Small mammals of the Wabash River bottoms.ABSTRACT. The most abundant terrestrial small mammals in the Wabash River Wabash River River, flowing westward across Indiana, U.S. After crossing Indiana, the Wabash forms the 200-mi (320-km) southern section of the Indiana-Illinois boundary below Terre Haute, Ind. bottomlands in Vigo County, Indiana Vigo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 105,848. The county seat is Terre Haute. 6 Vigo County is included in the Terre Haute, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. , in the early 1960's were the house mouse, the white-footed mouse, the prairie deer mouse deer mouse or white-footed mouse Any of about 60 species (genus Peromyscus, family Cricetidae) of small, delicate rodents that are active at night and are found in habitats from Alaska to South America. They often outnumber all other mammals in an area. , and the meadow vole vole, name for a large number of mouselike rodents, related to the lemmings. Most range in length from 3 1-2 to 7 in. (9–18 cm) and have rounded bodies with gray or brown coats, blunt muzzles, small ears concealed in the long fur, and short tails. . The white-footed mouse, house mouse and meadow vole were taken at greater rates in the bottoms than in the uplands. The prairie deer mouse and the short-tailed shrew shrew, common name for the small, insectivorous mammals of the family Soricidae, related to the moles. Shrews include the smallest mammals; the smallest shrews are under 2 in. (5.1 cm) long, excluding the tail, and the largest are about 6 in. (15 cm) long. were taken at greater rates in the uplands than in the bottoms. The swamp rabbit (state-endangered) once occurred in several southwestern Indiana counties, but currently occurs along the Wabash River mainly in the north and south portions of Gibson County Gibson County is the name of several counties in the United States:
Major river, eastern central U.S. Formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, it flows northwest out of Pennsylvania, and west and southwest to form the state boundaries of Ohio–West Virginia, Ohio-Kentucky, Indiana-Kentucky, and is particularly interesting. Through 1999, there were 1439 bats, including nine of the 10 species of bats that currently occur in Indiana, captured in the Prairie Creek region of southern Vigo County. By decreasing abundance, the bats are the evening bat (state-endangered), big brown bat, northern myotis Myotis genus of bats. Includes M. thysanodes (fringed myotis bat), M. myotis (European common mouse-eared bat), M. lucifugus (little brown bat). , red bat, little brown myotis Noun 1. little brown myotis - the small common North American bat; widely distributed little brown bat, Myotis leucifugus vespertilian bat, vespertilionid - a variety of carnivorous bat , eastern pipistrelle The Eastern Pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) is a species of bat that is widely distributed throughout the eastern parts of North America, ranging west until Kansas and Texas, from eastern Mexico up north until southern Ontario. , Indiana myotis (federally-endangered), silver-haired bat The Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Source
See also: Hoary . All of these species occur south to the Ohio River. Only female and young evening bats occur in Vigo County, but adult males also occur in Posey County near the Ohio River. Keywords: Bats, rabbits, rodents, shrews, Wabash River bottoms ********** Starting in 1962, a series of randomly selected 25 X 25m plots in Vigo County was used to learn about the small mammals of the county (Table 1) (Whitaker 1967). However, the Wabash River flows through Vigo County from north to south, and the data from the river bottoms were not examined separately from the data for the entire county. In addition, we undertook a study of the bats of the Wabash and Ohio drainages in southwest Indiana (Whitaker & Gummer 2001). As part of this latter study, on 25 July 1994, we mist-netted for bats on lower Prairie Creek in the Wabash River bottoms (Whitaker 1997, 2004) and captured 15 bats of six species, as follows: evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis The Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It can be found in the following countries: Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and United States. Source
eastern pipistrel vespertilian bat, vespertilionid - a variety of carnivorous bat genus Pipistrellus, Pipistrellus - nearly cosmopolitan genus of very small bats , 2), northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis, 2), and Indiana myotis (Myotis sodalis, 1). This proved to be one of the most productive localities for bats in Indiana, and led to much more study of the bats of the Prairie Creek area. Twelve species of bats occur or did occur in Indiana, although one species, the southeastern myotis The Southeastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It is found only in the United States. Source
