The Terrestrial Hemiptera and Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera of Point Clear Island and Surrounding Marshlands, Hancock County, Mississippi.During the late 1980's, a survey of insect fauna fauna All the species of animals found in a particular region, period, or special environment. Five faunal realms, based on terrestrial animal species, are generally recognized: Holarctic, including Nearactic (North America) and Paleartic (Eurasia and northern Africa); of Point Clear Island and associated marshlands was conducted. The present paper considers the species of terrestrial Hemiptera and auchenorrhynchous Homoptera collected during that study. The Hemiptera were represented by 71 species in 14 families, with Pentatomidae (16 sp.), Lygaeidae (15 sp.), and Miridae (13 sp.) being the most diverse. Among the Homoptera, 10 families, including at least 103 species, were present in our samples. Cicadellidae (50 sp.) and Delphacidae (26 sp.) comprised the majority of the homopteran species identified. A list of species, annotated with numbers of specimens collected and ranges of collection dates, is presented. The extensive tidal marsh A tidal marsh is a type of marsh that is found along coasts and estuaries of which the flooding characteristics are determined by the tidal movement of the adjacent estuary, sea or ocean [1]. of southwestern Hancock County, Mississippi Hancock County is the southernmost county of the U.S. state of Mississippi, situated along the Gulf of Mexico and the state line with Louisiana. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2000, the population was 42,967. encloses several small, sandy islands, of which Point Clear Island is the most prominent. These islands, which are part of a Late Holocene littoral littoral /lit·to·ral/ (lit´ah-r'l) pertaining to the shore of a large body of water. littoral pertaining to the shore. ridge complex (Otvos, 1973), are scattered throughout the tidal marsh, but because they are surrounded by dense marsh vegetation, they are generally inaccessible. At least a partial consequence of this isolated state is that fewer studies have been focused on these interesting environments than on the considerably more accessible barrier islands. During the mid-1980's, we conducted a general survey of the insect fauna of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands. We considered portions of that fauna, in particular groups associated with aquatic habitats, in earlier papers [Ephemeroptera and Odonata (Lago and Testa, 1987); Embiidina, Dermaptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera (Lago, et al., 1988); aquatic and semiaquatic sem·i·a·quat·ic adj. Adapted for living or growing in or near water; not entirely aquatic: a semiaquatic plant or animal. Hemiptera and Coleoptera (Lago and Testa, 1989); and biting flies Biting flies may refer to:
Study Area--Point Clear Island is unusual in that it is somewhat larger (4 km long X 230 m wide near mid-length) than most Mississippi tidal marsh islands, and on one end (Point Clear) it touches the Gulf of Mexico Noun 1. Gulf of Mexico - an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico Golfo de Mexico Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean - the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east (Fig. 1). Near the Point, elevation peaks at 2.5 meters above sea level Meters Above Sea Level is a standard metric measurement of the elevation of a location in reference to mean sea level. Uses Meters above sea level is the standard measurement of the elevation or altitude of:
adj. 1. Having a somewhat salty taste, especially from containing a mixture of seawater and fresh water: "You could cut the brackish winds with a knife/Here in Nantucket" marshes. The soil is Eustis loamy loam n. 1. Soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter. 2. A mixture of moist clay and sand, and often straw, used especially in making bricks and foundry molds. tr.v. fine sand (Smith, et al. 1981), with the higher elevations toward the east being somewhat sandier than the lower elevations to the west. Most of the island is forested with slash pine slash pine: see pine. (Pinus elliottii Engelmann), although some hardwoods are present [live oak (Quercus virginiana Miller) and southern magnolia Magnolia, city, United States Magnolia (măgnō`lyə), city (1990 pop. 11,151), seat of Columbia co., SW Ark.; inc. 1855. Its oil industry has been important since 1938. (Magnolia grandiflora L.)] where the elevation is greater than 1.5 meters. The understory un·der·sto·ry n. An underlying layer of vegetation, especially the plants that grow beneath a forest's canopy. in forested areas is dominated by two species of palmetto palmetto or cabbage palmetto Tree (Sabal palmetto) of the palm family, occurring in the southeastern U.S. and the West Indies. Commonly grown for shade and as ornamentals along avenues, palmettos grow to about 80 ft (24 m) tall and have fan-shaped leaves. [Serenoa repens Serenoa repens, n See saw palmetto. (Bartram) Small and Sabal minor (Jacquin) Persoon]. Common shrubs include yaupon yau·pon n. An evergreen holly (Ilex vomitoria) of the southeast United States, having lustrous red or sometimes yellow fruit, whose dried leaves are used to make a bitter tea. Also called cassina. (Ilex vomitoria Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon Holly, Yaupon, or Cassina; the latter shared with Ilex cassine), is a species of holly native to southeastern North America, occurring in United States from Virginia south to Florida and west to Oklahoma (extreme southeast Aiton) and hawthorn hawthorn, any species of the genus Crataegus of the family Rosaceae (rose family), shrubs and trees widely distributed in north temperate climates and especially common in E North America. (Crataegus sp.), which occur primarily on the eastern ("higher") half of the island, marsh elder (Iva frutescens L.), which occurs in extensive stands on margins of the island above the high water line and along some swales, and French mulberry mulberry, common name for the Moraceae, a family of deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, often climbing, mostly of pantropical distribution, and characterized by milky sap. Several genera bear edible fruit, e.g. (Callicarpa americana L.), which can be found throughout the island. Non-forested terrestrial habitats on the island were limited to open sandy habitats. Two of these, totaling 1.5 to 2 hectares, were located near the midpoint mid·point n. 1. Mathematics The point of a line segment or curvilinear arc that divides it into two parts of the same length. 