The Weak Body of a Useless Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration.

By Anne Walthall (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xvi plus 412pp. $45.00/cloth $17.00/paperback).

A primary goal of Anne Walthall's research has been to restore peasants and women to 18th and 19th century Japanese history. While recognizing the importance of public action on a grand scale, she believes that historical understanding demands that we make room for the lesser actor, the local picture, the domestic role. Looking only at the "master narrative" necessarily smoothes the rough edges which local participants create and ignores the contributions of women. Consequently, for this book Walthall has meticulously searched the records and freely interpreted silences when data were missing in an effort to reconstruct the past of the nineteenth century woman Matsuo Taseko.

Walthall recognizes that knowing about the contribution of a minor player like Taseko probably won't change our overall view of Japan's tumultuous 1860s. Just the same she insists "that restoring her to the history of the Meiji Restoration has to enlarge our perspective" of this critical moment (p. 353). More importantly this historical act increases our understanding of the commoner view of the Meiji Restoration, the local history of the Ina Valley in central Honshu, the life of the wealthy farmer (gono), the domestic activities of farm women, the significance of genealogy and the identification of kin relationships, and the religious ideology of Hirata Atsutane's nativism. Since Walthall is interested in individual participants rather than classes of actors, the narrative is necessarily densely written, filled with names of people and places, and detailed descriptions of the political machinations of minor players in major events. This is not a book for the faint of heart, but the rewards for persevering are generous. Each chapter represents an English reconstruction of predigious Japanese research using an array of diaries, local documents, demographic materials, poetry, secondary contemporary sources, photographs, charts, and interviews with Taseko's descendants. Even so, Walthall admits that gaps in the narrative have made it necessary to take liberties with interpretation, make claims she cannot support, and argue positions that can only be conjectured. She does this convincingly and in the open so that we are privy to the process. It is not easy to recreate a history that has been both ignored and embellished.

Matsuo Taseko (1811-1894) was the daughter and then the wife of village headmen in the Ina Valley (currently Nagano Prefecture of Olympics fame). In her early years she was lauded for following the precepts of "good wife, wise mother", but her family's political power and wealth within the status hierarchy of the late Tokugawa Period (nineteenth century) and her own classical education meant she was always more than just a farmer's wife. Walthall carefully details Taseko's genealogy, adoptive and birth family lines, and her extended family's power within the valley, all vital to our understanding of her unique contribution to history. With each new topic Walthall goes well beyond the personal biography, entertaining discussion of the landscape, regional political and economic characteristics, interactions between previously ignored historical players, the influence of literature and religion, and the interaction between Taseko's fellow commoners and Kyoto and Edo/Tokyo elites.

The land of the Ina Valley was home to the Nakasendo (a national road) the Ina Road and several pack horse trails. Because many daimyo and their retinue travelling between the shogun's capital in Edo and the large urban centers of Kyoto and Osaka used the main road and commercial adventurers and commoners the lesser roads and trails, the valley was awash in rumor and news. Political events involving leaders in both Edo and the court in Kyoto were known to farmers of Taseko's status. These roads brought commerce, entertainment, the latest in drama and literature, and news of foreign intruders. For the Matsuo family who were engaged in agriculture, sericulture, sake production, and moneylending, as well as village administration, theirs was a vital location. Thus, Walthall has used her biographical subject to further enrich the recent scholarship of this area as represented by the work of Constantine Vaporis and Karen Wigen.(1)

Taseko was a poet. Perhaps not a very good one, but one well versed in the classical poetry of the Man'yoshu (mid-8th century) and the Kokinshu (905), as well as other literary and religious writings. Walthall has used her own classical training to interpret Taseko's thirty-one syllable waka style poems. This requires knowledge of individual classical poems and an interpretive understanding of their use of word play based on linking classical models to create new meanings. Walthall's ability to find the political meanings in seemingly innocuous phrases from this "poetry-spouting crone" (p. 156) enriches our understanding of Taseko and of the period. That the poems are mediocre is unimportant; that Walthall can identify the ancient references is essential. Walthall provides both the Japanese and the English translation within her text and then explains the classical allusions. Sometimes the resultant descriptive contemporary explication seems a long stretch for the five short lines on the page, but the scholarship is impressive. It is from several of these poems, in which Taseko likens herself to a weak and useless woman, or bemoans, "if I were a man", that Walthall takes her ironic title. (See especially Chapter 11.)

The primary theme of the book is Taseko's role, be it only a minor one, in the Meiji Restoration. Walthall believes that the fact that a woman was active in Kyoto at all during the pivotal time of 1862-63, when the samurai from the south and west were plotting to restore the emperor to power, and again when the shogun's government fell in 1868 must be celebrated. Perhaps she is not totally convincing even within her own narrow definition of Taseko's political activism; however, building the case provides an opportunity for Walthall to reveal the activities of those previously marginalized in this oft-repeated story of intrigue. Walthall has called to question the claim that commoners "remained largely apathetic to the conflict between court and bakufu that decided the future of their country" (p. 250).

In Taseko's eyes restoration of the Emperor Meiji to head a new national government was the only appropriate political outcome for sixties Japan. As a follower of the nativist thinker Hirata Atsutane, Taseko revered the emperor above all others and wished to expel the Western foreigners who had desecrated her country by their presence. The followers of the Hirata school abhorred Buddhism, also foreign in origin, and yearned for a Japan of pure nativist thought. Walthall recognizes that this was a peripheral vision which remained on the margins of Japanese thinking and eventually proved a dead end (p. 353). But, she argues, even the minority ideologies of history need to be restored to their appropriate place if we are to have a more complete picture of the past.

Political issues are Walthall's claimed focus for her book, but there is much more here. Of particular interest is description of domestic life during mid-19th century rural Japan, and the details of the activities and material environment of urbanites in Kyoto and post-1868 Tokyo. Most of the people portrayed are minor players in the grand scheme of history and almost all are male. Sometimes the facts of their relationship with Taseko are shaky, for as Walthall has noted, many men that Taseko mentions in her diaries are "less forthcoming about her" (p. 192). This is the fate of a weak and useless woman. However, the fact that Taseko mixed comfortably with men, and in several cases used her influence to gain favored positions for them reflects a power unique for a woman of this era. Walthall concludes that the public prominence which Taseko achieved came after she had fulfilled her duties as "good wife and wise mother", at an older age when she could occupy an ungendered space as "she teetered uncertainly between two destinies, masculine and feminine" (p. 232; see also p. 333).

Carnegie Mellon University 

ENDNOTE 

1. Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan. By Constantine Nomikos Vaporis (Cambridge, 1994). The Making of a Japanese Periphery, 1750-1920. By Karen Wigen, (Berkeley, 1995).