Studies on Old and Middle English language in Poland (1900-2000). (Linguistics).Interests in Old and Middle English Middle English Vernacular spoken and written in England c. 1100–1500, the descendant of Old English and the ancestor of Modern English. It can be divided into three periods: Early, Central, and Late. in Poland go back to the beginning of the 20th century. However, Medieval English did not occupy an important place in English studies English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other in Poland before 1939. There were only two scholars who pursued serious studies in the field, i.e., Prof. Roman Dyboski (1883-1945) in Cracow and Dr. Zygfryd M. Arend (d. 1944) in Poznan. Professor Dyboski published the edition of Songs, carols and other miscellaneous poems from the Balliol MS 354, Richard Hill's Commonplace-book (EETS EETS Early English Text Society EETS EOS Electronic Transfer System , ES 101) in 1908 (which was accepted by the University of Vienna History The University was founded on March 12, 1365 by Duke Rudolph IV and his brothers Albert III and Leopold III, hence the additional name "Alma Mater Rudolphina". After the Charles University in Prague, the University of Vienna is the second oldest university in Central as a habilitation habilitation, n See rehabilitation. dissertation). In 1910 he also published a study on English medieval language and literature which was used as a handbook at Polish universities until the 1950's. Arend's interests centred on Middle English phonology phonology, study of the sound systems of languages. It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning , particularly in Cursor Mundi Cursor Mundi (kûr`sôr mŭn`dī), a long religious epic in Middle English relating the history of the world as recorded in the Old and New Testaments. This anonymous poem (written c. . He was completing a major work on the subject (his habilitation dissertation) when World War II broke out. Part of it, devoted to the phenomenon of linking, appeared in Transactions of the Philological Society A society in Great Britain dedicated to the study of language. See Philology. External links
In 1935 Dyboski and Arend jointly edited the Middle English MS Knyghthode and bataile for the Early English Text Society The Early English Text Society is an organization to reprint early English texts, especially those only available in manuscript. Most of its volumes are in Middle English and Old English. (EETS, OS 201). The premature death Premature Death occurs when a living thing dies of a cause other than old age. A premature death can be the result of injury, illness, violence, suicide, poor nutrition (often stemming from low income), starvation, dehydration, or other factors. of both these scholars left Polish departments of English immediately after the war with no real specialist in the field of Medieval English. This situation lasted almost until 1950. A breakthrough came with the return of Alfred Reszkiewicz from his postgraduate studies at the University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IPA: [nɔtʁ dam] is French for Our Lady, referring to the Virgin Mary. In the United States of America, Notre Dame , Ind., USA and with Professor Margaret Schlauch's arrival in Warsaw in 1951. The rise of interest in the subject was also enhanced by the reform of higher education which introduced to the curriculum of English studies inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. a two-semester (four hours a week) course on Old English and a two-semester course (also four hours a week) on the history of English with one semester devoted to Middle English (also four hours a week). Both courses were obligatory for all students of English. This continued until 1971 and encouraged a number of students to take up M.A. studies in the area of Medieval English. The situation changed somewhat for the worse in 1971 when the courses on Old English and the history of English were reduced to one two-semester course on the history of English taught two hours a week. The course was still obligatory for all undergraduates. Since 1981, when universities gained a fair amount of autonomy, in some English departments, e.g., the University of Warsaw History 1816-31 The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. , students can hardly have a glimpse at Old or Middle English since the course on the history of English has been reduced to one semester (two hours a week). Some departments (e.g., Poznan) still offer a two-semester (three hours a week) course on the subject. The Poznan School of English Various English literature university departments or programs are known as the School of English. Articles on such schools include:
