Solid-Tumor Mortality in the Vicinity of Uranium Cycle Facilities and Nuclear Power Plants in Spain.To ascertain solid tumor tumor: see neoplasm. mortality in towns near Spain's four nuclear power plants and four nuclear fuel facilities from 1975 to 1993, we conducted a mortality study based on 12,245 cancer deaths in 283 towns situated within a 30-km radius of the above installations. As nonexposed areas, we used 275 towns lying within a 50- to 100-km radius of each installation, matched by population size and sociodemographic characteristics (income level, proportion of active population engaged in farming, proportion of unemployed, percentage of illiteracy illiteracy, inability to meet a certain minimum criterion of reading and writing skill. Definition of Illiteracy The exact nature of the criterion varies, so that illiteracy must be defined in each case before the term can be used in a meaningful , and province). Using log-linear models log-linear model a statistical model which models frequency counts in contingency tables by using an analysis of variance approach. , we examined relative risk for each area and trends in risk with increasing proximity to an installation. The results reveal a pattern of solid-tumor mortality in the vicinity of uranium uranium (y  rā`nēəm), radioactive metallic chemical element; symbol U; at. no. 92; at. wt. 238.0289; m.p. 1,132°C;; b.p. 3,818°C;; sp. gr. 19. cycle facilities, basically characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. by excess lung [relative risk (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval confidence interval, n a statistical device used to determine the range within which an acceptable datum would fall. Confidence intervals are usually expressed in percentages, typically 95% or 99%. (CI), 1.02-1.25] and renal renal /re·nal/ (re´n'l) pertaining to the kidney. re·nal adj. Of or in the region of the kidneys. Renal Relating to the kidney. cancer mortality (RR 1.37, 95% CI, 1.07-1.76). Besides the effects of natural radiation, these results could well be evincing the influence on public health exerted by the environmental impact of mining. No such well-defined well-de·fined adj. 1. Having definite and distinct lines or features: a well-defined silhouette. 2. pattern appeared in the vicinity of nuclear power plants. Monitoring of cancer incidence and mortality is recommended in areas surrounding sur·round tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds 1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle. 2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication. n. nuclear fuel facilities and nuclear power plants, and more specific studies are called for in areas adjacent to installations that have been fully operational for longer periods. In this regard, it is important to use dosimetric information in all future studies. Key words: environment, epidemiology epidemiology, field of medicine concerned with the study of epidemics, outbreaks of disease that affect large numbers of people. Epidemiologists, using sophisticated statistical analyses, field investigations, and complex laboratory techniques, investigate the cause , ionizing, mortality, neoplasms, nuclear facilities, radiation, uranium mines Uranium mining is presently carried out in more than 25 countries around the world. An estimated 100 or more uranium mines in different stages of development are reported. Major uranium mines are located in Canada, Australia and Kazakhstan that contribute more than half of world's uranium . Environ en·vi·ron tr.v. en·vi·roned, en·vi·ron·ing, en·vi·rons To encircle; surround. See Synonyms at surround. [Middle English envirounen, from Old French environner Health Perspect 109:721-729 (2001). [Online 11 July July: see month. 2001] http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109p721-729lopez-abente/abstract .html The report that appeared in late 1983 of a cluster of leukemias in young residents living near a nuclear fuel reprocessing Reprocessing may refer to:
Cancer incidence and mortality studies in areas near nuclear facilities have failed to eliminate doubts about possible adverse population effects attributable to routine operations, despite the fact that numerous studies performed in different countries have reported an absence of cancer risk in areas around nuclear fuel facilities and power plants (1-4). In the main, epidemiologic studies epidemiologic study A study that compares 2 groups of people who are alike except for one factor, such as exposure to a chemical or the presence of a health effect; the investigators try to determine if any factor is associated with the health effect have targeted hematologic hematological, hematologic pertaining to or emanating from blood cells. hematological tests total and differential white cell counts, hematocrit estimation, erythrocyte count. tumors and young age groups, and very few have sought to assess in depth the remaining malignant tumors malignant tumor n. A tumor that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death unless adequately treated. . The concern voiced by society regarding the consequences of industry in its immediate vicinity has essentially focused on nuclear power plants. With respect to industries linked to uranium production, considerable effort has been made to ascertain the risk in cohorts of miners (5-7), and although the environmental impact of nearby uranium mines, particularly of uranium mill tailings Tailings (also known as tailings pile, tails, leach residue, or slickens[1]) are the materials left over[2] after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the worthless fraction of an ore. (8-10), has been studied, the related public health consequences have received scant scant adj. scant·er, scant·est 1. Barely sufficient: paid scant attention to the lecture. 2. Falling short of a specific measure: a scant cup of sugar. attention. Spain Spain, Span. España (āspä`nyä), officially Kingdom of Spain, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 40,341,000), 194,884 sq mi (504,750 sq km), including the Balearic and Canary islands, SW Europe. currently has seven nuclear power plants, with a total of 10 reactors (nine fully operational and one being dismantled dis·man·tle tr.v. dis·man·tled, dis·man·tling, dis·man·tles 1. a. To take apart; disassemble; tear down. b. ) and nine nuclear fuel facilities (three fully operational, one shut down, and five being dismantled). We therefore performed a cancer mortality study covering towns near nuclear power plants and fuel facilities. Death certificates were the only nationwide source of information on mortality in Spain on which a first analysis of this nature could be based. In a previous study we reported the results for hematologic tumors (11). In this article we report the results of that study for solid tumors. The analysis presented here sought to quantify Quantify - A performance analysis tool from Pure Software. the relative risk of death in the vicinity of such installations; to ascertain said risk before and after the date on which these installations first came into operation; to study changes in risk according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. subjects' relative proximity to the respective installations; and, given the descriptive and exploratory nature of this study, to provide further pointers for new research. Materials and Methods A more detailed description of the methodology may be found in a previous study (11). Here we present results on mortality caused by stomach cancer [International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD ICD International Classification of Diseases (of the World Health Organization); intrauterine contraceptive device. ICD abbr. ) 151] and colorectal co·lo·rec·tal adj. Relating to the colon and the rectum, or to the entire large bowel. colorectal pertaining to or of the nature of the colon and the rectum. (ICD 153-154), lung (ICD 162), bone (ICD 170), connective connective - An operator used in logic to combine two logical formulas. See first order logic. tissue (ICD 171), breast (in women, ICD 174), brain (ICD 191), thyroid thyroid /thy·roid/ (thi´roid) 1. the thyroid gland; see under gland. 2. pertaining to the thyroid gland. 3. scutiform. 4. (ICD 193), bladder bladder /blad·der/ (blad´er) 1. a membranous sac, such as one serving as receptacle for a secretion. 2. urinary bladder. (ICD 188), kidney (ICD 189), ovary ovary, ductless gland of the female in which the ova (female reproductive cells) are produced. In vertebrate animals the ovary also secretes the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which control the development of the sexual organs and the secondary sexual (ICD 183), and all malignant tumors (ICD 140-208), in towns situated near nuclear facilities. We included towns near four nuclear power plants (NPP NPP Nuclear Power Plant NPP Net Primary Production NPP Net Primary Productivity NPP Notice of Privacy Practices (US HIPAA medical patient privacy) NPP National Priorities Project NPP New Patriotic Party (Ghana) ) with six reactors that had been operational from 1975 to 1993, and four nuclear fuel facilities (NFF NFF Neutral File Format NFF National Farmers Federation (Australia) NFF National Football Foundation NFF National Forest Foundation NFF No Fault Found NFF National Folk Festival NFF Nantucket Film Festival ) that had likewise been operational in the same period. With the exception of El Cabril There are parishes that have the name Cabril in Portugal:
NWSF Naval Weather Service Facility NWSF Northwest Super Fours ) built on the site of an abandoned uranium mine, the NFF are uranium-concentrate-processing facilities located in mining areas where the ore is extracted. The latency periods latency period n. In psychoanalytic theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, extending from about age 5 to puberty, when a child apparently represses sexual urges and prefers to associate with members of the same sex. used were 10 years. This lag rules out the possibility of study for the areas surrounding the Asco, Cofrentes Cofrentes (Valencian: Cofrents) is a town in the province of Valencia. There is a nuclear power plant in Cofrentes. External links
