System Quanta of Universe.

Abstract

Different phenomena of organization and realization of life processes as well as different levels of organization of Universe are considered from a unified point of view on the basis of a new conception of system quantization of behavior. A self organization of system quanta, their information properties, trigger and torsion mechanisms, wave and particle properties of system quanta and the holographic principle of their realization are taken into consideration. The possibility of isomorfism of system quanta at living and atomic levels is proposed and the law of holographic unity of the Universe is formulated.

I. Introduction: General Definition of System Quanta

A new hypothesis of system quantization of behavior was formulated in 1979 by one of the authors. (1) The hypothesis has been experimentally proved and extended to include other varieties of life processes. By the term "system quantum" of life activities, we propose to understand discrete system process proceeding from any arising need up to its satisfaction.

We propose to also designate it as a system quantum to differentiate it from the standard concept of physical quantum. System quanta are initially introduced as special operators of dynamic activity as postulated by Anokhin (various functional systems of the organism). (2,3)

System quanta are disclosed externally by the results of satisfaction of organismic needs. Inside the organism (internally) the system quanta--their structure and dynamics--are realized through information processes of system architecture of functional systems. The functional systems postulated by Anokhin form system quanta. (2,3) The internal mechanisms of the functional systems are subdivided into the following stages: afferent synthesis, decision-making, prediction and estimation of required results, metabolic and autonomic reactions of an organism.

System quanta of human behavior and mental activities are organized through interaction of a dominating motivation and components of central system architecture: goal-directed behavior, intermediate and final results satisfying or, on the contrary, not satisfying initial needs of the organism. Aspecial apparatus--an acceptor of action results (AoAR)--is also included in the system quanta of animal behavior and human mental activity. The AoAR is realized in the central nervous system. It programs the properties of required results. The continuing estimation of parametric results achieved by the organism is carried out with the reverse afferentation from the AoAR (Figure 1).

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

An initial need determines an active attitude of the subject to the external world. The dominating motivation adjusts perception of external factors and directs corresponding activity of the subject to obtain required results to satisfy the need.

System quanta may be recognized at different levels of life activity. These levels extend in their hierarchy from genes and functional systems of autonomic regulations to zoosocial populations of animals and societies of people. Needs of organisms also arise at different levels of life activity. They include metabolic (biological) needs of the required nutrients, oxygen, optimal temperature, osmotic pressure, pH, etc.

Population needs determine the formation of system quanta of behavior of groups of animals. Social needs of people form system quanta of their social activity. With these quanta, biological and social needs are satisfied after an achievement of socially significant results. Spiritual needs of a person and their satisfaction form system quanta at the social level. Simonov worked out detailed classification of various needs of a person. (4)

In all cases, the needs act as an organizing factor in formation of system quanta of life activities. They selectively mobilize various chemical reactions, organs, bodies tissues, individuals and populations for satisfaction of these needs. The achievement of adaptive results, which satisfy the need act as system organizing reinforcement factors, uniting elements of system quanta in the functional systems (Figure 2).

[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]

Other processes besides those described participate in the formation of system quanta. Each reinforcement is based on the mechanism of imprinting. The imprinting forms significant memory traces--engrams of properties of parameters of reinforcing results. The traces reside on structural elements, which determine system quanta of functional systems. They are closely related to elements of the AoAR. With the next occurrence of similar need, these engrams are exited in anticipation of future end results, and act as a directing component of the corresponding behavior. The parameters of the achieved results are compared with the predicted features of future results--the AoAR, and are evaluated by reverse afferentation. The estimation of parameters of intermediate and end results by the AoAR allows the correction of the future behavior when necessary.

II. Self-organization of System Quanta

System quanta represent self-organizing and auto regulating units of life processes extending from basic needs to their satisfaction with continuous evaluation of results achieved by reverse afferentation. System quanta at various levels of life organization are characterized by several properties.

1. System Quanta Properties

Specific physical and chemical processes determine metabolic need and its satisfaction, and in this way, form energy basis of any system quantum of a living organism. Besides, every system quantum is also characterized by informational properties.

Informational properties of every system quantum are closely related to the initial need and its satisfaction. It is possible to postulate an informational equivalent of the need and its satisfaction.

Informational equivalent of need is formed in all cases when a deviation occurs as a result of its value, which is optimal for life maintenance. The information of the need is preserved at all levels of system quanta regardless of the change of physical and chemical processes representing the need. Different nervous and humoral processes, excitation of special neurvous centers and formation of behavior are processes including all significant information for the need. Two specific, main processes--the information of need and its satisfaction--are compared by special brain structures, which constitute an informational screen. These screens are based on processes of imprinting and corresponding structures of acceptor of action results and include outstripping replication of information of the need on the structures of acceptors for action results.

The subjective core of any system quanta is reflected in these informational screens. Estimation of the information of the need and its satisfaction is intrinsic to all life activities, from information molecules to integrative processes: irritability, emotional sensations and verbal language in human mental activity. They also take part in different stages of evolutionary development of living beings.

Trigger mechanisms. The activity of system quantum originates after excitability of elements forming it, achieving certain critical levels (Figure 3). Activity of system quanta proceeds until the initial need is satisfied.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

Trigger mechanisms reveal themselves in any system quantum of life activity. The most investigated are the trigger mechanisms of system quanta of behavior. Biological motivations originating on the basis of these quanta are based upon the trigger principle. (5,6) The appearance of extraordinary activity of irritating stimuli reveals the trigger mechanism. In the heart activity, for example, it is exposed as ventricle extrasystole and compensating pause afterwards.

We have found the trigger mechanism in hunger, in the periodic motor activity of a stomach. A heterogeneous anastomosis of vagal nerve with a median nerve of the upper limb has been established in dogs. Functional contact was established with afferent fibers of vagus with receptors of skin, after sprouting of the central end of the right vagal nerve in a peripheral end of a cut median nerve. An artificial influence on the vagal nucleus in the medulla became possible as a result. The occurrence of an extraordinary burst of hunger motor activity of a stomach was observed, when chloride sodium solution was applied to desquamated skin, artificially innervated by the vagal nerve. The next natural period of gastric contractions aroused after artificial burst at usual moment. This phenomenon was completely similar to a ventricle extrasystola of a cardiac muscle.

Elementary cellular processes are also based on trigger principles as well as many system processes, e.g., potential of action in membranes of excitable tissues, processes of respiration, menstrual cycles, wakefulness and various stages of dreaming, and others. It is known that the brain of subjects, after several nights of paradoxical phases of sleep deprivation, compensates paradoxical phase deletion to restore a normal state.

Torsion mechanisms in system quanta activity. Torsion information principles underpin self-control of functional systems. Rotator spin moments of interacting particles are known to produce torsion mechanisms. Spin moment corresponds to the direction of the spin, which can change its direction, when new information influences molecular environments of particles.

When deviation takes place as a result of activity of functional systems, from a normal level, all elements of functional systems are compelled to return their activities to optimum levels. The subjective signal--negative emotion--is formed in system quanta of autonomic activity under this condition. It allows living organisms to estimate the aroused need and provides for elements of functional systems to act in opposite directions to maintain results at optimum levels. The achievement of the optimum level of the result is accompanied by a positive emotion. The intensity of the self-regulatory activity is increased or reduced by functional systems depending upon a condition of the controlled result. The basic biorhythms of an organism and frequency of fluctuations of functional systems are established in this matter.

Two opposite tendencies continually operate in every system quantum. One is revealed with the increase of value of the result, and the other

one with its decrease. The first acts to decrease the value of the result to a normal level, the other to increase it.

Similar properties may be shown in system quanta of behavior. When initial need is formed, all components of the organism, united by a dominating motivation, start to organize system quantum, and are directed to the search of substances, thus satisfying the need. At the achievement of the required result, the reinforcement occurs, the motivation disappears, the activity is reduced and subjects quite often get relaxed and may fall asleep.

The wave and particle properties of a system quantum. System quanta organize and maintain stability of various parameters of life activity at different levels. Any system quantum may be characterized by properties of particle or wave. Thus, a system quantum can be considered as a discrete unit ("particle") of the continuum of life activity, or the trigger mechanism determines wave properties of system quanta.

2. Holographic Principle of System Quanta

Taking into consideration the analogy with a physical hologram, one can consider the need as an information reference wave; on the basis of motivation that wave forms an acceptor of action, and results in performance of the predicted and required result. Multi channel reverse afferentation from achieved results may be represented as a signal wave (Figure 4). It moves to the acceptor of action, and results from the parameters of those achieved results.

[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]

Informational waves corresponding to the need and its satisfaction are distributed to structures of the brain in certain time sequences. The conditions for their interference with brain structures, and for construction of holograms, are created in this matter. Thus, a brain holographic screen of information is formed.

These brain holographic screens are constructed on the structures of the acceptor of 'action results' of different functional systems. Molecular engrams are built on the acceptor of action results with the properties of reinforcing events. The information (a signal wave) from the parameters of the results achieved formulates these precise engrams.

Holographic information screens. Information screens are broadly represented in different parts of an organism: in all receptors, in a retina of an eye, Corti organ of an internal ear, receptors of tongue and in special anticipating neuron architecture of the brain activated by dominant motivation. The information screens exist also in plants and crystals.

Structurally organized colloids of intercellular liquid--micellium--can also play the role of a holographic screen in the organism. Plasmatic membranes and liquid crystals--molecules of DNA and RNA--perform the functions of the information screen in separate cells.

Protein glycans are interconnected with glycocalyx of cellular membranes. As a result, a general cellular information holographic screen of the organism is formed reflecting activities of various functional systems.

The holographic screen of the most perfect level is realized in the brain structures. At that level, the information screen is represented by membranes of glial and neural cells. They compose an acceptor of 'action results' of various functional systems. Informational models of the reality are continually built within brain structures and functions in advance of overt behavior, due to informational signals about needs and their satisfaction. Examples of such informational models are touch and temperature maps, a map of the muscular activities, states of internal organs, and also dynamic maps of the subject's environment.

3. Prediction of the Required Results and their Assessment in System Quanta

Prediction of properties of the required results is realized on information screens at all mentioned levels of system quanta. Fast enzyme reactions perform the prediction processes at a cellular level. The connective tissue also functions in a prediction mode due to fast enzyme reactions to satisfy various metabolic homeostatic needs of the organism. Prediction reactions in the brain are related to the corresponding activities of the acceptors of 'action results' of different functional systems. Processes of afferent synthesis activate the engrams of an acceptor of 'action results,' outstripping the real events, at brain holographic screens. These brain holographic screens predict future results and continually control both the various needs of organisms, and their satisfaction. (7) Inherited neuron structures and mechanisms, as well as the acquired mechanisms of learning and memory, underlie the prediction of metabolic and homeostatic results.

Programming of the properties of the required results can be carried out rigidly, as in system quanta of instinctive and autonomic activity, or flexibly in cases of the skills acquired in the individual life. The acceptor of 'action results' is continually enriched with information from parameters of the achieved results and methods of their achievement.

The question may be expected: Are the properties of system quanta essential only for living subjects or are they common for lifeless nature as well?

4. Isomorfism of System Quanta

The considerations given above produce evidence that system quanta at various levels of life have isomorphic organization and structure, which proceed from the need to satisfaction. One has a right to ask the question: Does isomorphism as considered reveal itself in system organization of lifeless nature?

Atomic level. It may be tempting, by analogy to stability of life functional systems, to consider the possibility of stability of physical micro systems as being related to self regulatory processes occurring on atomic levels.

Let's imagine that a need exists in atoms, on an inaccessible micro level, is aroused by interactions of a nucleus with electrons. The condition of need may be interpreted as the positioning of electrons in unstable orbits and represents "atomic need." Such a condition can be caused by external forces that are represented by equivalence to external circumstantial influence on living organisms, or can arise spontaneously inside the atom. These conditions may cause transitions of electrons to their previously stable orbits, and the transitions can be considered, hypothetically, as satisfaction of atom's need.

Physics quantizes episodically changing energy and the value connected thereto (mechanical momentum, action). The release of energy occurs at discrete moments of transitions of electrons. The dynamic processes developed in time may be considered to precede the release of energy, and related to satisfaction of the physical needs formed at a nuclear level.

From that point of view, the physical quantum of energy can be seen as an integrated consequence, and the end of transformation processes progressing from need to its satisfaction at a micro level, i.e., of events performed both in time and in space.

It is possible to further assume that the physical quantum of energy reflects a number of discrete processes in time and space, which determine stability of physical systems. If this suggestion is correct, then the principal distinction between the living and non-living nature disappears, and the idea arises of the common organization of our universe--submitted to the global world law--of active support of stability. The law may be based on formulation of stability of various phenomena of the universe--in the way of formation of various needs, and also of the processes directed to the satisfaction of these needs. Thus, it is possible to assume the presence of system quanta at a physical level.

As is known, the quantum theory--the physical theory of micro processes--recognizes intermittence, step-type behavior of the physical values describing a condition of micro objects. Units of this step-type behavior are considered as quanta of physical processes. One of the features of the physical quanta (quantum of action, quantum of light, quantum of energy) is invariance (similarity) of every quantum in a consecutive line of their formation (for example, in radiations of photons--the quanta of light).

There also exists an important difference of physiological system quanta from standard physical quanta. It is realized in those properties of system quanta, which are concerned with more complex processes than those of the physical quanta. The physical quanta describe micro objects and are considered as separate units, and as parts of inorganic matter. The basic difference between these phenomena consists in the following: Consecutive physical quanta are invariant, but consecutive system quanta can vary widely, in key parameters and characteristics differing from each other, even if they are confined to one physiological system.

The stated representations confirm Vernadsky's well-known concept concerning unity of life and lifeless matter. (8) The analogy between system quanta of life activity and physical quanta consists in the uniform holographic principle of their organization.

The physical holography, as is known, is associated, basically, with solid crystals, although holographic properties were also later shown in polymers and liquid crystals.

It is possible to assume that at atomic levels, a displacement of electrons to the unstable orbits may be considered as reference waves. Then, the signal wave is the moving of electrons to its stable orbits.

The outstanding property of living beings is revealed at their macro level of organization. Memory processes outstripping real events distinguish the holographic screens of system quanta of life activity.

Active sites of molecule receptors represent reference waves at molecular levels. The signal waves at that level are represented by ligands, which fit these active sites. System quanta are formed by self-regulating interactions of antigens with antibodies at a level of immune response. The reference wave is created in this case by antibodies possessing immune memory. The signal wave is determined by molecular properties of antigens.

Molecular mechanisms providing satisfaction of various biological needs form specialized functional systems of single-cell organisms. Functional systems of animals at the level of a single cell of the organization are comprised by molecular mechanisms providing processes of feeding, respiration, elimination, duplication, defense, etc.

Let us consider some examples of system quanta realized at a molecular level. The final metabolic product activates or inhibits the processes of certain chemical reactions. A delivery calcium ions in presynaptic areas takes place under the influence of the nervous impulse. Calcium operates on specific proteins in presynaptic membranes, which form channels for acetylcholine. Acetylcholine starts to move into the synaptic cleft from presynaptic vesicles under continuing stimulation. The presynaptic vesicles grasp calcium. The specific molecular need is formed. Acetylcholine on postsynaptic membrane is split by cholinesterase to choline and acetic acid. Then calcium is liberated from vesicles by way of exocytose from the nervous ending. Acetic acid and choline penetrate the synaptic termination from the synaptic cleft. Here acetylcholine is synthesized from them with participation of cholinacetyl transferase. The new vesicles and acetylcholine are formed inside the synaptic terminations. They are distributed in such a way that the initial balance between the contents of acetylcholine in vesicles and cytoplasm is reached and the initial molecular need is satisfied.

The mechanism of maintenance of calcium concentration in a cell is another example of a molecular system quantum.

The activity of the calcium pump of a cell membrane is amplified due to ATP energy directed against a gradient of concentration. The calcium content is increased in a cell. This reaction is induced by special protein--calmodulin, which activates ATP-ase and increases its affinity to calcium. A special transporter, phospholipasa enzyme, helps these processes to satisfy the need.

One more example of molecular system quantum is represented by the cycle of biosynthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The cycle is carried out with prostanoids, and begins with release of arachinoid acid from phospholipides with the help of phospholipasa enzymes. The arachinoid acid is oxidized to tromboxan through two consecutive enzyme reactions in trombocytes and to prostacycline in endothelial cells of blood vessels. Thus, the need is formed. Both above-mentioned substances inhibit the action of the enzyme adenylatecyclase. The synthesis of cAMP from ATP is suppressed. The activity of phospholipases is reduced as a result, and finally, the arachidonic acid is released from phospholipids in a smaller quantity. The satisfaction of need is thus achieved.

System quanta of genome. Numerous repeating sequences of DNA participate in the organization of genome of higher organisms. The following forms of these can be distinguished: 1) satellite DNA consisting of simple sequences with a length up to several hundreds of nucleotides repeated a hundred thousand and sometimes millions of times; 2) moderately repeating sequences, spreaded through the genome and forming segments with a length from several hundred to several thousand nucleotides; 3) unique sequences, which are seen once or perhaps, few times in the genome.

It is possible to think that discrete processes of life activity are determined by various sequences of sets of nucleotides. On the other hand, continuous activity of cellular genes of an organism is splitted to system molecular quanta by humoral factors; in particular, by hormones and enzymes and also by some vitamins and other chemical ingredients. Various biologically active substances determine activation or, on the contrary, inhibition of activity of individual codons.

System quanta of embryogenesis and prenatal ontogenesis. As is shown in numerous researches, processes of embryogenesis and prenatal ontogenesis are also carried out, stage by stage, with consecutive disclosure of system quanta of hereditary information--of an embryonic genome, and by transformation of this genetically determined information to the organization of productive processes of life activity.

Life activity of an embryo directed to achievement of needed results can be traced quite precisely to different stages of development. The first system quantum of embryogenesis is a process of fertilization of the ovum. This system quantum proceeds to the end with the fusion of nucleus of spermatozoid and ovum and with formation of a zygote. Formation of centrosome and divergence of the divided chromosomes finishes the second system quantum. The subsequent system quanta are related to stages in division of a zygote. These stages proceed until a formation of multicellular blastula is achieved. The early gastrula finishes with an ecto- meso- and endoderm formation. The late gastrula is distinguished by formation of an early nervous plate. The early neurula is finished with formation of the expressed nervous plate and a cavity of a primary gut. The late neurula concludes with closing of a nervous tube. Formation of a nervous tube, a nervous crest, ganglios plates, placose, skin ectoderm, prechordial plate, and outer ectoderm finishes differentiation of primary ectoderm.

The differentiation of primary mesoderm includes several stages with their end results each. Dorsal part is first subdivided to somites starting from the head ending. The external part of every somite is differentiated to dermatom and mesenchime, the internal part--to sclerotom of mesoderm, which became the source of cartilage and bone tissue. The source of a skeletal muscular tissue--the miotome--is formed from the central part. The epithelium of kidneys and gonads is put up from segment legs (nephro-gonotom). Ventral mesoderm (splanchotome) is split to two leaves. External and medial envelopes of many internal organs are formed from them. Differentiation of endoderm is completed with formation of an intestinal tube, oral hole, which transforms to an oral orifice in the future.

The embryo development is essentially finished with the above mentioned discrete stages. Then stage-by-stage, a discrete development of specific organs and functional systems of a fetus begins in prenatal ontogenesis. It is possible to assume that various system quanta of embryogenesis are related to critical periods of ontogenetic development. The adaptive results of activity of these system quanta in human ontogenesis are: fertilization, implantation of a germ into placenta (three to eight weeks), formation of external to embryonic organs and establishment of hematotrophic feeding via placenta (14-17 days), isolation of a body of an embryo from external organs (20 days), accelerated growth and development of the brain (15-20 weeks), formation of basic functional systems, and differentiation of the sexual organs (20-24 weeks).

Autonomic level. Functional systems specified by metabolic needs of organism and their satisfaction determine discrete stages of internal life activity. Varieties of metabolic processes are divided by the needs in consecutive discrete steps. Each step of life activity is intended to satisfy certain metabolic need and represents a specific system quantum. Different functional systems and those forming them into system quanta determine and support stability of an optimum level of various parameters of metabolic processes and homeostasis as a whole. Useful and adaptive for an organism, results of activity of these system quanta are provided with autonomic processes not intentionally controllable. Visceral ganglia and brain stem or limbic structures of the brain form central architecture of functional systems, which compose these system quanta. One can consider, as examples, functional systems determining an optimal for metabolism level of quantity of blood, blood cells, level of pH, blood pressure, etc.

External, as well as internal links of various functional systems and their interaction with the environment, determine self-control at homeostatic level. For example, the functional system of respiration, together with an internal link of self-regulation, has a relatively passive external link to self-regulation. These provide input of air in the lung, absorption of oxygen and removing of carbonic acid when the sufficient contents of gases in the environment are available. The functional system of elimination of waste substances also has an external link of self-control, etc.

It is possible to show the uninterrupted sequence of various system quanta when activity of one system quantum is replaced with the activity of another in the whole organism. The principle of consecutive sequence of system quanta at an autonomic level may be clearly shown, for example, in feeding and digestion processes. The dynamics of consecutive change of various system quanta in processes of reception and processing of food is shown in Figure 5.

[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]

System quantum of looking for food is finished with finding it. After food is obtained, this quantum is replaced by a system quantum of processing received food in the mouth as the end result. This system quantum ends with the important result--the act of swallowing the food. The mechanical and chemical processing of food in the stomach and reception of food in the duodenal gut determine the activities of the next system quantum. The processing of food substances in small intestines finishes with absorption of the substances of food. The system quanta of formation and removing of fecal masses from an organism takes place after that. The end result is the act of defecation. Consecutive activity of all system quanta, providing the feeding of the organism, is directed and programmed by special centers of nervous system. Each subsequent result of activity of each system quantum is estimated by corresponding feedback mechanisms realized by nervous and humoral signals. The change of one system quantum to another takes place when the feedback signal of satisfying the need is obtained.

The consecutive transformation of autonomic system quanta is determined by similar processes and may be observed in the dynamics of respiration, elimination, blood circulation and in behavior. Separation of system quanta in a process of respiration is also possible when their end results are taken into consideration. The following end results are easily differentiated: Originated by metabolic need the act of inhalation and reception of a certain amount of air in alveoluses, diffusion of gases from alveoluses into lung capillaries, transport of oxygen to tissues, diffusion of gases from capillaries into tissue and from tissues to the blood, transport of gases to lung, alveolar gas exchange and exhalation.

System quanta of elimination serve to remove harmful end products of metabolism from the organism. These quanta form the following sequence: glomerular filtration, secretion and reabsorbtion in proximal canals, reabsorbtion in Henle loop; reabsorbtion and secretion in distal canals and collective tubules; elimination of urine and urination.

Blood circulation may be represented as a sequence of the following quanta: A cycle of the heart activity with an expulsion of specified amount of blood as the end result, transfer of blood through arteries with a specified speed, capillary blood circulation providing an exchange of substances with tissues, venous blood circulation and local system quanta in the greater and lesser circles of blood circulation and in separate organs.

Every system quantum of homeostasis begins after reception of satisfying reverse afferentation from the result of the previous system quantum and comes to an end with its result useful to the organism.

System quanta of behavior. Purposeful behavior of subjects in the environment is quite often aimed at a transformation of the environment with an active influence on it. System quanta at such behavioral level have an external active part of self-control due to interaction with the environment. Functional systems and corresponding biological motivations compose such system quanta and determine purposeful behavioral activity. Cortex level of organization of neural activities is always included in central architecture of these functional systems in higher animals. One can consider, as examples, the functional systems satisfying optimum levels of nutrients (with their activity), osmotic pressures, levels of products of metabolism, body temperature, etc.

At a population level, system quanta and functional systems composing them differ to some extent. Separate individuals with a set of their own homeostatic and behavioral functional systems represent components of these functional systems. Cumulative activity of individuals united in system quanta produce the end results of activity of functional systems at this level. Some of these individuals perform specific functions (leaders, executors, watchmen, etc.).

System quanta of behavior can be formed sometimes entirely based on genetically determined mechanisms. The so-called instinctive behavior is produced in that case. In the organization of system quanta of individually acquired behavior, the mechanisms of memory play an important role.

Biological, as well as social needs, form system quanta of complex behavior of man and animal. Various indicators of general herd needs operate as a reference wave in zoo populations. The signal wave in this case is determined by signals from the achieved results of activity important to the herd.

Social environment plays a decisive role in development of social needs of a person. These needs include human motivations, absent in animals, such as aspiration for the general or special education, working activity, creativity and even self-sacrifice in the name of public interests. Social needs of individuals substantially change their biological needs and socially tint them.

The memory traces reflect interaction of an organism with the environment. They are imprinted in special brain structures of the acceptors of action results of different functional systems. These traces reflect memory of arising needs and ways, means and processes of need satisfaction. The traces, which form these memory structures, are activated by the occurrence of corresponding need and motivation according to a forward (outstripping real events) principle. The genetic and individually acquired mechanisms of the acceptor of action results allow living organisms to predict properties of those signals in the environment that provide satisfaction of arising needs or, on the contrary, interfere with them.

A reference wave of these system quanta is the indicator of the need. A signal wave is provided by the information from receptors signaling the parameters of events in social environment.

The accumulated individual and public knowledge, laws, morals, and ethics form a reference wave in social populations of people. A signal wave arises from individual and public work of institutes, governmental organs, industrial and agricultural production establishments, etc.

Mankind, as a whole, interacts with the informational sphere of the Earth also by a holographic principle. The global activity of mankind operates as a reference wave. It interacts with a signal wave, which is represented by influences of the cosmic systems, in many respects not yet understood by mankind.

III. The law of holographic unity of the Universe

System unity of physical, chemical, biological and social processes may be postulated on the grounds stated above. That gives evidence that these processes are built by system quanta, isomorphic by their architecture. The law of holographic unity of the universe was formulated by one of the authors on these grounds. (9) This law unites life and lifeless nature in unique entity.

The architecture of system quanta at various levels of the organization of the Universe is identical according to this law. The organization of the system quanta at the lowest level reflects the properties of system quanta at a higher level. These system quanta are included as system elements in system quanta of the higher level. Thus, system quanta at a nuclear level of the organization reflect properties of system quanta of molecular chemical reactions. These, in their turn, reflect properties of system quanta realized at the level of the organism. Activities of the system quanta at the level of the organism are directed to the satisfaction of metabolic needs of the organism. They reflect properties of system quanta at the population level. Properties of system quanta at the population level reflect properties of large system quanta at a cosmic level of the organization (Figure 6).

[FIGURE 6 OMITTED]

The universe is infiltrated with the system quanta at different levels of organization. These quanta are closely and hierarchically related, and extend from a physical level through system quanta of living organisms to system quanta at a space level.

System quanta at each higher level of organization include system quanta of a lower level of organization as separate elements. These are included in higher levels on the basis of their harmonious resonant properties, and thus, acquire new additive properties. The system quanta at a higher hierarchical level of organization program and estimate activity of system quanta of a lower level.

It is known that either wave or corpuscular properties of the matter manifest themselves depending upon the method of observing and analyzing phenomena. From this point of view, it is possible to see similar demonstrations of "particles" or "wave" properties in activity of system quanta at various levels of the organization of the universe.

A wave process in system quanta at any level of organization is determined by the need and its satisfaction. That happens under continuous estimation of the achieved results by reverse afferentation. Discrete step-type behavior may be shown to occur in reactions of system quanta to incidental influences of the environment--"to disturbance." Self-regulatory processes of system quanta activity deviate from a stable level under disturbance. After a while, the negative or positive deviation from stable level is corrected by process of self-regulation.

The concept of the physical quantum represents corpuscular and wave properties of the substance as a united entity. Similarly, the concept of system quantization of various processes of the universe considers wave and discrete properties of the matter as a united process.

As in physics, a representation of processes of life activity depends essentially on the way of observing them. Only wave chaos is observed if the dynamics of one or even several functions is registered without their relation to a final adaptive result. However, the observed properties change their character if the same functions are related to the adaptive for the organism results, and if the correlation of need to its satisfaction is taken into account. The holographic properties of coordination and balance of different functions are then clearly seen. The observed internal processes also reflect a wave form of dynamics of the functions, which provide their interaction.

Holographic display of the internal and external information in systems and structures of the organism represents the major property of the organization of processes in the brain and in the organism. This organization would be impossible if there were no wave nature of these processes.

The similarities of the physical and biological level of organization are easy to notice if uniform holographic properties of system quanta are taken into account. The general laws of quantum mechanics are applicable to both of them to a certain degree.

Of course, there is a difference between system quanta and classical physical quanta. The physical quanta represent physical properties of the matter and so they are identical in a case of different kinds of physical substrata. The system quanta are dynamical entities. They are continually reconstructed under the influence of properties of the reinforcing results.

References

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(9.) Sudakov, K. V. (2001). "Holographic unity of Universe." Vestnik novych medicinskich technologii, 9, 6-11. (In Russian).

K. V. Sudakov and E. A. Oumrioukhin

P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow