Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion. (Fact Sheet).Pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates among teenagers in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. have declined over the past decade but still remain an endemic endemic /en·dem·ic/ (en-dem´ik) present or usually prevalent in a population at all times. en·dem·ic adj. 1. public health issue. Reasons for the decline include the increased motivation of youth to achieve higher levels of education; the availability of comprehensive sexuality education in schools, leading to young people's knowledge about contraception contraception: see birth control. contraception Birth control by prevention of conception or impregnation. The most common method is sterilization. The most effective temporary methods are nearly 99% effective if used consistently and correctly. ; more effective contraceptive contraceptive /con·tra·cep·tive/ (-sep´tiv) 1. diminishing the likelihood of or preventing conception. 2. an agent that so acts. use, and improved ability to negotiate contraceptive practice; and greater social support for services related to both pregnancy and disease prevention among adolescents. (1) Despite the decline, young women of color not of the white race; - commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. See also: Color are disproportionately dis·pro·por·tion·ate adj. Out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount. dis  pro·por affected by teenage childbearing child·bear·ingn. Pregnancy and parturition. child  bearing adj. . In 2000, the birth rates for African
American African American Multiculture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. See Race. teenagers were reported as the lowest ever in the 40 years for
which data for African American women are available. However, the rates
for Hispanic Hispanic Multiculture A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race Social medicine Any of 17 major Latino subcultures, concentrated in California, Texas, Chicago, Miam, NY, and elsewhere teenagers remained the highest for any population group.
(2)
PREGNANCY Although pregnancy rates among adolescents have steadily declined in the past decade, the United States continues to have the highest adolescent pregnancy adolescent pregnancy See Teenage pregnancy. rates among industrialized in·dus·tri·al·ize v. in·dus·tri·al·ized, in·dus·tri·al·iz·ing, in·dus·tri·al·iz·es v.tr. 1. To develop industry in (a country or society, for example). 2. nations. * Each year in United States, 800,000 to 900,000 adolescents 19 years of age or younger become pregnant (3) * The pregnancy rate for teenagers 15 to 19 years of age fell 19 percent from 116 per 1,000 in 1991 to 94.3 in 1997, reversing an 11 percent rise from 1986 to 1991 (4) * From 1995 to 1997, the pregnancy rate for 15- to 19- year-olds decreased in 41 of the 43 reported geographic areas for which age-specific data were available (5) * During 1995 to 1997, the pregnancy rate declined by 11.3 percent among females less than 15 years of age, by 10.7 percent among females 15 to 17 years of age, and by 5.8 percent among females 18 to 19 years of age (6) * For each year from 1995 to 1997, the pregnancy rate for females 18 to 19 years of age was approximately 2.5 times that of females 15 to 17 years of age, and the rate for females less than 15 years of age was approximately one ninth that of females 15 to 17 years of age (7) * From 1995 to 1997, the national number of pregnancies among females 15 to 19 years of age declined by 3.1 percent (8) * In 1996, the pregnancy rate for females 15 to 19 years of age in the United States was 83.6 per 1,000 compared to: (9) * 1995--France 20.2 per 1,000 * 1996--Sweden 25.0 per 1,000 * 1995--Canada 45.7 per 1,000 * 1995--Great Britain Britain (brĭt`ən), alternate term for Great Britain, comprised of England, Scotland, and Wales. Often used synonymously with the United Kingdom, the name Britain is derived from Britannia, 46.7 per 1,000 * In 1995, 14 percent of all sexually experienced males 15 to 19 years old were involved in a pregnancy. This included 10 percent of sexually experienced White males; 19 percent of sexually experienced Latino males; 22 percent of sexually experienced African American males. (10) PREGNANCY RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY Despite the recent decline of pregnancy rates in the United States, young women of color continue to be disproportionately affected. In addition, adolescent pregnancy does not affect all communities in the same way. For example, while African American teens have experienced the greatest recent decline in pregnancy rates, those among Latina Latina (lätē`nä), city (1991 pop. 106,203), capital of Latina prov., in Latium, central Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is an industrial, commercial, and agricultural center. Manufactures include tires, chemicals, and processed food. teens have not declined as significantly. All Women * In 1997, 2.6 per 1,000 women under the age of 15 became pregnant compared with 3.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (11) * In 1997, 63.7 per 1,000 women 15 to 17 years of age became pregnant compared with 80.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (12) * In 1997, 141.7 per 1,000 women 18 to 19 years of age became pregnant compared with 162.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (13) White Non-Hispanic Women * In 1997, 1.1 per 1,000 White women under the age of 15 became pregnant compared with 1.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (14) * In 1997, 41.1 per 1,000 White women 15 to 17 years of age became pregnant compared with 56.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (15) * In 1997, 102.4 per 1,000 White women 18 to 19 years of age became pregnant compared with 126.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (16) African American Women * In 1997, 7.7 per 1,000 African American women under the age of 15 became pregnant compared with 11.8 per 1,000 in 1990 (17) * In 1997, 119.8 per 1,000 African American women 15 to 17 years of age became pregnant compared with 165 per 1,000 in 1990 (18) * In 1997,248 per 1,000 African American women 18 to 19 years of age became pregnant compared with 295.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (19) Hispanic Women * In 1997, 3.9 per 1,000 Hispanic women under the age of 15 became pregnant compared with 4 per 1,000 in 1990 (20) * In 1997, 99.1 per 1,000 Hispanic women 15 to 17 years of age became pregnant compared with 101 per 1,000 in 1990 (21) * In 1997, 223.7 per 1,000 Hispanic women 18 to 19 years of age became pregnant compared with 231.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (22) BIRTH Like pregnancy rates, birth rates among adolescents in the United States have dropped in recent years. However, the rate continues to be more than four times that of many industrialized nations. * In 2000, the United States had 48.7 births per 1,000 women 15 to 19 years of age. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the latest available data, Denmark Denmark (dĕn`märk), Dan. Danmark, officially Kingdom of Denmark, kingdom (2005 est. pop. 5,432,000), 16,629 sq mi (43,069 sq km), N Europe. , Finland Finland, Finnish Suomi (swô`mē), officially Republic of Finland, republic (2005 est. pop. 5,223,000), 130,119 sq mi (337,009 sq km), N Europe. , France, Germany Germany (jûr`mənē), Ger. Deutschland, officially Federal Republic of Germany, republic (2005 est. pop. 82,431,000), 137,699 sq mi (356,733 sq km). , Italy Italy (ĭt`əlē), Ital. Italia, officially Italian Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 58,103,000), 116,303 sq mi (301,225 sq km), S Europe. , Japan, the Netherlands Netherlands (nĕth`ərləndz), Du. Nederland or Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, officially Kingdom of the Netherlands, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 16,407,000), 15,963 sq mi (41,344 sq km), NW Europe. , Spain Spain, Span. España (āspä`nyä), officially Kingdom of Spain, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 40,341,000), 194,884 sq mi (504,750 sq km), including the Balearic and Canary islands, SW Europe. , Sweden Sweden, Swed. Sverige, officially Kingdom of Sweden, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 9,002,000), 173,648 sq mi (449,750 sq km), N Europe, occupying the eastern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. , and Switzerland Switzerland (swĭt`sərlənd), Fr. Suisse, Ger. Schweiz, Ital. Svizzera, officially Swiss Confederation, federal republic (2005 est. pop. 7,489,000), 15,941 sq mi (41,287 sq km), central Europe. each had less than 10 births per 1,000 women 15 to 19 years of age. (23) * The birth rate for females 10 to 14 years of age remained unchanged in 2000 with 0.9 births per 1,000. However, the number of births to females 10 to 14 years of age dropped 6 percent from 1999 to 2000, to 8,519; the lowest total reported in any year since 1966 (8,128). (24) * Between 1999 and 2000, the birth rate for females 15 to 17 years of age declined 5 percent to 27.4 per 1,000, an all-time all-time adj. Exceeding all others up to the present time: an all-time speed skating record. all-time Adjective Informal low, and 29 percent per 1,000 from 1991 (38.7) to 2000 (25) * In 2000, the birth rate for females 18 to 19 years of age declined 1 percent to 79.2 per 1,000. Since 1992, when the rate reached its recent high (94.5), it has declined 16 percent and is at its lowest point in more than a decade (78.5 in 1987). (26) * The birth rate for females 15 to 19 years of age declined 2 percent to 48.5 per 1,000 in 2000, another record low for the nation. This rate has declined 22 percent from 1991 when the rate reached a peak (62.1). (27) * From 1991 to 2000, birth rates for Mexican Mexican named after or originating in Mexico. Mexican axolotl see ambystomamexicanum. Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum , Puerto Rican Puer·to Ri·co Abbr. PR or P.R. A self-governing island commonwealth of the United States in the Caribbean Sea east of Hispaniola. , Cuban, and "other" Hispanic teenagers fell by 6 to 13 percent each, while rates for American Indian American Indian or Native American or Amerindian or indigenous American Any member of the various aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of the Eskimos (Inuit) and the Aleuts. and Asian Pacific Islander Pacific Islander n. 1. A native or inhabitant of any of the Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian islands of Oceania. 2. A person of Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian descent. See Usage Note at Asian. teenagers fell 20 to 21 percent, rates for non-Hispanic White teens fell 24 percent, and rates for African American teenagers fell 31 percent. The rate for African American teenagers in 2000 is an historic low (data available since 1960). (28) * In 1995, 22 percent of women 20 through 24 years of age in the United States had a child before age 20 in comparison to: (29) * 1996-Sweden: 4 percent * 1994-France: 6 percent * 1995-Canada: 11 percent * 1990-1991-Great Britain: 15 percent BIRTH RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY In recent years, birth rates among all races/ethnicities have declined, with young African American women experiencing the largest drop among all races/ethnicities. All Women * In 2000, the birth rate for women 10 to 14 years of age was 0.9 per 1,000 compared with 1.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (30) * In 2000, the birth rate for women 15 to 17 years of age was 27.4 per 1,000 compared with 37.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (31) * In 2000, the birth rate for women 18 to 19 years of age was 79.2 per 1,000 compared with 88.6 per 1,000 in 1990 (32) White Women * In 2000, the birth rate for White women 10 to 14 years of age was 0.6 per 1,000 compared with 0.7 per 1,000 in 1990 (33) * In 2000, the birth rate for White women 15 to 17 years of age was 23.6 per 1,000 compared with 29.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (34) * In 2000, the birth rate for White women 18 to 19 years of age was 72.7 per 1,000 compared with 78.0 per 1,000 in 1990 (35) African American Women * In 2000, the birth rate for African American women 10 to 14 years of age was 2.4 per 1,000 compared with 4.9 per 1,000 in 1990 (36) * In 2000, the birth rate for African American women 15 to 17 years of age was 50.4 per 1,000 compared with 82.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (37) * In 2000, the birth rate for African American women 18 to 19 years of age was 121.3 per 1,000 compared with 152.9 per 1,000 in 1990 (38) American Indian Women * In 2000, the birth rate for American Indian women 10 to 14 years of age was 1.3 per 1,000 compared with 1.6 per 1,000 in 1990 (39) * In 2000, the birth rate for American Indian women 15 to 17 years of age was 39.6 per 1,000 compared with 48.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (40) * In 2000, the birth rate for American Indian women 18 to 19 years of age was 113.1 per 1,000 compared with 129.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (41) Asian or Pacific Islander Asian or Pacific Islander Multiculture A person with origins in any of the peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, Pacific Islands–eg China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippine Islands and Samoa Women * In 2000, the birth rate for Asian or Pacific Islander women 10 to 14 years of age was 0.3 per 1,000 compared with 0.7 per 1,000 in 1990 (42) * In 2000, the birth rate for Asian or Pacific Islander women with 16 per 1,000 in 1990 (43) * In 2000, the birth rate for Asian or Pacific Islander women 18 to 19 years of age was 37 per 1,000 compared with 40.2 per 1,000 in 1990 (44) Unmarried Women * During 1999-2000, birth rates for unmarried women 15 to 17 years of age declined 4 percent to 24.4 per 1,000 (45) * During 1999-2000 the birth rate for unmarried women 18 to 19 years of age dropped by approximately 1 percent to 62.9 per 1,000 (46) * Between 1999 and 2000, birth rates for unmarried non-Hispanic women 15 to 19 years of age fell 4 percent and the rates for unmarried African American women 15 to 19 years of age fell 2 percent while the rate for Hispanic women 15 to 19 years of age increased approximately 1 percent (47) BIRTH RATES BY AGE AND RACE OF FATHER There is very little information available regarding males involved with teen pregnancies and births. * In 2000, the birth rate for all males 15 to 19 years of age was 20.2 per 1,000 compared with 23.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (48) * In 2000, the birth rate for all White males 15 to 19 years of age was 16.8 per 1,000 compared with 18.1 per 1,000 in 1990 (49) * In 2000, the birth rate for all African American males 15 to 19 years of age was 40.1 per 1,000 compared with 55.2 per 1,000 in 1990 (50) ABORTION Not all states collect data on abortion. Therefore, it is not possible to track trends for the entire country. Based on the data that is available, abortions rates are declining. Still, as with adolescent pregnancy and birth rates, abortion rates for teens in the United States remain higher than in other industrialized nations. * From 1995 to 1997, the abortion rate for females 15 to 19 years of age decreased in 32 of the 43 geographic areas within the United States for which age-specific data were available (51) * From 1995 to 1997, the abortion rate decreased 3.9 percent among females younger than 15 years of age (from 2.8 to 2.7 per 1,000), 10.1 percent among females 15 to 17 years of age (from 18.2 to 16.3 per 1,000), and 5.4 percent among females 18 to 19 years of age (from 39.6 to 37.5 per 1,000) (52) * From 1995 to 1997, in 25 of the 31 geographic areas where both birth and abortion rates decreased, the decrease in abortion rates exceeded the decline in birth rates (53) * In 1996, the abortion rate for females 15 to 19 years of age in the United States was 29.2 per 1,000 compared to (54) * 1995--France 10.2 per 1,000 * 1996--Sweden 17.2 per 1,000 * 1995--Great Britain 18.4 per 1,000 * 1995--Canada 21.2 per 1,000 From 1995 to 1997, in 25 of the 31 geographic areas where both birth and abortion rates decreased, the decrease in abortion rates exceeded the decline in birth rates (54) ABORTION RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY All Women * In 1997, 1 per 1,000 women under the age of 15 had induced abortions in·duced abortion n. Abortion caused intentionally by the administration of drugs or by mechanical means. induced abortion compared with 1.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (55) * In 1997, 17.4 per 1,000 women 15 to 17 years of age had induced abortions compared with 26.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (56) * In 1997, 43.1 per 1,000 women 18 to 19 years of age had induced abortions compared with 57.9 per 1,000 in 1990 (57) White Non-Hispanic Women * In 1997, 0.5 per 1,000 White women under the age of 15 had induced abortions compared with 0.8 per 1,000 in 1990 {58) * In 1997, 11.6 per 1,000 White women 15 to 17 years of age had induced abortions compared with 21 per 1,000 in 1990 (59) * In 1997, 28.4 per 1,000 White women 18 to 19 years of age had induced abortions compared with 46.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (60) African American Women * In 1997, 3.4 per 1,000 African American women under the age of 15 had induced abortions compared with 5.