n. 1. (Mus.) A trill or shake. See Trill. , and Juzbado Juzbado is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 24 kilometres from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 274 people. facilities, since all these plants were inaugurated relatively recently. Figure 1 shows the site and year of startup of these installations. This was a spatial mortality study whose population base comprised inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. of towns neighboring neigh·bor n. 1. One who lives near or next to another. 2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another. 3. A fellow human. 4. Used as a form of familiar address. v. the nuclear installations under review. For description and analysis, the area within a 30-km radius of any such installation was called the "exposed zone"; and towns (selected as outlined below) lying within a 50- to 100-km radius of the installation were called the "reference zone." With a Geographic Information System geographic information system (GIS) Computerized system that relates and displays data collected from a geographic entity in the form of a map. The ability of GIS to overlay existing data with new information and display it in colour on a computer screen is used primarily to , we used the UTM (Unified Threat Management) Refers to a stand-alone appliance or a software package that combines a firewall, antivirus, spam and content filtering as well as intrusion detection. See firewall, antivirus, antispam and IDS. (Universal Transversa Mercator MERCATOR Cardiology A clinical trial–Multicenter European Research Trial with Cilazapril After Angioplasty to Prevent Transluminal Coronary Obstruction & Restenosis that evaluated ACE inhibition with Cilizapril in preventing restenosis after PCTA in Pts projection) centroid centroid In geometry, the centre of mass of a two-dimensional figure or three-dimensional solid. Thus the centroid of a two-dimensional figure represents the point at which it could be balanced if it were cut out of, for example, sheet metal. coordinates for towns to measure the distance from the population centroids The following diagrams depict a list of centroids. A centroid of an object  in to the nuclear installations.[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Follow-up follow-up, n the process of monitoring the progress of a patient after a period of active treatment. follow-up subsequent. follow-up plan took place from 1 January 1975 through 31 December 1993. For all four nuclear power plants, 184 towns within a 30-km radius and 178 within a 50- to 100-km radius were included in the study, matched by income level, number of inhabitants, proportion of the active population engaged in farming, proportion of unemployed, percentage of illiteracy, and province. We selected reference towns at random from among all those that met the matching conditions. For all four nuclear fuel facilities, 99 and 97 towns in the exposed and reference zones respectively were included in the study, matched as above. The study covered 513,248 persons in the exposed zone for all types of installations. We took sociodemographic data from the 1991 census (12) and information on income levels from the Spanish Spanish, river, c.150 mi (240 km) long, issuing from Spanish Lake, S Ont., Canada, NW of Sudbury, and flowing generally S through Biskotasi and Agnew lakes to Lake Huron opposite Manitoulin island. There are several hydroelectric stations on the river. Market Yearbook (Anuario del Mercado For the hispanic surname "Mercado", please see de Mercado. Mercado first originated in Spain. In English it means 'market'. Is the last name of the 'Great' Fifa Soccer player Eswold. Espanol) (13). Data specific to this study were supplied on computer files by the National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Madrid, Spain). Individual records were broken down by cause of death, sex, age group, year of death, and town of residence. Town-of-residence data for deceased deceased 1) adj. dead. 2) n. the person who has died, as used in the handling of his/her estate, probate of will and other proceedings after death, or in reference to the victim of a homicide (as: "The deceased had been shot three times. persons are treated as confidential in Spain for towns having fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, so we obtained special permission from the National Statistics Institute for this study. To obtain a population breakdown by sex, age, and year for towns included in the study, we referred to the 1981 population census, 1986 municipal roll, and 1991 census, as furnished fur·nish tr.v. fur·nished, fur·nish·ing, fur·nish·es 1. To equip with what is needed, especially to provide furniture for. 2. by the National Statistics Institute. Relying on a log-linear polynomial polynomial, mathematical expression which is a finite sum, each term being a constant times a product of one or more variables raised to powers. With only one variable the general form of a polynomial is a0xn+a regression regression, in psychology: see defense mechanism. regression In statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. model, we used interpolation interpolation In mathematics, estimation of a value between two known data points. A simple example is calculating the mean (see mean, median, and mode) of two population counts made 10 years apart to estimate the population in the fifth year. to estimate annual municipal population figures for 1981-1991 (14). We extrapolated pre- pre- word element [L.], before (in time or space). pre- pref. 1. Earlier; before; prior to: prenatal. 2. 1981 and post- post- word element [L.], after; behind. post- pref. 1. After; later: postpartum. 2. Behind; posterior to: postaxial. 1991 populations by adopting a linear procedure, allocating more weight to the nearest census year. With the annual population estimates for each town, we calculated person-years for each age band (0-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75+), sex, and period (1975-1978, 1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993), taking into account variables that had changed over time, such as operational start-up Start-up The earliest stage of a new business venture. of reactors and installations. We fitted log-linear models on the assumption that the number of deaths per stratum stratum /stra·tum/ (strat´um) (stra´tum) pl. stra´ta [L.] a layer or lamina. stratum basa´le followed a Poisson distribution A statistical method developed by the 18th century French mathematician S. D. Poisson, which is used for predicting the probable distribution of a series of events. For example, when the average transaction volume in a communications system can be estimated, Poisson distribution is used . In these models, observed cases were the dependent variable. As an external standard (15), we used concurrent Spanish cause-specific mortality rates cause-specific mortality rate Epidemiology The mortality rate from a specified cause for a population; the numerator is the number of deaths attributed to a specific cause during a specified time interval; the denominator is the size of the population at the , with expected cases computed by age, sex, and period for each town in the exposed and reference (control) zones. Expected cases were included as offset in the models. A term we called "exposure" (a radius of 30 km or less from the facility), was included as the independent variable. The regression coefficient Regression coefficient Term yielded by regression analysis that indicates the sensitivity of the dependent variable to a particular independent variable. See: Parameter. regression coefficient of this exposure term gave us the logarithm logarithm (lŏg`ərĭthəm) [Gr.,=relation number], number associated with a positive number, being the power to which a third number, called the base, must be raised in order to obtain the given positive number. of the ratio between the respective standard mortality ratios (SMRs) for the exposed and reference zones, which we called "relative risk" (RR). This estimator was adjusted for age, sex, period, and matching variables. We fitted similar models to study the effect of distance on mortality. We constructed this variable by categorizing distances in the 0- to 30-km belt into five levels (consisting of circular sectors A circular sector or circle sector also known as a pie piece is the portion of a circle enclosed by two radii and an arc. Its area can be calculated as described below. Let θ be the central angle, in radians, and having equal surface areas), and using towns situated at a distance of 50-100 km as the reference level. Expressed in kilometers, the cut-off cut-off Anesthesiology The point at which elongation of the carbon chain of the 1-alkanol family of anesthetics results in a precipitous drop in the anesthetic potential of these agents–eg, at > 12 carbons in length, there is little anesthetic activity, points for the intervals were 0-, 13.4-, 19.6-, 23.2-, 26.8-30, and 50-100. This was included in all models both as a categoric and as a continuous variable (in kilometers). Thus, it was possible, for the former, to estimate the effect for the respective distances and, for the latter, to ascertain the existence of radial radial /ra·di·al/ (ra´de-al) 1. pertaining to the radius of the arm or to the radial (lateral) aspect of the arm as opposed to the ulnar (medial) aspect; pertaining to a radius. 2. effects (rise in RR with increasing proximity to an installation) and, by applying the likelihood ratio test, the statistical significance of such distance-induced effects. The test was also applied to the 0-30-km area with the reference area excluded. We included matching variables in this analysis to ensure control of possible gradients in these variables with proximity to the installation. Given the heterogeneity het·er·o·ge·ne·i·ty n. The quality or state of being heterogeneous. heterogeneity the state of being heterogeneous. of the installations, we ran specific analyses on individual and a joint analysis on all installations. We studied changes in risk by comparing the positions before and after the date on which nuclear power plants and fuel facilities first came into operation (start-up), taking latency periods into account. These periods were included in the assessment of risk before start-up. The statistical significance of this change was obtained following two criteria: fitting a model that compares the SMRs before versus after start-up only for the 0-30 km areas; and a likelihood ratio test, which evaluates the interaction term--exposure x plant operation--in regression models, also including reference areas. The former evaluates time trends in exposed areas in contrast with trends at the national level, and the latter evaluates time trend differences between exposed and unexposed areas (reference areas). We calculated relative risk confidence intervals (CIs) using the standard errors of the parameters yielded by the model. We checked and corrected model results for overdispersion problems (16) using the robust methods recommended by Breslow, because these methods are insensitive in·sen·si·tive adj. 1. Not physically sensitive; numb. 2. a. Lacking in sensitivity to the feelings or circumstances of others; unfeeling. b. to the form adopted by variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality (17). Results The socioeconomic so·ci·o·ec·o·nom·ic adj. Of or involving both social and economic factors. socioeconomic Adjective of or involving economic and social factors Adj. 1. characteristics and contribution in terms of person-years of populations residing near nuclear installations are described elsewhere (11). According to the 1991 census, the study population in the 30-km belt totaled 204,672 and 308,576 for nuclear power plants and fuel facilities, respectively. Tables 1 and 2 show the number of observed deaths, SMRs, for the reference zones and areas in a radius of 0-15 and 0-30 km of each installation, and the RRs and CIs yielded by comparison with the reference zones, for both sexes and across all age groups, for the different causes studied. Table 3 shows relative risk by distance from the respective installations, for tumors causing at least 10 deaths in the study period. The results of the pre- and poststart-up analysis appear in Table 4.
Table 1. Comparison of cause-specific mortality in areas within a
15- and 30-km radius of nuclear power plants against that in reference
(control) towns lying within a radius of 50-100 km.
Control 0-15 km 0-30 km
Installation/cause Obs SMR(a) Obs SMR(a) Obs SMR(a)
All power plants
Lung 551 0.740 96 0.688 690 0.692
Bones 28 0.956 7 1.289 38 0.966
Breast (women) 206 0.834 23 0.538 298 0.911
Brain 116 1.371 8 0.529 128 1.128
Thyroid 11 0.921 0 0.000 8 0.507
Bladder 142 0.800 21 0.619 197 0.835
Ovary 40 0.771 3 0.336 55 0.804
Connective tissue 10 0.655 3 1.120 24 1.180
Kidney 66 1.089 14 1.251 75 0.931
Stomach 460 1.088 86 1.076 612 1.085
Colorectal 360 0.880 67 0.883 483 0.892
All cancers 3,552 0.854 598 0.775 4,686 0.846
Zorita (1979-1993)
Lung 128 0.621 35 0.644 145 0.647
Bones 7 0.804 2 0.874 7 0.741
Breast (women) 52 0.812 12 0.717 49 0.734
Brain 42 1.790 2 0.327 26 1.068
Thyroid 4 1.238 0 0.000 2 0.571
Bladder 35 0.690 8 0.600 47 0.825
Ovary 9 0.683 1 0.290 8 0.585
Connective tissue 0 0.000 2 1.993 6 1.484
Kidney 16 0.969 3 0.690 13 0.723
Stomach 145 1.174 36 1.099 161 1.167
Colorectal 91 0.810 31 1.046 117 0.943
All cancers 947 0.817 247 0.810 1,040 0.820
Garona (1981-1993)
Lung 208 0.762 16 0.410 234 0.613
Bones 11 0.990 0 0.000 7 0.460
Breast (women) 75 0.808 3 0.282 104 0.819
Brain 46 1.441 2 0.525 50 1.134
Thyroid 5 1.128 0 0.000 2 0.328
Bladder 55 0.854 5 0.503 64 0.717
Ovary 16 0.826 0 0.000 14 0.527
Connective tissue 7 1.235 1 1.495 6 0.776
Kidney 27 1.215 3 0.971 31 1.007
Stomach 170 1.082 38 1.667 314 1.448
Colorectal 111 0.739 13 0.609 161 0.778
All cancers 1,354 0.882 128 0.597 1,709 0.805
Vandellos (1982-1993)
Lung 163 0.793 38 1.006 264 0.790
Bones 9 1.140 5 3.409 22 1.675
Breast (women) 65 0.937 7 0.549 131 1.156
Brain 22 0.949 4 0.909 46 1.175
Thyroid 2 0.609 0 0.000 4 0.763
Bladder 41 0.845 7 0.809 79 1.033
Ovary 10 0.685 1 0.378 29 1.227
Connective tissue 3 0.694 0 0.000 5 0.692
Kidney 18 1.077 8 2.638 26 0.968
Stomach 102 0.894 10 0.488 112 0.613
Colorectal 126 1.121 19 0.945 171 0.960
All cancers 980 0.858 187 0.901 1,656 0.900
Almaraz (1991-1993)
Lung 52 0.863 7 0.823 47 0.824
Bones 1 0.631 0 0.000 2 1.296
Breast (women) 14 0.678 1 0.378 14 0.703
Brain 6 0.994 0 0.000 6 1.025
Bladder 11 0.788 1 0.502 7 0.528
Ovary 5 1.064 1 1.636 4 0.885
Connective tissue 0 0.000 0 0.000 7 5.215
Kidney 5 0.969 0 0.000 5 1.016
Stomach 43 1.537 2 0.517 25 0.939
Colorectal 32 0.932 4 0.845 34 1.039
All cancers 271 0.843 36 0.812 281 0.917
0-15 km 0-30 km
Installation/cause RR(b) 95% CI RR(b) 95% CI
All power plants
Lung 0.947 0.750-1.195 0.929 0.791-1.090
Bones 1.355 0.590-3.112 0.967 0.593-1.577
Breast (women) 0.633 0.412-0.974 1.066 0.892-1.273
Brain 0.376 0.183-0.770 0.833 0.647-1.072
Thyroid 0.000 -- 0.543 0.218-1.353
Bladder 0.788 0.498-1.246 1.028 0.829-1.276
Ovary 0.450 0.141-1.436 1.021 0.678-1.536
Connective tissue 1.970 0.536-7.243 1.903 0.908-3.986
Kidney 1.178 0.660-2.102 0.845 0.607-1.178
Stomach 0.989 0.761-1.285 1.019 0.879-1.182
Colorectal 0.995 0.766-1.293 1.010 0.881-1.158
All cancers 0.911 0.825-1.006 0.987 0.918-1.063
Zorita (1979-1993)
Lung 1.038 0.683-1.577 1.042 0.814-1.332
Bones 1.087 0.227-5.205 0.922 0.324-2.620
Breast (women) 0.884 0.475-1.646 0.905 0.614-1.334
Brain 0.183 0.044-0.752 0.597 0.366-0.973
Thyroid 0.000 -- 0.461 0.085-2.509
Bladder 0.870 0.404-1.871 1.195 0.773-1.848
Ovary 0.425 0.055-3.278 0.856 0.331-2.216
Connective tissue -- -- -- --
Kidney 0.713 0.208-2.445 0.747 0.359-1.552
Stomach 0.936 0.648-1.351 0.994 0.785-1.259
Colorectal 1.291 0.859-1.940 1.164 0.886-1.531
All cancers 0.991 0.859-1.143 1.003 0.901-1.118
Garona (1981-1993)
Lung 0.538 0.324-0.894 0.805 0.668-0.970
Bones 0.000 -- 0.465 0.180-1.199
Breast (women) 0.349 0.113-1.076 1.014 0.753-1.364
Brain 0.364 0.089-1.485 0.786 0.528-1.170
Thyroid 0.000 -- 0.291 0.057-1.495
Bladder 0.590 0.238-1.458 0.839 0.586-1.203
Ovary 0.000 -- 0.638 0.312-1.305
Connective tissue 1.211 0.149-9.814 0.628 0.212-1.865
Kidney 0.799 0.242-2.631 0.828 0.494-1.387
Stomach 1.541 1.057-2.247 1.338 1.055-1.698
Colorectal 0.823 0.464-1.461 1.053 0.827-1.341
All cancers 0.677 0.535-0.857 0.913 0.776-1.075
Vandellos (1982-1993)
Lung 1.269 0.963-1.672 0.996 0.768-1.292
Bones 2.989 1.003-8.904 1.469 0.679-3.180
Breast (women) 0.586 0.277-1.240 1.233 0.889-1.711
Brain 0.958 0.330-2.780 1.239 0.593-2.587
Thyroid 0.000 -- 1.254 0.230-6.842
Bladder 0.958 0.430-2.133 1.223 0.839-1.781
Ovary 0.551 0.071-4.290 1.792 0.879-3.653
Connective tissue 0.000 -- 0.997 0.241-4.120
Kidney 2.450 1.066-5.633 0.899 0.493-1.638
Stomach 0.546 0.285-1.045 0.686 0.510-0.924
Colorectal 0.843 0.567-1.254 0.857 0.669-1.097
All cancers 1.050 0.925-1.193 1.049 0.946-1.163
Almaraz (1991-1993)
Lung 0.953 0.384-2.368 0.954 0.619-1.469
Bones 0.000 -- 2.054 0.189-22.370
Breast (women) 0.557 0.074-4.180 1.036 0.494-2.172
Brain 0.000 -- 1.032 0.333-3.199
Bladder 0.638 0.085-4.795 0.670 0.260-1.726
Ovary 1.537 0.182-12.989 0.832 0.223-3.097
Connective tissue -- --
Kidney 0.000 -- 1.048 0.303-3.620
Stomach 0.337 0.083-1.372 0.611 0.339-1.100
Colorectal 0.907 0.321-2.564 1.115 0.688-1.807
All cancers 0.964 0.693-1.340 1.087 0.894-1.322
Obs, Observed cases. Latency period of 10 years.
(a) SMR is the ratio of the number of deaths observed and expected at
concurrent death rates in Spain. (b) RR compares the risk in study
versus control areas. The RR for combined facilities is obtained from
a regression model including the facilities as a factor, and differs
from the simple ratio of the SMRs.
Table 2. Comparison of cause-specific mortality in areas within a 15-
and 30-km radius of nuclear fuel facilities against that in reference
(control) towns lying within a radius of 50-100 km.
Control 0-15 km 0-30 km
Installation/cause Obs SMR(a) Obs SMR(a) Obs SMR(a)
Nuclear fuel
facilities
Lung 1,429 0.895 379 0.915 1,424 1.022
Bones 51 0.685 18 0.918 66 1.017
Breast (women) 471 0.789 122 0.805 436 0.858
Brain 185 0.879 41 0.740 140 0.777
Thyroid 17 0.619 7 0.998 24 1.002
Bladder 331 0.887 56 0.581 251 0.760
Ovary 70 0.578 22 0.720 95 0.925
Connective tissue 38 1.100 4 0.452 20 0.684
Kidney 114 0.856 32 0.932 136 1.171
Stomach 892 0.892 225 0.869 752 0.849
Colorectal 667 0.733 199 0.853 677 0.847
All cancers 8,124 0.870 2,139 0.889 7,559 0.927
Andujar (1975-1993)
Lung 686 0.768 291 0.927 670 0.954
Bones 39 0.821 15 0.899 39 1.039
Breast (women) 237 0.705 97 0.838 206 0.790
Brain 111 0.877 34 0.749 75 0.747
Thyroid 8 0.517 4 0.756 8 0.663
Bladder 160 0.759 42 0.583 113 0.688
Ovary 25 0.382 18 0.797 43 0.848
Connective tissue 16 0.868 4 0.606 10 0.683
Kidney 56 0.760 18 0.702 52 0.899
Stomach 524 0.858 174 0.836 377 0.791
Colorectal 342 0.672 138 0.795 320 0.806
All cancers 4,282 0.799 1,617 0.873 3,646 0.870
El Cabril(c)
(1975-1993)
Lung 259 1.124 -- -- 351 1.210
Bones 5 0.410 -- -- 15 0.979
Breast (women) 64 0.742 -- -- 117 1.094
Brain 34 1.020 -- -- 37 0.964
Thyroid 2 0.506 -- -- 6 1.149
Bladder 55 1.035 -- -- 73 1.010
Ovary 17 1.009 -- -- 30 1.456
Connective tissue 5 1.018 -- -- 9 1.618
Kidney 13 0.685 -- -- 31 1.279
Stomach 100 0.651 -- -- 161 0.763
Colorectal 93 0.720 -- -- 152 0.874
All cancers 1,269 0.928 -- -- 1,845 1.037
La Haba (1987-1993)
Lung 421 1.141 49 0.842 336 1.103
Bones 7 0.578 1 0.553 10 1.044
Breast (women) 150 1.068 10 0.481 87 0.798
Brain 33 0.804 4 0.678 25 0.769
Thyroid 5 0.792 3 2.998 9 1.782
Bladder 98 1.174 7 0.497 54 0.777
Ovary 21 0.680 3 0.650 20 0.827
Connective tissue 16 1.781 0 0.000 1 0.143
Kidney 44 1.400 13 2.595 49 1.911
Stomach 183 0.983 31 1.021 162 1.070
Colorectal 184 0.874 43 1.248 163 0.954
All cancers 2,117 1.036 315 0.968 1,662 1.002
Ciudad Rodrigo
(1989-1993)
Lung 63 0.603 39 0.930 67 0.699
Bones 0 0.000 2 1.812 2 0.824
Breast (women) 20 0.586 15 1.005 26 0.819
Brain 7 0.725 3 0.732 3 0.341
Thyroid 2 1.162 0 0.000 1 0.621
Bladder 18 0.694 7 0.683 11 0.453
Ovary 7 0.893 1 0.297 2 0.277
Connective tissue 1 0.454 0 0.000 0 0.000
Kidney 1 0.110 1 0.271 4 0.475
Stomach 85 1.704 20 0.982 52 1.110
Colorectal 48 0.779 18 0.714 42 0.725
All cancers 456 0.809 207 0.898 406 0.774
0-15 km 0-30 km
Installation/cause RR(b) 95% CI RR(b) 95% CI
Nuclear fuel
facilities
Lung 1.123 0.953-1.324 1.124 1.015-1.246
Bones 1.209 0.699-2.091 1.512 1.048-2.182
Breast (women) 1.059 0.783-1.432 1.077 0.921-1.259
Brain 0.862 0.609-1.220 0.875 0.702-1.090
Thyroid 1.721 0.693-4.274 1.604 0.860-2.993
Bladder 0.707 0.531-0.943 0.837 0.690-1.015
Ovary 1.481 0.895-2.449 1.525 1.119-2.078
Connective tissue 0.462 0.163-1.313 0.608 0.353-1.046
Kidney 1.220 0.816-1.825 1.374 1.071-1.763
Stomach 0.930 0.782-1.105 0.963 0.865-1.073
Colorectal 1.205 0.989-1.470 1.153 1.009-1.317
All cancers 1.064 0.964-1.175 1.056 1.000-1.114
Andujar (1975-1993)
Lung 1.207 1.000-1.456 1.242 1.056-1.461
Bones 1.095 0.604-1.984 1.265 0.813-1.970
Breast (women) 1.188 0.856-1.649 1.121 0.887-1.416
Brain 0.854 0.605-1.205 0.851 0.641-1.130
Thyroid 1.461 0.444-4.810 1.281 0.481-3.413
Bladder 0.768 0.581-1.015 0.906 0.718-1.145
Ovary 2.087 1.141-3.819 2.220 1.358-3.628
Connective tissue 0.698 0.234-2.082 0.787 0.359-1.722
Kidney 0.924 0.543-1.570 1.184 0.812-1.726
Stomach 0.975 0.805-1.180 0.922 0.792-1.073
Colorectal 1.183 0.904-1.549 1.200 0.966-1.491
All cancers 1.093 0.970-1.231 1.088 1.002-1.183
El Cabril(c)
(1975-1993)
Lung -- -- 1.077 0.858-1.351
Bones -- -- 2.389 0.870-6.557
Breast (women) -- -- 1.476 1.085-2.007
Brain -- -- 0.945 0.594-1.506
Thyroid -- -- 2.270 0.459-11.236
Bladder -- -- 0.976 0.661-1.442
Ovary -- -- 1.443 0.796-2.615
Connective tissue -- -- 1.590 0.533-4.744
Kidney -- -- 1.866 0.853-4.082
Stomach -- -- 1.171 0.911-1.505
Colorectal -- -- 1.214 0.940-1.567
All cancers -- -- 1.117 0.993-1.257
La Haba (1987-1993)
Lung 0.738 0.553-0.984 0.967 0.835-1.120
Bones 0.957 0.118-7.764 1.806 0.691-4.718
Breast (women) 0.451 0.187-1.089 0.747 0.554-1.009
Brain 0.844 0.302-2.363 0.957 0.569-1.608
Thyroid 3.787 0.905-15.838 2.251 0.755-6.713
Bladder 0.424 0.158-1.134 0.662 0.396-1.104
Ovary 0.956 0.285-3.199 1.216 0.660-2.243
Connective tissue 0.000 -- 0.080 0.011-0.602
Kidney 1.853 0.999-3.439 1.365 0.852-2.189
Stomach 1.038 0.709-1.519 1.088 0.881-1.344
Colorectal 1.428 1.025-1.989 1.091 0.870-1.369
All cancers 0.935 0.817-1.070 0.967 0.894-1.047
Ciudad Rodrigo
(1989-1993)
Lung 1.544 1.036-2.302 1.160 0.764-1.762
Bones -- -- -- --
Breast (women) 1.716 0.879-3.351 1.398 0.781-2.505
Brain 1.010 0.262-3.894 0.471 0.122-1.820
Thyroid 0.000 -- 0.534 0.048-5.879
Bladder 0.984 0.411-2.356 0.653 0.309-1.382
Ovary 0.332 0.042-2.646 0.310 0.065-1.492
Connective tissue -- -- -- --
Kidney 2.463 0.154-39.367 4.314 0.496-37.546
Stomach 0.576 0.354-0.938 0.651 0.461-0.920
Colorectal 0.917 0.533-1.576 0.930 0.615-1.407
All cancers 1.109 0.885-1.391 0.956 0.745-1.226
Obs, Observed cases. Latency period of 10 years.
(a) SMR is the ratio of the number of deaths observed and expected at
concurrent death rates in Spain. (b) RR compares the risk in study
versus control areas. The RR for combined facilities is obtained from
a regression model including the facilities as a factor, and differs
from the simple ratio of the SMRs.
(c) No towns within 15 km of the installation.
Table 3. Relative risks according to distance of population centroids
from nuclear power plants and fuel facilities, with test for trend.
Distance
Reference > 50 km 19-23.1 13.4-18.9
Installation/cause 26.8-30 km 23.2-26.7 km km km
All power plants
Lung 0.816 0.896 1.034 0.827
Bones 0.541 1.223 1.026 1.215
Breast (women) 0.965 1.108 1.233 1.008
Brain 0.870 0.415 0.912 0.993
Bladder 1.096 1.231 1.039 0.982
Ovary 0.844 1.345 0.961 1.527
Kidney 0.588 0.404 0.798 1.478
Stomach 1.042 0.980 0.992 1.074
Colorectal 1.129 0.917 0.992 0.916
All cancers 0.929 0.984 1.021 1.030
Zorita
Lung 1.052 0.982 1.258 0.892
Breast (women) 1.008 0.633 0.938 0.649
Brain 0.893 0.000 0.599 1.556
Bladder 1.393 1.197 1.601 0.918
Kidney 0.296 0.737 0.678 3.150
Stomach 1.263 0.947 0.981 0.951
Colorectal 1.220 0.984 1.274 1.188
All cancers 0.978 0.973 1.094 1.046
Garona
Lung 0.559 0.854 0.957 0.905
Breast (women) 0.652 0.492 1.232 0.769
Brain 0.889 0.925 0.899 0.313
Bladder 0.615 0.665 0.505 0.970
Kidney 0.686 0.002 0.714 0.492
Stomach 1.215 1.455 1.206 1.643
Colorectal 1.092 1.772 1.087 0.714
All cancers 0.808 0.948 0.880 0.862
Vandellos
Lung 0.904 1.067 1.104 1.058
Bones 0.808 3.519 1.632 3.054
Breast (women) 1.540 1.607 1.162 1.001
Brain 1.123 1.012 1.862 1.290
Bladder 1.407 1.733 1.085 0.907
Ovary 1.673 3.040 1.494 3.554
Kidney 0.463 0.193 0.555 0.839
Stomach 0.764 0.870 0.715 1.065
Colorectal 1.272 0.752 0.732 0.910
All cancers 1.068 1.106 1.068 1.139
Almaraz
Lung 0.742 0.001 1.376 0.739
Breast (women) 1.629 3.496 1.174 0.785
Stomach 0.371 0.001 0.199 1.207
Colorectal 0.947 0.001 3.064 0.842
All cancers 0.988 0.378 1.393 1.055
Nuclear fuel
facilities
Lung 1.077 1.164 1.073 1.172
Bones 1.953 1.487 1.276 1.816
Breast (women) 0.920 1.487 1.014 0.979
Brain 0.898 0.603 0.838 1.026
Thyroid 1.880 0.002 1.852 1.937
Bladder 0.744 1.090 0.778 1.026
Ovary 1.821 1.563 1.451 1.058
Kidney 1.434 2.113 1.210 1.327
Stomach 0.916 1.028 1.026 0.939
Colorectal 1.072 1.361 1.045 1.268
All cancers 1.010 1.139 1.014 1.073
Andujar
Lung 1.060 1.361 1.254 1.415
Bones 2.189 2.329 0.966 1.721
Breast (women) 0.778 1.126 1.115 2.052
Brain 0.810 0.732 1.006 0.414
Bladder 1.096 0.952 0.907 1.536
Ovary 2.204 3.464 2.325 1.439
Kidney 2.013 2.013 1.054 0.437
Stomach 0.919 1.045 0.955 0.606
Colorectal 1.349 1.377 1.110 1.737
All cancers 1.026 1.127 1.091 1.277
El Cabril
Lung 0.880 1.941 0.689 1.922
Bones 2.283 0.039 9.312 31.621
Breast (women) 1.276 6.283 1.694 3.320
Brain 0.940 1.027 0.892 1.481
Bladder 0.574 1.305 0.644 2.207
Ovary 1.702 3.376 0.169 1.186
Kidney 4.620 6.760 10.837 11.892
Stomach 0.898 1.848 0.957 2.806
Colorectal 0.996 2.060 1.234 1.487
All cancers 0.962 2.202 0.921 1.587
La Haba
Lung 0.943 0.856 1.101 0.956
Bones 3.590 0.002 1.299 1.651
Breast (women) 0.817 0.728 1.048 0.648
Brain 0.396 0.003 0.906 1.094
Bladder 0.586 2.290 0.416 0.811
Ovary 1.807 0.010 2.611 0.919
Kidney 0.995 0.002 1.653 1.330
Stomach 0.921 1.402 1.364 1.010
Colorectal 1.002 0.001 1.042 1.198
All cancers 0.910 0.781 1.073 0.961
Ciudad Rodrigo
Lung 0.714 0.582 1.851 1.334
Breast (women) 0.593 1.266 0.737 2.287
Bladder 0.000 1.090 1.007 0.000
Stomach 0.784 0.874 0.806 0.671
Colorectal 1.183 1.007 0.268 1.588
All cancers 0.889 0.974 1.029 0.964
p-Value for trend
Reference > 50 km Distance Exposed area Exposed and
Installation/cause 0-13.3 km only reference areas
All power plants
Lung 1.049 0.4881 0.0854
Bones 1.595 0.1210 0.6447
Breast (women) 0.721 0.3767 0.3594
Brain 0.427 0.1993 0.1802
Bladder 0.728 0.1612 0.8061
Ovary 0.521 0.7689 0.2773
Kidney 1.284 0.0065 0.2872
Stomach 1.004 0.9288 0.9314
Colorectal 1.010 0.3452 0.8983
All cancers 0.961 0.4573 0.2080
Zorita
Lung 1.136 0.9719 0.8483
Breast (women) 0.981 0.9948 0.4642
Brain 0.194 0.2467 0.4857
Bladder 0.876 0.2522 0.5501
Kidney 0.549 0.3246 0.2937
Stomach 0.983 0.2101 0.5722
Colorectal 1.230 0.9011 0.1626
All cancers 1.013 0.7640 0.8231
Garona
Lung 0.727 0.0903 0.0631
Breast (women) 0.693 0.0787 0.3924
Brain 0.515 0.3521 0.2508
Bladder 0.611 0.9103 0.0128
Kidney 1.527 0.1577 0.2624
Stomach 1.749 0.0280 0.0036
Colorectal 0.829 0.1475 0.7998
All cancers 0.846 0.2270 0.0001
Vandellos
Lung 1.315 0.5478 0.7494
Bones 3.622 0.0740 0.0432
Breast (women) 0.519 0.0296 0.3359
Brain 1.415 0.3156 0.6061
Bladder 0.952 0.5487 0.4473
Ovary 0.427 0.1842 0.6466
Kidney 2.039 0.0019 0.4970
Stomach 0.553 0.8251 0.0344
Colorectal 0.918 0.2919 0.7669
All cancers 1.044 0.7296 0.0849
Almaraz
Lung 1.443 0.6561 0.4659
Breast (women) 0.766 0.3761 0.7295
Stomach 0.541 0.7098 0.0249
Colorectal 0.940 0.3765 0.6772
All cancers 1.102 0.3850 0.7145
Nuclear fuel
facilities
Lung 1.113 0.6564 0.2313
Bones 1.233 0.2510 0.0353
Breast (women) 1.182 0.1435 0.7317
Brain 0.866 0.8540 0.1153
Thyroid 1.402 0.5036 0.1987
Bladder 0.713 0.6837 0.0098
Ovary 1.485 0.2658 0.0209
Kidney 1.317 0.3683 0.0066
Stomach 0.962 0.7711 0.7905
Colorectal 1.121 0.9606 0.0510
All cancers 1.073 0.3005 0.1819
Andujar
Lung 1.106 0.7278 0.1446
Bones 1.484 0.4531 0.0852
Breast (women) 1.188 0.1533 0.4396
Brain 0.796 0.7472 0.2566
Bladder 0.792 0.5245 0.2361
Ovary 2.381 0.8357 0.0010
Kidney 1.019 0.0455 0.3409
Stomach 1.059 0.7610 0.7349
Colorectal 1.232 0.9096 0.0716
All cancers 1.087 0.3930 0.0305
El Cabril
Lung -- 0.5973 0.6611
Bones -- 0.6478 0.0769
Breast (women) -- 0.8897 0.1916
Brain -- 0.5623 0.6127
Bladder -- 0.3417 0.0125
Ovary -- 0.2202 0.3496
Kidney -- 0.5855 0.0015
Stomach -- 0.1553 0.8829
Colorectal -- 0.5405 0.5016
All cancers -- 0.5087 0.9713
La Haba
Lung 0.920 0.8782 0.4601
Bones 0.001 0.3149 0.1859
Breast (women) 0.768 0.6401 0.0188
Brain 1.136 0.2393 0.4265
Bladder 0.373 0.5640 0.1575
Ovary 1.068 0.3564 0.3906
Kidney 3.281 0.2138 0.0498
Stomach 1.130 0.9893 0.5535
Colorectal 1.260 0.2678 0.3414
All cancers 1.089 0.2641 0.3495
Ciudad Rodrigo
Lung 1.493 0.0502 0.1446
Breast (women) 1.742 0.3510 0.1627
Bladder 0.799 0.6358 0.3950
Stomach 0.518 0.3541 0.0173
Colorectal 0.987 0.9753 0.9677
All cancers 1.061 0.9377 0.6539
Only tumor sites with 10 or more observed deaths are shown. Estimates
have been adjusted for matching variables. The most distant towns
(radius 50-100 km) are taken as reference.
Table 4. Estimated relative risk for study areas (0-30 km) before and
after the date on which nuclear facilities first came into operation
(before and after start-up).
Before start-up After start-up
Installation/cause Obs SMR(a) Obs SMR
Zorita 1975-1978(d) 1979-1993
Lung 21 0.435 145 0.647
Bones 7 1.752 7 0.741
Breast (women) 9 0.576 49 0.734
Brain 8 1.135 26 1.068
Thyroid 0 0.000 2 0.571
Bladder 5 0.346 47 0.825
Ovary 1 0.472 8 0.585
Connective tissue 0 0.000 6 1.484
Kidney 4 1.014 13 0.723
Stomach 67 1.159 161 1.167
Colorectal 27 0.791 117 0.943
All cancers 269 0.777 1,040 0.820
Garona 1975-1980 1981-1993
Lung 53 0.425 234 0.613
Bones 7 0.685 7 0.460
Breast (women) 35 0.760 104 0.819
Brain 22 0.982 50 1.134
Thyroid 0 0.000 2 0.328
Bladder 20 0.620 64 0.717
Ovary 6 0.858 14 0.527
Connective tissue 1 0.560 6 0.776
Kidney 4 0.396 31 1.007
Stomach 152 1.197 314 1.448
Colorectal 53 0.683 161 0.778
All cancers 632 0.743 1,709 0.805
Vandellos 1975-1981 1982-1993
Lung 80 0.583 264 0.790
Bones 7 0.631 22 1.675
Breast (women) 20 0.399 131 1.156
Brain 28 1.085 46 1.175
Thyroid 2 0.815 4 0.763
Bladder 26 0.753 79 1.033
Ovary 4 0.513 29 1.227
Connective tissue 2 0.935 5 0.692
Kidney 13 1.178 26 0.968
Stomach 80 0.608 112 0.613
Colorectal 64 0.792 171 0.960
All cancers 683 0.747 1,656 0.900
Almaraz 1975-1990 1991-1993
Lung 244 1.075 47 0.824
Bones 10 0.738 2 1.296
Breast (women) 62 0.750 14 0.703
Brain 24 0.718 6 1.025
Thyroid 2 0.504 0 0.000
Bladder 31 0.559 7 0.528
Ovary 13 0.849 4 0.885
Connective tissue 3 0.675 7 5.215
Kidney 21 1.132 5 1.016
Stomach 216 1.261 25 0.939
Colorectal 104 0.793 34 1.039
All cancers 1,359 0.968 281 0.917
La Haba 1975-1986 1987-1993
Lung 424 1.106 336 1.103
Bones 33 1.227 10 1.044
Breast (women) 136 0.923 87 0.798
Brain 54 0.834 25 0.769
Thyroid 2 0.289 9 1.782
Bladder 51 0.556 54 0.777
Ovary 19 0.741 20 0.827
Connective tissue 2 0.288 1 0.143
Kidney 30 0.969 49 1.911
Stomach 346 1.082 162 1.070
Colorectal 215 0.976 163 0.954
All cancers 2,301 0.937 1,662 1.002
Ciudad Rodrigo 1975-1988 1989-1993
Lung 103 0.511 67 0.699
Bones 14 1.121 2 0.824
Breast (women) 53 0.770 26 0.819
Brain 35 1.283 3 0.341
Thyroid 1 0.284 1 0.621
Bladder 28 0.525 11 0.453
Ovary 5 0.411 2 0.277
Connective tissue 1 0.297 0 0.000
Kidney 17 1.050 4 0.475
Stomach 250 1.491 52 1.110
Colorectal 111 0.922 42 0.725
All cancers 1,052 0.821 406 0.774
After vs. before Trend
start-up differences
Installation/cause RR(b) p-Value p-Value(c)
Zorita
Lung 1.486 0.0893 0.9677
Bones 0.423 0.1070 0.7483
Breast (women) 1.274 0.5008 0.9585
Brain 0.942 0.8815 0.2386
Thyroid -- 0.7805 0.3726
Bladder 2.384 0.0617 0.1470
Ovary 1.240 0.8393 --(e)
Connective tissue -- 0.7687 --
Kidney 0.713 0.5540 0.1634
Stomach 1.008 0.9579 0.7370
Colorectal 1.192 0.4095 0.5082
All cancers 1.055 0.4310 0.4772
Garona
Lung 1.443 0.0158 0.4047
Bones 0.672 0.4566 0.6727
Breast (women) 1.077 0.7027 0.9374
Brain 1.154 0.5745 0.5616
Thyroid -- 0.6062 --
Bladder 1.156 0.5691 0.3785
Ovary 0.614 0.3179 0.1555
Connective tissue 1.386 0.7613 --
Kidney 2.544 0.0785 0.6044
Stomach 1.210 0.0539 0.0700
Colorectal 1.140 0.4070 0.4535
All cancers 1.084 0.0840 0.3868
Vandellos
Lung 1.355 0.0173 0.7829
Bones 2.655 0.0232 0.2687
Breast (women) 2.893 0.0000 0.0028
Brain 1.083 0.7370 0.5890
Thyroid 0.936 0.9387 --
Bladder 1.372 0.1615 0.8312
Ovary 2.392 0.1003 0.0812
Connective tissue 0.740 0.7167 0.9176
Kidney 0.822 0.5613 0.1109
Stomach 1.009 0.9509 0.2727
Colorectal 1.213 0.1873 0.6208
All cancers 1.205 0.0000 0.7180
Almaraz
Lung 0.766 0.0943 0.4455
Bones 1.757 0.4662 0.3927
Breast (women) 0.937 0.8265 0.6404
Brain 1.428 0.4354 0.4406
Thyroid 0.000 0.8094 --
Bladder 0.945 0.8918 0.4909
Ovary 1.043 0.9413 0.6632
Connective tissue 7.730 0.0030 --
Kidney 0.897 0.8276 0.9145
Stomach 0.744 0.1616 0.2143
Colorectal 1.311 0.1708 0.1766
All cancers 0.947 0.4010 0.3964
La Haba
Lung 0.997 0.9769 0.7334
Bones 0.851 0.6533 0.4513
Breast (women) 0.865 0.2901 0.4998
Brain 0.922 0.7361 0.8611
Thyroid 6.173 0.0198 0.0364
Bladder 1.397 0.0866 0.2231
Ovary 1.116 0.7312 0.6459
Connective tissue 0.495 0.5651 0.4995
Kidney 1.973 0.0033 0.1476
Stomach 0.989 0.9054 0.3746
Colorectal 0.977 0.8264 0.9546
All cancers 1.069 0.0389 0.0727
Ciudad Rodrigo
Lung 1.370 0.0451 0.1229
Bones 0.735 0.6840 --
Breast (women) 1.063 0.7993 0.7471
Brain 0.266 0.0256 0.0875
Thyroid 2.184 0.5807 0.7158
Bladder 0.863 0.6781 0.1765
Ovary 0.675 0.6383 0.5592
Connective tissue 0.000 0.7792 --
Kidney 0.453 0.1484 0.1459
Stomach 0.745 0.0530 0.0478
Colorectal 0.786 0.1842 0.5707
All cancers 0.942 0.3034 0.9700
Obs, observed deaths. (a) SMR is the ratio of the number of deaths
observed and expected at concurrent death rates in Spain. (b) RR
compares SMRs after versus before start-up in the exposed areas;
p-value corresponds to the statistical significance of this RR.
(c) Statistical significance for time trend differences between
exposed and unexposed areas. (d) Years included. (e) No cases in the
reference area.
In the vicinity of the Sta M. de Garona nuclear power plant (Burgos) (Table 1) an RR of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.06-1.70) was observed for stomach cancer, with the relative risk similar for men and women (data not shown). In Vandellos, excess renal and bone cancer was in evidence in the 15-km belt. For the Zorita area, six deaths occurred from connective tissue tumors, versus no deaths in the reference area. Four of these were men and two were women. Four of the cases resided in towns more than 19 km from the plant. Almaraz had somewhat similar conditions, with seven deaths from connective tissue tumors versus none in the reference area. Six of these cases were men and occurred in towns lying 26-30 km from the plant. Three people died before start-up (Table 4). Overall, we observed no excess mortality for tumor sites as a whole in areas around nuclear power plants in Spain (Table 1). The highest relative risk was registered for connective tissue tumors (RR 1.90 95%; CI, 0.91-3.99), with 13 cases reported in the Almaraz and Zorita areas. In the near-versus-far analysis of all fuel cycle facilities as a whole (Table 2), we detected statistically significant excess mortality for lung, bone, ovarian ovarian /ovar·i·an/ (o-var´e-an) pertaining to an ovary or ovaries. ovarian pertaining to an ovary. ovarian agenesis , renal, and colorectal cancer colorectal cancer Malignant tumour of the large intestine (colon) or rectum. Risk factors include age (after age 50), family history of colorectal cancer, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, benign polyps, physical inactivity, and a diet high in fat. . Examination of the results by facility showed excess cancer mortality of almost 9% in the area surrounding the Andujar plant. This excess was attributable to higher-than-expected lung, ovarian, and colorectal cancer mortality. The El Cabril area registered a statistically significant excess breast cancer mortality among women (RR 1.48; 95% CI, 1.09-2.01). Comparison between the 15-km radius around the La Haba La Haba is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1441 inhabitants. [ edit ] Municipalities in Badajoz Thyroid cancer is a disease in which the cells of the thyroid gland become abnormal, grow uncontrollably, and form a mass of cells called a tumor. . Renal cancer registered an SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) The communications services used by police, ambulances, taxicabs, trucks and other delivery vehicles. Throughout the U.S., approximately 3,000 independent operators are licensed by the FCC to offer this service, which provides always-on that was almost 2 vis-a-vis the national reference and was statistically significant. The most noteworthy finding in the Ciudad Rodrigo Ciudad Rodrigo (thy thäth` rôthrē`gō), town (1990 pop. 15,985), Salamanca prov. area was the
higher risk of death from lung cancer lung cancer, cancer that originates in the tissues of the lungs. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States in both men and women. Like other cancers, lung cancer occurs after repeated insults to the genetic material of the cell. observed for all towns nearest
(0-15 km) the installation (RR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.04-2.30).The RR point estimator for renal cancer exceeded 1 for all areas surrounding uranium cycle facilities. Overall, we observed excess cancer mortality (for all tumor sites as a whole) for fuel cycle facilities, in great measure reflecting excess lung cancer among men. Analysis of mortality in relation to distance from any given installation yielded results that differed widely according to the radius of application of the statistical test used. Two different tests are included in Table 3: The first ascertains the statistical significance of the slope of relative risk solely in the exposed area, whereas the second addresses the entire study area. In Garona, stomach cancer plotted a statistically significant gradient gradient In mathematics, a differential operator applied to a three-dimensional vector-valued function to yield a vector whose three components are the partial derivatives of the function with respect to its three variables. The symbol for gradient is ∇. with both tests. Similarly, for bone cancer, there appears to be a risk gradient proportional proportional values expressed as a proportion of the total number of values in a series. proportional dwarf the patient is a miniature without disproportionate reductions or enlargements of body parts. to the proximity to Vandellos. For renal cancer in Garona and Vandellos, the highest risks corresponded to the area closest to the installation, thus accounting for the statistical significance of the test for the exposed area in Vandellos and for the joint analysis of all four nuclear power plants (Table 3). The different limitations of these two statistical tests can be observed better in Table 3, in which analysis of all fuel cycle facilities is displayed jointly. The statistical significance of the test covering the entire study area is in sharp contrast to the RR estimators for the different distances, in that these show no gradient with proximity to the installation. None of the statistical tests covering the entire study area were confirmed when applied to the 30-km radius. The El Cabril risk estimators for renal cancer were determined by the low number of cases in towns lying nearest the plant and the stringent stratification stratification (Lat.,=made in layers), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. Changes between strata are interpreted as the result of fluctuations in the intensity and persistence of the depositional agent, e.g. applied in the analysis. The greatest number of cases (22 of 31) occurred in the most distant towns ([is greater than] 26 km), so that estimates in the nearest sectors were made on the basis of 2, 4, and 3 deaths respectively and thus exhibit a very low degree of accuracy. Analysis of nuclear power plants before and after start-up in Garona showed an increase in stomach cancer after the plant began operating, though this increase was just on the limit of statistical significance (Table 4). In Vandellos, we observed a rise in breast cancer mortality in women after the plant's commissioning, and in Almaraz an increase of connective tissue cancer mortality. Regarding uranium cycle facilities, no statistically significant changes could be demonstrated for any of the tumors studied, except for thyroid cancer in the vicinity of La Haba. In evaluating time trends, it is advisable ad·vis·a·ble adj. Worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent. ad·vis  a·bil to highlight the
different results obtained by the two analyses proposed. Thus, lung
cancer mortality showed a greater increase in the exposed areas of
Garona, Vandellos, and Zorita, compared with the national trend, and the
same was true for renal cancer in La Haba. However, it would be risky to
attribute these increases to the effect of the nuclear facilities, since
the corresponding unexposed areas presented a similar pattern, as is
suggested by the p-value p-value,n in statistics, the probability that a random variable will be found to have a value equal to or greater than the observed value by chance alone. This value provides an objective basis from which to assess the relative change in the data. in the last column of Table 4. Discussion Overall, the results of the study indicate a cancer mortality pattern in areas adjacent to uranium cycle facilities that is basically characterized by excess deaths due to renal and lung cancer [and leukemias (11)]. These results may well be evincing the influence exerted on public health by the environmental impact of mining activities and the effects of natural radiation. In this exploratory study, we have sought to estimate risk of death for 11 different tumor sites in the vicinity of 8 installations. For many of these, we analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. different areas and time periods, thereby allowing for numerous comparisons. The results must therefore be interpreted with caution, because some of the statistically significant mortality excesses or deficits found may be attributable to chance. The validity of death-certificate diagnoses for investigating cancer is generally accepted (2,3,18,19). Except for Tarragona, none of the provinces studied are equipped with population-based cancer registries A cancer registry is a systematic collection of data about cancer and tumor diseases. The data is collected by Cancer Registrars. Cancer Registrars capture a complete summary of patient history, diagnosis, treatment, and status for every cancer patient in the United States, and that would otherwise enable cancer incidence to be studied in these areas. In the calculation of person-years, interpolation and extrapolation (mathematics, algorithm) extrapolation - A mathematical procedure which estimates values of a function for certain desired inputs given values for known inputs. If the desired input is outside the range of the known values this is called extrapolation, if it is inside then techniques had to be employed. We applied these techniques in the same way to all provinces and towns included in the various studies. Hence, any possible deviations inherent in the estimates, will be equally present in all areas compared. Specific methodologic problems are posed by investigation into relatively rare diseases in areas adjacent to sources of contamination. The importance of ascertaining disease-frequency and -distribution in other areas similar in size to those being studied has been stressed (20), which we followed in our design. In general, the areas compared in this study were rural. We matched reference towns to exposed towns by sociodemographic variables; the towns would thus indirectly maintain their comparability in diagnostic accuracy and accessibility to the health care system. Sociodemographic information for the entire study period was not available. However, bearing in mind the universal character of the Spanish National Health System, there would be no reason to suspect differential access to health care and diagnosis between exposed and reference areas. In theoretical terms, comparison of SMRs is open to criticism in that, internally, the SMRs use different standard populations. Nevertheless, analysis based on comparison of mortality rates (rate ratios) via models that use person-years as offset and include age yielded equivalent results. The study of the distance variable seeks to associate mortality with the nuclear installation as the putative Alleged; supposed; reputed. A putative father is the individual who is alleged to be the father of an illegitimate child. A putative marriage is one that has been contracted in Good Faith and pursuant to ignorance, by one or both parties, that certain source of contamination. Distance to the installation tends to be used as a surrogate surrogate n. 1) a person acting on behalf of another or a substitute, including a woman who gives birth to a baby of a mother who is unable to carry the child. 2) a judge in some states (notably New York) responsible only for probates, estates, and adoptions. variable for exposure in cases where dosimetric information or the radiologic radiologic Radiological adjective Referring to radiology history of an installation's environs is not forthcoming (21,22). Indeed in this respect the study is ecologic e·col·o·gy n. pl. e·col·o·gies 1. a. The science of the relationships between organisms and their environments. Also called bionomics. b. The relationship between organisms and their environment. , in that individual levels of exposure are unknown and the inhabitants of any given town are thus implicitly assumed to have received similar exposures. There will inevitably be persons who have resided for part of their lives in exposed towns and then moved to nonexposed areas, and vice versa VICE VERSA. On the contrary; on opposite sides. , which would produce nondifferential misclassification errors. Moreover, information is lacking on other risk factors associated with these tumors, such as smoking or exposure to chemical agents, although we sought to control for these partly by the town matching incorporated into the overall design. In the Garona area an unexpected, higher risk of stomach cancer was detected in both sexes, apparently linked to proximity to the nuclear power plant. Moreover, there was a parallel deficit in lung cancer mortality in this same area. This coincidence Coincidence is the noteworthy alignment of two or more events or circumstances without obvious causal connection. The word is derived from the Latin co- ("in", "with", "together") and incidere ("to fall on"). is reminiscent of the documented cancer mortality pattern in farmers (23) and could be interpreted as a design failure (matching by proportion of farmers) to control for this component. Yet it is strange that this should occur solely in the Garona area and not in the surroundings of other installations. This, coupled with the fact that Garona is situated in Burgos province--a province with the highest stomach cancer mortality in Spain--impels us to recommend an in-depth study. It would also be advisable to analyze bone and renal cancer incidence in the vicinity of Vandellos, because associated mortality proved higher than expected in towns lying nearest the plant, although admittedly this observation was based on very few cases. The Zorita and Almaraz areas display an excess of cases of connective tissue cancer. Taking Spain as reference, the respective SMRs are 1.48 (95% CI, 0.55-3.23) for Zorita and 5.22 (95% CI, 2.09-10.75) for Almaraz. Nonetheless, the location of these cases (mostly residents of towns situated on the limits of the study area) and the fact that cases had already been reported in this sector before start-up (Table 4), leads us to think that the causes probably lie outside the Almaraz plant, although this result, too, would appear to call for closer study. In the literature, it is difficult to find studies that have evaluated and published nonhematologic tumor incidence and/or mortality for areas neighboring NPP, and more difficult still for areas neighboring NFF. The standard practice is to group these under the heading of "other tumors" or "solid tumors," and the findings published for this umbrella group are generally negative. Consequently, the information to which we could turn to compare our results was very limited. We should like to stress the differences in our results between the mortality patterns around NPP and those around NFF. In the vicinity of NFF, we detected an excess risk of cancer-related death of 5.6%. This excess is, in great part, determined by lung cancer mortality, which we observed exclusively in men (RR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.27) and has been detected in the Andujar and Ciudad Rodrigo areas. In the previous study, we reported a higher risk of leukemias in these same areas (11). To challenge the feasibility that tobacco use has any influence on this result--and given that smoking frequencies could not be included in the analysis--one could point to the fact that there was no parallel rise in bladder cancer bladder cancer Malignant tumour of the bladder. The most significant risk factor associated with bladder cancer is smoking. Exposure to chemicals called arylamines, which are used in the leather, rubber, printing, and textiles industries, is another risk factor. mortality, a tumor likewise associated with cigarette smoking. NFF are located in areas with uranium deposits, areas where mining operations are carried out and nuclear fuel is manufactured. A cytogenetic cytogenetic /cy·to·ge·net·ic/ (-je-net´ik) 1. pertaining to chromosomes. 2. pertaining to cytogenetics. cytogenetic pertaining to or originating from the origin and development of the cell. analysis showed a greater frequency of chromosomal aberrations Noun 1. chromosomal aberration - any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities chromosomal anomaly, chromosonal disorder, chrosomal abnormality and an abnormal DNA-repair response for a population residing near mines/uranium processing plants versus an unexposed population, though this was based on a small study (24,25). Underlying the findings for areas near NFF are two phenomena: One concerns the lung-cancer--related deaths observed in men, which could be occupational in origin; this problem has been well documented (26) thanks to cohort studies A cohort study is a form of longitudinal study used in medicine and social science. It is one type of study design. In medicine, it is usually undertaken to obtain evidence to try to refute the existence of a suspected association between cause and disease; failure to refute covering miners in the uranium industry (27) and (underground) miners in general (28). The other phenomenon stems from environmental exposure to radon produced by the degradation DEGRADATION, punishment, ecclesiastical law. A censure by which a clergy man is deprived of his holy orders, which he had as a priest or deacon. of uranium-238 present in the soil of granite granite, coarse-grained igneous rock of even texture and light color, composed chiefly of quartz and feldspars. It usually contains small quantities of mica or hornblende, and minor accessory minerals may be present. areas, and to natural radiation (an aspect that could not be controlled for in this study) and radioactive waste radioactive waste, material containing the unusable radioactive byproducts of the scientific, military, and industrial applications of nuclear energy. Since its radioactivity presents a serious health hazard (see radiation sickness), disposing of such material is a ; and from the consequences of mining activities on the population (24). Arguably ar·gu·a·ble adj. 1. Open to argument: an arguable question, still unresolved. 2. That can be argued plausibly; defensible in argument: three arguable points of law. , each installation might have its own peculiarities, thus highlighting the limits on the ability of any generic radiobiologic-impact assessment to reflect the conditions of all uranium facilities (10). In refining refining, any of various processes for separating impurities from crude or semifinished materials. It includes the finer processes of metallurgy, the fractional distillation of petroleum into its commercial products, and the purifying of cane, beet, and maple sugar the ore to produce uranium concentrates, a great volume of hazardous waste Hazardous waste Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste materials that, if improperly managed or disposed of, may pose substantial hazards to human health and the environment. Every industrial country in the world has had problems with managing hazardous wastes. is generated, known as tailings. These tailings are often dumped dump v. dumped, dump·ing, dumps v.tr. 1. To release or throw down in a large mass. 2. a. outdoors. Such waste contains most of the radionuclides that are produced by uranium degradation and continue to be radioactive ra·di·o·ac·tive adj. Of or exhibiting radioactivity. radioactive characterized by radioactivity. radioactive decay for hundreds of years, plus variable quantities of other toxic substances, which are either present in the mineral (e.g., heavy metals heavy metals, n.pl metallic compounds, such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Exposure to these metals has been linked to immune, kidney, and neurotic disorders. ) or used in extraction. Radionuclides and chemical toxics can be dispersed dis·perse v. dis·persed, dis·pers·ing, dis·pers·es v.tr. 1. a. To drive off or scatter in different directions: The police dispersed the crowd. b. more easily from such dumps DUMPS a lethal inherited disorder of Holstein cattle that causes infertility. The name is an acronym of Deficiency of Uridine MonoPhosphate S than they could from their original state in the ore, as a result of hydrologic and atmospheric atmospheric /at·mos·pher·ic/ (at?mos-fer´ik) of or pertaining to the atmosphere. atmospheric of or pertaining to the atmosphere. processes (29), containment-dam disasters, and the possibility of improper
Residential exposure to radon is an important cause of lung cancer in the general population (7,26). The interaction between radon exposure and smoking with regard to lung cancer exceeded additivity and approaches a multiplicative mul·ti·pli·ca·tive adj. 1. Tending to multiply or capable of multiplying or increasing. 2. Having to do with multiplication. mul effect (30). Similarly noteworthy is the higher risk of death due to renal cancer, a tumor that registers point effect indicators exceeding 1 for all NFF studied. Excess risk is higher in women (RR 1.81; 95% CI, 1.21-2.73) than in men (RR 1.16; 95% CI, 0.84-1.59). Although these results are difficult to interpret in environmental terms, renal toxicity toxicity /tox·ic·i·ty/ (tok-sis´i-te) the quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. is known to be the most adverse side effect of exposure to uranium (31). Dosimetric studies of radon exposure have shown that the kidney receives the second highest doses after the lung (7), and animal studies have shown that radon exposure can cause renal cancer (32). Furthermore, some results indicate that residence in the proximity of mill tailings raises the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and DNA-repair deficiencies (29). In addition to lung cancer, exposure to radon has been associated with other types of tumors (33-35), though there are studies that conclude the contrary (7). International incidence of myeloid leukemia myeloid leukemia n. See myelogenous leukemia. , renal cancer, and certain childhood cancers shows a significant correlation with radon exposure in the home (33). In one case--control study undertaken in Italy to evaluate the effect of radon levels, odds ratios of 2-3 were found for renal cancer, in tandem Adv. 1. in tandem - one behind the other; "ride tandem on a bicycle built for two"; "riding horses down the path in tandem" tandem with a statistically significant dose--response relationship (34). The existence of a high risk for this tumor has also been reported for employees of the atomic weapons establishment The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) is responsible for the design, manufacture and support of warheads for the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent. AWE plc is responsible for the day-to-day operations of AWE. (35). Given the nature of our study, any comments that we might advance to explain these findings would, in part, be speculative. Nevertheless, we believe that besides the effects of natural radiation, the results for NFF could well be evincing the influence exerted on public health by the environmental impact of uranium mining Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. As uranium ore is mostly present at relatively low concentrations, most uranium mining is very volume-intensive, and thus tends to be undertaken as open-pit mining. . It is therefore essential that mechanisms be established to monitor the incidence of cancer in provinces in which these two types of facilities are found. We likewise recommend that besides nuclear power plants as such, all radiologic and environmental monitoring devices and systems deployed in areas adjacent to installations should also cover uranium cycle facilities and mill tailings, and that the ensuing en·sue intr.v. en·sued, en·su·ing, en·sues 1. To follow as a consequence or result. See Synonyms at follow. 2. To take place subsequently. measurements be made public. Design of any future studies will require dosimetric measurements for areas surrounding such facilities, efforts to reconstruct re·con·struct tr.v. re·con·struct·ed, re·con·struct·ing, re·con·structs 1. To construct again; rebuild. 2. history of exposure, and an attempt to study the problem from a multidisciplinary mul·ti·dis·ci·pli·nar·y adj. Of, relating to, or making use of several disciplines at once: a multidisciplinary approach to teaching. point of view, using biologic exposure markers. REFERENCES AND NOTES (1.) Baron baron Title of nobility, ranking in modern times immediately below a viscount or a count (in countries without viscounts). The wife of a baron is a baroness. Originally, in the early Middle Ages, the term designated a tenant of whatever rank who held a tenure of barony JA. Cancer mortality in small areas around nuclear facilities in England and Wales England and Wales are both constituent countries of the United Kingdom, that together share a single legal system: English law. Legislatively, England and Wales are treated as a single unit (see State (law)) for the conflict of laws. . Br J Cancer 50:815-824 (1984). (2.) Jablon S, Hrubec Z, Boice JDJ JDJ Java Development Journal . Cancer in populations living near nuclear facilities. A survey of mortality nationwide and incidence in two states. JAMA JAMA abbr. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1403-1408 (1991). (3.) Hattchouel JM, Laplanche A, Hill C. Cancer mortality around French nuclear sites. Ann ANN, Scotch law. Half a year's stipend over and above what is owing for the incumbency due to a minister's relict, or child, or next of kin, after his decease. Wishaw. Also, an abbreviation of annus, year; also of annates. In the old law French writers, ann or rather an, signifies a year. Epidemiol 6:126-129 (1996). (4.) McLaughlin JR, Clarke EA, Nishri ED, Anderson Anderson, river, Canada Anderson, river, c.465 mi (750 km) long, rising in several lakes in N central Northwest Territories, Canada. It meanders north and west before receiving the Carnwath River and flowing north to Liverpool Bay, an arm of the Arctic TW. Childhood leukemia leukemia (l kē`mēə), cancerous disorder of the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow, lymphatics, liver, spleen) characterized by excessive production of immature or mature in the vicinity of Canadian nuclear facilities The following is a list of Canadian nuclear generating stations:
