder's invention that made core memory possible, to leadership in desktop calculators and word processors. , Rubber Chem. & Tech., 71 (3), p. 520, 1998. (7.) P.W. Allen Al·len , Edgar 1892-1943. American anatomist who is noted for his studies of hormones and for the discovery (1923) of estrogen. , P.B. Lindley and A.R. Payne, Use of Rubber in Engineering, Maclaren and Sons Ltd., London, 1976. (8.) A.I. Medalia, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 51 (3), p. 437, 1978. (9.) M.L. Studebaker and J.R. Beatty, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 47 (4), p. 803, 1974. (10.) G.R. Taylor and S.R. Darin, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. , 17, p. 511, 1955. (11.) D.L. Schwarz and D. W. Askea, "A fundamental review of cut and chip testing for OTR tread compounds," Rubber World, August 2003. (12.) S. Wolff, "Optimization optimization Field of applied mathematics whose principles and methods are used to solve quantitative problems in disciplines including physics, biology, engineering, and economics. of silane-silica OTR compounds. Part 1. Variations of mixing temperature and time during the modification of silica with bis Second version. It means twice in Old Latin, or encore in French. Ter means three. For example, V.27bis and V.27ter are the second and third versions of the V.27 standard. (3- triethoxisilylpropyl) tetrasulfide," Rubber Chem. & Tech., 55 (4), pp. 967-989, 1982. (13.) W-J. Son, W. Kim and U-R. Cho, "Crack and cutting resistance properties of natural rubber compounds with silica/carbon black dual phase filler," Eylasutoma, 37 (2), pp. 86-98, 2002. (14.) H. Moneypenny, D. Hardy Hardy may refer to:
(15.) A. Dutta, G.S. Ray, S. De, P Singh and D.P. Mukherjee, "Carbon black/part silica--a winning dual filler combination to improve overall performance of heavy-duty tire tread compound," Rubber India, 55 (7), pp. 7-12, 2003. (16.) F. Yamamoto and H. Kondo, "Rubber compositions with improved cut and chipping resistance," Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1986, p. 4. (17.) X. Zhang, Q. Hu and G. Li, "Oil-extended SBR for use in agricultural tire treads," Huaxue Shijie, 26 (3), pp. 92-96, 1985. (18.) J. Yang yang (yang) [Chinese] in Chinese philosophy, the active, positive, masculine principle that is complementary to yin; see yin, under principle. and W Ma, "Correlation between crosslinking network structure and property of giant OTR tire tread," Xiangjiao Gongye, 46 (4), pp. 208-212, 1999. (19.) J.R. Beatty and B.J. Miksch, "A laboratory cutting and chipping tester for evaluating off-the-road and heavy-duty tire treads," Rubber Chem. & Tech., 55 (5), pp. 1,531-1,546, 1982. (20.) ibid. (21.) S.J. Park and M.H. Kim, J. Mater. Sci., 35, p. 1,901, 2000. (22.) K. Milczewska and A. Voelkel, J. Chromatog. A, 969, p. 255, 2002. (23.) S. Wolff "Influence of fillers on rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when an object such as a ball or tire rolls. It is caused by the deformation of the wheel or tire or the deformation of the ground. ," paper no. 46 presented at the 129th Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. , April 8-11, 1986. (24.) A. Salvador, "Carbon black-silica blends. Contribution of silicas to the improvement of rubber compound characteristics," Industria della Gomma, 18 (12), pp. 54-8, 1974. (25.) S. Riosa, R. Chicurelb and L.F. Del Castillo, "Potential of particle particle /par·ti·cle/ (pahr´ti-k'l) a tiny mass of material. Dane particle an intact hepatitis B viral particle. and fiber reinforcement of tire tread elastomers," Materials and Design, 22, pp. 369-374, 2001. (26.) J. Frohlich, et al, "The effect of filler-filler and filler-elastomer interaction on rubber reinforcement," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004, pp. 1-12. (27.) N. Trica, et al, "Influence of carbon black amorphous phase content on rubber filled compounds" Composites Sc. and Tech., 63, pp. 1,155-1,159, 2003. (28.) F.K. Lautenschlaeger, "The optimum property concept--part II. The reactive reactive /re·ac·tive/ (re-ak´tiv) characterized by reaction; readily responsive to a stimulus. re·ac·tive adj. 1. Tending to be responsive or to react to a stimulus. 2. order in failure property maxima with increasing filler levels," Polymer Composites, 5 (4), pp. 339-46, 1984. (29.) A. Salvador, "Blends of blacks and silicas. Contribution of silicas to the improvement of some mechanical properties and the heat aging of NR (natural rubber) mixes," Caoutchoucs and Plastiques, 51(9), pp. 636-642, 1974. (30.) H. Ismail, et al, "Effect of MFA See multifactor authentication. on mechanical properties of silica filled natural rubber compound," Eur. Polym. J., 31(11), pp. 1,109-1,117, 1995. (31.) F. Yatsuyanagi, N. Suzuki, M. Ito and H. Kaidou, Polym J., 34, p. 332, 2002. (32.) K-J. Kim and J. VanderKooi, J. Int. Polym. Proc., 17, p. 192, 2002. by D. Mahapatra, B. Arun and M. Brindha , Aditya Birla Fundamental Research Institute, and K. Ravichandran, Madras Institute of Technology Madras Institute of Technology. (MIT) is a premier engineering institute located in Chennai, India. , Anna University, India |
|
||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion