The Atlas of heart disease and stroke.Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease Disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. Mentioned in: Lipoproteins Test cardiovascular disease now ranks as the leading cause of death, resulting in one third of all deaths globally. The Atlas Atlas, in Greek mythology Atlas (ăt`ləs), in Greek mythology, a Titan; son of Iapetus and Clymene and the brother of Prometheus. of Heart Disease and Stroke, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in conjunction with the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. (CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation ), was launched on 26 September 2004 to coincide with the fifth annual World Heart Day, a major driving force for encouraging heart disease and stroke prevention worldwide. The report shows that heart disease and stroke are also becoming more deadly, with a projected combined death toll of 24 million by 2030. Both kill 17 million persons every year and are increasingly likely to afflict af·flict tr.v. af·flict·ed, af·flict·ing, af·flicts To inflict grievous physical or mental suffering on. [Middle English afflighten, from afflight, those in poor countries, WHO said. Young people are increasingly adopting unhealthy lifestyles unhealthy lifestyle Public health A dissipated personal modus operandum, which may be characterized by one or more of the following: substance abuse–eg, alcohol, drug and/or tobacco use, debauchery, sexual promiscuity and/or teenage pregnancy, poor sleep . Obesity obesity, condition resulting from excessive storage of fat in the body. Obesity has been defined as a weight more than 20% above what is considered normal according to standard age, height, and weight tables, or by a complex formula known as the body mass index. , poor diets, smoking and physical inactivity--the leading causes of heart disease and stroke--are now being seen at an alarmingly early age. With children, adolescents and heart disease being the focus of the 2004 World Heart Day, WHO said that the young should be encouraged as early as possible to lead a healthy lifestyle, including diet and exercise, before they can develop any serious problems. Dr. Judith Mackay, co-author co·au·thor or co-au·thor n. A collaborating or joint author. tr.v. co·au·thored, co·au·thor·ing, co·au·thors To be a collaborating or joint author of: "He and a colleague . . . of the Atlas with Dr. George Mensah of CDC, said: "No matter what advances there are in high-technology medicine, the fundamental message is that any major reduction in deaths and disability from heart disease and stroke will come primarily from prevention, not just cure. This must involve robust reduction of risk factors through encouraging our children to adopt healthy lifestyle habits and by introducing appropriate policies and intervention programmes." According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Dr. Robert Beaglehole, Director of the WHO Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, 80 per cent of the burden is in low- and middle-income countries, and heart disease and stroke not only take lives but also cause an enormous economic burden. He also stressed that the Atlas should be a significant new resource for global advocacy and education activity. It provides data for each country through maps, photographs and images, and provides risk-factor statistics for the occurrence of high blood pressure, tobacco use, physical inactivity physical inactivity A sedentary state. Cf Physical activity. , obesity, lipids lipids, a broad class of organic products found in living systems. Most are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The definition excludes the mineral oils and other petroleum products obtained from fossil material. and diabetes. Health policies and laws are also explained. The diverse elements of this global epidemic, including risk factors, similarities and differences between countries, the economic burden, prevention, policies and legislation, treatment and predictions, are chronicled. The report also contains a world data table with statistics for each country, as well as the number of healthy life years lost to heart disease and stroke, the prevalence of smoking and the status of policies and legislation. "While heart disease and stroke are eminently preventable, decision-makers and government-funding agencies are overall neglecting this public health issue", said Janet Voute, Chief Executive Officer of the World Heart Federation, a non-governmental organization “NGO” redirects here. For other uses, see NGO (disambiguation). A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by private persons or organizations with no participation or representation of any government. dedicated to the global prevention of these illnesses. "We know how to reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke, but what is needed now is the combination of necessary resources and political will by each country to take effective action." The Atlas is designed to inform health professionals, UN agencies, government officials, decision-makers, the media, researchers and the general public, and to provide an essential advocacy tool to stimulate vital action and help promote constructive decision-making. Some facts from the Atlas * Over 100 risk factors have been associated with coronary heart disease coronary heart disease: see coronary artery disease. coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease Progressive reduction of blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowing or blocking of a coronary artery (see atherosclerosis). and stroke and are now significant in all populations. In developed countries, at least one third of cardiovascular disease (CVD CVD Cardiovascular disease, see there ) is attributable to tobacco and alcohol use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol Cholesterol, High Definition Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in animal tissue and is an important component to the human body. It is manufactured in the liver and carried throughout the body in the bloodstream. and obesity. In developing countries with low mortality like China, these risk factors are high on the top ten list. In developing countries with high mortality, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and tobacco and alcohol use, as well as low vegetable and fruit intake, are among the top risk factors. Some major risks can be prevented, treated and controlled by stopping smoking, reducing cholesterol and blood pressure, eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity. * Risk factors, including dietary habits and smoking, are determined to a great extent by behaviours learned in childhood and are starting to appear earlier throughout the world. Physical activity decreases markedly in adolescence adolescence, time of life from onset of puberty to full adulthood. The exact period of adolescence, which varies from person to person, falls approximately between the ages 12 and 20 and encompasses both physiological and psychological changes. , particularly in girls, and obesity has increased substantially not only in Europe and North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. but also in China and Japan where populations are traditionally slender Slender “though well-landed, an idiot.” [Br. Lit.: Merry Wives of Windsor] See : Stupidity . Type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes n. See diabetes mellitus. is increasing in adolescents in North America, Japan and Thailand. * Programmes to address childhood and youth risk factors are mostly confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to developed countries, but urgent action is required. Families, schools, communities, health professionals and policymakers all need to promote healthy lifestyles in children and young people. * High blood pressure or hypertension hypertension or high blood pressure, elevated blood pressure resulting from an increase in the amount of blood pumped by the heart or from increased resistance to the flow of blood through the small arterial blood vessels (arterioles). is one of the most important preventable causes of premature death Premature Death occurs when a living thing dies of a cause other than old age. A premature death can be the result of injury, illness, violence, suicide, poor nutrition (often stemming from low income), starvation, dehydration, or other factors. . In most countries, up to 30 per cent of adults suffer from it and another 50 to 60 per cent would be in better health if they reduced it by increasing physical activity, maintaining an ideal weight and eating more fruits and vegetables. Medication is available to control high blood pressure. * High cholesterol causes around a third of all CVD worldwide. * There is a larger risk of developing CVD than lung cancer lung cancer, cancer that originates in the tissues of the lungs. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States in both men and women. Like other cancers, lung cancer occurs after repeated insults to the genetic material of the cell. from cigarette smoking. The risks are much higher in people who started smoking before the age of 16. * People are becoming obese o·bese adj. Extremely fat; very overweight. obese characterized by obesity. obese adjective Characterized by obesity, see there; excessively fat due to the availability of food, changes in the kind of food eaten, and decreased exercise. Industrialization industrialization Process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. The changes that took place in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th century led the way for the early industrializing nations of western Europe and , urbanization and mechanized mech·a·nize tr.v. mech·a·nized, mech·a·niz·ing, mech·a·niz·es 1. To equip with machinery: mechanize a factory. 2. transport have reduced physical activity, thus more than 60 per cent of the global population is not sufficiently active. In China, there are 70 million overweight Overweight Refers to an investment position that is larger than the generally accepted benchmark. Notes: For example, if a company normally holds a portfolio whose weighting of cash is 10%, and then increases cash holdings to 15%, the portfolio would have an overweight persons; South Pacific populations that used to be physically active and slim now have some of the highest rates of obesity. * Diabetes is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke. Over 170 million persons worldwide have diabetes and the number is increasing. Changes in childhood diets and low levels of exercise are leading to an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children. It is more prevalent in developed countries, but modernization modernization Transformation of a society from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial one. It is closely linked with industrialization. As societies modernize, the individual becomes increasingly important, gradually replacing the family, and lifestyle changes will likely result in a future epidemic in developing countries. * A low socio-economic status is associated with an increased risk of CVD due to lifestyle and behaviour patterns, lack of access to health care and chronic stress. * Cardiovascular disease is responsible for the loss of 10 per cent of disability-adjusted life years Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) is a measure for the overall "burden of disease." Originally developed by the World Health Organization, it is becoming increasingly common in the field of public health and health impact assessment (HIA). (DALYs), which indicate the total burden of a disease, as opposed to the resulting deaths. CVD is responsible for 10-per-cent DALYs lost in low- and middle-income countries and 18 per cent in high-income countries. * Heart disease mortality rates are also affected by differences in the major risk factors between countries. While genetic factors play a part, 80 to 89 per cent of persons dying from coronary heart disease have one or more major risk factors that are influenced by lifestyle. * Death rates from coronary heart disease have decreased in North America and many western European countries. It is expected that 82 per cent of the increase in coronary heart disease mortality will occur in developing countries. * The risk of heart attack changed when people migrated. Japan has a low rate of coronary heart disease, but the Japanese were found to have a gradually increasing risk after moving to the United States, eventually approaching that of those born in the United States. * Annually, 15 million persons worldwide suffer a stroke: of these, 5 million die and 5 million are left permanently disabled, placing a burden on the family and community. The major risk factors are high blood pressure and tobacco use. The incidence of stroke is declining in many developed countries. Even where advanced technology and facilities are available, 60 per cent of those who suffer a stroke die or become dependent. With these statistics and the high cost of treatment, high priority should be given to preventive strategies. * Permanent disabilities resulting from diabetes in Latin America Latin America, the Spanish-speaking, Portuguese-speaking, and French-speaking countries (except Canada) of North America, South America, Central America, and the West Indies. and the Caribbean cost $50 billion in 2000, while that for insulin insulin, hormone secreted by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans, specific groups of cells in the pancreas. Insufficiency of insulin in the body results in diabetes. Insulin was one of the first products to be manufactured using genetic engineering. , hospitalization hospitalization /hos·pi·tal·iza·tion/ (hos?pi-t'l-i-za´shun) 1. the placing of a patient in a hospital for treatment. 2. the term of confinement in a hospital. , consultations and care totalled $10.6 billion. * Between 4 and 5 per cent of health budgets globally are spent on diabetes-related illnesses. * Health problems related to obesity, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes, cost the United States an estimated $177 billion a year. The capacity of virtually all CVD control organizations, including NGOs, and numerous other partners is inadequate to meet the challenge of the CVD epidemic.
World Heart Day Themes
2000 Physical Activity
2001 A Heart for Life
2002 Nutrition and Physical Activity
2003 Women, Heart Disease and Stroke
2004 Children, Adolescents and Heart Disease
2005 Obesity
World Heart Day Activities 2001
medical activities (e.g. blood pressure testing) 68.5% of countries
activities to engage the public in physical activity 65% of countries
scientific activities (e.g. conferences or 61% of countries
workshops)
activities to advocate for a heart healthy diet 35% of countries
other activities (e.g. charity gala, dance, concert, 35% of countries
carnival)
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Evaluation of World Heart Days 2002-2003
Number of participating countries and territories
2000 63
2001 88
2002 90
2003 96
Number of website hits
2000 300,000
2001 450,000
2002 more than 1,000,000
2003 more than 2,000,000
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Giving up smoking: International Quit and win
1994-2002, 2004 projected
Up to 25% of participants in the International
Quit and Win Campaign are off tobacco after one year
Number of participants
1994 60,000
1996 70,000
1998 200,000
2000 420,000
2002 674,000
2004 1,000,000
Number of countries
1994 13
1996 25
1998 48
2000 71
2002 76
2004 100
Note: Table made from line graph.
DALYs: Disability-adjusted life years combine years of potential life
lost due to premature death with years of productive life lost due to
disability.
DALYs by 2010 by 2020 by 2030
CVD DALYs 153 million 169 million 187 million
Annual number of DALYs
Burden of CVD 10.4% 11.0% 11.6%
Percentage of all DALYs
CVD rankings globally 3rd: coronary 3rd: coronary 3rd: coronary
heart disease heart disease heart disease
5th: stroke 4th: stroke 4th: stroke
CVD rankings in 4th: coronary 3rd: coronary 3rd: coronary
developing countries heart disease heart disease heart disease
8th: stroke 6th: stroke 5th: stroke
DEATHS by 2010 by 2020 by 2030
CVD deaths 18.1 million 20.5 million 24.2 million
Annual number of deaths
CVD deaths 30.8% 31.5% 32.5%
Percentage of all
deaths
Coronary heart disease 13.1% 14.3% 14.9%
deaths
Percentage of all male
deaths
Coronary heart disease 13.6% 13.0% 13.1%
deaths
Percentage of all
female deaths
Stroke deaths 9.2% 9.8% 10.4%
Percentage of all male
deaths
Stroke deaths 11.5% 11.5% 11.8%
Percentage of all
female deaths
CVD deaths from 1.9 million 2.6 million
cigarette smoking
Annual number of deaths
RISK FACTORS by 2010 by 2020 by 2030
Smokers Number 1.3-1.4 1.4-1.6 1.4-1.8 billion
billion billion
Diabetes Number of 221 million 300 million 366 million
people aged 20 years
and above
Miscellaneous Serious Short-term, long-
increases in term, and
LDL- lifetime absolute
cholesterol risk of coronary
in many heart disease and
developing stroke routinely
populations. calculated by
health care'
providers for
everyone.
ECONOMIC COSTS by 2010 by 2020 by 2030
Obesity-related 15% 20% 25%
complications
Percentage of health
care spending in the
USA, people aged 50 to
69 years
ACTION by 2010 by 2020 by 2030
Research and New causal All newborn Bio-engineered
development factors babies tissues available
discovered discharged for all heart and
for heart home with CD- vascular
disease, ROM containing structures.
including their unique
bacteria and genomic maps,
viruses. with summaries
of CVD, of
which they may
be at
increased
risk.
External
glucose sensor
will drive
insulin pumps
to deliver
continuous
microdoses of
insulin.
Vaccine
produced to
switch off
nicotine
receptors.
UN Conventions WHO Convention on Convention on
and Goals Framework Food ratified universal access
Convention (covering to essential
on Tobacco content, preventive health
Control labelling, care, and
(FCTC) taxation, principles of
ratified. advertising). equity in quality
WHO Global Millennium care delivery.
Strategy on Development
Chronic Goals (2015):
Diseases, access to
Diet and affordable
Physical essential
Inactivity drugs in
(2004). developing
countries
provided, in
cooperation
with
pharmaceutical
companies.
Charts from the Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke
RELATED ARTICLE: World Heart Day Around 100 countries took part in the fifth annual World Heart Day on 26 September 2004 in Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. , with member societies organizing activities for everyone, including walks, runs, jump rope jump rope or skip rope Children's game in which players hold a rope (jump rope) at each end and twirl it in a circle, while one or more players jump over it each time it reaches its lowest point. and fitness sessions, having a health check and learning about heart-healthy lifestyles from public talks Overview: The sole active project of the Institute for Public Dialogue (IFPD), Public Talks is a new form of international dialogue that would be introduced into conflict-related negotiations only after conventional authorized private negotiations have failed. , scientific forums and exhibitions. Reported by Erika Reinhardt |
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