2. A position midway between two extremes. of the island. These areas were densely to sparsely covered with mixed grasses and various forbs. A third area was open sandy beach Sandy Beach (location ) is on the South Shore of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi. It is known for its shorebreak for bodyboarding and bodysurfing. The area is also known for its strong current and dangerous shorebreak. , which extends intermittently about 350 meters southwest of Point Clear in a narrow arching band enclosing the southwestern corner of the marsh. Both brackish and freshwater habitats occur on the island, although the latter is represented by only one pond near Point Clear. Here, a constantly flowing (at least during our study period) artesian well artesian well, deep drilled well through which water is forced upward under pressure. The water in an artesian well flows from an aquifer, which is a layer of very porous rock or sediment, usually sandstone, capable of holding and transmitting large quantities of maintained a stable water level (about 50 cm mid-pond) and, consequently, a freshwater marsh habitat unlike any other found on the island. Plants found only in this habitat included Hydrocotyl sp., Panicum sp., and Sagittaria sp. Most permanent or semi-permanent brackish ponds were located near the middle of the island. None of these seemed to be connected in any way to the waters of the Gulf as water levels did not fluctuate with the tides. Most of these ponds were choked with stands of Juncus sp. and Spartina Noun 1. Spartina - grass of freshwater swamps and salt marshes of Europe, Africa, America, and South Atlantic islands genus Spartina liliopsid genus, monocot genus - genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed patens (Ait (Advanced Intelligent Tape) A magnetic tape technology from Sony that uses 8mm cartridges similar in appearance to 8mm video cassettes, but are of far higher quality suitable for corporate use. .) Mull. Unlike the freshwater pond, water levels in the brackish ponds were seriously affected by periods of dry weather conditions, and during the drought of 1986, all but one dried completely. The vegetation surrounding Point Clear Island appears to be typical of Mississippi tidal marshes, as described by Eleutarius (1972, 1980). Two species of plants dominate the marsh vegetation. The most abundant of these is Juncus roemerianus Scheele, and large, monotypic monotypic said of a genus with only one species. stands are present both north and south of the island. Scattered along the edges of Juncus stands, particularly along bayous, are similarly uniform, but much smaller, "islands" of Spartina alterniflora Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) is a perennial deciduous grass which is found in intertidal wetlands, especially estuarine salt marshes. It grows 1-1.5 m tall, and has smooth, hollow stems which bear leaves up to 20-60 cm long and 1. Loisel. (The latter was erroneously reported as S. cynosuroides in our 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 papers.) At various places throughout the marsh system, small areas of higher ground, not affected by daily tides, may be found. These areas support a variety of plant species, which vary considerably based on stability of the habitat (= height above high tide). The highest banks are often covered with shrubby shrub·by adj. shrub·bi·er, shrub·bi·est 1. Consisting of, planted with, or covered with shrubs. 2. Of or resembling a shrub. species, such as Baccharis halimifolia Noun 1. Baccharis halimifolia - a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel bush, groundsel tree L. or Iva frutescens. Lower areas between these ridges and adjacent salt marsh Salt marsh A maritime habitat characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding. Salt marshes are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions. , or along bayous, are generally covered with low herbaceous her·ba·ceous adj. 1. Relating to or characteristic of an herb as distinguished from a woody plant. 2. Green and leaflike in appearance or texture. vegetation that is quite heterogeneous. In coastal Mississippi, these areas are dominated by salt grass [Distichlis spicata The Grama Salada (Distichlis spicata) are Culmos erectos and thin from 10 to 60 cm high; plates erectas even of 15 cm long, with a distance from 1 to 2.5 cm between yes, equal or longer than the inflorescence pistilada and occasionally shorter than the inflorescence estaminada. (L.) Greene]. "Distichlis meadow" will be used in subsequent references to this habitat. The largest meadow within the study area occurred along the access canal between Bayou bayou (bī`ō, bī`  ) [Louisiana Fr.; from Choctaw bayuk=small stream], term used mainly in U.S. Caddy A plastic container that holds a CD or DVD disc for added protection. The bare disc is placed in the caddy, and the caddy is inserted into the drive. A caddy is not a jewel case. A jewel case protects the disc for transportation. A caddy protects the disc while reading and writing. and the north side
of the island, while others were found in isolated patches along all
bayous. Most meadows were less than 40 meters long and varied from one
to three meters wide.
