Stay beautiful/stay alive: a successful approach to community-based participatory research.Abstract: Growing health disparities
Health disparities (also called health inequalities in some countries) refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. for racial ethnic minorities in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. have resulted in concentrated efforts aimed at narrowing the survival gap for many chronic diseases, including cancer. Stay Beautiful/Stay Alive (SBSA SBSA Small Business Set Aside SBSA Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. (stock symbol) SBSA Scottish Building Standards Agency SBSA Standard Bank of South Africa SBSA South Bayside System Authority (California) ) is an educational intervention of the National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer II: Network Project (NBLIC NBLIC National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer II) aimed at decreasing breast and cervical cancer Cervical Cancer Definition Cervical cancer is a disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. mortality through awareness of cancer early detection. This paper describes a community-based participatory research Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is research that is conducted as an equal partnership between traditionally trained "experts" and members of a community. In CBPR projects, the community participates fully in all aspects of the research process. approach, which engages the community as an active partner in research, and provides the results of an evaluation of this process. ********** For almost two decades, increasing attention has been given to the health status of this country's racial and ethnic minorities; however, the progress towards impacting an increasing chronic disease incidence and mortality for these groups has been disappointing. It has been suggested that poverty, poor access to health care, inadequate prevention practices and lack of health knowledge may contribute heavily to the disease burden for African Americans African American Multiculture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. See Race. , Hispanics, Asian Americans This page is a list of Asian Americans. Politics
n. pl. dis·par·i·ties 1. The condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference: "narrow the economic disparities among regions and industries" between majority and minority communities has led many public health researchers to develop approaches which would allow a more assiduous as·sid·u·ous adj. 1. Constant in application or attention; diligent: an assiduous worker who strove for perfection. See Synonyms at busy. 2. application of evidence-based guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. or Best Practices, in an effort for more immediate application in the community. This approach of disseminating dis·sem·i·nate v. dis·sem·i·nat·ed, dis·sem·i·nat·ing, dis·sem·i·nates v.tr. 1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed. 2. the results of studies and telling communities how they should incorporate findings into their lives produces minimal behavior change Behavior change refers to any transformation or modification of human behavior. Such changes can occur intentionally, through behavior modification, without intention, or change rapidly in situations of mental illness. , which consequently, has done little to affect disease incidence and mortality in the targeted populations (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Many researchers have begun to revisit re·vis·it tr.v. re·vis·it·ed, re·vis·it·ing, re·vis·its To visit again. n. A second or repeated visit. re an approach to health education, which involves all potential users of the research and other stakeholders Stakeholders All parties that have an interest, financial or otherwise, in a firm-stockholders, creditors, bondholders, employees, customers, management, the community, and the government. . Community-based participatory research (CBPR CBPR Community-Based Participatory Research ), which is generated collaboratively in partnership between scientists and others, is an alternative to the "top-down" technical assistance from experts to practitioners to community residents (Kritek, et al., 2002). It is seen by many as a way to make the best use of results which are believed to be effective, namely, that these results are actually used by those most affected. The reemergence of the CBPR approach had continued to gain interest as is witnessed by inclusion in the efforts of several governmental agencies addressing ethnic and racial health disparities. In 1999, the National Cancer Institute (NCI See Liberate. ), Office of Special Populations Research (OSPR OSPR Office of Spill Prevention & Response (California Department of Fish and Game) OSPR Optical Shared Protection Ring OSPR Own Station Position Report ) announced the availability of funds to develop and implement community-based cancer control and prevention activities (RFA RFA right frontoanterior (position of the fetus). Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) A procedure in which radiofrequency waves are used to destroy blood vessels and tissues. Mentioned in: Prenatal Surgery : CA-99-003 Special Population Networks for Cancer Awareness Research and Training). The major goal of this effort is to establish a robust and sustainable infrastructure to promote cancer awareness within minority and medically underserved communities and to launch from these more research and cancer control activities aimed at specific population subgroups. The National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer (NBLIC) is an outreach Outreach is an effort by an organization or group to connect its ideas or practices to the efforts of other organizations, groups, specific audiences or the general public. program of public education intended to make the black community more aware of cancer and cancer risks, improve health behavior, and improve access to cancer prevention, early detection and state-of-the-art treatment (Bibeau, et al., 1996). Since 1986, the NBLIC has provided a broad range of cancer education, prevention, and control programs to the black community. In spite of the significant accomplishments of the NBLIC, the need for new and better intervention designed to improve accessibility and utilization of culturally sensitive cancer education programs developed for African Americans continues. The National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer II: Network Project (NBLIC II), one of the 18 Special Population Networks funded by NCI, represents the new direction of the Leadership Initiative on Cancer targeted to African Americans and formally implemented in 1989. We report the results of an evidence-based, community-driven breast and cervical cancer educational intervention or Best Practice, implemented in several African American communities nationwide. Stay Beautiful/Stay Alive (SBSA) is an educational intervention aimed at decreasing breast and cervical cancer mortality through awareness of cancer early detection. Developed by the NBLIC II Midwestern Region, Chicago, IL, SBSA emphasizes breast and cervical cancer screening in settings such as salons, which typically focus on physical beauty. We employed the CBPR model as a means of systematic inquiry in collaboration with those affected by breast and cervical cancer. Specific program components include: 1) partnerships with agencies providing community-based cancer control initiatives, community-based coalition volunteers and beauty salons and beauty schools; 2) training of professionals (hair stylists) in the cosmetology cos·me·tol·o·gy n. The study or art of cosmetics and their use. [French cosmétologie : cosmétique, cosmetic; see cosmetic + -logie, -logy. industry and community-based coalition volunteers and 3) implementation and evaluation of intensive community-based awareness campaigns by these trained volunteers. This paper emphasizes the value of CBPR, highlights the process for implementation and describes its use in achieving NBLIC II goals related to breast and cervical cancer early detection awareness among African American women in the United States. METHODS & PROCEDURES DEFINING COMMUNITY In CBPR, community is understood as a local geopolitical ge·o·pol·i·tics n. (used with a sing. verb) 1. The study of the relationship among politics and geography, demography, and economics, especially with respect to the foreign policy of a nation. 2. a. entity (Sullivan, et al., 2000). Community may also be defined as groupings of people sharing common characteristics or interests. This revised definition, one, which is both people and geographically-centered, is used by NBLIC II because it allows greater sensitivity to community's perceptions, needs and unique circumstances. Lay residents of a local area, practitioners, service agency and policy makers within communities should collaborate not only in applying findings but also in determining the ways in which the findings are produced and interpreted (Bibeau, et al., 1996). Community was further defined by population and disease incidence. Using 2000 Census Tract A census tract, census area, or census district is a particular community defined for the purpose of taking a census. Usually these coincide with the limits of cities, towns or other administrative areas and several tracts commonly exist within a county. data, areas of the country which were densely populated pop·u·late tr.v. pop·u·lat·ed, pop·u·lat·ing, pop·u·lates 1. To supply with inhabitants, as by colonization; people. 2. with African Americans were identified (U.S. Census Bureau Noun 1. Census Bureau - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States Bureau of the Census , 2001). Data for breast and cervical cancer incidence from the American Cancer Society's Cancer Facts and Figures for that same year were then integrated into the population data. The results were then practically evaluated considering the existence and willingness of an NBLIC II community coalition to participate in the SBSA implementation and evaluation. ENGAGING THE COMMUNITY Coalitions have been a part of NBLIC II since its inception and have proven to be useful in the delivery of awareness and education efforts. The 60 NBLIC II community groups nationwide have allowed us to tap into indigenous community relations 1. The relationship between military and civilian communities. 2. Those public affairs programs that address issues of interest to the general public, business, academia, veterans, Service organizations, military-related associations, and other non-news media entities. and affiliations for resources. Coalitions range in size from very small (an average of 10 members) to very large (50+ members). While each NBLIC II community coalition is unique, membership typically included lay residents of a local area, practitioners, service agency and policy makers. By drawing on these multiple resources, NBLIC II coalitions are able to reach mutually beneficial Adj. 1. mutually beneficial - mutually dependent interdependent, mutualist dependent - relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed; "dependent children"; "dependent on moisture" ends, economically and efficiently (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). Our coalitions also understand community context and issues related to that context and able to tailor standardized standardized pertaining to data that have been submitted to standardization procedures. standardized morbidity rate see morbidity rate. standardized mortality rate see mortality rate. interventions developed at the national level accordingly. They reinforce existing social networks and utilize existing social support in introducing health interventions health intervention Health care An activity undertaken to prevent, improve, or stabilize a medical condition and encouraging maintenance of long-term behavioral change. PARTNERSHIPS In re-defining community, NBLIC II's National Office worked closely with four Regional Program Offices (Eastern, Midwestern, Southern and Western) which in turn, partnered with local community coalitions. Partnerships, while including national agencies, were not limited as such and also involved local community-based organizations as major stakeholders. The purpose of establishing national partnerships was to ensure continuity across regions; however, they also enhanced infrastructure and gave support to smaller, less organized coalitions. A specific example of this is establishment of a partnership with Dudley Hair Care, a national cosmetology agency with schools, salons and supply companies within the high prevalence cancer communities (HPCC HPCC - High Performance Computing and Communications ) targeted for SBSA implementation. Community coalitions work closely with Dudley outlets, but they also established partnerships with local beauty salons and beauty schools in implementing the study. Formal partnerships were established through Memoranda of Understanding in which each of the contributing partners agreed to respectfully re·spect·ful adj. Showing or marked by proper respect. re·spect  ful·ly adv. engage in the process of the implementation and evaluation
of the SBSA educational intervention. For their participation, agencies
bought into a process in which they were intimately involved in
educating their targeted population. As stakeholders, they shared in the
ownership of SBSA with NBLIC II and the community, represented by the
community coalitions.TRAINING VOLUNTEER FACILITATORS The NBLIC II National Office in partnership with the NBLIC II Chicago Cancer Coalition developed the SBSA educational curriculum. In establishing SBSA as a Best Practice, the Chicago, IL volunteers implemented formal facilitator training, using a train-the-trainer approach, as a mandatory component of the program. To this end, NBLIC II Regional Program Directors participated in a pilot test of the facilitator training prior to implementation of the training nationwide. Based on results of this training, the training curriculum was then revised, and an evaluation protocol was established. The training package was then delivered to the leadership of the 22 NBLIC II coalitions agreeing to implement the Best Practice within their local communities. Figure 1 includes a description of the Facilitator Characteristic form, which includes its purpose, content domain and operational data items. SBSA DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION In developing the SBSA curriculum, it was important to maintain central message/focus, which included the "local flavor" of the Chicago-developed program, but also incorporated scientific findings, NCI messages as well as NBLIC II guidelines. Cultural-appropriateness, readability read·a·ble adj. 1. Easily read; legible: a readable typeface. 2. Pleasurable or interesting to read: a readable story. and comprehension were equally important. Venues were limited by definition of the program to beauty salons, beauty school, nail salons A nail salon is a beauty services establishment that offers nail care services such as manicures, pedicures, and nail enhancements primarily. Often, nail salons also offer skin care services. There are approximately 38,000 nail salons in the U.S. , and similar community establishments concerned with beautification beau·ti·fy tr. & intr.v. beau·ti·fied, beau·ti·fy·ing, beau·ti·fies To make or become beautiful. beau . Each 60-minute session focused on knowledge, attitudes, practices and beliefs related to: 1) general breast and cervical cervical /cer·vi·cal/ (ser´vi-k'l) 1. pertaining to the neck. 2. pertaining to the neck or cervix of any organ or structure. cer·vi·cal adj. health; 2) breast and cervical cancer risk factors and 3) breast and cervical cancer early detection. This project was developed on the premise that beauty salons are natural settings for reaching women in large numbers. As women work on staying beautiful, the message of this project is to help them take concrete actions on improving their health and on staying alive. In addition to the presentation, patrons receive T-shirts/cookbooks and NBLIC information packets. Evaluation methods for SBSA included process, outcome and impact assessments. Volunteer facilitators were trained in each of these methods, emphasizing self- or interview-administered techniques for completing survey instruments. MEASUREMENT The Facilitator Characteristics Form, described in Figure 1, was used to assess stakeholder stakeholder n. a person having in his/her possession (holding) money or property in which he/she has no interest, right or title, awaiting the outcome of a dispute between two or more claimants to the money or property. involvement in the study. This questionnaire has been modified from past NBLIC II survey instruments, which were highly reliable indicators of community organization representation in activities and events. NBLIC II Regional Office staff administered all questionnaires at the beginning of each training session. RESULTS The SBSA intervention was implemented over an 18-month period in 22 cities nationwide (Table 1). These HPCCs were among the people-geographic centers targeted for SBSA implementation. These counties were concentrated in the Southern Region (eight) and the Midwestern Region (six), with equal numbers in the Eastern Region (four) and Western Region (four). A total of 130 community-based facilitators were trained nationwide. The number of individuals trained is in direct proportion to the number of HPPC HPPC High-Purity Process Chemicals HPPC Highland Park Presbyterian Church HPPC High Performance Computing and Communications HPPC Hurstpierpoint College HPPC High-Performance Parallel Computing HPPC Health Plan Purchasing Cooperatives targeted cites, and the total numbers of participants receiving the SBSA intervention. The Southern Region, for example, had a total of 8 HPCCs, with 50 trained facilitators, 100 sessions, and a total of 740 participants. Of the 265 session, 75 of these took place in the Western Region where a total of 40 facilitators were trained and 461 participants reached. The Midwestern Region, the area of the country where SBSA was developed, included six HPCCs, 25 facilitators were trained, and 300 participants reached through 60 SBSA sessions. These data are presented in Table 2. Demographic characteristics of SBSA facilitators are described in Table 3. A majority of community volunteers (720/0) were members of organized NBLIC II community coalitions. Sixty-two percent of community volunteers listed African American (black, non-Hispanic) as the racial or ethnic group to which they belonged. Primarily women (85%) were trained to facilitate the SBSA sessions, with the remaining 15% trained men. Community roles in SBSA implementation included planning and organizing, providing technical, staff and/or materials support, as well as media, community, and/or professional contact mobilization mobilization Organization of a nation's armed forces for active military service in time of war or other national emergency. It includes recruiting and training, building military bases and training camps, and procuring and distributing weapons, ammunition, uniforms, .
Table 1. NBLIC II Targeted Sites: Densely populated African American,
high prevalence cancer communities (HPCCs) (Counties by Region)
Eastern Midwestern
Washington, DC Cook County, IL
New York, NY Marion, IL
Allegheny, PA Franklin, KY
Philadelphia, PA Jefferson KY
Mahoning, OH
Oklahoma City, OK
Southern Western
Birmingham, AL Alameda, CA
Miami-Dade, FL Los Angeles, CA
Fulton, GA San Bernardino, CA
New Orleans Parrish, LA San Diego, CA
Mecklenberg, NC
Davidson, TN
Shelby, TN
Harris, TX
Table 2. SBSA Facilitators, Sessions and Participants
Region Facilitators (n) Sessions (n) Participants (n)
Eastern 15 30 162
Midwestern 25 60 300
Southern 50 100 740
Western 40 75 461
TOTALS 130 265 1663
Table 3. Demographic Characteristics of Stay Beautiful/Stay Alive
Facilitators by NBLIC II Region.
Eastern Midwestern
Total, No. (%) 15 (11.5) 25 (19.2)
Characteristic, No.(%)
Race/Ethnicity
African American 10 (66.7) 25 (100.0)
Hispanic/Latino 02 (04.0) 00 (00.0)
White 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Asian 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Other 03 (02.0) 00 (00.0)
Age
10-19 01 (07.0) 00 (00.0)
20-29 03 (20.0) 05 (20.0)
30-39 03 (20.0) 05 (20.0)
40-49 03 (20.0) 06 (24.0)
50-59 03 (20.0) 06 (24.0)
60-69 01 (07.0) 02 (08.0)
70+ 01 (07.0) 01 (04.0)
Gender
Male 02 (13.0) 03 (12.0)
Female 13 (87.0) 22 (88.0)
Language Preference
English 13 (87.0) 23 (92.0)
Spanish 02 (13.0) 01 (04.0)
French 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Other 00 (00.0) 01 (04.0)
Education
Elementary 00 (00.0) 23 (92.0)
High School 04 (27.0) 01 (04.0)
College 07 (47.9) 01 (04.0)
Graduate School 04 (27.0) 00 (00.0)
Religious Preference
African Methodist
Episcopal 00 (00.0) 02 (08.0)
United Methodist 03 (20.0) 01 (04.0)
Baptist 12 (80.0) 13 (52.0)
Pentecostal 00 (00.0) 03 (12.0)
Catholic 00 (00.0) 03 (12.0)
Muslim 00 (00.0) 05 (20.0)
Presbyterian 00 (00.0) 01 (04.0)
Jewish 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Non-Denominational 00 (00.0) 01 (04.0)
Other 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Southern Western
Total, No. (%) 50 (38.5) 40 (30.8)
Characteristic, No.(%)
Race/Ethnicity
African American 46 (92.0) 40 (100.0)
Hispanic/Latino 01 (02.0) 00 (00.0)
White 01 (02.0) 00 (00.0)
Asian 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Other 02 (0.40) 00 (00.0)
Age
10-19 01 (02.0) 02 (05.0)
20-29 12 (24.0) 04 (10.0)
30-39 10 (20.0) 12 (30.0)
40-49 11 (22.0) 12 (30.0)
50-59 13 (26.0) 06 (15.0)
60-69 02 (04.0) 03 (08.0)
70+ 01 (02.0) 01 (03.0)
Gender
Male 07 (14.0) 02 (05.0)
Female 43 (84.0) 38 (95.0)
Language Preference
English 43 (84.0) 38 (95.0)
Spanish 02 (04.0) 01 (03.0)
French 03 (06.0) 01 (03.0)
Other 02 (04.0) 00 (00.0)
Education
Elementary 02 (04.0) 01 (03.0)
High School 25 (50.0) 18 (45.0)
College 23 (46.0) 21 (53.0)
Graduate School 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Religious Preference
African Methodist
Episcopal 07 (14.0) 00 (00.0)
United Methodist 01 (02.0) 17 (43.0)
Baptist 35 (70.0) 01 (03.0)
Pentecostal 01 (02.0) 07 (08.0)
Catholic 02 (04.0) 00 (00.0)
Muslim 01 (02.0) 08 (20.0)
Presbyterian 01 (02.0) 00 (00.0)
Jewish 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Non-Denominational 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0)
Other 01 (02.0) 01 (03.0)
Values in parenthesis represent percentages responding to items on
the Facilitator Characteristic Form. Percentages adjusted for
missing data.
Figure 1. Description of Facilitator Characteristics Form
Module Purpose Content Domains
Facilitator * Codes major demo- Agency type (repre-
Characteristics graphic characteris- sented), name and role
Form tics of facilitators. in Best Practice,
* Codes professional Facilitator race-
background. ethnicity, age, gender,
* Codes agency informa- similarity to target
tion. groups (primary
* Codes prior experience language, gender, age,
related to cancer religious preference),
early detection. types of professional
* Codes cancer history. training, professional
identification.
Module Operational Data Items
Facilitator Facilitator ID Number (NBLIC
Characteristics II Region Code + 2-digit
Form sequential number), Best
Practice Session Date, NBLIC
II Community, Type Best
Practice, Organization Type,
Organization Name, Role in
Best Practice, Language
Preference, Ethnic/Cultural/
Racial Background, Date of
Birth, Gender, Religious
Preference, Professional
Credentials, Years of Profes-
sional Experience, Area of
Expertise, Highest Level of
Education, Current Employ-
ment Status, NBLIC II Role,
Cancer Awareness Presentation
Experience, Primary Involve-
ment with NBLIC II, Personal
and/or Family Cancer History
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by 5 U01 CA86274-04 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services Noun 1. Department of Health and Human Services - the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979 Health and Human Services, HHS . The authors also wish to acknowledge the NBLIC II Midwestern Regional Program Office; Chicago Beauty Salon Owners; Chicago Chapter of the National Black Nurses Association; Chi Eta Phi Sorority sorority: see fraternity. , Inc. Alpha Eta Chapter; and Sigma Gamma Rho Sigma Gamma Rho (ΣΓΡ) was founded on November 12, 1922, by seven educators in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group became an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter was granted to Alpha chapter at Butler University in Sorority, Inc., Eta Xi Sigma SIGMA - A scientific visual programming environment from NASA. http://fi-www.arc.nasa.gov/fia/projects/sigma/. Chapter, for their contribution to Stay Beautiful/Stay Alive. REFERENCES Bibeau D, Howel KA, Rife JC, Taylor ML (1996) The role of a community coalition in the development of health services health services Managed care The benefits covered under a health contract for the poor and uninsured. Intern intern /in·tern/ (in´tern) a medical graduate serving in a hospital preparatory to being licensed to practice medicine. in·tern or in·terne n. J Heath Serv 26(1):93-110. Institute of Medicine (2001) Rebuilding the unity of health and the environment: A new vision of environmental health for the 21st century. National Academy Press Washington, D.C. Kritek P, Hargraves M, Cuellar E, Dallo F, Gauthier D, Holland C, Ilkiw C, Swanson J, Swanson R: Eliminating Health Disparities Among Minority Women: A Report on Conference Workshop Process and Outcomes. American Journal of Public Health The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) is a peer reviewed monthly journal of the American Public Health Association (APHA). The Journal also regularly publishes authoritative editorials and commentaries and serves as a forum for the analysis of health policy. . April 2002 Volume 92(4) pp 580-587. Miller BA, Lolonel LN, Berstein L, Young, Jr. JL, Swanson GM, West D, Liff JM, Glover Glov´er n. 1. One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves. Glover's suture a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward. CS, Alexander GA. (eds): Racial/Ethnic Patterns of Cancer in the United States 1988-1992, National Cancer Institute. NIH "Not invented here." See digispeak. NIH - The United States National Institutes of Health. Pub No 96-4101. Bethesda, MD, 1996. Sullivan LW, Jackson F, Sheats J, Smith SA (2000) NBLIC: Where we've been, where we're going. Minority Health Today 2(1):(Suppl) 3-7. U.S. Census Bureau (2001). Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050; http://www.census.gov/prod/www/titles.html. HEALTH EDUCATION RESPONSIBILITY AND COMPETENCY COMPETENCY, evidence. The legal fitness or ability of a witness to be heard on the trial of a cause. This term is also applied to written or other evidence which may be legally given on such trial, as, depositions, letters, account-books, and the like. 2. ADDRESSED Responsibility II--Planning Effective Health Education Programs Competency A--Recruit community organizations, resource people, and potential participants for support assistance in program planning. Subcompetency 5--Apply principles of community organization in planning programs. Address all correspondence to Selina A. Smith, Ph.D., National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer II: Network Project, National Office, Morehouse School of Medicine Morehouse School of Medicine is a medical school in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Originally part of African-American all-male Morehouse College, it was founded in 1975 during the tenure of college president Hugh M. , 720 Westview Drive, Southwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, PHONE: 404.756.5205, FAX: 404.756.5295, E-MAIL e-mail: see electronic mail. in full electronic mail Messages and other data exchanged between individuals using computers in a network. : smiths@msm.edu. |
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