Testicular and breast self-examination knowledge and practices of certified athletic trainers and the secondary prevention of such cancers in intercollegiate student-athletes.Abstract: Certified See certification. athletic trainers An athletic trainer is an allied (non-physician) health care provider capable of performing immediate and emergency injury management, injury assessment, and rehabilitation. have an opportunity to educate male and female athletes about testicular testicular /tes·tic·u·lar/ (tes-tik´u-lar) pertaining to a testis. tes·tic·u·lar adj. Of or relating to a testicle or testis. testicular pertaining to the testis. and breast cancer and the self-examination self-examination n. 1. An introspective consideration of one's own thoughts or emotions. 2. Examination of one's own body for medical reasons. techniques that can help detect cancer in its earliest stages, while providing today's student-athletes with the lifetime health care prevention techniques of BSE See Bombay Stock Exchange. BSE See Boston Stock Exchange (BSE). and TSE See Tokyo Stock Exchange. TSE 1. See Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). 2. See Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE). . The purpose of this study was to survey certified athletic trainers (ATC's) on the topic of testicular and breast cancer, the self-examination techniques, and the conveyance The transfer of ownership or interest in real property from one person to another by a document, such as a deed, lease, or mortgage. conveyance n. of this information to athletes. Three hundred ATC's working in the intercollegiate in·ter·col·le·giate adj. Involving or representing two or more colleges. Adj. 1. intercollegiate - used of competition between colleges or universities; "intercollegiate basketball" setting were mailed a survey that was developed to acquire their knowledge regarding breast and testicular cancer testicular cancer Malignant tumour of the testis, or testicle. Although relatively rare, testicular cancer is the most common malignancy for men between the ages of 20 and 34. It typically affects men between 15 and 39 years old. and self-examination practices. The results found that ATC's are knowledgeable about the age at which females are most susceptible to breast cancer, however, they are less knowledgeable about the age at which males are most susceptible to testicular cancer. The ATC's, as a group, were generally familiar with the risk factors, prevention, and self-examination techniques of breast cancer, but, less familiar with those of testicular cancer. The ATC's did not teach their female athletes about breast cancer; about reproductive system reproductive system, in animals, the anatomical organs concerned with production of offspring. In humans and other mammals the female reproductive system produces the female reproductive cells (the eggs, or ova) and contains an organ in which development of the fetus cancer; or about breast self-examination Breast Self-Examination Definition A breast self-examination (BSE) is an inspection by a woman of her breasts to detect breast cancer. Purpose techniques. A lack of educating male athletes about testicular self-examination Testicular Self-Examination Definition A testicular self-examination (TSE) is the procedure by which a man checks the appearance and consistency of his testes. Purpose Most testicular cancers are first noticed by the man himself. techniques and cancer education was also found. The conclusions of this study are that ATC's need to become more involved in breast and testicular cancer education and both primary and secondary prevention. ********** Breast cancer is most common in females over the age of 40, yet it is now being found in younger women with increased frequency (American Cancer Society American Cancer Society, n.pr established in 1913, this national volunteer-based health organization is committed to the elimination of cancer through prevention and treatment and to diminishing cancer suffering through advocacy, scholarship, research, [ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. ], 2006). A women's risk of breast cancer is 1 in 7. There are 214,640 new cases of breast cancer expected in 2006. Females will account for 212,920 of these new cases and males will account for 1,720 of the new cases (ACS). The American Cancer Society states that breast cancer will kill 40,970 women and 460 men in 2006. Breast self-examination (BSE) is vital in the early screening and detection process for breast cancer. Testicular cancer is most common in males between the ages of 15 and 34. In 2006, the American Cancer Society estimated that testicular cancer would be diagnosed in 8,250 new cases, and 370 men would die. Testicular self-examination (TSE) is vital in the early screening and detection process for testicular cancer. With early detection, testicular cancer is one of the most curable cur·a·ble adj. Capable of being cured or healed. types of cancer (ACS). Sensiba and Stewart Stewart, river, Canada Stewart, river, 331 mi (533 km) long, rising in the Mackenzie Mts., central Yukon Territory, Canada, and flowing generally W to the Yukon River S of Dawson. (1995) found that reducing the fears of performing the breast self-examination technique and developing confidence in their BSE skills were important in continuing the practice of BSE. An educational intervention A procedure used in a lawsuit by which the court allows a third person who was not originally a party to the suit to become a party, by joining with either the plaintiff or the defendant. program has been found to increase the compliance of breast self-examination (Gardiner, Mullen Mul´len n. 1. (Bot.) See Mullein. , Rosenman, Zhu, & Swanson, 1995). Testicular cancer is most common in males between the ages of 15 and 34 (American Red Cross American Red Cross: see Red Cross. , 2006). Testicular cancer deaths can be decreased by early detection through testicular self-examination techniques (TSE; Cavanaugh, 1985; Dieckmann, Becker Beck´er n. 1. (Zool.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise. , & Bauer Bauer is a German family name. It translates to peasant or farmer (agricola in Latin). Notable people of this name include:
Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who first introduced play therapy and was the first to use psychoanalysis to treat young children. , Berry Berry, former province, France Berry (bĕrē`), former province, central France. Bourges, the capital, and Châteauroux are the chief towns. , & Felice, 1990; Marty & McDermott McDermott is a surname, and may refer to:
A previous study by Dewald and Zientek (1996), found that certified athletic trainers were unable to recall breast/testicular cancer risk factors, prevention measures, or BSE/TSE techniques when asked to list the information on open-ended questions A closed-ended question is a form of question, which normally can be answered with a simple "yes/no" dichotomous question, a specific simple piece of information, or a selection from multiple choices (multiple-choice question), if one excludes such non-answer responses as dodging a . Zientek and Dewald (1998) also investigated possible reasons why certified athletic trainers were not teaching student-athletes about breast and testicular cancer. The primary reason was found to be that some certified athletic trainers did not receive the information in their own athletic training athletic training Sports medicine The practice of physical conditioning and reconditioning of athletes and prevention of injuries incurred by athletes. See Athlete, Athletic trainer. education. Athletic training students commonly take a personal health course in their athletic training education. Sometimes this course serves as the course that satisfies the educational competencies associated with athletic training accreditation accreditation, n a process of formal recognition of a school or institution attesting to the required ability and performance in an area of education, training, or practice. . Other times it is simply a prerequisite pre·req·ui·site adj. Required or necessary as a prior condition: Competence is prerequisite to promotion. n. for admission into the athletic training education program or it might serve as a general university graduation Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the associated ceremony. The date of event is often called degree day. The event itself is also called commencement, convocation or invocation. requirement. There are also combination scenarios of these curriculum rationales. Unfortunately, it is rare for this course to be tailored to the athletic training students exclusively and with the application of the material to the athletic training students' future career. The purpose of this study was to survey certified athletic trainers with a questionnaire of closed-ended statements on: (1) the topic of testicular and breast cancer; (2) the self-examination techniques, and (3) the conveyance of this information to athletes. This study expanded the number of subjects and presented the certified athletic trainers with a 73-item questionnaire containing closed-ended statements that they answered with a yes or no. Through the use of a closed-ended questionnaire, the recognition skills of the certified athletic trainers were incorporated into the study. METHOD PROCEDURES Survey development. A focus group of 15 certified athletic trainers (ATC's) at the National Athletic Trainers Association convention reviewed the proposed survey. There were 6 female ATC's and 9 male ATC's. The end result was then pilot tested on 20 different ATC's. There were 10 female ATC's and 10 male ATC's in the pilot testing group. The survey was then finalized See finalization. and resulted in a 73- item survey with closed ended statements that were to be answered with a yes or no. Through the use of the closed-ended survey, the recognition skills of the ATC's were incorporated into the study. The final 73-item questionnaire had 36 questions on breast cancer, 30 questions on testicular cancer, and 7 personal data. The questions were subcategorized into ten areas: (1) education of female athletes about breast self-examination, (2) education of female athletes about breast cancer, (3) education of male athletes about testicular self-examination, (4) education of male athletes about testicular cancer, (5) knowledge of the risk factors of breast cancer, (6) knowledge of the risk factors of testicular cancer, (7) breast self-examination techniques, (8) testicular self-examination techniques, (9) preventive preventive /pre·ven·tive/ (pre-vent´iv) prophylactic. pre·ven·tive or pre·ven·ta·tive adj. Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or disease; prophylactic. n. behaviors of breast cancer, and (10) preventive behaviors of testicular cancer. Institutional review board approval was granted for this study. Subjects. The final subjects for this study were 300 randomly selected ATC's employed in college/ university athletic departments as categorized cat·e·go·rize tr.v. cat·e·go·rized, cat·e·go·riz·ing, cat·e·go·riz·es To put into a category or categories; classify. cat in the NATA NATA National Athletic Trainers' Association NATA National Association of Testing Authorities (Australia) NATA National Air Transportation Association (Alexandria, VA, USA) membership database. There were 150 females and 150 males in this study. Mailing. The questionnaires were mailed to the ATC's and the mailing included a cover letter, survey, and pre-paid postage POSTAGE. The money charged by law for carrying letters, packets and documents by mail. By act of congress of March 3, 1851, Minot's Statute at Large, U. S. 587, it is enacted as follows: 2.-Sec. 1. envelope. The plan was to send a follow up reminder and then a third mailing with another survey and return envelope. The initial mailing resulted in responses from 230 certified athletic trainers for a 76.67% response rate. The mailing ended up being a one shot, single mailing due to the high initial response rate. Descriptive statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The demographic data found that 38% (N=88) of the respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. were in the 21-30 year old age range. Another 40.0% (N=92) were in the 31-40 year old age category. Thirty-eight (14.8%) were in the 41-50 year old age category. Seventy-eight percent of the certified athletic trainers were, themselves, in the at risk age group for testicular and breast cancer. The educational level of the respondents was 71.7% (N=165) masters degrees, 17.0% (N=39) bachelors degrees, and 10.4% (N=24) doctorates. Certified athletic trainers are not teaching their female athletes about breast self-examination (91.8%) or reproductive system health care (84.8%). Certified athletic trainers are not asking their female athletes breast history questions on the medical history form used during the pre-participation physical exam (75.2%). Certified athletic trainers are also not (55.2%) asking their female athletes reproductive system history questions on the medical history forms used during the pre-participation physical exam (Table 1). Certified athletic trainers are not teaching their female athletes about breast cancer (90.4%). They are also not educating their female athletes about reproductive system cancer (91.3%). Certified athletic trainers are split on their concern about breast cancer among their female athletes (54.3% no and 43.9% yes; Table 2) A comparative question looked into whether certified athletic trainers were concerned about breast or testicular cancer. 54.3% were not concerned about breast cancer in their female athletes, while 51.7% were not concerned about testicular cancer in their male athletes. The lack of educating male athletes about testicular self-examination techniques and cancer education was also found. Certified athletic trainers are not teaching their male athletes about testicular self-examination (89.6%) nor are they teaching their male athletes about testicular cancer (90.0%). Certified athletic trainers are not asking their male athletes testicular history questions on their medical history forms used during the pre-participation physical exam (67.4%; Table 3) Certified athletic trainers are not concerned about testicular cancer (51.7%) or breast cancer (54.3%; Table 4) Certified athletic trainers were inconsistent in their abilities to recognize the risk factors of breast cancer (Table 5) or testicular cancer (Table 6) when the risk factors were presented in statement format. Certified athletic trainers were better able to recognize the breast self-examination (Table 7) and testicular self-examination techniques (Table 8) when presented in statement format. Certified athletic trainers were able to recognize the preventive behaviors for breast (Table 9) and testicular cancer when presented in statement format (Table 10). The results also found that certified athletic trainers (71.7%) are knowledgeable about the age at which females are most susceptible to breast cancer; however, the certified athletic trainers (34.8%) are less knowledgeable about the age at which males are most susceptible to testicular cancer. The certified athletic trainers, as a group, were generally familiar with the risk factors, prevention, and self-examination techniques of breast cancer. Yet, the group was less familiar with the risk factors, prevention, and self-examination techniques of testicular cancer. Certified athletic trainers are not asking questions of their female athletes related to breast issues or the reproductive system or male athletes testicular questions on medical history forms used for the pre-participation physical exam prior to sport participation. DISCUSSION Certified athletic trainers need to become more aware of the risk factors, prevention, and self-examination techniques of testicular cancer. Certified athletic trainers need to be utilizing the yearly medical history document in the pre-participation physical exam to ask breast, testicular, and reproductive system questions of their athletes. These issues must also be documented in the medical files of athletes. Both male and female athletes should be educated about their respective cancers and certified athletic trainers are in a unique position to do just that--educate about breast and testicular cancer, risk factors, and the self-examination techniques. Certified athletic trainers should be doing more than preventing, evaluating, treating, and rehabilitating orthopedic orthopedic /or·tho·pe·dic/ (-pe´dik) pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopedics. injuries: the athletic scene should be used to educate athletes about their health. Certified athletic trainers need to be able to transfer their ability to recognize breast and testicular information into a working knowledge while both formally and informally sharing this information with student-athletes. A highlight of the study was that the majority (62.6%) of certified athletic trainers are performing testicular or breast self-examination on themselves (Table 11). A two-step goal would be to: (1) improve the compliance and (2) transfer this personally valued self-examination technique into an educational program for students and the physically active. Oftentimes of·ten·times also oft·times adv. Frequently; repeatedly. Adv. 1. oftentimes - many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee" frequently, oft, often, ofttimes , certified athletic trainers do not document every testicular injury in the medical records of male athletes and, female athletes do not disclose their breast contusions to certified athletic trainers. Thus these injuries are not documented or even evaluated by an athletic trainer. Breast and testicular injuries and the predisposition predisposition /pre·dis·po·si·tion/ (-dis-po-zish´un) a latent susceptibility to disease that may be activated under certain conditions. pre·dis·po·si·tion n. 1. of cancer are issues that the athletic training profession must better address in the educational program and document in the clinical medical files of the athletes that certified athletic trainers work with through their developmental years and beyond. Certified athletic trainers are now working with physically active people of all ages and most of the physically active people that certified athletic trainers work with pass through our care when they are most susceptible to testicular and breast cancer. This provides an excellent opportunity for certified athletic trainers to educate the people in their care on a variety of health issues. The American Medical Association American Medical Association (AMA), professional physicians' organization (founded 1847). Its goals are to protect the interests of American physicians, advance public health, and support the growth of medical science. recognizes certified athletic trainers as allied health professionals and must be more comprehensive in their approach to the athletic health care of the athletes that they work with from the junior high and high school students, to the collegiate col·le·giate adj. 1. Of, relating to, or held to resemble a college. 2. Of, for, or typical of college students. 3. Of or relating to a collegiate church. student-athletes and into the mature athlete. Certified athletic trainers need to broaden their care and education of athletes beyond the musculoskeletal musculoskeletal /mus·cu·lo·skel·e·tal/ (-skel´e-t'l) pertaining to or comprising the skeleton and muscles. mus·cu·lo·skel·e·tal adj. Relating to or involving the muscles and the skeleton. focus. Becoming part of the college/university health center by developing liaisons with the student health center medical staff can help all allied health professionals within a college/university unite together toward one goal and ultimately improve the health of college/university students. Involving oneself in the community health scene can also positively impact the lives of physically active adults. Athletic training education programs need to also embrace health educators and incorporate more health education courses into the athletic training major. Athletic training has become more interdisciplinary in·ter·dis·ci·pli·nar·y adj. Of, relating to, or involving two or more academic disciplines that are usually considered distinct. interdisciplinary Adjective in recent years by including medical doctors, physician assistants, registered nurses, physical therapists, and dentists Dentists can refer to one of the following:
Many issues and injuries that certified athletic trainers deal with could be prevented through education, and through education there is an opportunity to impact people's lives beyond athletic health care. Certified athletic trainers have numerous opportunities to be proactive in prevention education of the athletic populations with whom they work with on a daily or casual basis. Oftentimes, this does not occur, and the athletic trainer is in a reactive reactive /re·ac·tive/ (re-ak´tiv) characterized by reaction; readily responsive to a stimulus. re·ac·tive adj. 1. Tending to be responsive or to react to a stimulus. 2. mode--dealing with issues and injuries that could have been prevented through education. Breast and testicular cancer and its prevention are one such area. REFERENCES American Cancer Society [ACS]. 2006. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/STT/CAFF2006PWSecured.pdf. Retrieved May 4, 2006. Cavanaugh, R. (1985). Genital genital /gen·i·tal/ (jen´i-t'l) 1. pertaining to reproduction, or to the reproductive organs. 2. (in the plural) the reproductive organs. gen·i·tal adj. 1. self-examination in adolescent ad·o·les·cent adj. Of, relating to, or undergoing adolescence. n. A young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager. males. American Family Physician The American Family Physician is a medical journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians. See also
Dewald, L.L., & Zientek, C.E. (1996). A survey of athletic trainers as health care advocates for testicular and breast self-examination in athletic populations. Journal of Athletic Training, 31(1), 19-22. Dieckmann, K., Becker, T., & Bauer, H. (1987). Testicular tumors: Presentation and role of diagnostic delay. Urology urology Medical specialty dealing with the urinary system and male reproductive organs. It traces its origin to medieval lithologists, itinerant healers who specialized in surgical removal of bladder stones. International, 42, 241-247. Einhorn, L. (1986). Cancer of the testis testis (tĕs`tĭs) or testicle (tĕs`tĭkəl), one of a pair of glands that produce the male reproductive cells, or sperm. : A new paradigm New Paradigm In the investing world, a totally new way of doing things that has a huge effect on business. Notes: The word "paradigm" is defined as a pattern or model, and it has been used in science to refer to a theoretical framework. . Hospital Practitioner, 21, 165-178. Gardiner, J.C., Mullan, P.B., Rosenman, K.D., Zhu, Z., & Swanson, G.M. (1995). Mammography mammography, diagnostic procedure that uses low-dose X rays to detect abnormalities in the breasts. The early diagnosis of breast cancer made possible by the routine use of mammography for screening women increases a woman's treatment alternatives and improves her usage and knowledge about breast cancer in a Michigan Michigan (mĭsh`ĭgən), upper midwestern state of the United States. It consists of two peninsulas thrusting into the Great Lakes and has borders with Ohio and Indiana (S), Wisconsin (W), and the Canadian province of Ontario (N,E). farm population before and after an educational intervention. Journal of Cancer Education, 10(3), 155-162. Goldenring, J. (1985). Teaching testicular self-examination to young men. Contemporary Pediatrics pediatrics (pēdēă`trĭks), branch of medicine dedicated to the attainment of the best physical, emotional, and social health for infants, children, and young people generally. , 2, 73-78. Klein, J., Berry, C., & Felice, M. (1990). The development of a testicular self-examination instructional booklet for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 11, 235-239. Marty, P., & McDermott , R. (1986). Three strategies for encouraging testicular self-examination among college age males. Journal of the American College American College is the name of:
Prout, G., & Griffin, P. (1984). Testicular tumors: Delay in diagnosis and influence on survival. American Family Physician, 29, 205-209. Sensiba, M.E., & Stewart, D.S D.S Drainage Structure (flood protection) . (1995). Relationship of perceived barriers to breast self-examination in women of varying ages and levels of education. Oncology Nursing  The perspective and/or examples in this article do not represent a world-wide view. Please [ edit] this page to improve its geographical balance. Forum, 22(8), 1265-1268.
Steadman, L., & Quine, L. (2004). Encouraging young males to perform testicular self-examination: A simple, but effective, implementation intentions The psychologist Peter Gollwitzer has developed the implementation hypothesis for better goal attainment. The idea is that planning in advance when, where and how one will complete a self assigned goal will lead to greater success. intervention. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9(4), 479-487. Vaz, R., Best, D., & Davis, S. (1988). Testicular cancer: adolescent knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Adolescent Health. 9, 474-479. Vaz, R., Best, D., Davis, S., & Kaiser, M. (1989). Clinical laboratory observations: Evaluation of a testicular cancer curriculum for adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 114, 150-153. Walker, R. (1993). Modeling and guided practice as components within a comprehensive testicular self-examination educational program for high school males. Journal of Health Education, 24(3), 162-168. Zientek, C.E., & Dewald L.L. (1998). Cancer detection: the educational role of the athletic trainer. Journal of Athletic Training, 33(1), 45-49. CHES AREAS Responsibility I--Assessing Individual and Community Needs for Health Education Competency COMPETENCY, evidence. The legal fitness or ability of a witness to be heard on the trial of a cause. This term is also applied to written or other evidence which may be legally given on such trial, as, depositions, letters, account-books, and the like. 2. A: Obtain health related data about social and cultural environments, growth, and development factors, needs, and interests. Lori Dewald, Ed.D, ATC ATC Air Traffic Control ATC Average Total Cost ATC Certified Athletic Trainer ATC At the Center (Hartford, Maine retreat center) ATC Applied Technology Council ATC All Things Considered , CHES is affiliated with the Department Of Health, Physical Education, and Human Performance at Salisbury University Salisbury University is a public university in Maryland. Currently, Salisbury University offers 45 distinct undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The President of the University is currently President Janet Dudley-Eshbach. . Address all correspondence to Lori Dewald, Department of Health, Physical Education, and Human Performance, Salisbury University, 9563 Wedge wedge, piece of wood or metal thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other; an application of the inclined plane. It is employed in separating two objects from each other or in separating one part of a solid object from an adjoining part, as in splitting Way Drive, Delmar, MD 21875. PHONE: 410.677.0062; E-MAIL e-mail: see electronic mail. in full electronic mail Messages and other data exchanged between individuals using computers in a network. : LoriDewald@yahoo.com, Table 1. Subcategory 1: Education of female athletes about breast self-examination. Question No Yes Do you teach your female athletes about breast self-examination? 91.3% (210) 7.0% (16) Do you teach your female athletes about reproductive system health care? 84.8% (195) 13.5% (31) Do you ask your female athletes breast history questions on your medical history form? 75.2% (173) 20.0% (53) Do you ask your female athletes reproductive system history questions on your medical history form? 42.6% (98) 55.2% (127) Question No Answer Do you teach your female athletes about breast self-examination? 1.7% (4) Do you teach your female athletes about reproductive system health care? 1.7% (4) Do you ask your female athletes breast history questions on your medical history form? 1.7% (4) Do you ask your female athletes reproductive system history questions on your medical history form? 2.2% (5) Table 2. Subcategory 2: Education of female breast cancer. Question No Yes Do you teach your female athletes 90.4%(208) 7.4%(17) about breast cancer? Do you educate your female athletes about reproductive system cancer? 91.3%(210) 6.5%(15) Are you concerned about breast cancer among your female athletes? 54.3%(125) 43.9%(101) Question No Answer Do you teach your female athletes 2.2% (5) about breast cancer? Do you educate your female athletes about reproductive system cancer? 2.2% (5) Are you concerned about breast cancer among your female athletes? 1.7% (4) Table 3. Subcategory 3: Education of male athletes about testicular self-examination. Question No Yes Do you teach your male athletes about testicular self-examination? 89.6%(206) 9.1% (21) Do you ask your male athletes testicular history questions on your medical history questionnaire? 67.4%(155) 31.7% (73) Question No Answer Do you teach your male athletes about testicular self-examination? 1.3% (3) Do you ask your male athletes testicular history questions on your medical history questionnaire? .99% (2) Table 4. Subcategory 4: Education of male athletes about testicular cancer. Question No Yes Do you teach your male athletes about testicular cancer? 90.0%(207) 8.7% (20) Are you concerned about testicular cancer among your male athletes? 51.7%(119) 47.4%(109) Question No Answer Do you teach your male athletes about testicular cancer? 1.3% (3) Are you concerned about testicular cancer among your male athletes? .9% (2) Table 5: Subcategory 5: Knowledge * of the risk factors of breast cancer. The age category most susceptible to breast cancer is: under 15 15-34 35-50 51-65 0.0% (0) 8.3% (19) 71.7% (165) 14.3% (33) 66-80 over 80 NA .4% (1) .9% (2) 4.3% (10) Question No Yes No Answer Exercise increases the risk of breast cancer 98.7% (2.27) 1.3% (3) -- Sport participation increases the risk of breast cancer. 97.8%(225) 2.2% (5) -- A risk factor in breast cancer is having an immediate female relative (aunt, grandmother, mother, or sister) with breast cancer. 1.3% (3) 98.7% (227) -- Early onset of menstruation (before age 12) is a risk factor in breast cancer. 63.0% (145) 36.5% (84) 0.4% (1) Late onset of menopause (after the age of 50) is a risk factor in breast cancer. 61.7% (142) 37.0% (85) 1.3% (3) Never bearing children is a risk factor in breast cancer. 43.9% (101) 54.8% (126) 1.3% (3) Having children after the age of 30 is a risk factor for breast cancer. 65.2% (150) 31.7% (73) 3.0% (7) A high fat diet increases a woman's risk of breast cancer. 19.1% (44) 80.0% (184) 0.9% (2) Being 40% or more overweight is a risk factor for breast cancer. 21.7% (50) 77.4% (178) 0.9% (2) Women under the age of 35 who take the birth control pill have an increased risk of breast cancer. 37.0% (85) 62.6% (144) 0.4% (1) Repeated breast contusions may increase the risk of breast cancer. 63.9% (147) 34.8% (80) 1.3% (3) * The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 6. Subcategory 6: Knowledge * of the risk factors of testicular cancer. The age category most susceptible to testicular cancer is: under 15 15-34 35-50 51-65 .4%(1) 34.8%(80) 40.0%(92) 16.1%(37) 66-80 over 80 No Answer 1.3%(3) 0.0% 7.4% (17) Question No Yes No Answer Repeated scrotal contusions may increase the risk for testicular cancer. 55.2% (127) 43.9%(101) 0.9% (2) Repeated scrotal spasms may increase the risk for testicular cancer. 72.6% (167) 26.5%(61) 0.9% (2) Repeated testicular contusions may increase the risk for testicular cancer. 52.6% (121) 46.1% (106) 1.3% (3) Repeated penile contusions may increase the risk for testicular cancer. 87.8% (202) 11.7% (27) 0.4% (1) If the testicles hurt or ache, it could be a sign of testicle cancer. 13.9% (32) 83.9% (193) 2.2% (5) A risk factor in testicular cancer is undescended testicles at birth. 46.1% (106) 52.2% (120) 1.7% (4) A risk factor in testicular cancer is testes that are underdeveloped. 54.3% (125) 44.3% (102) 1.3% (3) A male whose family has a history of testicular cancer is more at risk of testicular cancer than is a male whose family does not have a history of testicular cancer. 6.5% (15) 93.0% (214) 0.4% (1) A male whose mother took the DES hormone during pregnancy has an increased risk of testicular cancer. 33.0% (76) 57.4% (154) 9.6% (22) Exercise decreases the risk of testicular cancer. 48.3% (111) 50.0% (115) 1.7% (4) Sport participation decreases the risk of testicular cancer. 60.4% (139) 39.1% (90) 0.4% (1) The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 7. Subcategory 7: Breast self-examination techniques *. Question No Yes Breasts should be visually inspected 5.2% (12) 94.8% (218) in a mirror. Breasts should be self-examined one week after the menstrual cycle. 9.6% (22) 87.8% (202) The breasts should be examined 30.4% (70) 69.1% (159) lying down. The breasts should be examined 17.8% (41) 80.9% (186) in the shower. The pads of one's fingers should be used to press firmly on the breasts. 8.3% (19) 90.4% (208) The breasts should be examined in a straight line motion moving horizontally. 70.9% (163) 27.4% (63) The breasts should be examined in a straight line motion moving vertically. 73.5% (169) 24.8% (57) The breasts should be examined in 8.3% (19) 91.3% (210) a circular motion. The nipples of a breast should be gently squeezed to check for discharge. 9.1% (21) 90.0% (207) Question No Answer Breasts should be visually inspected -- in a mirror. Breasts should be self-examined one week after the menstrual cycle. 2.6% (6) The breasts should be examined 0.4% (1) lying down. The breasts should be examined 1.3% (3) in the shower. The pads of one's fingers should be used to press firmly on the breasts. 1.3% (3) The breasts should be examined in a straight line motion moving horizontally. 1.7% (4) The breasts should be examined in a straight line motion moving vertically. 1.7% (4) The breasts should be examined in 0.4% (1) a circular motion. The nipples of a breast should be gently squeezed to check for discharge. 0.8% (2) * The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 8. Subcategory 8: Testicular self-examination techniques *. Question No Yes The testicles should be self-examined a minimum of once per month. 3.5% (8) 95.7% (220) To self-examine the testicles, each testicle should be rolled between the thumb and finger. 1.3% (3) 97.0% (223) When checking the testicles, the male should feel for hard lumps or bumps. 4.3% (10) 93.9% (216) A change in the size or texture of the testicles is a sign of possible testicular cancer. 5.7% (13) 93.5% (215) Testicles should be examined in a mirror. 49.1%(113) 47.8% (110) Testicles should be examined lying down. 73.5% (169) 24.8% (57) Testicles should be examined 7.0% (16) 90.9% (209) standing upright. Testicles should be squeezed to 85.7% (197) 12.6% (29) check for discharge. Question No Answer The testicles should be self-examined a minimum of once per month. 0.9% (2) To self-examine the testicles, each testicle should be rolled between the thumb and finger. 1.7% (4) When checking the testicles, the male should feel for hard lumps or bumps. 1.7% (4) A change in the size or texture of the testicles is a sign of possible testicular cancer. 0.9% (2) Testicles should be examined in a mirror. 3.0% (7) Testicles should be examined lying down. 1.7% (4) Testicles should be examined 2.2% (5) standing upright. Testicles should be squeezed to 1.7% (4) check for discharge. * The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 9. Subcategory 9: Preventive behaviors of breast cancer. Question No Yes No Answer Breast cancer may be cured 5.2% (12) 94.3% (217) 0.4% (1) if found early. The best breast cancer 25.7% (59) 73.5% (169) 0.9% (2) check is a mammogram. Women should seek a mammogram every year after the age of 50. 12.6% (29) 87.0% (200) 0.4% (1) Exercise decreases the risk 28.7% (66) 70.4% (162) 0.9% (2) of breast cancer. Sport participation decreases 46.5% (107) 52.6% (121) 0.9% (2) the risk of breast cancer. * The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 10. Subcategory 10: Preventive behaviors of testicular cancer *. Question No Yes No Answer Exercise increases the risk of 98.3% (226) 1.3% (3) 0.4% (1) testicular cancer. Sport participation increases 95.7% (220) 3.9% (9) 0.4% (1) the risk of testicular cancer. Testicular cancer can be cured 4.8% (11) 94.8% (218) 0.4% (1) if found early. * The correct answer to the following statements are in bold print. Table 11. Do you perform either testicular or breast self-examination on yourself as recommended? No = 34.3% (79) Yes = 62.6% (144) No answer = 3% (7) |
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