MATERIALS AND METHODS From September, 1985, through April, 1987, we sampled the insect fauna of Point Clear Island and several areas of tidal marsh between the island and the mainland (Fig. 1). Fifty six man-days (27 days) were spent on the study area during a total of 10 collecting trips. Most collecting was done during the spring, summer and autumn of 1986. Cool season collections were made in late October and early February. Collections were made throughout the length of Point Clear Island, but were concentrated on the eastern end in the area surrounding the artesian Ar`te´sian a. 1. Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a pond and in an extensive area near the middle of the island. The former area extended about one km westward from the Point, and the second began about 300 meters east of the mid-island access canal (Fig. 1) and extended southwestward for nearly 1.5 km. The latter area contained most of the brackish marshes located on the island. In all areas of true coastal marsh, collecting activity was generally limited by accessibility and, by necessity, occurred primarily along waterways The list of waterways is a link page for any river, canal, estuary or firth. International waterways
tr.v. de·lim·it·ed also de·lim·i·tat·ed, de·lim·it·ing also de·lim·i·tat·ing, de·lim·its also de·lim·i·tates To establish the limits or boundaries of; demarcate. by the access canal, Bayou Caddy, Bryan Bayou, and Bayou Pt. Clear The two smaller areas were located in the southeastern (16.2 hectares) and southwestern (32.4 hectares) corners of T9S-R S-R Stimulus-Response (Pavlovian psychology) S-R Set-Reset 15W-Sec. 24. In the following list of species, and on specimen data labels, these two localities are designated 1 mi. SSW SSW abbr. south-southwest Noun 1. SSW - the compass point midway between south and southwest sou'-sou'-west, south southwest Lakeshore and 1.5 mi SW Lakeshore, respectively. Although a variety of collecting techniques was employed during this study, most of the specimens reported in this paper were captured using either aerial or light-duty sweeping insect nets. Significant numbers of specimens were taken at blacklights, which were run in both island and marsh habitats (as many as three per evening) at least once per trip when air temperatures were favorable. Additional specimens were collected by hand picking from plants and a few were taken in Malaise traps A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure used for trapping flying insects particularly hymenoptera and diptera. The trap is a tent like structure made of a material such as terylene netting and can be various colours. and pitfall pit·fall n. 1. An unapparent source of trouble or danger; a hidden hazard: "potential pitfalls stemming from their optimistic inflation assumptions" New York Times. traps. A set of voucher specimens has been placed in the insect collection at the University of Mississippi The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. Founded in 1848, the school is composed of the main campus in Oxford and three branch campuses located in Booneville, Tupelo, and Southaven. . RESULTS During this survey, specimens representing at least 103 species (not all could be identified to species) within 10 families of the homopteran suborder suborder /sub·or·der/ (sub´or-der) a taxonomic category between an order and a family. sub·or·der n. A taxonomic category ranking between an order and a family. Auchenorrhyncha were collected. The majority of these belonged to two families--Cicadellidae (50 sp.) and Delphacidae (26 sp.). Terrestrial Hemiptera were represented by at least 71 species belonging to 14 families. Pentatomidae (16 sp.), Lygaeidae (15 sp.), and Miridae (13 sp.) were represented best. In the following list, when three or more collection dates were available for a species, the dates are presented as a range without regard to year of collection as long as they appeared to represent continuous seasonal occurrence. If only two dates were available, they are listed separately, as are dates that were widely disjunct dis·junct adj. 1. Characterized by separation. 2. Music Relating to progression by intervals larger than major seconds. 3. . The abbreviation abbreviation, in writing, arbitrary shortening of a word, usually by cutting off letters from the end, as in U.S. and Gen. (General). Contraction serves the same purpose but is understood strictly to be the shortening of a word by cutting out letters in the middle, PCI (1) (Payment Card Industry) See PCI DSS. (2) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) The most widely used I/O bus (peripheral bus). refers to the island proper, as well as marsh habitats directly bordering the island. Although a few references are made to host plants, these represent hand-picking records as sweeping generally does not lend itself well to associating insects with food plants. The "Distichlis meadow" records, however, are the result of sweeping. HOMOPTERA Cercopidae Aphrophora saratogensis Noun 1. Aphrophora saratogensis - feeds on pines in northern United States Saratoga spittlebug spittle insect, spittlebug - small leaping herbivorous insect that lives in a mass of protective froth which it and its larvae secrete (Fitch). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Clastoptera xanthocephala Germar. PCI, 12 May-15 Aug., 130 specimens, 5 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. A small series was swept from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond during June. Prosapia bicinta (Say). PCI, 23 June-15 Aug., 8 specimens. Cicadellidae Alebra albostriella (Fallen). PCI, 10 June, 5 specimens. Amplicephalus littoralis (Ball). PCI, 20 May-25 Oct., 10 specimens, 7 from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 June-25 Oct., 10 specimens. Balclutha incisa (Matsumura). PCI, 23 Oct., 1 specimen. Balclutha sp. PCI, 12 Aug.-23 Oct., 6 specimens (females). Chlorotettix fallax Sanders & DeLong. PCI, 24 June, 5 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 4 specimens. Chlorotettix rugicollis Ball. PCI, 24 June--17 Aug., 6 specimens. Chlorotettix spatulatus Osborn & Ball. PCI, 24 June, 2 specimens. Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball. PCI, 15 Aug., 27 Sept., 4 specimens. Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee. PCI, 10 May-23 Oct., 238 specimens. This was the most common species of leafhopper leafhopper, common name for small, wedge-shaped leaping insects, cosmopolitan in distribution, belonging to the family Cicadellidae, which comprises some 5,500 species of insects. in our samples. Although two specimens were collected from Baccharis halimifolia, the remainder were taken during general sweeping. Chlorotettix spp. PCI, 24 June, 13 Aug., 2 specimens (females). Ciminius hartii (Ball). PCI, 25 June, 1 specimen, ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Unidentified Deltocephalinae. PCI, 15 Aug.--23 Oct., 5 specimens (females). Destria bisignata (Sanders & DeLong). PCI, 20 May--23 Oct., 2 specimens. Draeculacephala balli (or near). PCI, 12 May--27 Sept., 3 specimens. Draeculacephala bradleyi Van Duzee. PCI, 12 May--27 Sept., 5 specimens. Draeculacephala constricta Delong and Davidson. PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Draeculacephala floridana (Ball). PCI, 25 Apr.--27 Sept., 35 specimens, 4 from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 16 specimens, 14 from Distichlis meadow. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June--14 Aug., 17 specimens. Draeculacephala robinsoni Hamilton. PCI, 24 Apr.--13 Oct., 66 specimens, collected from Distichlis meadow, from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond, and in general sweeps from throughout the island. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 24 & 25 Apr., 7 specimens, ex. Spartina alterniflora 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 Aug., 1 specimen. Draeculacephala spp. PCI, 25 Apr.--15 Aug., 13 specimens (females). 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen (female). Empoasca sp. PCI, 24 Apr.--10 June, 8 specimens (females), ex. Ilex vomitoria. Erythroneura (?) sp. PCI, 23 Oct., 1 specimen (female). Graminella nigriforns (Forbes). PCI, 24 Apr.--23 Oct., 53 specimens, 3 from Distichlis meadow: collected in Apr. and June from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 12 Aug., 3 specimens, ex. Shrankia sp. Graminella villica (Crumb). PCI, 27 Sept., 10 specimens. Gyponana sp. PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen (female). Hecalus flavidus (Signoret). PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. Hecalus lineatus (Uhler). PCI, 20 May, 12 specimens, 10 ex. Shrankia sp. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 12 specimens. I mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 May, 3 specimens. Homalodisca insolita (Walker). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Homalodisca triquetra Triquetra (IPA: [tɹaɪ'kwεtɹə]) is a word derived from the Latin tri- ("three") and quetrus ("cornered"). (F.). PCI, 25 June-15 Aug., 4 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 Aug., 1 specimen, ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Oncometopia orbona (F.). PCI, 24 Apr., 1 specimen. Paraphlepsius fuscipennis (Van Duzee). PCI, 14 May--23 Oct., 37 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Osbornellus clarus Beamer No... it's not the latest BMW! It was a window in the StarOffice desktop that displayed the contents of the element selected in Explorer. (video, hardware, communications) beamer - A personal video station (PVS) that adds video to standard telephone lines at no additional cost. . PCI, 15 Aug., 1 specimen. Pendarus sp. PCI, 12 May, 1 specimen. Penestragania robusta ro·bus·ta n. 1. a. The coffee plant Coffea canephora that is commercially grown but whose beans are of lesser quality than arabica beans. b. The seed of this plant. 2. (Uhler). PCI, 24 Apr.--15 Aug., 45 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr.--25 Oct., 13 specimens. 0.5 mi. SW lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 June--25 Oct., 5 specimens. Collected from Baccharis halimifolia at all locations and Iva frutescens both on the island and in the marsh 1 mile SSW of Lakeshore. Penestragania sp. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 2 specimens (females). Planicephalus flavicosta (Stal). PCI, 20 May--17 Aug., 28 specimens, collected most frequently during May and June from Distichlis meadow and from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond. Polana quadrinotata (Spangberg). PCI, 23 June, 2 specimens, both from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond. Polyamia weedi (Van Duzee). PCI, 27 Sept., 23 specimens. Sanctanus cruciatus (Osborn). PCI, 12 Aug.-27 Sept., 13 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Sanctanus sp., probably fasciatus (Osborn). PCI, 12 May-15 Aug., 5 specimens. Scaphoideus immistus (Say). PCI, 21 May, 1 specimen. Spanbergiella vulnerata (Uhler). PCI, 25 Apr.-23 Oct., 6 specimens, 1 from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 12 May, 3 specimens, 1 from Juncus roemerianus. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 May, 1 specimen. Stirellus bicolor bicolor a coat color of two colors. In dogs, usually black with tan markings but may be other combinations such as ticking on a white background. In cats, more than two spots of color on the body, either white and one basic color, or white with one tabby color. (Van Duzee). PCI, 12 May-27 Sept., 8 specimens. Texananus excultus (Uhler). PCI, 24 Apr.-17 Aug., 20 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June-12 Aug., 2 specimens. Tinobregmus vittatus Van Duzee. PCI, 12 May-23 Oct., 17 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May-14 Aug., 10 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 5 specimens. Collected from Baccharis halimifolia at all three locations. Tinobregmus sp. PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen (female). Tylozygus bifidus (Say). PCI, 12 May-15 Aug., 9 specimens. Tylozygus geometricus (Signoret). PCI, 12 May-27 Sept., 9 specimens. Xyphon flaviceps (Riley). PCI, 12 Aug., 5 specimens. Xyphon sagittifera (Uhler). PCI, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Xyphon spp. PCI, 24 June-17 Aug., 7 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Cicadidae Cicada cicada (sĭkā`də), large, noise-producing insect of the order Homoptera, with a stout body, a wide, blunt head, protruding eyes, and two pairs of membranous wings. hieroglyphica Say. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Cixiidae Bothriocera maculata Caldwell. PCI, 20 May-15 Aug., 3 specimens. Bothriocera sp. PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Myndus enotatus Van Duzee. PCI, 12 May, 12 Aug., 2 specimens. Myndus sp. PCI, 23 June-15 Aug., 3 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Pintalia delicata (Fowler). 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Delphacidae Bakerella sp. PCI, 27 Sept., 2 specimens. Delphacodes andromeda (Van Duzee). PCI, 27 Sept., 2 specimens. Delphacodes detecta (Van Duzee). PCI, 12 May-25 Oct., 121 specimens, although 1 specimen was taken from Baccharis halimifolia, over half of the specimens collected were swept from Distichlis meadow. Delphacodes idonea Beamer. PCI, 15 Aug., 102 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 June, 1 specimen. Delphacodes penedetecta Beamer. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 18 specimens. Delphacodes puella (Van Duzee). PCI, 15 Aug.-27 Sept., 5 specimens. Delphacodes spp. PCI, 24 Apr.-25 Oct., 168 specimens (unassociated females), mostly from Distichlis meadow. Euides weedi (Van Duzee). PCI, 15 Aug., 2 specimens. Liburniella ornata (Stal). PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Megamelus lobatus Beamer. PCI, 15 Aug., 17 Aug., 3 specimens. Megamelus sp-1. PCI, 23 Oct., 25 Oct., 3 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Megamelus sp-2. PCI, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Neomegamelanus dorsalis (Metcalf). PCI, 20 May, 2 specimens, swept from Distichlis meadow. Neomegamelanus elongatus (Ball). PCI, 26 June, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 1 specimen. Neomegamelanus lautus (Metcalf). PCI, 26 June, 23 Oct., 2 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Nothodelpha slossonae (Ball). PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. Pissonotus n. sp.?, near albovenosus Osborn. PCI, 25 June-15 Aug., 4 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 June, 3 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 June, 2 specimens. All but one of the specimens of this species were taken from Baccharis halimifolia. Pissonotus sp-1. PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen (female). Pissonotus sp-2. PCI, 14 Feb.-20 May, 6 specimens, 2 ex. Iva frutescens. Prokelisia crocea (Van Duzee). PCI, 24 Apr.-12 Aug., 6 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 Aug., 1 specimen. Prokelisia dolus Wilson. PCI, 26 June, 13 Aug., 2 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 3 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 June, 1 specimen. Prokelisia marginata Van Duzee. PCI, 24 Apr.-12 Aug., 16 specimens, 2 from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 25 Oct., 2 specimens, 1 from Spartina alterniflora. 0.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. Sogatella kolophon (Kirkaldy). PCI, 23 Oct., 1 specimen. Stenocranus lautus Van Duzee. PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Stobaera concinna (Stal). PCI, 23 Oct., 2 specimens. Tumidagena sp. PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Toya propinqua (Fieber). 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 June-25 Oct., 4 specimens. Derbidae Cedusa obscura (Ball). PCI, 23 June, 3 specimens. Dictyopharidae Cedusa sp. PCI, 15 Aug., 1 specimen. Rhynchomitra lingula (Van Duzee). PCI, 24 June, 23 Oct., 2 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 1 specimen. Rhynchomitra microrhina (Walker). PCI, 25 June, 2 specimens. Scolops perdix Uhler. PCI, 25 June-13 Aug., 8 specimens. Flatidae Cyarda melichari Van Duzee. PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Metcalfa pruinosa (Say). PCI, 25 June-15 Aug., 44 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 June-14 Aug., 18 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June-14 Aug., 16 specimens. Nearly all specimens were collected from Baccharis halimifolia. Issidae Acanalonia servillei Spinola. PCI, 24 June, 11 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Aphelonema decorata (Van Duzee). PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen. Aphelonema simplex Uhler. PCI, 12 May-25 Oct., 22 specimens, 1 specimen swept from Distichlis meadow. Membracidae Cyrtolobus fuscipennis Van Duzee. PCI, 24 June, 2 specimens. Cyrtolobus sp. PCI, 24 Apr., 2 specimens. Micrutalis calva (Say). PCI, 20 May, 1 specimen, ex. Iva frutescens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 24 Apr.-14 Aug., 25 specimens, 9 ex. Baccharis halimifolia and 14 ex. Iva frutescens. 0.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 5 specimens. Spissistilis festinus (Say). PCI, 25 June-23 Oct., 19 specimens. Telamona reclivata Fitch. PCI, 24 June, 2 specimens. HEMIPTERA Vanduzeea sp. PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Alydidae Alydus eurinus (Say). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Alydus pilosulus (Herrich-Schaeffer). PCI, 13 Aug.-23 Oct., 5 specimens. Anthocoridae Orinus insidiosus (Say). PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Berytidae Jalysus spinosus (Say). PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Blissidae Blissus insularis Barber. PCI, 20 May, 23 June, 27 Sept., 3 specimens. Coreidae Acanthocephala femorata (F.). 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Leptoglossus phyllopus The bug Leptoglossus phyllopus is a type of leaf-footed bug in the same genus as the western conifer seed bug. This bug may enter houses when the weather turns colder and likes to make a home for itself in beds. (L.). PCI, 12 Aug.-23 Oct., 7 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept.-25 Oct., 3 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Corimelaenidae Amnestus basidentatus Froeschner. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 2 specimens. Corimelaena harti Malloch. PCI, 24 Apr., 3 specimens. Corimelaena marginella Dallas. PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Corimelaena pulicaria (Germar). PCI, 24 Apr.-23 June, 25 specimens, 2 ex. Iva frutescens and a series of 3 was swept from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond in Apr. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen, ex. Distichlis meadow. Galgupha aterrima Malloch. PCI, 24 Apr., 1 specimen, ex. Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. Galgupha atra Amyot & Serville. PCI, 24 Apr., 25 Apr., 2 specimens, 1 ex. Distichlis meadow. Cydnidae Cyrtomenus ciliatus (P. de Beauvois). PCI, 23 June-15 Aug., 3 specimens. Dallasiellus lugubris (Stal). PCI, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Pangaeus biliniatus (Say). PCI, 23 June-15 Aug., 14 specimens. Geocoridae Geocorus punctipes (Say). PCI, 15 Aug., 3 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halmifolia. Largidae Largus succinctus (L.). PCI , 25 June-17 Aug., 4 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Lygaeidae Cymodema breviceps (Stal). PCI, 20 May, 23 June, 2 specimens. Heraeus plebejus Stal. PCI, 10 May-15 Aug., 16 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 3 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 2 specimens. Ischnodemus conicus Van Duzee. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May-25 Oct., 5 specimens, 2 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 2 specimens. 0.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. Ischnodemus rufipes Van Duzee. PCI, 12 May-26 May, 5 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 2 specimens, 1 ex Distichlis meadow and 1 ex. Juncus roemerianus. Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). PCI, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. Neacoryphus bicrucis (Say). 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Neopamera bilobatus (Say). PCI, 23 June-23 Oct., 20 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 5 specimens. Niesthrea icuisianica Sailer Sail´er n. 1. A sailor. 2. A ship or other vessel; - with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as, a heavy sailer; a fast sailer s>. . PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Oedancala crassimana (F.). PCI, 24 Apr.-15 Aug., 25 specimens, collected from Baccharis halimifolia (2), Iva frutescens (2), and from vegetation surrounding the artesian pond. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 6 specimens, ex Distichlis meadow (4) and Spartina alterniflor a (1). 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 5 specimens, ex. Shrankia sp. (3) and Juncus roemerianus (1). 0.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. Oncopeltus fasciatus Oncopeltus fasciatus is the Latin name of the common milkweed bug. O. fasciatus is a medium sized hemipteran and feeds mainly on grains, particularity those of the milkweed. Like all hemiptera, it feeds through a long mouth part known as a rostrum. O. (Dallas). PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Ozophora picturata Uhler. PCI, 15 Aug., 1 specimen. Paromius Ion gulus (Dallas). PCI, 12 May-27 Sept., 82 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Peritrechus paludemaris Barber. PCI, 23 June, 5 specimens. Pseudopachybrachius vincta (Say). PCI, 12 Aug.-27 Sept., 21 specimens. Xyonysius cf. californus (Stal). PCI, 27 Sept.-23 Oct., 8 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 2 specimens. Miridae Ceratocapsus insperatus Blatchley. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Chlamydatus suavis (Reuter). PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Dagbertus fasciatus (Reuter). PCI, 13 Aug.-15 Aug., 3 specimens. Eustictus grossus (Uhler). PCI, 13 Aug., 1 specimen. Lygus lineolaris (P. de Beauvois). PCI, 25 Apr., 23 Oct., 2 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept.-25 Oct., 3 specimens. Lopidea media (Say). 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 11 specimens. Pilophorus heidemanni Poppius. PCI, 9 May, 1 specimen. Polymerus basalis (Reuter). PCI, 15 Aug.-19 Oct., 4 specimens, 3 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept., 3 specimens, 1 ex. Helenium Helenium North American genus of plants in the Asteraceae family; contain sesquiterpene lactones which cause a syndrome of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, incoordination, dyspnea. Includes H. amarum (H. tenuifolium), H. amarum. Reuteroscopus ornatus (Reuter). PCI, 13 Aug.-15 Aug., 20 specimens, 1 ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Sixeonotus a/b icornis Blatcbley. PCI, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanchard). PCI, 13 Aug.-23 Oct., 38 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 41 specimens. I mi. SSW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 18 specimens. Trigonotylus doddi (Distant). PCI, 25 Apr.-25 Oct., 14 specimens, 2 ex. Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen ex. Spartina alterniflora. Trigonotylus uhieri (Reuter). PCI, 24 Apr.-25 Oct., 29 specimens, 7 swept from Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr.-25 Oct., 14 specimens, 1 ex. Spartina alterniflora. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 14 May, 1 specimen. 0.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 1 specimen. Nabidae Nabis sp., probably N. capsiformis (Germar). PCI, 14 May-25 Oct., 8 specimens. Pentatomidae Amaurochrous dubius (P. de Beauvois) PCI, 23 June, 10 specimens. Banasa calva (Say). PCI, 12 Aug., 2 specimens. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 1 specimen. Banasa dimiata (Say). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Chlorochroa saucia (Say). PCI, 25 Apr.-15 Aug., 55 specimens, ex. Distichlis meadow. Chlorochroa senilis (Say). PCI, 25 Apr.-15 Aug., 49 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 3 specimens. Euschistus ictericus (L.). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Euschistus obscurus (P. de Beauvois). PCI, 10 May-15 Aug., 6 specimens. Euschistus servus servus (Say). PCI, 23 June-27 Sept., 3 specimens. Euschistus tristigmus (Say). PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. Euschistus tristigmus pyrrhocerus (Herrich-Schaeffer). PCI, 15 Aug., 1 specimen. Mineus strigipes (Herrich-Schaeffer). 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 14 Aug., 1 specimen, ex. Baccharis halimifolia. Mormidea lugens (F.). PCI, 24 Apr.-20 May, 3 specimens 1 ex. Iva frutescens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 May, 1 specimen. Nezara viridula (L.). PCI, 24 June-23 Oct., 7 specimens. Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.). PCI, 25 Apr.-27 Sept., 53 specimens, encountered in sweeps throughout the island and in Distichlis meadow. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Apr., 2 specimens. Proxys punctulatus (P. de Beauvois). PCI, 12 Aug., 15 Aug., 2 specimens. Thyanta custator (F.). PCI, 25 Apr.-15 Aug., 3 specimens, 1 ex. Iva frutescens. Reduviidae Barce fraterna (Say). PCI, 12 Aug., 13 Aug., 2 specimens. Diaditus tejanus Giacchi. PCI, 12 Aug.-15 Aug., 18 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Doldina interjungens Bergroth. PCI, 23 June, 1 specimen. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. 1 mi. SSW Lakeshore, 23 June, 14 Aug., 2 specimens. Pnirontis cf. modesta Banks. 1.5 ml. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. Rasahus biguttatus (Say). PCI, 24 June, 1 specimen. Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte). PCI, 12 Aug., 1 specimen. Zelus cervicalis Stal. PCI, 25 June-27 Sept., 4 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 27 Sept., 1 specimen. Zelus longipes (L.). PCI, 26 Sept.-19 Oct., 3 specimens. 1.5 mi. SW Lakeshore, 25 Oct., 1 specimen. DISCUSSION Richmond (1962, 1968) presented lists of the fauna and flora occurring on Horn Island Horn Island is the name of:
The Point Clear list of Auchenorrhyncha contains representatives of all families recorded from Horn Island by Richmond (1962, 1968), plus Cixiidae, Derbidae, Dictyopharidae, and Issidae (10 species, total, only one of which was considered to be common in our collections). The major differences between species lists of the two islands occurs in the Cicadellidae (16 HI vs. 50 PCI) and Delphacidae (3 HI vs. 26 PCI). Part of the difference between the two islands is probably explained by distance from shore, but we suspect that differences in collecting techniques and recent advances in taxonomic tax·o·nom·ic also tax·o·nom·i·cal adj. Of or relating to taxonomy: a taxonomic designation. tax understanding of some difficult groups (such as the family Delphacidae) are more important. The primary methods of collection on Horn Island were the use of New Jersey mosquito traps and fly traps baited with "miscellaneous materials." In addition, Richmond (1962) indicated that many collecting trips, focusing primarily on insects, were made, but there was no indication as to what extent sweeping has used. [Rings and Ri chmond (1953) did state that sweeping was used during their mosquito survey on Horn Island. This work, conducted primarily during 1944 and early 1945, provided the basis for Richmond's 1962 and 1968 papers. However, as is well known among entomologists The following is a list of entomologists, people who have studied insects. Name Born Died Country Speciality John Abbot 1751 1840 United States , the gentle sweeping motions necessary for collecting relatively undamaged specimens of delicate insects such as mosquitoes are not very effective for sampling insects associated with dense vegetation or for capturing rapid fliers.] Sweeping in salt marsh habitats at Point Clear was the primary source for most species of Delphacidae and it seems likely that similar activity in Horn Island marshes would reveal the presence of additional species belonging to this family. We suspect that the relatively low number of leafhopper species on the Horn Island list is also an artifact A distortion in an image or sound caused by a limitation or malfunction in the hardware or software. Artifacts may or may not be easily detectable. Under intense inspection, one might find artifacts all the time, but a few pixels out of balance or a few milliseconds of abnormal sound of collecting--the result of the lack of vigorous sweeping activity in a variety of vegetation types. Richmond (1962) included two families of Hemiptera from Horn Island that we did not encounter on Point Clear. Cimicidae was represented by one species (Cimex lectularius L.--the common bed bug) and Scutellaridae (as the subfamily subfamily /sub·fam·i·ly/ (sub´fam-i-le) a taxonomic division between a family and a tribe. sub·fam·i·ly n. A taxonomic category ranking between a family and a genus. Scutellarine of the Pentatomidae) represented by two species. The presence of bed bugs on Horn Island is directly attributable to human habitation HABITATION, civil law. It was the right of a person to live in the house of another without prejudice to the property. 2. It differed from a usufruct in this, that the usufructuary might have applied the house to any purpose, as, a store or manufactory; whereas (Army barracks bar·rack 1 tr.v. bar·racked, bar·rack·ing, bar·racks To house (soldiers, for example) in quarters. n. 1. A building or group of buildings used to house military personnel. from 1943 to 1945). The Army left the island in 1945 and we are not aware of any consistent human habitation since that time. It is, therefore, doubtful that this species of bed bug still occurs on Horn Island. Unlike bed bugs, we certainly anticipated capturing scutellarids on Point Clear, but none was encountered. Richmond (1962, 1968) did not record members of Blissidae, Geocoridae, Largidae or Cydnidae (the two species of the latter present in his 1962 list are actually members of the family Corimelaenidae) from Horn Island, all of which were found on Point Clear Island, although none of the species was common here. Amo ng the ten families the two islands have in common, the Point Clear list is equally or more species-rich, the same pattern that was seen in the Homoptera. Some of the differences between the lists of Hemiptera from the two islands are probably explained by differences in collecting techniques, as was indicated above for Homoptera. But other differences, such as the presence of species of the wide spread genera genera, in taxonomy: see classification. Myodocha, Nysius (Lygaeidae) and Draeocoris (Miridae), and a species known to be associated with salt marshes, Edessa bifida (Say) (Blatchley, 1926), on Horn Island, but not on Point Clear, are more difficult to explain. Possibly these taxa taxa: see taxon. do not occur on Point Clear, but it seems more likely that some or all of them do occur here, perhaps in low numbers, and that our collection methods were not particularly effective in some microhabitats. For instance, in the interiors of marshes, a habitat where vegetation was often very thick, sweeping was difficult. In retrospect, another method of collection (suc h as using a modified vacuum) may have been more effective than sweeping in certain habitats. Even though this may be the case, we believe our combination of sweeping, hand picking and light trapping trapping, most broadly, the use of mechanical or deceptive devices to capture, kill, or injure animals. It may be applied to the practice of using birdlime to capture birds, lobster pots to trap lobsters, and seines to catch fish. produced a fairly representative list of species for both groups of insects considered in this paper. As is true for virtually any general insect survey, additional collecting on Point Clear Island would undoubtedly yield additional species. Another interesting comparison can be made between marsh fauna of Point Clear and that reported by Rey and McCoy (1982) for salt marshes in northwestern Florida. Of the 18 species of Hemiptera recorded by Rey and McCoy (1982), 14 were collected in marshes surrounding Point Clear. Two genera of Lygaeidae collected in Florida marshes (Cymoninus and Ptochiomera) were not collected during our study, but both are represented by common species in the Southeast and quite possibly occur at Point Clear. On the other hand, representatives of 15 genera of terrestrial Hemiptera were collected in marshes around Point Clear that apparently were not present in the NW Florida marshes (however, Rey and McCoy did record four different lygacids and one anthocorid that were not identified to genus). Similar discrepancies are apparent when one examines the list of auchenorrhynchous Homoptera from NW Florida (Rey and McCoy, 1982). Of the 36 species they reported, 27 were collected around Point Clear. Eight of the nine species not collected here belonged to eight separate genera also not present in our samples. Only four of these, however, were considered to be common in the Florida marshes. The Point Clear fauna contained more species (50+) of marshinhabiting Homoptera than were reported from the NW Florida marshes. We suspect that the larger lists of both Hemiptera and Homoptera from Point Clear is attributable to the presence of rather extensive Distichlis meadows relative to the Florida area and the extensive island/marsh ecotone e·co·tone n. A transitional zone between two communities containing the characteristic species of each. [eco- + Greek tonos, tension, tone; see tone. present around Point Clear. Of course, the heterogeneous nature of the flora within these habitats made it difficult to determine if a species was actually associated with marsh vegetation or with intermingled "terrestrial" plants, particularly when sweeping was employed. These areas not only held a diverse flora and fauna, they were the easiest of the marshy marsh·y adj. marsh·i·er, marsh·i·est 1. Of, resembling, or characterized by a marsh or marshes; boggy. 2. Growing in marshes. habitats to sample, with Distichlis meadow proving to be the major source for both delphacids and cicadellids. And it is within these families that the greatest differences between the two lists exist. In the Florida study area, Distichlis meadows occurred as "small, isolated patches" (McCoy and Rey, 1981), while around Point Clear some of these meadows (particularly those associated with the channel leading to the island) were rather extensive. Despite these differences, the lists from the two areas are remarkably similar in terms of overall familial and generic diversity, as well as in sharing the majority of species considered to be common components within the marshes. Of the 25 homopteran taxa considered to be common or very common at some time during the Florida study, 19 were encountered during the Point Clear Island survey (15 were common and four others were considered uncommon during the sampling period). Despite the information presented in this and the other reports cited above, the rich and diverse faunas of Mississippi's coastal islands and marshes remain mostly unstudied. Fortunately, some of these islands are federally protected (Gulf Islands National Seashore Gulf Islands National Seashore: see National Parks and Monuments (table). ), but as development in the coastal region continues at a rapid pace, some of these natural areas will undoubtedly be lost. We would like to encourage those who have an interest in faunistic fau·nis·tic adj. Of or relating to the geographic distribution of animals. fau·nis  ti·cal·ly adv. surveys in Mississippi to begin
investigations of these unique and fragile ecosystems before they are
overwhelmed o·ver·whelm tr.v. o·ver·whelmed, o·ver·whelm·ing, o·ver·whelms 1. To surge over and submerge; engulf: waves overwhelming the rocky shoreline. 2. a. by "progress." ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although most of the collecting done during this project was conducted on University of Mississippi property the eastern two-thirds of Point Clear Island is privately owned. We thank Mrs. Mary B. Russ and Mr. N. E. Beckendorff for giving us permission to work in this area. Tommy and Ray Bordages provided boat launch facilities at their marina. Identifications were verified or provided by: P. S. Cwilka, Ohio State University Ohio State University, main campus at Columbus; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1873 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, renamed 1878. There are also campuses at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark. (Cicadellidae); T. J. Henry, National Museum of Natural History For the museum in Manhattan, see . This article is about the museum in Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see National Museum of Natural History (disambiguation). The National Museum of Natural History (Miridae); R. L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera); D. D. Kopp, USDA/CSREES (Membracidae); J. E. McPherson, Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University, main campus at Carbondale; state supported; coeducational; est. 1869, opened 1874 as a normal school, renamed 1947. It has a center for archaeological investigation and a fisheries research laboratory. There is also a campus at Edwardsville. (Reduviidae); J. A. Slater, University of Connecticut The University of Connecticut is the State of Connecticut's land-grant university. It was founded in 1881 and serves more than 27,000 students on its six campuses, including more than 9,000 graduate students in multiple programs. UConn's main campus is in Storrs, Connecticut. (Lygaeidae); D. B. Thomas, USDA-ARS USDA-ARS United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (Pentatomidae) and S. W Wilson, Central Missouri State University Missouri State University is a state university located in Springfield, Missouri. It is the state's second largest university in student enrollment, second only to the University of Missouri. From 1972 to 2005, Missouri State was known as Southwest Missouri State University. (Homoptera). We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of these specialists. Steve Wilson Steve Wilson can refer to:
LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, W.S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. , with special reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis. 1116 pp. Eleutarius, L.N. 1972. The marshes of Mississippi. Castanea 37:153-168. Eleutarius, L.N. 1980. An illustrated guide to the tidal marsh plants of Mississippi and adjacent states. Alabama-Mississippi Sea Grant Consortium Publ. MASGP-77-039. 131 pp. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa, 1987. Insects of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County Hancock County is the name of ten counties in the United States. All are named for John Hancock who was a leader in the American Revolution. The counties are:
adj. Undergoing a metamorphosis that lacks a pupal stage. Used of certain insects. [hemi- + metabol(ic) + -ous. orders (Ephemeroptera, Odonata), J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 32:109-118. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa III. 1989. The aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera and Coleoptera of Point Clear Island, Hancock County, Mississippi. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 34:33-38. Lago, P.K., and S. Testa III. 1990. Notes on the biting flies (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Tabanidae) of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County Mississippi. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 35:59-63. Lago, P.K., S. Testa III, and M.E. Dakin, Jr. 1988. The insects of Point Clear Island and surrounding marshlands, Hancock County, Mississippi. II. Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Isoptera, and Embioptera. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 33:81-91. McCoy, E.D., and J.R. Rey. 1981. Terrestrial arthropods of northwest Florida salt marshes: Coleoptera. Florida Entomol. 64:405-411. Otvos, E.G E.G For Example ., Jr. 1973. Geology of the Mississippi-Alabama coastal area and nearshore near·shore n. The region of land extending from the backshore to the beginning of the offshore zone. near zone. A guide book for the 1973 field trip of the New Orleans New Orleans (ôr`lēənz –lənz, ôrlēnz`), city (2006 pop. 187,525), coextensive with Orleans parish, SE La., between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, 107 mi (172 km) by water from the river mouth; founded Geological Society. New Orleans, LA. 67 pp. Rey, J.R., and E.D. McCoy. 1982. Terrestrial arthropods of northwest Florida salt marshes: Hemiptera and Homoptera (Insecta). Florida Entomol. 65:241-248. Richmond, E.A. 1962. The fauna and flora of Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. 1:59-106. Richmond, E.A. 1968. A supplement to the fauna and flora of Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. 2:213-254. Rings, R.W., and E.A. Richmond. 1953. Mosquito survey of Horn Island, Mississippi. Mosquito News 13:252-255. Smith, W.I., P. Nichols, Jr., L.B. Walton, and L.B. Hale. 1981. Soil survey of Hancock County, Mississippi. U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conserv. Ser. and Mississippi Agr. Forestry Exp. Sta. 103 pp +40 maps. |
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