The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. (Reviews).

The Cambridge Urban. History of Britain. By Peter Clark, General Editor. Volume I (600-1540), ed. by D.M. Palliser; Volume II (1540-1840), ed. by Peter Clark; Volume III (1840-1950), ed. by Martin Daunton (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, vol. I: xxvi plus 841pp; vol. II: xxvii plus 906pp; vol. III: xxvi plus, 944pp. $400).

This is an ambitious and rewarding work encompassing the research of a generation of urban historians, archeologists, geographers, and architects. Although produced by Cambridge University Press, much credit for the work belongs to the Urban History Center of the University of Leicester with which general editor Peter Clark is affiliated. The authors are an international mix, representing not only Britain but Europe and North America. In the nearly 2,800 pages constituting their work a vast array of subject matter is systematically arranged with little show of structural variation in each volume. The first is a bit smaller, 746 pages of text compared to the 836 and 840 in the remaining two. Each comprises approximately twenty-five chapters, which in turn are subdivided into three to five parts. Chapter sizes vary from as few as 13 to as many as 169 pages in volume 1, but most number twenty-five to forty-five. This generally applies to the other two volumes as well. Each contains an extensive bibliography and index and an abundance of plates, maps, figures, and tables. More than twenty-five scholars contributed to each volume.

The first volume, edited by D. M. Palliser, surveys urban change in England, Wales, and Scotland from the end of the Roman period (600 A.D.) to the mid-sixteenth century (1540). The second, under Clark's direction, proceeds to 1840. Martin Daunton, editor of the final one, carries urban development to 1950. This chronological structure is modified in volumes Land II in that each is subdivided: the former into the Early Middle Ages, 600-1300, and Later Middle Ages, 1300-1540 while the second volume divides with the year 1700. The third, however, is organized quite differently, dispensing with such sequential strictures altogether.

The subject matter in the first volume is at once thematic, regional, and broadly national. Palliser's introductory chapters touch on historiography, the volume plan, and a detailed up-date on the latest thinking about that nagging problem of British town origins. The survey of post-Roman towns, which necessarily draws on archeological and architectural as well as the usual written evidence, is organized essentially the same as that for the later Middle Ages- into a general survey and segments on politics, society and population, economics, culture, topography, London, large towns, and small towns. Finally, a part is devoted to regional surveys. In this respect the first two volumes are similarly organized. These "regional survey" chapters break down into the Southeast, Southwest, Midlands, East Anglia, and North for England in addition to Scotland and Wales. Each region is the work of a separate author. In the first volume two chapters are devoted to London and one and part of another to Scotland.

The third differs markedly from the first two volumes in its organization, revealing in no small way the convolutions of modem urban life. Here the urban and suburban transformation from Victorian to twentieth-century Britain is explored by dispensing with the kinds of topical headings which had prevailed in the first two volumes. "Modem" themes such as urban networks, migration, pollution, and transport prevail in the initial part. An expanded section on "governance" embraces the interrelationships of central government and local government, the political economy of urban utilities, social services, and the structure, culture, and society of British towns. The most probing, the third part, clearly reflects puzzles of urban life quite alien to the simpler structures and substance embodied in the earlier periods which are covered in the first two volumes. Under the larger heading of "Construction" that segment of the Daunton volume bears a superficial resemblance to chapters on topography in the earlier volume s, but here the similarity ends. These chapters as evidenced by such labels as "Land, Property and Planning", "The Evolution of Britain's Urban Built Environment," and "The Planners and the Public" bear the mark of modem urban complexity.

The second volume spans the period from the Reformation to the railroads, which heralded Britain as the world's premier urban nation. The first part begins with a regional survey roughly similar to that which concluded volume 1, although it devotes greater detail to Wales and Scotland. Chapter labeling in Part II, "Urban Themes and Types 1540-1700," obscures coverage of similar topics--society and population, economy, politics, landscape (or topography), London, large towns, ports, and small towns-- in the preceding volume. The third part surveys the period from 1700-1840, using the same "urban themes" with several notable additions. For topography or landscape, read a more elegant "Transformation of Urban Space 1700-1840" and add chapters on health and leisure resorts and industrializing towns.

Part 4 on "Getting and Spending" presents urban Britain in various twentieth century guises--industrialization, the urban labor market, fertility and mortality patterns, the middle class, towns and consumerism, and leisure and religion. Finally, the last part, "Images", unlike any other, reviews the representation of the city in the visual arts.

It is not unusual that reviewers lament the "unevenness" of compilations such as The Cambridge Urban History. No doubt there are instances of truth in their doing so, yet it seems unwarranted here. This reviewer especially appreciated those chapters which drew upon the latest scholarship in archaeology, topography, and architecture. Such an approach is evident in Grenville Astill's "General Survey 600-1300", in which there is a heavy reliance upon coins and archaeological fieldwork as well as written records. Maps of later Saxon Gloucester, Exeter, Colchester, and Chichester also enhance the narrative. Similarly, the first-volume chapter "The Topography of Towns 600-1300" is an eye-opener in its treatment of English and Scottish towns (Dundee is singled out in both the narrative and maps). Discussion of the shape of towns, market places, plot patterns, defenses, public space, ecclesiastical precincts and buildings, domestic and commercial buildings, and suburbs draws upon the latest scholarship; here, too, th e narrative is buttressed by town plans and maps. While the several centuries before 1300 were crucial ones architecturally as England's great cathedrals, monastic houses, castles, and friaries will testify, "The Built Environment 1300-1540" is hardly less absorbing. This chapter continues the conversation about topography, civic, ecclesiastical, commercial, and domestic architecture before concluding with town decline and decay in the wake of the Black Death.

Michael Reed's "Urban Landscape 1540-1700" and "Transformation of Urban Space 1700-1840" in volume 11 focus on physical attributes of towns in the second volume. His utilizing private, institutional, and public space to organize urban topography is effective in both of these essays; his concluding section ("Change in the Urban Environment") in the second really touches on the three hundred years of topographical change covered in both chapters. Beyond these there is in volume II an interesting post-1700 grouping which include "Regional and Country Centers", "Health and Leisure Resorts", and "Industrializing Towns" in addition to a chapter on London and small towns. Of these Peter Borsay's essay on resorts merits special mention.

Urban Britain in the time of Dickens, on the other hand, was neither a pretty place; nor was it healthful. In his lengthy and perceptive introduction to the third volume Martin Daunton paints a bleak picture, one of "decay, corruption, stench and stickiness" (p. 1). To combat this urban malady, presumed to be caused by traffic and polluted air, sanitary reformers prescribed "continuous circulation", or an unblocking of the cities' arteries. In this volume the notion of "circulation" receives full play and sets it apart from the form and substance of those in the first two. In addition to those mentioned above, chapters on labor, fertility and mortality, and consumerism make this volume unique among the three. This third volume's diversity and sophistication are especially evidenced by R. J. Morris' "Structure, Culture and Society in British Towns" and Colin G. Pooley's "Patterns on the Ground: Urban Form, Residential Structure and the Social Construction of Space". The most delightful and surprising essay is "The Representation of the City in the Visual Arts" which pleasantly concludes this otherwise ponderous tome.

In conclusion, this Cambridge History is a model of scholarship. Its many and varied themes, figures, bibliographies, and detailed indices should provide a standard reference for a generation of scholars interested in Britain's urban past.