The British Garrison in Australia 1788-1841 -- the Commissariat.

`... the prejudices of society against a commissary almost prevent him from receiving the common respect due to the character of a gentleman.' -- (Wellington to Colonel Gordon, Commissary-in-Chief, 19 December 1810) (1)

`It is not to be wondered at if the men who came forward as commissariat officers were not over scrupulous, and in fact tended to come from the very worst elements of the commercial world.' (S G P Ward, Wellington's Headquarters) (2)

`In my Wellington's Headquarters I examined the work of the commissariat, ... The closer study I have been able to give him since has convinced me that I misjudged him. There were some rogues, there were some commissaries who made money on the side; but I am sure most of them were honest men by their lights and that among their number were men of great ability, enterprise and business acumen.' (S G P Ward, The Peninsular Commissary) (3)

The character attributed by Wellington and Ward, in the first instance, was not that displayed by the first commissary in New South Wales. Andrew Miller was a naval appointee, appointed by Governor Phillip on the recommendation of Evan Nepean, Under Secretary of State in the Home Office, who had been involved in planning for the despatch of the First Fleet and had himself a background in naval accounting. Miller accompanied Phillip and acted as the governor's secretary until that role was taken over by Captain Collins. Miller remained in the colony for less than three years, his health breaking down, he left to return to England and died on the return voyage. Contrary to the army opinion of commissaries, Miller was held in high regard by Phillip, who reported to Nepean that Miller `discharged the trust reposed in him with the strictest honour and no profit' (4) Phillip appointed John Palmer, formerly purser on the Sirius, wrecked on Norfolk Island on 2 June 1791, to succeed Miller. Palmer was to serve in the post until the deposition of Governor Bligh by the Macarthur-led mutineers in January 1808. Palmer, who remained loyal to the governor, was charged by the illegal administration with sedition in March 1809 and sentenced to three months imprisonment. Macquarie, after his arrival, reinstated Palmer to the office of commissary but Palmer was sent to England to appear as a witness in the court martial of Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh. During Palmer's absence the office of Deputy Commissary was filled by William Broughton who had come in the First Fleet as servant to Surgeon White and had subsequently filled various commissary positions.

The responsibilities of the commissary had increased considerably since Miller's time. The settlement had grown to encompass most of the present Sydney metropolitan area with subsidiary commissary stores at Parramatta, Liverpool, Toongabbie and Windsor, detached settlements at Newcastle, on the Derwent and at Port Dalrymple in Van Diemens Land and at Norfolk Island, all of which were staffed by minor commissary officers and storemen, in some cases senior NCOs of the garrison. Thomas Laycock, Quartermaster of the New South Wales Corps held the position of a deputy commissary for some years up to 1800. (5) The role of the commissary had also changed: during Miller's period he had been responsible for the issue of rations from the government store to the entire population of the settlement; by the date of Palmer's retirement the commissariat had become responsible for the receipt and issue of all government stores, the accounting for the transactions, the purchase of meat, grain and other farm produce from private merchants, and the issue of rations to the garrison, their wives and children, the government officials and convicts and to settlers `on the store', with their families and allotted convict labour until they became self-supporting--usually one year. The commissary could draw bills on the British Treasury and paid for most local purchase by the issue of `stores receipts', which with the acute shortage of coinage, became an alternative means of financial transactions in the colony. `In effect the commissary kept the public accounts and funds of the colony and was at once official supplier, contractor and banker to the settlement.' (6) Among his extraneous duties were the charter of shipping, the annual issue of `slops' to the government convicts, the receipt of materials manufactured in the Female Factories and, at one stage in an effort to break the monopoly of the `trading officers' of the New South Wales Corps, the commissary became involved in the import and sale of goods in demand by the less affluent settlers.