The gray bat weighs 8-14 g. maternity colony in the state is at Sellersburg, just north of Louisville. Therefore, it might occur along the Ohio River, but would not be likely along the Wabash River. No evening bats or Indiana myotis were taken along the Ohio (Table 2). The silver-haired bat is not present in summer in Indiana, as it has its young to the north of the state, and it occurs in Indiana only during the spring and fall migrations. No silver-haired bats were captured in the Ohio or lower Wabash valley The Wabash Valley is a region with parts in both Illinois and Indiana. It is named for the Wabash River and spans the middle to the middle-lower portion of the river and is centered at Terre Haute, Indiana. The term Wabash Valley is frequently used in local media. . Because netting was done in summer, few if any silver-haired bats were expected. The objectives of this paper are to present information on the Wabash River Bottoms and to compare it with the small mammals (Insectivora, Rodentia) of the uplands of Vigo County, Indiana, and also to compare data on the bats of the Wabash River bottoms from the Prairie Creek area of southern Vigo County, on the lower Wabash River south to the Ohio River, and to those of the Ohio River Valley of southern Indiana Southern Indiana, in the United States, is notable because it is culturally distinct from the rest of the state. The area's geography has led to a blend of Northern and Southern culture that is not found in the rest of Indiana. . These data can serve as baseline data for future studies. METHODS For the small mammal study, a series of 500 randomly-selected, 25 x 25 m plots was used. They were chosen from among the 1,640,331 possible plots of that size in Vigo County using a random number table. Of these 500 plots, traps were actually set in 429 plots (Whitaker 1967). Most of the other 71 plots could not be studied because they happened to occur where buildings, roads, railroads, bodies of water, or barnyards were located. In three cases, permission to trap was denied. Fifty-four of the plots were in the Wabash River bottomlands, including land in and near the floodplain floodplain, level land along the course of a river formed by the deposition of sediment during periodic floods. Floodplains contain such features as levees, backswamps, delta plains, and oxbow lakes. (Table 1, Fig. 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In each plot, 25 snap-back mousetraps baited with peanut butter were set in five lines of five traps, with 5 m between each trap, and 2.5 m between the outer traps and the edge of the plot. Traps were checked each day for three consecutive days, then removed, hence each plot was represented by 75 trap-nights (TN) of effort. Plot sampling occurred between 1962 and 1965 and throughout the year, about four plots per week. Traps in plots were checked for three days after they were set. The plots were chosen completely at random, and habitats were divided into 15 categories assessed at the time of trapping: upland woods, river bottom woods, brush, brushy field, weedy field, grassy field, pasture, corn, corn stubble, soybeans, soybean soybean, soya bean, or soy pea, leguminous plant (Glycine max, G. soja, or Soja max) of the family Leguminosae (pulse family), native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, where it has been stubble, winter wheat winter wheat n. Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested the following spring or early summer. , wheat stubble, plowed field, and other cultivated fields. Cover was assessed separately for each plot at the time of trapping. In poor cover, the ground was open. A mouse would be exposed all or most of the time it was on the surface. Fair cover was assessed if a mouse would be exposed much of the time but would have some hiding places. In good cover, the ground was generally covered with vegetation and a mouse would be hidden most of the time it was on the surface. Corn, soybean, and wheat stubble, along with plowed ground, normally had poor cover. Corn, wheat, and soybeans might have had poor, fair or good cover depending on the time of year of trapping and also the amount of other vegetation present. The individual cover assessments were applied in determining the relationship of small mammals to cover. All species showed a positive relationship to herbaceous her·ba·ceous adj. 1. Relating to or characteristic of an herb as distinguished from a woody plant. 2. Green and leaflike in appearance or texture. ground cover except the prairie deer mouse which uses the soil as cover and showed a negative association with cover. There were 54 plots in the Wabash River bottoms as defined by the glacial Wabash River bottoms. Most of these plots were flooded when the Wabash River flooded. There were 375 plots in the rest of Vigo County which were termed the "up lands." More details may be found in Whitaker (1967). Mist nets were used for bats (Fig. 1), usually over streams, but sometimes in old roads or other areas which might have served as flyways. Nets were normally used for 5 h starting at dusk. Netting occurred in the lower Wabash and Ohio river basins from 1992 to 1999 (Whitaker & Gummer 2001). Netting at Prairie Creek occurred from 1993 through 1997 (Whitaker 1997, 2004). Netting generally occurred one night per site, and between 15 May and 15 August. RESULTS Small terrestrial mammals.--The most abundant small mammals in the Wabash bottomlands of Vigo County were the house mouse (Mus musculus), the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus Peromyscus leucopus deermouse; called also white-footed mouse. ), the prairie deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii), and the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) (Table 1). The house mouse, white-footed mouse and meadow vole were taken at significantly greater rates in the bottoms than in the uplands ([chi square chi square (kī), n a nonparametric statistic used with discrete data in the form of frequency count (nominal data) or percentages or proportions that can be reduced to frequencies. ] = 34.7, 36.3 and 154, 1 df). The prairie deer mouse occurred at a significantly greater rate on the uplands than in the bottoms ([chi square] = 6.01, 1 df). The short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) was taken at similar rates on the uplands and the bottoms, but the sample size was too small to test. The prairie vole Noun 1. prairie vole - typical vole of the extended prairie region of central United States and southern Canada Microtus ochrogaster field mouse, vole - any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a (Microtus ochrogaster Noun 1. Microtus ochrogaster - typical vole of the extended prairie region of central United States and southern Canada prairie vole field mouse, vole - any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a ) was taken at a similar rate in the bottoms and in the uplands. The masked shrew Noun 1. masked shrew - commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America Sorex cinereus shrewmouse, shrew - small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles (Sorex cinereus Noun 1. Sorex cinereus - commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America masked shrew shrewmouse, shrew - small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles ) and the meadow jumping mouse jumping mouse, rodent slightly larger than the common mouse, found in North America and N Asia, also called the kangaroo mouse. Its long hind legs and tail enable it to leap distances up to 12 ft (3.7 m). Jumping mice have gray to brown fur and are white underneath. (Zapus hudsonius) were taken sparingly in the bottoms and in the uplands. The woodland vole The Woodland Vole, Microtus pinetorum, is a small vole found in eastern North America. It is also known as the Pine Vole. These animals have short, soft reddish-brown fur on the upperparts and greyish brown underparts. (Microtus pinetorum), least shrew Noun 1. least shrew - small brown shrew of grassy regions of eastern United States Cryptotis parva shrewmouse, shrew - small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles (Cryptotis parva Noun 1. Cryptotis parva - small brown shrew of grassy regions of eastern United States least shrew shrewmouse, shrew - small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles ), and the bog lemming The genus Synaptomys is a group of North American lemmings. These animals live in wet forested and open areas. They are small round rodents with large heads, short ears, legs and tails. They eat green vegetation such as grasses and sedges. (Synaptomys cooperi), were taken in low numbers in the uplands, but none were taken in the bottoms. It is noteworthy that three masked shrews were taken in the bottoms and only one was taken in a much greater amount of trapping in the uplands. French (1980) found the masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) on the lowlands of Vigo County, and the southeastern shrew The Southeastern Shrew (Sorex longirostris) is a species of mammal in the Soricidae family. References 1. ^ Hutterer, Rainer (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (Sorex longirostris) on the uplands. This is particularly interesting since to the southeast of Vigo County in the unglaciated hill country--the only part of the state where the masked shrew does not occur--the southeastern shrew occurs mostly on the lower part of the ravines (Cudmore & Whitaker 1984). The unglaciated hill country is the only part of the state where the pygmy shrew Pygmy Shrew may refer to one of various species of shrews:
It is dull grey in colour with lighter underparts and a long tail which is brown on top and yellowish underneath. (Sorex fumeus) occur, and they are mainly on the upper parts of the ravines. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The most abundant species of small mammal in Vigo County in the early 1960's was the house mouse (Table 1) (totalling 541), followed by the prairie deer mouse (n = 495). However, the prairie deer mouse occurred at a slightly greater rate in the uplands than in the bottoms. Nearly all of the house mice were taken in weedy or grassy fields or corn or soybeans (Table 3), where there was much herbaceous ground cover (often of grasses, especially foxtail grass foxtail grass see setaria2lutescens, hordeum. , Setaria faberi Setaria faberi, the Giant Foxtail, also known as Chinese foxtail, Chinese millet, giant bristlegrass, or nodding foxtail, is an Asian grass. ). As soon as the ground cover was removed by mowing mow 1 n. 1. The place in a barn where hay, grain, or other feed is stored. 2. A stack of hay or other feed stored in a barn. or harvesting, the house mice were gone, as indicated by their absence in areas with little ground cover (Whitaker 1967). Presumably pre·sum·a·ble adj. That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. they moved to other areas with adequate ground cover. One major change has occurred in farming methods since this study was carried out. In the late 1960's and early 1970's, farmers began to use herbicides in many of the cultivated fields. This has greatly reduced the grassy and weedy plants in the corn and soybeans. We hope to repeat the earlier studies to determine if there have been changes in the small mammal community, and particularly if the house mouse has been reduced as a result of the use of herbicides. All species except the prairie deer mouse were more abundant in greater amounts of cover. The prairie deer mouse occurred at greater rates in less herbaceous ground cover, 1.24/100 trap nights (TN) in good cover, 1.95/100 TN in plots with fair cover, and 2.50/100 TN in plots with poor cover (Whitaker 1967). Deer mice deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus Public health The murine vector for Hantavirus. See Hantavirus. use the soil, rather than vegetation, as cover. The main species of small mammals were compared by habitat as they occurred in the bottoms and in the uplands (Table 3). The house mouse was more abundant (number per 100 TN) in weedy fields and grassy fields in the bottoms, but was slightly more abundant in corn fields in the uplands than in the bottoms. The white-footed mouse was far more abundant in its main habitats (woods, grassy field, and weedy field) in the bottoms than in the uplands. The prairie deer mouse was more abundant on the uplands (number per 100 TN) than on the bottoms, and this was primarily due to effects from soybeans, as this species occurred at greater rates in the bottoms in all other habitats. There was only one soybean plot in the bottoms. Bats.--All nine species of bats that were likely to occur in the Prairie Creek area and in the lower Wabash did occur there (Table 2). Of particular interest is the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis). Some 40 years ago there were 10 colonies of evening bats in Indiana and one in adjacent Illinois (Whitaker & Gummer 2003). All were in buildings, and they were spread over southern Indiana. We checked all of the roosts; and, also, we netted near all of them. We located one colony in 1987 in a church in Clay County Clay County is the name of 18 counties in the United States. Most are named for Henry Clay, U.S. Senator and statesman:
adj. 1. Flying or capable of flying. 2. Moving quickly or nimbly; agile. 3. Heraldry Depicted with the wings extended as in flying. they established a postmaternity colony there. The third, fourth and fifth most abundant bats in the Prairie Creek community were the northern myotis, the red bat, and the little brown myotis, all relatively common species over much of the state. These were followed by the eastern pipistrelle and Indiana myotis, both of which roosted in the study area. Only three silver-haired bats were captured, along with one hoary bat. Larger mammals.--Little work has been done specifically on the larger mammals of the Wabash River bottoms. However, mention must be made of swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus), one of our most endangered mammals in Indiana. The swamp rabbit once occurred in six southwestern Indiana counties; but, currently, nearly all of them occur in the northern (Long Pond Long Pond may refer to: England:
Coyotes (Canis latrans) are commonly heard during mist-netting studies at Prairie Creek; beavers (Castor canadensis Castor canadensis (syn. C. fiber) see beaver. ), white-tailed deer white-tailed deer or Virginia deer Common reddish brown deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an important game animal found alone or in small groups from southern Canada to South America. (Odocoileus virginianus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor Procyon lotor see raccoon. ) are commonly observed in the Wabash River bottoms in the Prairie Creek area. DISCUSSION Included in the Wabash Valley are at least 40 (70.2%) of the 57 mammal species occurring in Indiana: the opossum opossum (əpŏs`əm, pŏs`–), name for several marsupials, or pouched mammals, of the family Didelphidae, native to Central and South America, with one species extending N to the United States. , 5 species of insectivores, 9 species of bats, both species of rabbits, 16 species of rodents, and 7 species of carnivores. Included are one federally-endangered bat (the Indiana myotis) and two state-endangered species (the evening bat and the swamp rabbit). The evening bat has the core of its Indiana population in the woods of the lower Wabash valley, and the entire Indiana swamp rabbit population (an estimated 80 rabbits) occurs along the Wabash mostly in Gibson County. The study of small mammals from Vigo County using randomly-selected plots was done over 40 years ago. It thus forms baseline data, prior to the widespread use of herbicides, which can be compared to later data. We hope to repeat that study using the same plots to learn of changes since the early 1960's, particularly in view of the use of herbicides. Additional work can be done in the Prairie Creek area and along the entire lower Wabash. For example, we hope to determine whether southwestern Indiana is the northern part of the range of the evening bat, and where the Prairie Creek evening bats spend the winter. Also, we wish to determine if other bat species, such as the red bat, might winter there. Manuscript received 23 May 2006, revised 10 September 2006). LITERATURE CITED Clem, P. 1992. Seasonal population variation and emergence patterns in the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis, at a west central Indiana colony The Indiana Colony is the first white settlement of the area known today as Pasadena, California. It was incorporated as such on January 31, 1874, by a settlement of Indianans seeking fairer weather following the exceptionally cold winter of 1872–73. . Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 101:33-44. Cudmore, W.W. & J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1984. The distribution of the smoky shrew, Sorex fumeus, and the pygmy shrew, Microsorex hoyi, in Indiana with notes on the distribution of other shrews. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 93:469-474. French, T.W. 1980. Ecological relationships Ecological Relationships result from the fact that organisms in an ecosystem interact with each other, in the natural world, no organism is an autonomous entity isolated from its surroundings. between the southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris Bachman) and the masked shrew (S. cinereus Kerr) in Vigo County, Indiana. Ph.D. dissertation. Indiana State University Indiana State University, main campus at Terre Haute; coeducational; est. 1865 as a normal school, became Indiana State Teachers College in 1929, gained university status in 1965. There is also a campus at Evansville (opened 1965). , Terre Haute Terre Haute (tĕr`ə hōt, tĕr`ē hŭt), city (1990 pop. 51,483), seat of Vigo co., W Ind., on the Wabash River; inc. 1816. . 54 pp. Terrell, T.L. 1972. The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) in Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 87:283-295. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1967. Habitat and reproduction of some of the small mammals of Vigo County, Indiana, with a list of mammals known to occur there. Occasional Papers of the C.C. Adams Center for Ecological Studies. Number 16. Western Michigan University Western Michigan University, at Kalamazoo, Mich.; coeducational; founded in 1903 as Western State Normal School, became accredited in 1927 as a college, gained university status in 1957. . Kalamazoo. 24 p. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1997. Bats of Prairie Creek. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 105:87-94. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 2004. Prey selection in a temperate zone insectivorous insectivorous eating insects to the extent that they are significant as a contributor to the patient's diet. bat community. Journal of Mammalogy The Journal of Mammalogy is the flagship publication of the American Society of Mammalogists. Both the society and the journal were founded in 1919. The peer-reviewed journal publishes papers about mammals throughout the world and their conservation. 85:460-469. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & D.B. Abrell. 1986. The swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus, in Indiana, 1984-85. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 95:563-570. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & S.L. Gummer. 2001. Bats of the Wabash and Ohio river basins of southwestern Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 110:126-140. Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & S.L. Gummer. 2003. Current status of the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis, in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 112:55-60. John O. Whitaker, Jr.: Department of Ecology and Organismal Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana Terre Haute (IPA: [ˌtɛ·ɹə ˈhoʊt]) is a city in Vigo County, Indiana near the state's western border with Illinois. 47809 USA
Table 1.--Small mammals trapped in 1962-65 in 54 randomly-selected
plots (4050 trap-nights) from the Wabash River bottoms compared to
375 plots (28,125 trap-nights) from the uplands of Vigo County,
Indiana.
Wabash bottoms
Number
Number of per 100
animals trap-nights
Mus musculus 116 2.9
Peromyscus leucopus 77 1.9
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii 46 1.1
Microtus pennsylvanicus 21 0.5
Microtus ochrogaster 9 0.2
Blarina brevicauda 3 0.07
Sorex cinereus 3 0.07
Zapus hudsonius 1 0.02
Microtus pinetorum 0 0
Cryptotis parva 0 0
Synaptomys cooperi 0 0
Total 276
Uplands and Vigo County
Number
Number of per 100
animals trap-nights
Mus musculus 425 1.5
Peromyscus leucopus 237 0.8
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii 449 1.6
Microtus pennsylvanicus 5 0.01
Microtus ochrogaster 62 0.2
Blarina brevicauda 23 0.08
Sorex cinereus 1 0.03
Zapus hudsonius 3 0.01
Microtus pinetorum 12 0.04
Cryptotis parva 6 0.02
Synaptomys cooperi 1 0.002
Total 1224
Table 2.--Bats of Prairie Creek, the Wabash River basin south of Vigo
County, and the Ohio River basin of southwestern Indiana. Posey County
was included in the Wabash basin, not the Ohio basin. Actual numbers
are given first, the number per netting in parentheses.
Prairie Creek Wabash basin
Number netting 176 36
Nycticeius humeralis 558 (3.17) 38 (1.06)
Eptesicus fuscus 254 (1.44) 30 (0.83)
Myotis septentrionalis 237 (1.34) 39 (1.08)
Lasiurus borealis 131 (0.74) 32 (1.17)
Myotis lucifugus 114 (0.64) 36 (1.0)
Pipistrellus subflavus 92 (0.52) 21 (0.58)
Myotis sodalis 49 (0.28) 9 (0.25)
Lasionycteris noctivagans 3 (0.20) 0
Lasiurus cinereus 1 (0.006) 3 (0.08)
Myotis grisescens 0 0
Totals 1439 (8.15) 208 (5.78)
Ohio basin Total
Number netting 37 249
Nycticeius humeralis 0 596 (2.39)
Eptesicus fuscus 31 (0.84) 315 (1.27)
Myotis septentrionalis 26 (0.7) 299 (1.20)
Lasiurus borealis 45 (1.22) 208 (0.88)
Myotis lucifugus 13 (0.35) 162 (0.65)
Pipistrellus subflavus 39 (1.05) 151 (0.61)
Myotis sodalis 0 58 (0.23)
Lasionycteris noctivagans 0 3 (0.01)
Lasiurus cinereus 1 (0.03) 5 (0.02)
Myotis grisescens 9 (0.24) 9 (0.04)
Totals 164 (4.43) 1811 (7.26)
Table 3.--Occurrence of the main small mammals in the major habitats
of the Wabash River bottoms and uplands in Vigo County, Indiana. (TN
= trap-night, 1 trap per 1 night) The data in this table do not agree
with those in Table 1 because only plots the major habitats are
included. #
River bottoms
# Plots (TN) # Animals #/100 TN
Peromyscus leucopus
Woods 12 (900) 38 4.2
Weedy field 8 (600) 18 3
Grassy field 5 (525) 20 5.3
Corn 12 (900) 0 0
Corn stubble 6 (450) 1 0.2
Soybeans 1 (75) 0 0.0
Plowed field 6 (450) 0 0
Peromyscus maniculatus
Woods 12 (900) 0 0
Weedy field 8 (600) 10 1.7
Grassy field 5 (525) 2 0.5
Corn 12 (900) 13 1.4
Corn stubble 6 (450) 6 1.3
Soybeans 1 (75) 1 1.3
Plowed field 6 (450) 12 2.7
Mus musculus
Woods 12 (900) 2 0.2
Weedy field 8 (600) 49 8.2
Grassy field 5 (525) 12 3.2
Corn 12 (900) 38 4.2
Corn stubble 6 (450) 0 0
Soybeans 1 (75) 10 2.2
Plowed field 6 (450) 0 0
Microtus ochrogaster
Woods 12 (900) 0 0
Weedy field 8 (600) 0 0
Grassy field 5 (525) 7 1.9
Corn 12 (900) 0 0
Corn stubble 6 (450) 2 0.4
Plowed field 6 (450) 0 --
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Woods 12 (900) 1 0.1
Weedy field 8 (600) 3 0.5
Grassy field 5 (525) 14 3.7
Corn 12 (900) 0 --
Corn stubble 6 (450) 2 0.4
Plowed field 6 (450) 0 0.0
Blarina brevicauda
Woods 12 (900) 2 0.2
Weedy field 8 (600) 0 0
Grassy field 5 (525) 0 0
Corn 12 (900) 1 0.1
Corn stubble 6 (450) 0 0.0
Plowed field 6 (450) 0 0
Uplands
# Plots (TN) # Animals #/100 TN
Peromyscus leucopus
Woods 54 (4050) 65 1.6
Weedy field 21 (1575) 19 1.2
Grassy field 28 (2100) 10 0.1
Corn 26 (1950) 31 1.6
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 1 0.03
Soybeans 15 (1125) 4
Plowed field 42 (3150) 5 0.2
Peromyscus maniculatus
Woods 54 (4050) 0 0
Weedy field 21 (1575) 28 0.6
Grassy field 28 (2100) 24 0.2
Corn 26 (1950) 22 1.1
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 38 1.2
Soybeans 15 (1125) 34 3.0
Plowed field 42 (3150) 74 2.3
Mus musculus
Woods 54 (4050) 0 0
Weedy field 21 (1575) 14 0.9
Grassy field 28 (2100) 62 0.6
Corn 26 (1950) 101 5.2
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 25 2.2
Soybeans 15 (1125) 68 2.1
Plowed field 42 (3150) 1 0.03
Microtus ochrogaster
Woods 54 (4050) 0 0
Weedy field 21 (1575) 20 1.3
Grassy field 28 (2100) 18 0.2 *
Corn 26 (1950) 3 0.2
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 0 0
Plowed field 42 (3150) 0 --
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Woods 54 (4050) 0 0
Weedy field 21 (1575) 1 0.06
Grassy field 28 (2100) 2 0.02
Corn 26 (1950) 0 --
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 0 --
Plowed field 42 (3150) 0 0.0
Blarina brevicauda
Woods 54 (4050) 17 0.42
Weedy field 21 (1575) 0 0
Grassy field 28 (2100) 2 0.02
Corn 26 (1950) 0 0.0
Corn stubble 44 (3300) 0 0.0
Plowed field 42 (3150) 0 0
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