The 38th floor.A framework for the future . . . Today, more than ever, we need to think carefully about the future evolution of the international system. At a time of transition, every decision taken could affect the course of world events. The question is: "transition towards what?" To answer, we must first discuss where we have come from. One system of international relations international relations, study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, has collapsed. Another is being formed. After the Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars, 1803–15, the wars waged by or against France under Napoleon I. For a discussion of them see under Napoleon I. Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815) Series of wars that ranged France against shifting alliances of European powers. , after the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 wars, important changes took place in the way States related to each other, This time there is a difference. In the past, the end of each major conflict was marked by an international conference to agree on a new dispensation DISPENSATION. A relaxation of law for the benefit or advantage of an individual. In the United States, no power exists, except in the legislature, to dispense with law, and then it is not so much a dispensation as a change of the law. : the Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from late September, 1814, to June 9, 1815. in 1815; Versailles in 1919; and San Francisco San Francisco (săn frănsĭs`kō), city (1990 pop. 723,959), coextensive with San Francisco co., W Calif., on the tip of a peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay, which are connected by the strait known as the Golden in 1945. But when the cold war ended no international conference was convened. Yet the need for agreement among nations is greater than ever. Local and regional conflicts threaten international peace and security. Pressing global issues can be dealt with only multilaterally. In the absence of a post-cold-war world conference, our task is to shape a framework for the future, not in theory, but in practice. We must address issues pragmatically. As we do so, we will define new principles for a common future. As we turn to this task we are fortunate to possess the machinery of the United Nations. At the Moscow State Institute of International Relations Institution Today MGIMO has six faculties and four institutes:
A time for reflection . . . If, at this moment in history, States have felt the need to place at the head of the United Nations Secretariat United Nations Secretariat Administrative body that coordinates United Nations activities. Its staff, recruited on the basis of merit, is composed of several thousand permanent professional experts from member states, including translators, clerks, technicians, a man who is both an academic and a diplomat, it is perhaps because they have felt in some vague way that the present period is as much a time for reflection as for action. indeed, in the past few years, our world has experienced such an acceleration of history that the values and standards on which international society was traditionally based have been shaken. In the eyes of public opinion, the United Nations often suffers from the ups and downs ups and downs pl.n. Alternating periods of good and bad fortune or spirits. ups and downs Noun, pl alternating periods of good and bad luck or high and low spirits of this turbulence in the world. Thus it is, in turn, commended or blamed, showered with fulsome praise or criticized. There is nothing really surprising in that. The United Nations represents the sum of the ideals to which we are committed as a human community. And each of us feels offended when these ideals are flouted in some part of the world. On receiving the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from the Carlos III Carlos III may refer to:
New UN approach . . . In many of our peace-keeping operations--in Angola, Mozambique, Cambodia and El Salvador--we are not only involved in peace-keeping (sending soldiers to observe a cease-fire or try to assure the distribution of humanitarian aid Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. ), but we are also protecting refugees and displaced persons, distributing food, carrying out the reconstruction of roads, cities and hospitals, or opening schools. Thus, our approach in a peace-keeping operation is no longer limited to the military dimension, but includes political, diplomatic, social and human dimensions. Olof Palme Sven Olof Joachim Palme (Olof Palme ) (January 30, 1927 – March 1, 1986) was a Swedish politician. said a few years ago that the approach to peace must not only be without war, but must involve the integration of development, democracy and peace. This global approach is, in fact, the new approach of the United Nations, trying to improve the different situations of the world where we have confrontation, ethnic disputes and war. To the International Olof Palme Foundation, Badalona, Spain, 16 April A day to call for freedom . . . In too many parts of the world, power lies not in the hands of the friends of freedom but with its enemies. The freedom of the press comes only with long, hard and brave support--and when it is achieved, it must be defended on a daily basis. With the spread of democracy in recent years, press freedom also has spread to areas of the globe where it had been suppressed for years. In such locations, press freedom remains a fragile achievement. Determination and vigilance are needed to enable a free press to take root and come to full flower in its social and political role. World Press Freedom Day is more than a day to celebrate the achievement of a free press. it is a call to convey the benefits of freedom of the press across all societies. This day is thus a day to call for freedom. it is through a free press that the cry of the oppressed op·press tr.v. op·pressed, op·press·ing, op·press·es 1. To keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority: a people who were oppressed by tyranny. 2. can be heard around the globe. On the occasion of the first worldwide observance of World Press Freedom Day, New York Day is a town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 920 at the 2000 census. The town is named after Eliphaz Day, a noted lumberman. The Town of Day is in the northwest part of the county and is northeast of Amsterdam. , 3 May The meaning of security . . . Human security has many dimensions. First, of course, is security of life. Then hunger, homelessness, rape, torture, crime and fear--all are the enemies of human security. In earlier years, the concept of State security seemed sufficient. The maintenance of international peace and security meant security for States. It was assumed that the State would look after human security. Today, we need to look beyond the old assumptions. Recently, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP Unión Nacional para la Democracia y el Progreso (National Union for Democracy and Progress) ) asked people around the world, in many different circumstances, the question: "What does security mean to you?" Their answers focused not on State but on human security. People think of freedom from fear, disease and death. They think of health, education, jobs and the well-being of the family. These issues often span State borders. They require cooperative understanding and effort--not only among States, but at all levels: global, international, regional, national, governmental and non-governmental, local and personal. A new conception is needed. A new dedication is required. At the commencement ceremony of the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University, mainly at Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins in 1867 had a group of his associates incorporated as the trustees of a university and a hospital, endowing each with $3.5 million. Daniel C. , Baltimore, Maryland, 26 May Standing together . . . Human beings do not stand alone on this planet. Freedom for human beings, which does not take account of other living beings, is, in the long term, a delusion. When species are lost, or habitats destroyed, the repercussions repercussions npl → répercussions fpl repercussions npl → Auswirkungen pl for life as a whole, both today and for the generations to come, are incalculable. We need to be more aware of the effects of individuals and groups on the wider environment. We need more reverence for the natural world around us. All life on this planet is part of a unified entity. We are all a part of it. Let World Environment Day, with its theme "One Earth, One Family", become a vehicle for establishing a universal concord for all living beings, for establishing peace and for nurturing our ecological heritage. On World Environment Day, New York, 5 June A reproach to all societies . . . We are all aware that, for 75 years, the International Labour Organisation has endeavoured to promote the rights of workers throughout the world. The conventions and recommendations that originated in its bodies have made it possible to establish international labour standards International labour standards are conventions, treaties and recommendations designed to regulate against unjust and inhumane labour practices. The primary exponent of international labour standards is the International Labour Organization (ILO). in such areas as the freedom of association, remuneration, working hours and conditions, compensation for job-related accidents, social security, paid leave, industrial safety, employment services and many others. Today, however, we face new constraints since we must not only protect those who have jobs but also help alleviate the situation of those who do not. Those without work deserve as much attention as workers themselves, since the right to work is an essential component of human dignity; we must guarantee that right. This demonstrates the extent to which the critical employment situation throughout the world is a permanent reproach to all our societies. At the eighty-first session of the International Labour Conference, Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. , 9 June |
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