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (61) * In 1997, 40.6 per 1,000 African American women 15 to 17 years of age had induced abortions compared with 57.7 per 1,000 in 1990 (62) * In 1997, 96.7 per 1,000 African American women 18 to 19 years of age had induced abortions compared with 117.4 per 1,000 in 1990 (63) Hispanic Women * In 1997, 1.2 per 1,000 Hispanic women under the age of 15 had induced abortions compared with 1.1 per 1,000 in 1990 (64) * In 1997, 21.9 per 1,000 Hispanic women 15 to 17 years of age had induced abortions compared with 24.3 per 1,000 in 1990 (65) * In 1997, 55.7 per 1,000 Hispanic women 18 to 19 years of age had induced abortions compared with 59.5 per 1,000 in 1990 (66) WHAT TEENS HAVE TO SAY ABOUT TEEN PREGNANCY * 88 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age think the number of teenage pregnancies teenage pregnancy Adolescent pregnancy, teen pregnancy Social medicine Pregnancy by a ♀, age 13 to 19; TP is usually understood to occur in a ♀ who has not completed her core education–secondary school, has few or no marketable skills, is in the United States is a serious problem (67) * Approximately 87 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age say the teens they know think avoiding pregnancy is important (68) * Approximately 41 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age say they have learned the most about preventing teen pregnancy from teachers and sexuality educators, and 34 percent say they have learned about preventing teen pregnancy from parents and other adults (69) * Approximately 63 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age believe that other than teens themselves, parents, and adults are most responsible for fixing the problem of teen pregnancy (70) * Approximately 67 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age feel that if they were to offer advice to leaders in Washington Washington, town, England Washington, town (1991 pop. 48,856), Sunderland metropolitan district, NE England. Washington was designated one of the new towns in 1964 to alleviate overpopulation in the Tyneside-Wearside area. regarding teen pregnancy, they would suggest greater emphasis on both encouraging teens not to have sexual relations sexual relations pl.n. 1. Sexual intercourse. 2. Sexual activity between individuals. and on birth control or protection (71) * Approximately 85 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age feel that there has been more focus on preventing teen pregnancy in the past five years (72) PREGNANCY RISKS AND OUTCOMES * 94 percent of teens believe that if they were involved in a pregnancy they would stay in school; in reality, 70 percent eventually complete high school (73) * 51 percent of teens believe that if they were involved in a pregnancy they would marry the mother/father; in reality, 81 percent of teenage births are to unmarried teens (74) * 26 percent of teens believe that they would need welfare to support a child; in reality 56 percent receive public assistance to cover the cost of delivery and 25 percent of teen mothers receive public assistance by their early twenties (75) * 32 percent of teens say they would consider an abortion; in reality, 50 percent of pregnancies to unmarried teens end in abortion (76) REFERENCES (1.) Facts in Brief, Teenagers' Sexual and Reproductive Health Within the framework of WHO's definition of health[1] as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene : Developed Countries (New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , NY: The Alan Guttmacher Alan Frank Guttmacher (1898-1974) was an American physician. He served as president of Planned Parenthood and vice-president of the American Eugenics Society, founded the Association for the Study of Abortion in 1964, was a member of the Association for Voluntary Institute), www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teens.html (2.) S. J. Ventura, T. J. Mathews Timothy Jay Mathews (born January 9, 1970 in Belleville, Illinois) is a professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues primarily in relief from 1995 to 2002. , and B. E. Hamilton Hamilton, city, Bermuda Hamilton, city (1990 est. pop. 3,100), capital of Bermuda, on Bermuda Island. It is a port at the head of Great Sound, a huge lagoon and deepwater harbor protected by coral reefs. , "Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940-2000," National Vital Statistics Reports (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. NCHS is the United States' principal health statistics agency. , 2001), September 25, vol. 49, no. 10, p. 4. (3.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. (CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation ), "National and State-Specific Pregnancy Rates among Adolescents--United States, 1995-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 5 June 1981 issue of the MMWR published the cases of five men in what turned out to be the first report of AIDS. , July 14, 2000, vol. 49, no. 27, p. 605. (4.) J.A. Martin, B. E. Hamilton, S.J.Ventura, et al., "Births: Final Data for 2000," National Vital Statistics Reports (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2002), February 12, vol. 50, no. 5, p. 6. (5.) CDC, "National and State-Specific Pregnancy Rates among Adolescents--United States, 1995-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, p. 607. (6.) Ibid, p. 606. (7.) Ibid. (8.) Ibid. (9.) J. E. Darroch, S. Singh, J. J. Frost, and the Study Team, "Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use," Family Planning family planning Use of measures designed to regulate the number and spacing of children within a family, largely to curb population growth and ensure each family’s access to limited resources. Perspectives, November/December 2001, vol. 33, no. 6, p. 246. (10.) F. L. Sonenstein, K. Stewart, L. D. Lindberg, M. Pernas, and S. Williams, Involving Males in Preventing Teen Pregnancy: A Guide for Program Planners (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1997), p 24. (11.) S. J. Ventura, W. D. Mosher A mosher is a person who is crossed between goth/punk/skater they have long hair and listen to music like slipknot and metal music. Some people call them headbangers. At certain music shows they have something called a mosh pit, basically its a fight pit with loads of people bashing each other. , S. C. Curtin, J. C. Abma, and S. Henshaw, "Trends in Pregnancy Rates for the United States, 1976-97: An Update," National Vital Statistics Reports (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2001), June 6, vol. 49, no. 4., p 5. (12.) Ibid. (13.) Ibid. (14.) Ibid. (15.) Ibid. (16.) Ibid. (17.) Ibid., p. 6. (18.) Ibid. (19.) Ibid. (20.) Ibid., p.7. (21.) Ibid. (22.) Ibid. (23.) S. J. Ventura, T. J. Mathews, et al., "Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940-2000," National Vital Statistics Reports, p.7. (24.) J. A. Martin, B. E. Hamilton, et al., "Births: Final Data for 2000," National Vital Statistics Reports, p. 4. (25.) Ibid, p.5. (26.) Ibid. (27.) Ibid., p.4. (28.) Ibid, p.5. (29.) J.E. Darroch, S. Singh, et al., "Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use," p.246. (30.) J.A. Martin, B. E. Hamilton, et al., "Births: Final Data for 2000," National Vital Statistics Reports, p. 30. (31.) Ibid. (32.) Ibid. (33.) Ibid. (34.) Ibid. (35.) Ibid. (36.) Ibid. (37.) Ibid. (38.) Ibid. (39.) Ibid, p.31. (40.) Ibid. (41.) Ibid. (42.) Ibid. (43.) Ibid. (44.) Ibid. (45.) Ibid, p.9. (46.) Ibid. (47.) Ibid, p.50. (48.) Ibid. (49.) Ibid. (50.) Ibid (51.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National and State-Specific Pregnancy Rates among Adolescents--United States, 1995-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, pp. 605-607. (52.) Ibid. (53.) J.E. Darroch, S. Singh, et al., "Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use," p. 246. (54.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National and State-Specific Pregnancy Rates among Adolescents--United States, 1995-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, p 607. (55.) S.J. Ventura, W. D. Mosher, et al., "Trends in Pregnancy Rates for the United States, 1976-97: An Update," National Vital Statistics Reports, p 5. (56.) Ibid. (57.) Ibid. (58.) Ibid., p.6. (59.) Ibid. (60.) Ibid. (61.) Ibid. (62.) Ibid. (63.) Ibid. (64.) Ibid, p.7. (65.) Ibid. (66.) Ibid. (67.) The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, With One Voice: America's Adults and Teens Sound Off about Teen Pregnancy, A National Survey, April 2001, p. 4. (68.) Ibid., p.13. (69.) Ibid., p.18. (70.) Ibid., p.20. (71.) Ibid., p.25. (72.) Ibid., p.28. (73.) The Kaiser Family Foundation The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), or just Kaiser Family Foundation, is a U.S.-based non-profit, private operating foundation headquartered in Menlo Park, California. , What They Say Teens Today Need to Know, and Who They Listen To (Menlo Park Menlo Park. 1 Residential city (1990 pop. 28,040), San Mateo co., W Calif.; inc. 1874. Electronic equipment and aerospace products are manufactured in the city. Menlo College and a Stanford Univ. research institute are there. 2 Uninc. , CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Henry John Kaiser (May 9, 1882—August 24, 1967) was an American industrialist who became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. Early life Beginning as a cashier in a dry-goods shop in Utica, New York, Kaiser moved many times as he pursued the Family Foundation, 1996), Chart Pack, Chart 6. (74.) Ibid. (75.) Ibid. (76.) Ibid. |
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