Palmer had thrived as a settler in the colony during his time as commissary, acquiring several grants of land, stock, and some small ships. He owned a windmill and a bakery and was recognised for his improved farming methods. He was a likeable character and has not been accused of using his office for self-advancement but was, as Ward put it about another commissary officer, `an honest man by his lights'. In 1811, Treasury decreed the reduction of Palmer to the office of Assistant-Commissary-General in the new hierarchy introduced in 1809 and it may have been the Treasury belief that Palmer had been too long in the office. Also it might have been a feeling that the position of commissary in the colony should be filled by an army appointee as more suitable to an essentially army-controlled colony rather than continuing with an ex-navy purser; greater control might be exercised by the army governor over an army commissary.

From 1786, the army commissary had been defined as `a member of the Civil Administration of the Army', (7) although as a civil administrator he took his technical direction from the Treasury. In 1809, Colonel James Willoughby Gordon, Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, was appointed Commissary-in-Chief with the aim of putting the commissariat services on a more formal and organised basis, endeavouring to ensure the appointment of suitably qualified and reliable officers to the service. One of Gordon's earliest reforms was to institute commissary ranks with equivalence to military ranks to give the commissary some better status. The ranks were:

Commissary-General                                  Brigadier-General
Deputy-Commissary-General of three years standing   Lieutenant Colonel
                   less than three years standing   Major
Assistant-Commissary-General                        Captain
Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-General                 Lieutenant
Clerks holding Treasury appointments                Ensign
Inferior Clerks, Storekeepers, Conductors           NCOs (8)

The records of service in New South Wales of the first two Treasury-appointed Deputy-Commissaries-General, David Allan and Frederick Drennan, would not have persuaded Wellington to revise his 1810 opinion of the character of commissaries. The unfortunate choice of these two could perhaps be attributed to the replacement of the Commissary-in-Chief, Colonel Gordon, who went out to the Peninsular as Quartermaster-General to Wellington, by Mr J C Herries, `a young gentleman from the City with his own notions of how things should be done'. (9) Certainly the old habit of influence appears to have revived, as Allan had a powerful patron, the Rt Hon J MacMahon. However, it might also have been considered that Allan had shown zeal and ability as Commissary in charge of stores at the 400 acre North Sea island, Heligoland, which had been seized by the British from the Danes in 1807 to prevent it becoming a French entrepot. In fact, after Allan's arrival the commissariat system in New South Wales reverted to the worst of the late 18th century standards.

After his arrival in June 1813, Allan set about reorganising the commissariat department. As part of the reorganisation he had brought with him three clerks: Patrick Hogan was sent to Van Diemens Land as Deputy-Assistant-Commissary; Brodie and Hobson filled Commissary Clerk's positions. Allan persuaded Macquarie to discontinue the use of Stores Receipts, issuing instead his own notes which he extended to cover his own trading activities. Macquarie discovered Allan's speculations and reported these in 1817, requesting Allan's replacement. He pointed out that two of Allan's imported subordinates had been dismissed for fraudulent activities and the third, Hobson, was `a very low Drunken Fellow' who had escaped being caught in any act of fraud of embezzlement. Allan was described by one of his own commissariat staff as `a compound of perfidy, hypocrisy and ... dishonesty'. (10) Palmer, who had arrived back in New South Wales in May 1814, appears to have retired to his property at Parramatta. There he neglected his commissariat duties until being recommended by Macquarie, in the same report to Earl Bathurst, to be placed on half-pay as being `of no use here nor never shall be' (11)

Allan's replacement, Frederick Drennan, had begun his career as a deputy-commissary in 1809 and had been appointed a Deputy-Commissary-General in North America in 1814. He was posted to New South Wales from Jamaica `where he had occurred a large deficiency in his accounts, this was apparently thought to qualify him for appointment to New South Wales'. (12) Arriving in Sydney in January 1819, Drennan was soon at loggerheads with the governor on several issues and accused the officers of the 48th Regiment of operating the regimental mill for their own benefit. Lieutenant Colonel James Erskine, Commanding Officer of the 48th, demanded that Drennan be brought to Court Martial, but the Judge Advocate, John Wylde, advised that Drennan could not be tried on the charges raised.

In May 1821, Drennan was replaced by William Wemyss, and Drennan was sent to England under arrest for unexplained deficiencies in his accounts. During Drennan's regime a group of new experienced commissaries began arriving in New South Wales. They were veterans of service with Wellington in the Peninsular and at Waterloo. Many of them, appointed from the half-pay lists, were to settle in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land and to become substantial members of the colonial society. The first official listing of these commissaries in the colony appeared in the Monthly Return (WO 17/2310, f 57) for July 1826. The detail is shown below. All except Lithgow had served in the Peninsular War.

Deputy Commissary General (DCG)      W Wemyss       Sydney
Assistant Commissary General (ACG)   A Moodie       Hobart Town
Assistant Commissary General (ACG)   W Lithgow      Sydney
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     S Ryrie        Sydney
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     G T Boyes      Sydney
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     J Radford      P'matta District
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     P Roberts      Hobart Town
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     Geo Hull       Port Dalrymple
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     J T Goodsir    Absent on Duty
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     H B Bowerman   Port Macquarie
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     W Fletcher     Hobart Town
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     J Clements     Sydney
Deputy Assistant Commissary
  General (DACG)                     C Howarth      Bathurst District

William Wemyss was the senior by rank and experience. He had served in the Peninsular from 1809 and was, in 1848, to receive his Military General Service medal with ten clasps, one of only three commissaries to receive the medal with ten or more clasps. Fletcher and Roberts were each awarded the medal with one clasp. Some had been at Waterloo; certainly Stewart Ryrie, grandfather of Major General Granville Ryrie, had, although no commissary received the Waterloo Medal. (13) The Ryrie family has in its possession the solid oak chest in which, it is claimed, Stewart Ryrie carried his specie and documents to the battle.

Amongst these commissaries Laidley, Moodie, Boyes, Hull, and Fletcher settled in the colony, as did William Cordeaux another Peninsular commissary who arrived in New South Wales in 1818. In 1819, Cordeaux, was directed to take charge of the commissariat following the arrest of Drennan. In 1825 he was appointed a joint commissioner with the responsibility for the division of the colony into counties, hundreds and parishes, going onto half-pay as a Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-General. His name is remembered by the Cordeaux River and the later Cordeaux Dam adjacent to his grant at Leppington, near Liverpool. There are entries in the Australian Dictionary of Biography for almost all these commissaries, reflecting their standing in the contemporary colonial society. It was as the result of an examination of the backgrounds and character of commissaries such as those who came to Australia which convinced Ward, the author of Wellington's Headquarters, that he had misjudged the commissary (see footnotes 2 and 3).

Not all who served in Australia enjoyed a happy retirement here. John Clements lost an eye in an attack by bushrangers near Liverpool in 1826. Returning to England on the Cumberland in 1827, the ship was taken by pirates in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands and Clements was murdered or thrown overboard with the rest of the crew. (14) John Radford, a heavy drinker according to Boyes, (15) was posted to relieve Commissary Clerk Miller at the northern settlement of Fort Dundas on Melville Island in August 1826. A decision had already been made to abandon this settlement and to transfer stores and some personnel to a new settlement, Fort Wellington, on the mainland at Raffles Bay. Radford was one of those who moved across to serve under Captain Collet Barker of the 39th, the Dorsetshire Regiment. One of Radford's duties was to sail on the colonial brig Amity to procure supplies--buffalo, sheep, pigs, maize, oil, and sugar--arranged by a Frenchman, Bechade, acting as the agent for the settlement at the Dutch settlement of Koepang (now Kupang) on the western tip of Timor. It seems that Radford was able to obtain alcohol sufficient to keep him intoxicated for days, leading to his death, ostensibly from hepatitis, at Raffles Bay on 25 July 1829.

Nevertheless, the appointment of a growing number of experienced and competent commissaries reflects the Treasury recognition of the need for reliable staff and also reflects the development of new settlements in the colony. As new centres were developed, each had its commissary store staffed by a Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-General. By 1817, commissary stores had been established in New South Wales at Sydney, Parramatta, Windsor, Liverpool, Newcastle and Bathurst, and in Van Diemens Land at Hobart and Port Dalrymple (Launceston). Smaller stores, such as the store to support the small garrison and convict population at Wellington (an outpost of the major settlement at Bathurst) and George Town (an outpost from Launceston), were set up to support minor outlying settlements with guard detachments and its gang of working convicts. The smaller stores were staffed by commissary clerk/storekeepers or by army senior noncommissioned officers. At George Town in Van Diemens Land, two sergeants had been employed at various times as storekeepers, enjoying an allowance of two shillings a day in addition to their military pay. Acting Sergeant George Waddy, as storekeeper, accompanied the detachment of the 48th Regiment to set up the punitive settlement at Macquarie Harbour. He was, in due course, relieved by a storekeper of the commissariat department. The first settlement at Port Macquarie had as its commissariat representative ex-sergeant Gilbert Smith, who had served as Captain Francis Allman's company pay clerk and so could be relied upon to `cipher' accurately. He was superseded by Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-General H B Bowerman.

William Wemyss, when he arrived in Sydney in March 1821, found the monetary system of New South Wales in a confused state with `currency' (promissory notes issued by a variety of businessmen for as little as threepence), (16) stores receipts, issued by commissaries, Spanish dollars, Indian rupees, holey dollars and dumps, introduced by Governor Macquarie in 1813, and British copper coins, all of which had to be exchanged for `sterling' Commissariat Bills on the British Treasury to make overseas payments. Unlike Drennan who had attempted to rationalise the system by the issue of notes in his own name, Wemyss, with the support of the Colonial Secretary, Frederick Goulburn, endeavoured, in 1822, to make the Spanish dollar, a well accepted coin, the basis of the New South Wales system. Cash transactions and both government and private accounting were to be in dollar terms, in place of `sterling'. The colony experienced another period of confusion in attempts to change all the previous accounting and cash transactions to the dollar system at various rates of exchange, until, late in 1825, when the British Treasury decreed the immediate institution of sterling exchange standard and the abolition of `currency' and dollars from the colony's monetary system. Nevertheless, it was not until 1830 before the banks refused to accept dollars. Wemyss returned to Scotland in November 1828 and has been described as `one of the most honest and competent commissariat officers to serve in New South Wales'. (17)

One of Wemyss' early recommendations, in 1821, was to create a commissariat organisation in Van Diemens Land independent of the New South Wales commissariat in the event of the separation of the administration of the two components of the colony. The institution of a separate administration was promulgated by Governor Darling on 3 December 1825 on his passage through Hobart to take up the appointment of Governor of New South Wales, replacing Sir Thomas Brisbane. Darling appointed a committee of Wemyss, Moodie and William Lithgow, in charge of the Accounts Branch, to examine the question of a separate commissariat. They recommended that this should occur, and the new structure was introduced in November 1826. Assistant-Commissary-General Affleck Moodie became head of the new organisation and Deputy Assistant-Commissary General G T W B Boyes transferred from Sydney to take up the position of Auditor of Civil Accounts.

One of the numerous Scots veterans in the commissariat (as well as Moodie, Wemyss, Laidley, Lithgow and Ryrie were all Scots) Moodie had arrived in the colony in 1822 and spent his career in Van Diemens Land. He enjoyed the confidence and trust of both Lieutenant Governor Sorrel and his successor, George Arthur, as a conscientious and hard-working officer, until his death in 1838. The Auditor of Accounts, Boyes, had begun his career as a commissary clerk in Wellington's army and was on half-pay, rusticating in France for economy's sake when he was recalled to full-time service to an appointment in New South Wales. Initially employed in the accounts branch under Lithgow in Sydney, he received appointment to the more prestigious and independent position in Hobart on the separation of the commissariat administration. Boyes died in August 1853. Now he is best known for his diary and letters describing his life in the settlement and for his acerbic comments on his contemporaries. An amateur water colourist of mediocre ability, many of Boyes' works are held by institutions and in private collections in Tasmania.

After Wemyss' return to Scotland, James Laidley was appointed to head the commissariat in New South Wales. He had served in the Peninsular War, in the West Indies, Canada and Mauritius, arriving in Sydney with his family on the Orpheus in May 1827. Laidley was immediately employed to conduct an investigation into the administrative efficiency of the commissariat organisation with the inevitable recommendation that the staff be increased. His recommendation was accepted and the Commissariat was also directed to divide the colony's expenditure into three classes: Colonial, Military, and Convict. Laidley succeeded Wemyss in 1828 and died suddenly in August 1835. A competent and capable administrator, he had little influence on the economic progress of the colony.

Although he never served as the Deputy-Commissary-General, William Lithgow was one of the most influential of the commissariat staff to serve in New South Wales. He had begun his career as a commissary clerk under David Allan in Heligoland in 1808, but he certainly did not share the character of Allan's followers Hogan, Brodie and Hobson. Lithgow had been promoted to the rank of Deputy-Assistant-Commissary-General in 1812 to take charge of the commissariat accounts branch in Mauritius and it was from there that he was ordered to Sydney to set up the accounts branch for the colony of New South Wales. He arrived in May 1824 and from then headed the branch until his resignation in 1827. During his period in office, Lithgow had acted as private secretary to Governors Brisbane and Darling and held additional significant appointments as auditor of colonial accounts, as a magistrate, and as clerk of the Executive Council. Unfortunately, he undertook, or had placed on his shoulders, too many responsibilities, and fell behind in his commissariat work. He resigned from the commissariat on Governor Darling's recommendation to take up the role of auditor of colonial accounts. Lithgow enjoyed one of the most senior civil positions in the colony, acting on occasion as private secretary to Governor Bourke. He retired from office as Auditor-General in 1852 and died in June 1862 at North Sydney. Lithgow had enjoyed the confidence of three governors of the colony and it seems appropriate that his service should be recalled by the city to which he gave his name. (18)

In late 1828, Assistant-Commissary General William Miller, another Peninsular veteran, arrived in the colony, although he was not shown in the Monthly Returns until January 1829. It appears that Miller was selected by Treasury as a potential successor to Laidley as the first entry naming him in the Return as an Assistant-Commissary-General is immediately below Deputy-Commissary-General Laidley in order of seniority. Miller duly filled the post of Deputy-Commissary-General on Laidley's death in 1835. Little is known about Miller in Australia. In 1844 he was appointed Deputy-Commissary-General in Hong Kong. His replacement in Sydney was Deputy-Commissary-General Ramsay. Miller was promoted to become Commissary-General in December 1849. The Monthly Returns for 1841 show that the commissariat stall had grown to one D-C-G, six A-C-Gs, and thirteen D-A-C-Gs, including commissaries in South Australia and Western Australia. (19)

In 1836, the responsibility for supply of convict clothing passed from the commissariat to the Ordnance Storekeeper. This, to some extent, must have eased the workload of the commissariat. Although issues were made only on the arrival of convicts in the colony and then twice yearly on 1 May and 1 November, with the authorised scales of issue varying according to location and type of employment, the receipt, accounting and issue of clothing items had become an onerous task. Different styles and colours of clothing were issued to convicts in the Hyde Park Barracks, those in Commissariat employ, in the Engineer Department, in the stockades or the ironed gangs and at the outstations at Newcastle, Port Macquarie, Moreton Bay, Norfolk Island and other locations. The Female Factories at Parramatta, Bathurst and Port Macquarie had their different scales and the children of the women in the factories had also to be clothed. Clothes were mostly supplied on requisition from England but frequently recourse had to be made to local production involving the purchase of basic materials and their processing at the Female Factories. Occasionally items of clothing were purchased from local suppliers. In 1830, a convict `slop' suit consisted of a frock of Parramatta cloth, a pair of trousers, a striped shirt and a pair of shoes. A scale of clothing was also laid down for assigned convicts but this was the responsibility of their masters to supply. (20)

At the same time as the responsibility for clothing was handed over to the Ordnance Department, the responsibility for military and convict buildings was handed over as well. The Commissariat itself had erected extensive and substantial stores buildings. Some have survived, often undergoing extensive alterations to fit them for other later uses, but the main parts of the original stores in Brisbane and Fremantle are still in existence, used now to house historical organisations. The 1835 Norfolk Island store is intact and has been refurbished to become All Saints Church.

The Commissariat organisation continued its operations until 1870, but the run down of the convict establishment saw its functions reducing from 1847. Nevertheless, the Commissariat retained its status as a military organisation: Laidley was given a military funeral at which, no doubt, his fellow commissaries turned out in their blue uniforms; and in 1848 Assistant-Commissary-General William Fletcher received his Military General Service Medal with the single clasp for service as a commissary clerk at Vittoria on 21 June 1813.

Further information on the Commissariat in Australia can be found in Neville Lindsay, Equal To The Task, Kenmore, Qld, 1992.

46th South Devonshire Regiment 1814-1819

`The Edinburgh Regiment', `The Lacedemonians', `The Red Feathers',
`The Surprisers'.

Background

1741                 Raised as 57th Regiment.

1746                 At Culloden

1748                 Redesignated 46th Regiment

1782                 Titled South Devonshire Regiment

1757-1813            Served mainly in N America and West Indies with
                     occasional service in England and Ireland.

In New South Wales

February 1814        Arrived Port Jackson on Wyndham, Three Bees and
                     General Hewitt.

                     Before leaving England members of the Officers'
                     Mess resolved that, in the colony, they would not
                     associate with convicts or emancipists. This  was
                     a direct rebuttal of Gov Macquarie's policy of
                     restoration of emancipists to their place in
                     society.

                     Later in the Regt's service in NSW the officers
                     openly jeered at Macquarie at the Mess table,
                     refused invitations to Government House and
                     chalked a caricature of Macquarie on the Guard
                     Room wall.

May 1815             Sgt Broadfoot and 6 Ptes of 46th from Hobart Town
                     successfully mounted an operation against
                     bushrangers in VDL, capturing Maguire and Burne.
                     They received reward of 100 [pounds sterling].

Feb-April 1816       Cpl McCarthy and 7 Ptes in pursuit of bushrangers
                     in VDL and were successful in capturing two.

April 1816           Capts Schaw and Wallis, with Light and Grenadier
                     Coys, in pursuit and reducing natives to a state
                     of obedience in near Airds and Appin.

8 June 1816          Capt Wallis appointed Comdt at Newcastle. He
                     embarked on an extensive building program
                     including Christ Church, the third brick and
                     stone church in Australia. Wallis was highly
                     regarded by Macquarie.

July 1816            Cpl McMarthy in VDL spent six months in pursuit
                     of bushrangers, killing Geary, a deserter from
                     the 73rd Regiment and capturing two others.
                     Reward 100 [pounds sterling] for Geary and
                     25 [pounds sterling] for each of the other two.

1816                 Officers of the 46th established military
                     Masonic Lodge No 227 in Sydney. Lodge 227
                     rejected Samuel Clayton recommended by the Irish
                     Masonic body on the grounds that he was a
                     convicted felon. Capt Sanderson, Master of the
                     Lodge, beat emancipist Colonial Architect,
                     Francis Greenway for writing an impertinent
                     letter.

March 1817           Pte Charles Fraser, later appointed the Colonial
                     Botanist and founder of Sydney Botanical Gardens,
                     accompanied Surveyor General Oxley on exploration
                     of Lachlan River region.

April 1817           Sgt Jeremiah Murphy became the first investor in
                     the Bank of New  South Wales with a deposit of
                     50 [pounds sterling]

1817                 Relations between Gov Macquarie and the CO and
                     officers of the 46th had deteriorated to the
                     extent that Macquarie took the first opportunity
                     after the arrival of the 48th Regiment to order
                     the elements of the 46th in Sydney to embark
                     for India.

8 September 1817     HQ and Sydney based companies of the 46th
                     embarked on the Matilda, Lloyds and Dick for
                     India.

1819                 Last elements leave NSW.

Transfers from the 46th Regiment to the 48th 25
March -- 24 September 1817: (21)

Brooks William       Keefe Michael
Brown John           Lawson George
Cartwright Charles   McWharrie Peter
Chubb John           Moore Lewis
Denning Isaac        Platt George
Dummigan William     Radley William
Evans Thomas         Reed Richard
Fowler Nathaniel     Riley Thomas
Frazer Charles       Riley William
Gillaspy James       Sage William
Giddes William       Stewart Robert
Gorman John          Ternan William
Hamilton William     Tollis Thomas
Hart Thomas          Whalan Charles
Holden Joseph        Whittle Thomas

(1) Lt Colonel Gurwood, (Compiler) Despatches of Field Marshall The Duke Of Wellington, KG, London, 1837, p 50.

(2) S G P Ward, Wellington's Headquarters, Oxford, 1957, p 71.

(3) Ward, `The Peninsular Commissary', Journal of The Society For Army Historical Research, 75 (1997), pp 230-239.

(4) Phillip to Nepean, HRNSW, I, Pt 2, p 828.

(5) Geoffrey L Laycock, The New South Wales Corps--An Examination of It's Roles in Early Colonial History, B Litt Thesis, University of New England, 1964, p 72.

(6) Margaret Steven, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol II, Melbourne 1989, p 309.

(7) Havilland Le Mesurier, Commissariat Duties in the Field, quoted in Richard Glover, Peninsular Preparation, Cambridge, 1963, p 256.

(8) Regulations and Orders for The Army, 1822, p 8.

(9) Ward, Wellington's Headquarters', p 93.

(10) George Johnston, jnr, to W C Wentworth, 1 March 1819, Wentworth Papers, ML.

(11) Macquarie to Bathurst, 1 April 1817, HRA I, 9, pp 249 - 252.

(12) George Parsons, ADB, Vol I, p 322.

(13) Charles Dalton, The Waterloo Roll Call, London, 1971, p 234.

(14) Peter Chapman, (ed), The Diaries and Letters of G T W B Boyes 1820-1832, Melbourne, 1988, p 920.

(15) Ibid.

(16) S J Butlin, Foundations of the Australian Monetary System 1788-1851, Melbourne, 1968, p 209.

(17) George Parsons, ADB, Vol II, Melbourne, 1989, p 579.

(18) Richard & Barbara Appleton (comp) The Cambridge Dictionary of Australian Place Names, Melbourne, 1992, pp 172-173.

(19) Stanley to Gipps, 16 January 1844, HRA I,23 p 335; Monthly Return February 1841, WO 17/235.

(20) Karen Westmacott, Convict Clothing in New South Wales 1788-1845, unpublished Archival Report, Canberra, 1986.

(21) WO 12/5969 AJCP Microfilm 3797.

References

Richard Cannon, Historical record of the Forty-Sixth Regiment, London, 1851.

Clem Sargent, The Colonial Garrison 1817-1824, Mawson, ACT, 1996.