In the fifties major contributions to the field came from Professor Margaret Schlauch (1898-1986) and Professor Alfred Reszkiewicz (1920-1973) both in the form of handbooks for students as well as original papers and larger works. Professor M Schlauch published a paper on Chaucer's colloquial col·lo·qui·al adj. 1. Characteristic of or appropriate to the spoken language or to writing that seeks the effect of speech; informal. 2. Relating to conversation; conversational. English (1952b) and an outline history of English (1952a) covering the period from late Middle English until 1950's. The former was later reprinted in several collections of papers and the latter, thoroughly revised and updated, was published under the title The English language in modern times in 1959 (2nd ed. 1964). It was favourably reviewed among others by R. W. Zandvoort, R. M. Wilson, T. Finkenstaedt and E. J. Dobson. M. Schlauch in her analysis of the development of the English language devoted ample space to external social, political and cultural factors determining the course of language evolution and particularly the history of the rise of a standard variety. The work predates the later socio-historical linguistic accounts of the history of English and has not lost much of its originality even today. Among Prof. M. Schlauch's students of Middle English, the only one who has devoted most of his career to research in the field is Professo r Jacek Fisiak (see below). Professor A. Reszkiewicz combined a profound interest in structural linguistics with a thorough philological phi·lol·o·gy n. 1. Literary study or classical scholarship. 2. See historical linguistics. [Middle English philologie, from Latin philologia, love of learning training. In Cracow he was under the strong influence of Professor Jerzy Kurylowicz, a world-renowned Indo-Europeanist (1895-1978). His works cover a wide range of topics in Old English phonology The phonology of Old English is necessarily somewhat speculative, since it is preserved purely as a written language. Nevertheless, there is a very large corpus of Old English, and the written language apparently indicates phonological alternations quite faithfully, so it is not and grammar as well as late Middle English syntax. Among the phonological pho·nol·o·gy n. pl. pho·nol·o·gies 1. The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 2. contributions the most important is his study on the phonological status of OE short diphthongs (published in 1953, now a classic widely quoted in world literature, e.g., by F. Mosse Mosse may refer to: In medicine:
adj. Of or concerned with phenomena as they change through time. grammar of Old English was reprinted after twenty-three years and is still in use at Polish universities. He taught a number of specialists currently involved in the research and teaching of Medieval English. Among his students of Old English were Prof. J. Fisiak and Prof. J. Welna. His untimely sudden death in 1973 deprived Poland and the scholarly world at large of an outstanding medievalist me·di·e·val·ist also me·di·ae·val·ist n. 1. A specialist in the study of the Middle Ages. 2. A connoisseur of medieval culture. medievalist 1. . In the early sixties three younger scholars entered the field of Medieval English, i.e., Professor Jacek Fisiak (b. 1936; in Lodz until 1965 and since then in Poznan), a student of Professor M. Schlauch and Professor A. Reszkiewicz, Professor Ruta Nagucka (b. 1930; in Cracow; she published earlier under her maiden name Sikora), a student of Professor Kurylowicz, and Docent Walerian Swieczkowski (1929-1993; in Lublin), a student of Roman Jakobson at Harvard. Professor Jacek Fisiak provided Polish students with An Early Middle English reader (1961, 5th ed. 1996) and A Middle English grammar (1964 and a revised version in 1968; 7th ed. 1995). He has also published a monograph on the morphology of Chaucer's English (1965), which is still one of the few treatments of Chaucer's word formation. Prof. Fisiak has contributed a number of papers on Old and Middle English phonology, in particular on OE and ME consonant clusters and vocalic vo·cal·ic adj. 1. Containing, marked by, or consisting of vowels. 2. Of, relating to, or having the nature of a vowel. vo·cal changes (1967, 1968, 1982a, 1988a), on subjectless sentences in Middle English (1976) and on certain ME linguistic changes due to social motivation (1977b). Since the early 1980's his interests have focussed on Old and Middle English dialectology di·a·lec·tol·o·gy n. The study of dialects. di  a·lec resulting in
general and theoretical works (1982b, 1983c, 1985b, 1999) as well as
more specific contributions on the shift of isoglosses in the 15th
century (1983d), the voicing of initial fricatives in Middle English
(1985a [reprinted in Viereck 1985], 1992a, 1994a), Old East Anglian
(1988c [rep rinted in Fisiak -- Trudgill 2000]), Late Old English
dialects in Domesday Book Domesday Book (d mz`dā), record of a general census of England made (1085–86) by order of William I (William the Conqueror). (1990a), EME n. 1. An uncle. mon ~ man, OE hyll in the East
Midlands in Early Middle English and the distribution of ME beck in the
Midlands. Since the late 1980's Professor Fisiak's
dialectological research has concentrated on onomastic on·o·mas·tic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or explaining a name or names. 2. Of or relating to onomastics. [French onomastique, from Greek onomastikos, from evidence. In 1983 and 1993 he published other aids for students of Old and Middle English, i.e., a bibliography of writings for the history of English, which was subsequently revised and enlarged and appeared in 1987, and in 1993 a short external history of English (2nd rev, and enlarged ed. 1995; the Japanese edition 1995; 3rd ed. 2000). In 1976 Professor Fisiak started organizing international conferences on historical linguistics where Medieval English occupied a significant place. Eleven conferences took place between 1976 and 2000, i.e., on historical phonology (1976, 1996), morphology (1978), syntax (1981), semantics/word formation (1986), on historical linguistics and philology phi·lol·o·gy n. 1. Literary study or classical scholarship. 2. See historical linguistics. [Middle English philologie, from Latin philologia, love of learning (1988), language contact and linguistic change (1991), linguistic change and typology typology /ty·pol·o·gy/ (ti-pol´ah-je) the study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. typology the study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. (1993) and two more general conferences on historical linguistics (6th ICHL ICHL I Could Have Lied (Red Hot Chili Peppers song) 1983 and 9th ICEHL ICEHL International Conference on English Historical Linguistics 1996). In 1994 Professor Fisiak organized an International Conference on Middle English which started a new series of conferences (2nd ICOM ICOM International Council Of Museums ICOM Integrated Communications ICOM Input, Control, Output, & Mechanism ICOM Integrated COMSEC ICOM International Currency Options Master Agreement ICOM Improved Conventional Mine ICOM Interim Communications Operations Method took place in Helsinki in 1997 and 3rd ICOM in Dublin in 1999). Thirteen volumes of papers from the conferences have been published to date (Fisiak 1978, 1980, 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1988, 1990, 1995a, 1995b, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c, and Fisiak -- Krygier 1998). Professor Fisiak has trained a number of medievalists of the youngest generation and supervised numerous Ph.D. dissertations (e.g., Prof. W. Awedyk, Prof. R. Kopytko, Prof. A. Adamska-Salaciak, Prof. M. Krygier, Prof. P. Gasiorowski, Dr. M. Nowakowski, Dr. T. Retelewska, Dr. A. Wegner, Dr. H. Mausch, Dr. A. Zbierska-Sawala, Dr. A. Hans, and Dr. M. Fabiszak in Poznan, Prof. B. Lewandowska in Lodz and Prof. J. Welna in Warsaw) as well as M.A. theses on various aspects of Old and Middle English. In 1996 the Department of the History of English under the headship head·ship n. 1. The position or office of a head or leader; primacy or command. 2. Chiefly British The position of a headmaster or headmistress. of Prof. Fisiak was established in the School of English at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, which has become the strongest centre of English historical linguistics in Poland. Prof. Ruta Nagucka's interests have basically centred on the generative syntax of Old and Middle English. In 1968 she published a pioneering monograph on the syntax of Chaucer's Astrolabe astrolabe (ăs`trəlāb), instrument probably used originally for measuring the altitudes of heavenly bodies and for determining their positions and movements. and a paper on ME because-constructions. She has also written on ME subjectless sentences (1979a), pre- and postnominal adjectives in Late Middle English (1997d), spatial relations in Chaucer's Astrolabe (1996) and a reflexive function of the personal pronoun in Old and Middle English (1981). However, since 1979 most of her works have been devoted to the syntax and semantics of Old English. Two original papers deal with the syntax and semantics of OE hatan, eleven more address such issues as complementation Complementation (genetics) The complementary action of different genetic factors. The term usually implies two homologous chromosomes or chromosome sets, each defective because of mutation and unable by itself to promote the normal development or metabolism of (1985, 1986), passivization (1999a, b), the order of sentence elements (1991), instrumental (1997a), temporal relations expressed by prepositional phrases (1999c), the prepositions to and for (1992) and in and on (1993, 1995). Old and Middle English syntax and semantics are also treated in more general works devoted eithe r to the history of English syntax or semantics or some specific theoretical issues (1978, 1983, 1984a, 1984b, and 1997b, 2000a, 2000b). Among a series of readers edited by Prof. Nagucka, there is a Late Middle English reader published under her maiden name Sikora (1966; reprinted as Nagucka 1977). Professor Nagucka's earlier research interests focussed on the prosody prosody: see versification. prosody Study of the elements of language, especially metre, that contribute to rhythmic and acoustic effects in poetry. of Middle English songs. It was the subject of her (unfortunately unpublished until today) doctoral dissertation, the abstract of which appeared in 1965. Professor Nagucka has also trained a number of specialists in Medieval English and supervised several Ph.D. dissertations (e.g., Prof. A. Pasicki (Cracow), Dr. J. Krzyszpien (Cracow) and Dr. R. Molencki (University of Silesia Silesia (sĭlē`zhə, –shə, sī–), Czech Slezsko, Ger. Schlesien, Pol. Śląsk, region of E central Europe, extending along both banks of the Oder River and bounded in the south by the , Katowice), and numerous M.A. theses. Docent W. Swieczkowski's major contribution to Medieval English is his Harvard Ph.D. dissertation on word order in Piers Plowman and ME sermons published in 1962. He supervised Dr. T. Olszewska's Ph.D. dissertation. A number of younger medievalists have joined Polish English departments since the mid-sixties. The research interests of this generation cover a wide spectrum of issues from spelling, phonology, morphology, word-formation, syntax and semantics to vocabulary. Dr. A. Hans has contributed a paper on spelling in three manuscripts of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales based on her unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (1999). Professor J. Welna published a handbook of historical phonology (1978), a monograph on the history of English vowels (1987) and a series of papers on the phonetic interpretation of OE <cg> (1986), ME diphthongs (1988a), word stress in Chaucer (2000a) and ME vowel lengthening (2000b). Professor W. Awedyk wrote on the syllable in Old English (1975a), palatal pal·a·tal adj. Palatine. palatal (pal´  t and velar ve·laradj. 1. Of or relating to a velum. 2. Concerning or using the soft palate. umlaut umlaut (  m`lout) [Ger.,=transformed sound], in inflection, variation of vowels of the type of English man to men. (1975b), and OE double
consonants (1971). The interpretation of i-umlaut has recently been
taken up again by Professor M. Krygier (1997c, 1998a). Professor P.
Gasiorowski has published a monograph providing an original
interpretation of stress in Old English in terms of a metrical met·ri·cal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or composed in poetic meter: metrical verse; five metrical units in a line. 2. Of or relating to measurement. model where the mora and not the syllable is the central notion (1997a), two papers devoted to ME stress (1995, 1997b) and a paper on ME open syllable lengthening as a compensatory lengthening (1991-93). Prof. A. Adamska-Salaciak wrote on the origin of ME/a/. Professor J. Rubach (1986) and Professor K. Dziubalska-Kolaczyk (1997) have tested the application of gene rative and natural syllable-less beats-and-binding phonological theories to the explanation of degemination in Old English and Early Middle English quantitative changes respectively. In the field of morphology Professor J. Welna contributed a handbook of historical English morphology (1996a) of which more than half is devoted to Old and Middle English. He has also written on strong-to-weak and weak-to-strong shifts in Old and Middle English verbs (1991, 1997) and on gender of loanwords in Old English (1980). Professor M. Krygier's interests have focussed in the main on the disintegration of the strong verb system (1994a, 1994b), and inflectional i-umlaut in Middle English (1992a). In addition he has also contributed papers on plural markers of nouns of relationship in Layamon's Brut Brut, Brute (both: br t), or Brutus (br (1996), velar and palatal variants of the
'seek'-verbs (2000), the synchronic syn·chron·ic adj. 1. Synchronous. 2. Of or relating to the study of phenomena, such as linguistic features, or of events of a particular time, without reference to their historical context. approach to Old English morphology The morphology of the Old English language is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more highly inflected. It more closely resembles modern German, which has over the centuries been more conservative than English. (1998), and on the evolution of morphology as an indicator in the demarcation of the border between Old and Middle English (1997b). Dr. H. Mausch has written on referential gender in Late Middle English (1986) and on the evolution of the ME personal pronoun system (1989, 1991-93). H. Rutkowska has c ontributed a study devoted to personal pronouns in the Cely letters (1999). A wide variety of topics in Old and Middle syntax has been dealt with by a number of medievalists of the youngest generation. Dr. J. Krzyszpien has written on hit-sentences (1985) and on the periphrastic per·i·phras·tic adj. 1. Having the nature of or characterized by periphrasis. 2. Grammar Constructed by using an auxiliary word rather than an inflected form; for example, of father subjunctive subjunctive: see mood. with magan in Old English, as well as on impersonal constructions with an experiencer in Old and Middle English (1988). Professor B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk has contributed four papers on questions in Late Middle English (1967, 1972, 1973, 1974). Dr. J. Malak (Ph.D. under Prof. W. Awedyk's supervision) has published two studies on OE participial par·ti·cip·i·al adj. Of, relating to, consisting of, or formed with a participle. n. A participle. [Latin participi constructions (1991-93, 1998). Dr. R. Molencki has contributed a series of works on various aspects of Old and Middle English syntax, including relative and concessive con·ces·sive adj. 1. Of the nature of or containing a concession. 2. Grammar Expressing concession, as the conjunction though. clauses (1988, 1990a, 1997a), word order (1990b, 1997d), complementation (1991), and counterfactual coun·ter·fac·tu·al adj. Running contrary to the facts: "Cold war historiography vividly illustrates how the selection of the counterfactual question to be asked generally anticipates the desired answer" constructions (1995, 1997b, 1997c, 1998, 1999b, in press). Dr. T. Olszewska has written on Old English word order and inflections. Prof. A. Pasicki has published a series of studies on Old Engl ish temporal adverbials (1985, 1987), relatives (1994) and while-clauses (1983). Dr. A. Wegner has devoted three studies to various aspects of ME syntax in Mirk's Festial (1976, 1977a, 1977b), and Dr. T. Retelewska (1975) to the performative per·for·ma·tive adj. Relating to or being an utterance that peforms an act or creates a state of affairs by the fact of its being uttered under appropriate or conventional circumstances, as a justice of the peace uttering analysis of imperatives in Old English. E. Sielanko (1995) has written on split coordinated structures in Late Old English and W. Rybarczyk (1977) on Old English word order and Functional Sentence Perspective. In the area of word formation one has to single out works by Dr. A. Zbierska-Sawala on word formation in Early Middle English (1989, 1983a) and Old English (1997). Dr. M. Nowakowski has also devoted part of his study on language change to Old English nominalizations. Several interesting studies on historical English semantics have been written by Prof. G. Kleparski (1990, 1997). Parts of them have been devoted to Middle English. Prof. R. Kopytko (1986a) has published a paper on ME verbs of sensory cognition, Dr. P. Lozowski on the lexical meaning of some words and some cases of synonymy syn·on·y·my n. pl. syn·on·y·mies 1. The quality of being synonymous; equivalence of meaning. 2. Study and classification of synonyms. 3. A list, book, or system of synonyms. 4. in Old English (1991, 1993 1996a, 1996b), Dr. J. Krzyszpien (1987) on the semantic interpretation of verbs in the OE and ME impersonal constructions and Dr. M. Fabiszak on the semantics of emotion terms in Old English (1999) and the concept of 'joy' in Middle English (2000). Finally, Prof. W. Awedyk (1975c) and Prof. M. Krygier (1998b) have proposed new interpretations of the origin of ME she. Apart from the older and younger scholars whose works have been discussed above there is still the youngest group who are currently working on their Ph.D. dissertations on various aspects of Old and Middle English. The combined efforts of all of them should soon result in more contributions to the vast and fascinating field of Medieval English linguistics. REFERENCES Adamska-Salaciak, Arleta 1985a "Some notes an the origin of Middle English /a/", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 17: 51-62. 1985b "On Middle English /a/ and the function of change" (revised 1992.), in: Jacek Fisiak -- Stanislaw Puppel (eds.) 1992. Phonological investigations. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 221-239. Arend, Zygfryd M. 1931 "Linking in Cursor Mundi. A phonological investigation", Transactions of the Philological Society 1925-1930: 200-259. Awedyk, Wieslaw 1971 "Some remarks on Old English phonology", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 3: 69-74. 1975a The theory of the syllable and Old English phonology. Wroclaw: Ossolineum. 1975b Palatal umlaut versus velar umlaut. Poznan: UAM UAM Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) UAM Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana (México) UAM Uniwersytet im. . 1975c "Middle English she", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 6: 125-127. Cygan, Jan 1990 Jezyk angielski na tle porownawczym [English against a comparative background]. Wroclaw: Ossolineum. Dyboski, Roman (ed.) 1908 Songs, carols and other miscellaneous poems. (EETS, ES 101.) London: OUP OUP (in Northern Ireland) Official Unionist Party . 1910 Literatura i jezyk sredniowiecznej Anglil [Literature and language of Medieval England]. Cracow: Gebethner and Wolff. Dyboski, Roman -- Zygfryd M. Arend (eds.) 1935 Knyhthode and bataile. (EETS, OS 201) London: OUP. Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna 1997 "Middle English phonology without the syllable", in: Raymond Hickey -- Stanislaw Puppel (eds.) Language history and linguistic modelling: A festschrift fest·schrift n. pl. fest·schrif·ten or fest·schrifts A volume of learned articles or essays by colleagues and admirers, serving as a tribute or memorial especially to a scholar. for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th birthday Vol. 1. Berlin -- New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Mouton mouton lamb pelt made to resemble seal or beaver. de Gruyter, 13-28. Fabiszak, Malgorzata 1999 "A semantic analysis of emotion terms in Old English", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 34: 133-146. 2000 "The concept of joy in Middle English -- a semantic analysis", in: Bozena Rozwadowska (ed.) PASE papers in language studies. Wroclaw: Aksel s. c. Fisiak, Jacek 1964 Outlines of Middle English. Lodz: University. 1965 Morphemic mor·pheme n. A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. structure of Chaucer's English. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press The University of Alabama Press is a university press that is part of the University of Alabama. External link
1967 "The Old English wr- and wl-", Linguistics 32: 12-14. 1968 "Prevocalic pre·vo·cal·ic adj. 1. Preceding a vowel. 2. Of or relating to a form of a linguistic element, such as a suffix, prefix, or word, that occurs only before a vowel. consonant clusters in the history of English", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 1: 3-14. 1976 "Subjectless sentences in Middle English", Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny 23: 263-270. 1977a Bibliography of writings on English language and literature in Poland (1945-1975). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 1977b "Sociolinguistics sociolinguistics, the study of language as it affects and is affected by social relations. Sociolinguistics encompasses a broad range of concerns, including bilingualism, pidgin and creole languages, and other ways that language use is influenced by contact among and Middle English: Some socially motivated changes in the history of English", Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny 24: 277-289. 1982a "Middle English -ong > -ung revisited", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14: 17-27. 1982b "Isophones or isographs: A problem in historical dialectology", in: John Anderson (ed.) Language form and linguistic variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 117-128. 1983a English studies in Poland. A historical survey. Poznan: UAM. 1983b A bibliography of writings for the history of the English language English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers and Roman auxiliary troops from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Northern Netherlands. . Poznan: UAM. [1987, revised and enlarged edition, Berlin: Mouton]. 1983c "Some problems in historical dialectology", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 16: 5-14. 1983d "English dialects in the 15th century: Some observations concerning the shift of isoglosses", Folia fo·li·a n. Plural of folium. Linguistica Historica 4, 2: 195-217. 1985a "The voicing of initial fricatives in Middle English", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 17: 3-16. 1985b "Middle English dialectology today: Some issues", in: Gerhard Stickel -- Ursula Pieper (eds.) Synchronic and diachronic linguistics. Berlin -- New York: Mouton, 257-280. 1988a "Karl Luick and historical English phonology", in: Dieter Kastovsky -- Gero Bauer (eds.) Luick revisited. Tubingen: Gunter Narr, 15-30. 1988b "Old East Anglian: A problem in Old English dialectology", AUMLLA (Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association) 70: 336-365 [Reprinted in Jacek Fisiak -- Peter Trudgill (eds.)]. 1990a "Domesday Book and the Late Old English dialects", in: Henning Andersen -- Konrad Koerner (eds.) Papers from the 8th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Lille, 1987. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 107-128. 1990b "Old and Middle English language studies in Poland", in: Akio Oizumi -- Toshiyuki Takamiya (eds.) Medieval English studies past and present. Tokyo: Eichosha Co. Ltd., 144-153. 1992 "A note on the voicing of the initial /f/ in English in the 15th century: Onomastic evidence", in: Artur van Essen -- Ned Burkart (eds.) Homage to W. R. Lee. Berlin -- New York: Foris, 233-237. 1993 "Place-names and Early Middle English dialects: mon~man", in: Wolfgang Viereck (ed.) 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