(5.) Howe GR, Nair RC, Newcombe HB, Miller AB, Abbatt JD. Lung cancer mortality (1950-1980) in relation to radon daughter exposure in a cohort cohort /co·hort/ (ko´hort) 1. in epidemiology, a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic and observed over time in the group. 2. of workers at the Eldorado Beavarlodge uranium mine. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:357-362(1986). (6.) Lubin JH, Boice-JD J, Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe GR, Kunz E, Kusiak RA, Morrison HI, Radford EP, Samet JM, et al. Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation estimation In mathematics, use of a function or formula to derive a solution or make a prediction. Unlike approximation, it has precise connotations. In statistics, for example, it connotes the careful selection and testing of a function called an estimator. of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:817-827 (1995). (7.) Darby SC, Whitley E, Howe GR, Hutchings SJ, Kusiak RA, Lubin JH, Morrison HI, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Radford EP, et al. Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:378-384 (1995). (8.) Ibrahim SA, Whicker FW, Simon SL. Ground distribution patterns of selected radioactive, chemical, and physical contaminants from dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. of U mill tailings. Health Phys 58:321-328 (1990). (9.) Veska E, Eaton RS. Abandoned Rayrock uranium mill tailings in the Northwest Territories Northwest Territories, territory (2001 pop. 37,360), 532,643 sq mi (1,379,028 sq km), NW Canada. The Northwest Territories lie W of Nunavut, N of lat. 60°N, and E of Yukon. : environmental conditions and radiological radiological pertaining to radiology. radiological diagnosis see radiological diagnosis. mobile radiological apparatus x-ray machines that can be moved but are not portable because of their weight. impact. Health Phys 60:399-409 (1991). (10.) Ruttenber-AJ J, Kreiss K, Douglas RL, Buhl TE, Millard J. The assessment of human exposure to radionuclides from a uranium mill tailings release and mine dewatering Dewatering (dē′wöd·ər·iŋ) is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation, filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes. effluent effluent waste from an abattoir carried away in liquid form. Disposal is a major problem because of the need to avoid pollution of waterways. See aerobic effluent treatment, anaerobic effluent treatment. . Health Phys 47:21-35 (1984). (11.) Lopez-Abente G, Aragones N, Pollan Pol´lan n. 1. (Zool.) A lake whitefish (Coregonus pollan), native of Ireland. In appearance it resembles a herring. M, Ruiz M, Gandarillas A. Leukemia, lymphomas, and myeloma myeloma /my·elo·ma/ (mi?e-lo´mah) a tumor composed of cells of the type normally found in the bone marrow. giant cell myeloma see under tumor (1). mortality in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel facilities in Spain. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8:926-934 (1999). (12.) Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. Censo de Poblacion 1991. Saeta municipal. Madrid:Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, 1995. (13.) Ayuso Orejana J, Fernandez Cuesta cuesta (kwĕs`tə), asymmetric ridge characterized by a short, steep escarpment on one side, and a long, gentle slope on the other. The steep side exposes the edge of erosion-resistant rock layers that form the cuestas. JA, Plaza Ibeas JL. Anuario del Mercado Espanol. Madrid:Banco Espanol de Credito, 1993. (14.) Aickin M, Dunn CN, Flood TJ. Estimation of population denominators for public health studies at the tract, gender, and age-specific level. Am J Public Health 81:918-920 (1991). (15.) Breslow N, Day N. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Vol 2--The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. Lyon Lyon English Lyons City (pop., 1999: city, 445,452; metro. area, 1,348,932), east-central France. Located at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers, it was founded as the Roman military colony Lugdunum in 43 BC (see , France:International Agency for Research on Cancer The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, or CIRC in its French acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. Its main offices are in Lyon, France. , 1987. (16.) Breslow N. Extra-Poisson variation in log-linear models. Appl Stat 33:38-44 (1984). (17.) Breslow N. Regression and other quasi-likelihood models. J Amer Stat Assoc 85:565-571 (1990). (18.) Percy C, Stanek E, Gloeckler L. Accuracy of cancer death certificates and its effect on cancer mortality statistics. Am J Public Health 71:242-250 (1981). (19.) Cook-Mozaffari PJ, Derby SC, Doll doll, small figure of a human being, usually used as a child's toy. The many types of dolls found among the relics of primitive peoples were cult objects. Egypt, Greece, and Rome have left well-preserved dolls of wood, clay, bone, ivory, and bronze that were used R, Forman D, Harmon C, Pike pike, in zoology pike, common name for the family Esocidae, freshwater game and food fishes of Europe, Asia, and North America. The pike, the muskellunge, and the pickerel form a small but well-known group of long, thin fishes with spineless dorsal fins, MC, Vincent T. Geographical variation any variation of a species which is dependent on climate or other geographical conditions. See also: Geographic in mortality from leukaemia and other cancers in England and Wales in relation to proximity to nuclear installations, 1969-1978. Br J Cancer 59:476-485 (1989). (20.) Beral V. Childhood leukemia near nuclear plants in the United Kingdom: the evolution of a systematic approach to studying rare disease in small geographic areas. Am J Epidemiol 132:S63-68 (1990). (21.) Diggle P, Morris S, Elliot P, Shaddick G. Regression modelling of disease risk in relation to point sources. J R Stat Soc 160:491-505 (1997). (22.) Lawson A. On the analysis of mortality events associated with a prespecified fixed point. J R Stat Soc A 156:363-377 (1993). (23.) Blair A, Malker H, Cantor KP, Burmeister L, Wiklund K. Cancer among farmers. A review. Scand J Work Environ Health 11:397-407 (1985). (24.) Au WW, McConnell MA, Wilkinson GS, Ramanujam VMS (1) (Virtual Memory System) A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memory operating system for the VAX series from Digital. VMS applications run on any VAX from the MicroVAX to the largest unit. See OpenVMS. , Alcock N. Population monitoring: experience with residents exposed to uranium mining/milling waste. Mutat Res 405(2):237-245 (1998). (25.) Au WW, Wilkinson GS, Tyring SK, Legator le·ga·tor n. One that makes a will; a testator. [Latin l  g MS, El Zein zeinthe principal protein in maize. Has low nutritive value, being deficient in lysine and tryptophan. R, Hallberg L, Heo MY. Monitoring populations for DNA repair DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 deficiency and for cancer susceptibility susceptibility the state of being susceptible. Refers usually to infectious disease but may be to physical factors such as wetting or to psychological factors such as harassment. . Environ Health Perspect 104(suppl 3):579-584 (1996). (26.) Commitee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon (BEIR BEIR Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations VI). Health Effects of Exposure to Radon. Washington, DC:National Acadeny Press, 1999. (27.) Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Castano-Lara S, de Andres-Manzano B, Garcia-Ferruelo M, Iglesias-Martin L, Rey-Calero J. Occupational exposure to ionising radiation and mortality among workers of the former Spanish Nuclear Energy Board. Occup Environ Mad 54:202-208 (1997). (28.) Samet JM, Pathak DR, Morgan Morgan, American family of financiers and philanthropists. Junius Spencer Morgan, 1813–90, b. West Springfield, Mass., prospered at investment banking. MV, Key CR, Valdivia AA, Lubin JH. Lung cancer mortality and exposure to radon progeny PROGENY - 1961. Report generator for UNIVAX SS90. in a cohort of New Mexico New Mexico, state in the SW United States. At its northwestern corner are the so-called Four Corners, where Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah meet at right angles; New Mexico is also bordered by Oklahoma (NE), Texas (E, S), and Mexico (S). underground uranium miners. Health Phys 61:745-752 (1991). (29.) Au WW, Lane RG, Legator MS, Whorton EB, Wilkinson GS, Gabehart GJ. Biomarker biomarker /bio·mark·er/ (bi´o-mahr?ker) 1. a biological molecule used as a marker for a substance or process of interest. 2. tumor marker. bi·o·mark·er n. 1. monitoring of a population residing near uranium mining activities. Environ Health Perspect 103:466-470 (1995). (30.) Pershagen G, Akerblom G, Axelson O, Clavensjo B, Damber L, Desai G, Enflo A, Lagarde F, Mellander H, Svartengren M, et al. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Mad 330:159-164 (1994). (31.) Taylor DM, Taylor SK. Environmental uranium and human health. Rev Environ Health 12:147-157 (1997). (32.) Masse R, Morlier JP, Morin M, Chameaud J, Bredon P, Lafuma J. Animals exposed to radon. Radiat Prot Dosim 45:603-610 (1992). (33.) Henshaw DL, Eatough JP, Richardson RB. Radon as a causative caus·a·tive adj. 1. Functioning as an agent or cause. 2. Expressing causation. Used of a verb or verbal affix. caus factor in induction induction, in electricity and magnetism induction, in electricity and magnetism, common name for three distinct phenomena. Electromagnetic induction of myeloid myeloid /my·eloid/ (mi´e-loid) 1. medullary; pertaining to, derived from, or resembling bone marrow or the spinal cord. 2. having the appearance of myelocytes, but not derived from bone marrow. leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet lancet /lan·cet/ (lan´set) a small, pointed, two-edged surgical knife. lan·cet n. 335:1008-1012 (1990). (34.) Forastiere F, Quiercia A, Cavariani F, Miceli M, Perucci CA, Axelson O. Cancer risk and radon exposure [Letter]. Lancet 339:1115 (1992). (35.) Beral V, Fraser P, Carpenter L, Booth M, Brown A, Rose G. Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1951-1982. BMJ BMJ n abbr (= British Medical Journal) → vom BMA herausgegebene Zeitschrift 297:757-770 (1988). Address correspondence to G. Lopez-Abente, Area de Epidemiologia Ambiental y Cancer, Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Carlos III may refer to:
This study was financed in part by grant 96/300 from the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (Health Research Fund). The work of N. Aragones was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant No 97/4004). Received 21 November 2000; accepted 12 January 2001. Gonzalo Lopez-Abente, Nuria Aragones, and Marina Marina “a piece of virtue.” [Br. Lit.: Pericles] See : Virtuousness Pollan Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain |
|
||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion