Sexual modes questionnaire: measure to assess the interaction among cognitions, emotions, and sexual response.Recently, a growing body of research on the role of cognitions and emotions  This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. in sexual response has emerged. In fact, since Barlow's formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation on cognitive-affective factors of sexual dysfunction sexual dysfunction Inability to experience arousal or achieve sexual satisfaction under ordinary circumstances, as a result of psychological or physiological problems. (Barlow bar·low n. An inexpensive, one- or two-bladed pocketknife. [After Barlow, the family name of its makers, two brothers in Sheffield, England.] , 1986; Cranston-Cuebas & Barlow, 1990; Sbrocco & Barlow, 1996), several laboratory and clinical studies were conducted to analyze an·a·lyze v. 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. To separate a chemical substance into its constituent elements to determine their nature or proportions. 3. the role of some cognitive cog·ni·tive adj. 1. Of, characterized by, involving, or relating to cognition. 2. Having a basis in or reducible to empirical factual knowledge. and emotional dimensions in the sexual health field. Cognitive distraction Distraction Divination (See OMEN.) Porlock a “person from Porlock” interrupted Coleridge while he was recollecting the dream on which he based “Kubla Khan”. [Br. Lit.: Poems of Coleridge in Magill IV, 756] (J. G. Beck This article is about the musician. For other uses, see Beck (disambiguation). Beck Hansen (born Bek David Campbell, July 8, 1970) is a Grammy Award-winning American musician, singer-songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, known by his simple stage name of , Barlow, Sakheim, & Abrahamson, 1987; Dove & Wiederman, 2000; Elliot Elliot is a common last name, and may refer to any one of the various people bearing that name. See . It is also a first name, once rare, now becoming more common. As a first or last name, it can be spelled Elliot, Eliott, Eliot, or Elliott. & O'Donohue, 1997; Farkas, Sine, & Evans Ev·ans , Herbert McLean 1882-1971. American anatomist who isolated four pituitary hormones and discovered vitamin E (1922). , 1979; Geer & Fuhr, 1976; Przybyla & Byrne Byrne (variations: Byrnes, O'Byrne, O'Byrnes, Burns, Beirne) meaning 'raven', is derived from the Irish name Ó Broin, and is the seventh most common last name in Ireland today. History 'Ó Broin', the Gaelic form of 'Byrne', means descendant of Bran. , 1984), efficacy efficacy /ef·fi·ca·cy/ (ef´i-kah-se) 1. the ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect in expert hands and under ideal circumstances. 2. expectancies (Bach, Brown, & Barlow, 1999; Creti & Libman, 1989; Palace, 1995), causal causal /cau·sal/ (kaw´z'l) pertaining to, involving, or indicating a cause. causal relating to or emanating from cause. attributions (Fichten, Spector
Spector is a company that makes bass guitars. Founded in 1974 by self-taught luthier Stuart Spector, Spector's first few instruments were essentially crude , & Libman, 1988; Weisberg Weisberg is a surname that may refer to:
n. A tendency to set rigid high standards of personal performance. per·fec  tion·ist adj. & n. (DiBartolo & Barlow,
1996) are among the most studied cognitive dimensions Cognitive dimensions are design principles for notations & programming language design, described by researcher Thomas R.G. Green. The dimensions can be used to evaluate the usability of an existing interface, or as heuristics to guide the design of a new one. in sexual
functioning. In general, results from these studies support the main
role performed by cognitive factors Noun 1. cognitive factor - something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a resultcognition, knowledge, noesis - the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning in sexual dysfunction processes. For the present discussion cognitive distraction studies assume a central role. Research with both male and female samples suggests that distraction from sexual cues during sexual activity decreases subjective subjective /sub·jec·tive/ (sub-jek´tiv) pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual; not perceptible to the senses of another person. sub·jec·tive adj. 1. and physiological physiological /phys·i·o·log·i·cal/ (-loj´i-kal) pertaining to physiology; normal; not pathologic. phys·i·o·log·i·cal or phys·i·o·log·ic adj. Abbr. phys. 1. arousal arousal /arous·al/ (ah-rou´z'l) 1. a state of responsiveness to sensory stimulation or excitability. 2. the act or state of waking from or as if from sleep. 3. in both males and females (J. G. Beck et al., 1987; Dove & Wiederman, 2000; Elliot & O'Donohue, 1997; Farkas et al., 1979; Geer & Fuhr, 1976; Przybyla & Byrne, 1984). These psychophysiological studies support several clinical suggestions that dysfunctional dys·func·tion also dis·func·tion n. Abnormal or impaired functioning, especially of a bodily system or social group. dys·func subjects, when in sexual situations, focus their attention on negative thoughts rather than on sexually erotic erotic /erot·ic/ (e-rot´ik) 1. charged with sexual feeling. 2. pertaining to sexual desire. e·rot·ic adj. 1. Of or concerning sexual love and desire. thoughts. In males, these thoughts are mostly related to performance concerns (erection erection /erec·tion/ (e-rek´shun) the condition of being rigid and elevated, as erectile tissue when filled with blood. e·rec·tion n. 1. concerns), anticipating failure and its consequences (Hawton Hawton is an English civil parish of some 70 inhabitants. It is situated to the south of Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, near the River Devon. It played an important part in the English Civil War as a Roundhead encampment against the Royalist stonghold in Newark, and a , 1985; Wincze & Barlow, 1997; Zilbergeld, 1999), whereas females orient o·ri·ent v. 1. To locate or place in a particular relation to the points of the compass. 2. To align or position with respect to a point or system of reference. 3. their attention to self-body-image concerns, sexual performance concerns, and failure thoughts (Dove & Wiederman, 2000; Hawton, 1985). Despite these laboratory findings and clinical suggestions, there is still a lack of naturalistic nat·u·ral·is·tic adj. 1. Imitating or producing the effect or appearance of nature. 2. Of or in accordance with the doctrines of naturalism. empirical studies Empirical studies in social sciences are when the research ends are based on evidence and not just theory. This is done to comply with the scientific method that asserts the objective discovery of knowledge based on verifiable facts of evidence. investigating the cognitive content Noun 1. cognitive content - the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned mental object, content cognition, knowledge, noesis - the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning of sexually dysfunctional males and females during sexual activity. With the exception of the Dove and Weiderman study (2000), which indicates a negative impact of distraction thoughts (sexual performance and bodily appearance) on female sexual functioning, there is no published data about cognitive content during sexual activity and its influence on sexual performance. Moreover, studies about the role of emotions on sexual functioning, although receiving some recent attention, are still lacking. Research on depressed Depressed A description of a market, security, or product that is experiencing weak demand and lowering prices. Notes: A depressed market, security, or product implies that prices and volume are low. There are many reasons for a depressed market, security, or product. affect has shown some consistent results suggesting a negative impact on sexual arousal sexual arousal Horny/horniness, randy/randiness Physiology A state of sexual 'yellow alert' which has a mental component–↑ cortical responsiveness to sensory stimulation, and physical component–↑ penile sensitivity, neural response to stimuli, . Heiman Heiman is the surname of:
and Rowland Row·land , F(rank) Sherwood Born 1927. American chemist who shared a 1995 Nobel Prize for his work on the chemical processes involved in the formation and decomposition of ozone. (1983) and J. G. Beck and Barlow (1986) found that dysfunctionals reported significantly more negative affect during erotic exposure. Experimental studies have further supported these findings, showing that manipulated negative affect in sexually functional subjects produced a delay in subjective sexual arousal (Meisler & Carey
Carey is the name of several places:
pe·nile adj. Of or relating to the penis. penile of or pertaining to the penis. tumescence tumescence /tu·mes·cence/ (too-mes´ens) swelling. tu·mes·cence n. 1. A swelling or an enlargement. 2. A swollen condition. 3. A swollen part or organ. (Mitchell Mitchell, city (1990 pop. 13,798), seat of Davison co., SE S.Dak.; inc. 1881. Mitchell is a trade, distribution, and shipping center for a dairy and livestock area. , DiBartolo, Brown, & Barlow, 1998). Research on the role of anxiety in sexual functioning has also shown some consistent results in both men and women. Contradicting classic theoretical perspectives based on clinical observations (Kaplan Kaplan may refer to one of the following:
Studies on the impact of anger and worry on sexual functioning are lacking and present some inconsistent Reciprocally contradictory or repugnant. Things are said to be inconsistent when they are contrary to each other to the extent that one implies the negation of the other. results. Yates Yates may refer to: In places:
1 City (1990 pop. 12,711), seat of Saline co., N central Mo.; inc. 1839. In a large farm area, it is a processing center for grain, eggs, meat, and dairy products. Marshall is the seat of Missouri Valley College. (1984), studying the relationship between anger and deviant deviant /de·vi·ant/ (de´ve-int) 1. varying from a determinable standard. 2. a person with characteristics varying from what is considered standard or normal. de·vi·ant adj. sexual arousal, showed that this emotion emotion, term commonly and loosely used to denote individual, subjective feelings which dictate moods. In psychology, emotion is considered a response to stimuli that involves characteristic physiological changes—such as increase in pulse rate, rise in body might facilitate sexual arousal, while Bozman and J. G. Beck (1991) reported that anger decreases both desire and arousal. Katz Katz , Bernard 1911-2003. German-born British physiologist. He shared a 1970 Nobel Prize for the study of nerve impulse transmission. and Jardine Jardine can refer to: People
tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. the relationship between a tendency to worry and sexual desire and aversion a·ver·sion n. 1. A fixed, intense dislike; repugnance, as of crowds. 2. A feeling of extreme repugnance accompanied by avoidance or rejection. in a non-clinical population, and found some moderate but not conclusive Determinative; beyond dispute or question. That which is conclusive is manifest, clear, or obvious. It is a legal inference made so peremptorily that it cannot be overthrown or contradicted. correlations. Despite this growing body of scientific literature, we think there is a lack of integrated studies on the link between cognitions and emotions and their impact on sexual functioning. Our purpose is to move in that direction using cognitive theory Conitive theory may refer to:
adj. 1. Of, relating to, or giving advantage or preference: preferential treatment. 2. framework to better understand the processes involved in sexual dysfunction. In fact, cognitive theory has led to a better understanding of the cognitive processes Cognitive processes Thought processes (i.e., reasoning, perception, judgment, memory). Mentioned in: Psychosocial Disorders involved in a large spectrum of psychopathological psy·cho·pa·thol·o·gy n. 1. The study of the origin, development, and manifestations of mental or behavioral disorders. 2. The manifestation of a mental or behavioral disorder. situations and has been successfully used in the comprehension comprehension Act of or capacity for grasping with the intellect. The term is most often used in connection with tests of reading skills and language abilities, though other abilities (e.g., mathematical reasoning) may also be examined. and treatment of several disorders A
emery Granular rock consisting of a mixture of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) and iron oxides such as magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite (Fe2O3). 1979), anxiety (A. T. Beck & Emery, 1985), relationship disorders (A. T. Beck, 1988), personality disorders Personality Disorders Definition Personality disorders are a group of mental disturbances defined by the fourth edition, text revision (2000) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (A. T. Beck & Freeman Freeman can mean:
n. Any of a category of disorders in which pathological behavioral changes are associated with the regular use of substances that affect the central nervous system. (A. T. Beck, Wright, Newman, & Liese Liese Could be
Of particular interest is the later development of A. T. Beck's Beck's is a brand of the brewery Brauerei Beck & Co KG in the north German city of Bremen. Owned by local families until February 2002, it was then sold to Interbrew (now InBev) for 3.5 billion DM (1.8 billion euros, 2.1 billion U.S. dollars). theoretical thinking (1996). In this recent revision (programming) revision - A release of a piece of software which is not a major release or a bugfix, but only introduces small changes or new features. , Beck proposed a new conception conception /con·cep·tion/ (kon-sep´shun) 1. an imprecise term denoting the formation of a viable zygote.concep´tive 2. concept. con·cep·tion n. 1. for the structure and processes involved in psychopathology psychopathology /psy·cho·pa·thol·o·gy/ (-pah-thol´ah-je) 1. the branch of medicine dealing with the causes and processes of mental disorders. 2. abnormal, maladaptive behavior or mental activity. . He developed the modes theory, substituting the linear schematic A graphical representation of a system. It often refers to electronic circuits on a printed circuit board or in an integrated circuit (chip). See logic gate and HDL. processing for a more integrated and interactional model. In this new concept, the central role of cognitive processing (mediating emotional and behavioral behavioral pertaining to behavior. behavioral disorders see vice. behavioral seizure see psychomotor seizure. reactions) is substituted by a network of interdependent in·ter·de·pen·dent adj. Mutually dependent: "Today, the mission of one institution can be accomplished only by recognizing that it lives in an interdependent world with conflicts and overlapping interests" cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. Modes are conceptualized as specific suborganizations within the personality organization composed of cognitive, affective affective /af·fec·tive/ (ah-fek´tiv) pertaining to affect. af·fec·tive adj. 1. Concerned with or arousing feelings or emotions; emotional. 2. , and behavioral systems. A. T. Beck (1996) suggests that the various psychopathological disorders can be conceptualized in terms of modes. For example, specific phobia specific phobia Psychology A persistent, irrational fear of an object, activity or situation that compels a person to avoid it, evoking distress and functional impairment, disproportionate to the actual threat of a feared object or situation Examples Animals, would be characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. by specific dangerous thoughts, anxiety responses, and a behavioral impulse impulse, in mechanics: see momentum. Impulse (mechanics) The integral of a force over an interval of time. For a force F , the impulse J over the interval from t0 to t1 to escape, whereas depression would be characterized by loss thoughts accompanied ac·com·pa·ny v. ac·com·pa·nied, ac·com·pa·ny·ing, ac·com·pa·nies v.tr. 1. To be or go with as a companion. 2. by sadness and regression regression, in psychology: see defense mechanism. regression In statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. behaviors. Our goal is to study sexual dysfunctions using this theoretical perspective, which, besides its conceptual con·cep·tu·al adj. Relating to concepts or the the formation of concepts. soundness, is largely based in empirical em·pir·i·cal adj. 1. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment. 2. Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment. 3. findings and proven to be clinically effective in a wide range of psychopathological situations (A. T. Beck, 1996). For this purpose, we developed the Sexual Modes Questionnaire questionnaire, n a series of questions used to gather information. questionnaire, n a form usually filled out by patients that provides data concerning their dental and general health. (SMQ SMQ Sunday Morning Quarterback SMQ Surface Mount Quality (DKL Metals Ltd E-Qual) SMQ Standardised MedDRA Query SMQ Statement of Minimum Qualification SMQ String Missing Quote SMQ Split Matrix Quantization ), specifically oriented o·ri·ent n. 1. Orient The countries of Asia, especially of eastern Asia. 2. a. The luster characteristic of a pearl of high quality. b. A pearl having exceptional luster. 3. to assess the interaction between the automatic thoughts and the related emotions and sexual responses. We hypothesized that dysfunctional subjects when in sexual situations activate negative cognitive schemas Schemas Fundamental core beliefs or assumptions that are part of the perceptual filter people use to view the world. Cognitive-behavioral therapy seeks to change maladaptive schemas. , which elicit e·lic·it tr.v. e·lic·it·ed, e·lic·it·ing, e·lic·its 1. a. To bring or draw out (something latent); educe. b. To arrive at (a truth, for example) by logic. 2. a synchronic syn·chron·ic adj. 1. Synchronous. 2. Of or relating to the study of phenomena, such as linguistic features, or of events of a particular time, without reference to their historical context. and interactional response by the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral systems. This interactional response would be characterized by negative automatic thoughts and emotions and low sexual response. Thus, dysfunctional subjects would present thoughts not relevant to the sexual task (i.e., lack of sexual or erotic thoughts) but oriented to performance demands (focus on erection) or anticipating failure and its consequences in males, and sexual abuse thoughts, failure and disengagement disengagement /dis·en·gage·ment/ (dis?en-gaj´ment) emergence of the fetus from the vaginal canal. dis·en·gage·ment n. thoughts, or low self-body-image thoughts in females. These negative automatic thoughts would be associated with negative emotions negative emotion Any adverse emotion–eg, anger, envy, cynicism, sarcasm, etc. Cf Positive emotion. (mostly related to depressed mood--lack of pleasure and satisfaction accompanied by sadness, disillusion dis·il·lu·sion tr.v. dis·il·lu·sioned, dis·il·lu·sion·ing, dis·il·lu·sions To free or deprive of illusion. n. 1. The act of disenchanting. 2. The condition or fact of being disenchanted. , or guilt) and with poor sexual response (i.e., low sexual arousal levels). These three systems, once activated activated a state of being more than usually active. In biological systems this is usually brought about by chemical or electrical means. Commonly said of pharmaceutical and chemical products. , will feed each other and maintain the dysfunctional cycle. This study is also part of a more global research project developed to assess the role of cognitive-emotional variables in sexual functioning (Nobre, 2003). For this purpose, two other measures were also created to study different levels of cognitive interference interference, in physics, the effect produced by the combination or superposition of two systems of Waves, in which these waves reinforce, neutralize, or in other ways interfere with each other. : a measure of sexually dysfunctional beliefs (Nobre, Pinto-Gouveia, & Gomes Gomes is a common Portuguese surname. The Spanish equivalent is Gomez. Notable people with this name include:
v. stip·u·lat·ed, stip·u·lat·ing, stip·u·lates v.tr. 1. a. To lay down as a condition of an agreement; require by contract. b. the conditions for the activation activation /ac·ti·va·tion/ (ak?ti-va´shun) 1. the act or process of rendering active. 2. the transformation of a proenzyme into an active enzyme by the action of a kinase or another enzyme. 3. of the cognitive schemas in specific sexually unsuccessful experiences. Once activated, these cognitive schemas would elicit a systemic systemic /sys·tem·ic/ (sis-tem´ik) pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole. sys·tem·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to a system. 2. structure composed of thoughts, emotions, and sexual response. Past research with erectile erectile /erec·tile/ (e-rek´til) capable of erection. e·rec·tile adj. 1. Of or relating to tissue capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid. 2. disorders seems to support this model (Nobre, 1997; Nobre & Pinto-Gouveia, 2000). METHOD Participants and Procedures A total of 456 subjects (201 females and 255 males) participated in the study. A community sample of 360 people (154 females and 206 males) and a clinical sample of 96 people (47 females and 49 males) constituted the group. Participants from the community sample were recruited with the help of volunteers in different country regions. Volunteers directly contacted participants, explained the purpose of the study (to assess psychological variables associated with sexual functioning), and gave them the questionnaire with the respective instructions. These participants were instructed to answer the questionnaires when alone and in the privacy of their homes and then to return them by mail using prestamped envelopes. We did not pay participants for their participation. The response rate was 30.6% (demographic See demographics. characteristics presented in Table 1). We recruited the clinical sample from the sexology sexology /sex·ol·o·gy/ (sek-sol´ah-je) the scientific study of sex and sexual relations. sex·ol·o·gy n. The study of human sexual behavior. clinic of Coimbra's University Hospital. Subjects diagnosed with sexual dysfunction using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders /Di·ag·nos·tic and Sta·tis·ti·cal Man·u·al of Men·tal Dis·or·ders/ (DSM) a categorical system of classification of mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, that delineates objective (DSM-IV DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). This reference book, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the diagnostic standard for most mental health professionals in the United States. ; American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential world-wide. Its some 148,000 members are mainly American but some are international. , 1994) criteria criteria (krītēr´ē  ),n. constituted this clinical group. Participants answered the questionnaire after completing a clinical assessment for sexual dysfunction conducted by a group of trained sex therapists from the clinic. One of the researchers involved in the project explained the study purpose, and participants signed a consent form. Participants then answered the questionnaires by themselves in a private space and returned them directly to the member of the research team present. Erectile disorder disorder /dis·or·der/ (dis-or´der) a derangement or abnormality of function; a morbid physical or mental state. acute stress disorder (70%) and premature ejaculation Premature Ejaculation Definition Premature ejaculation occurs when male sexual climax (orgasm) occurs before a man wishes it or too quickly during intercourse to satisfy his partner. (25%) were the most common diagnoses in the male sample, while hypoactive sexual desire (38%), vaginismus vaginismus /vag·i·nis·mus/ (vaj?i-niz´mus) painful spasm of the vagina due to involuntary muscular contraction, usually severe enough to prevent intercourse; the cause may be organic or psychogenic. (24%), and orgasmic disorders Orgasmic disorder The impairment of the ability to reach sexual climax. Mentioned in: Sexual Dysfunction (20%) were the main female complaints. To perform a discriminant dis·crim·i·nant n. An expression used to distinguish or separate other expressions in a quantity or equation. analysis, we also selected a control group. Participants (46 females and 49 males) were selected from the community sample above to match the clinical group regarding age, marital status marital status, n the legal standing of a person in regard to his or her marriage state. , and education level. Subjects from this control group were also screened using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF IIEF International Index of Erectile Function IIEF India Invest Economic Foundation ; Rosen Ros´en a. 1. Consisting of roses; rosy. et al., 1997) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI FSFI Female Sexual Function Index FSFI Federazione fra le Società Filateliche Italiane (Italian: Federation of the Italian Philatelic Societies) ; Rosen et al., 2000) to eliminate sexual dysfunction. Detailed demographic data from both male and female clinical and control groups are presented in Table 2. Materials Sexual Modes Questionnaire (SMQ) This questionnaire was developed to evaluate the modes model proposed by A. T. Beck (1996). Because of the interactional character of the modes concept, we created a questionnaire that assesses three different areas (automatic thoughts, emotional response, and sexual response). Automatic thought subscale (AT). A 30-item male and a 33-item female scale were developed to evaluate automatic thoughts and images presented by the participants during sexual activity. We asked participants to rate the frequency (from 1 = never to 5 = always) with which they usually experience those automatic thoughts during their sexual activity. Thoughts included in the scale were selected based on their theoretical and clinical relevance. Using some of the empirical and clinical findings presented above, we selected items to assess whether the thought content was oriented to sexual and erotic stimuli or to nonrelevant cues. Among the nonsexual Non`sex´u`al a. 1. Having no distinction of sex; sexless; neuter. Adj. 1. nonsexual - not having or involving sex; "an asexual spore"; "asexual reproduction" asexual thoughts, we assessed several dimensions. For the male version we generated items to cover sexual performance thoughts (mostly oriented to the erectile response), failure anticipation The performance of an act or obligation before it is legally due. In patent law, the publication of the existence of an invention that has already been patented or has a patent pending, thoughts, negative thoughts toward sexuality Sexuality Flowers of Evil, The thoroughly explore the possibilities of vice, depravity, and sin. [Fr. Poetry: Baudelaire The Flowers of Evil in Magill III, 399] Hite Report surveys men’s sexual habits and performance. (conservative thoughts), and thoughts about the negative impact of age on sexual functioning. We generated items for the female version to assess failure and disengagement thoughts, low body-image thoughts, sexual abuse thoughts, thoughts about a partner's lack of affection AFFECTION, contracts. The making over, pawning, or mortgaging a thing to assure the payment of a sum of money, or the discharge of some other duty or service. Techn. Diet. , and sexual passivity and control thoughts. An index of negative automatic thoughts was calculated by summing all automatic thought items (thoughts related to erotic cues were scored in reverse order). The negative automatic thought score ranges for both male and female versions are presented in the factor analysis and domain score section. Emotional response subscale (ER). We developed a 30-item male and a 33-item female scale to evaluate emotions experienced by the subjects during sexual activity. The items were directly connected to the items of the automatic thought scale. So, for each automatic thought, subjects indicate their emotional response. A list of ten emotions was presented (worry, sadness, disillusion, fear, guilt, shame, anger, hurt, pleasure, satisfaction), and participants were asked to check which they usually experienced whenever they endorsed each automatic thought. An index for each emotional response was calculated based on the following formula: total number of each emotion endorsed / total number of emotions endorsed. The indices based on this formula represent the ratio at which participants usually experience each emotion during sexual activity. The emotional response index ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. Sexual response subscale (SR). We developed a 30-item male and a 33-item female scale to evaluate the subjective sexual response during sexual activity (subjective sexual arousal). The items were directly connected to the items of the automatic thought scale. So, for each automatic thought presented, the subjects were asked to rate the intensity of their subjective sexual arousal (from 1 = very low to 5 = vet-y high). An index of sexual response was calculated based on the following formula: sum of the sexual response for each item / total number of sexual response items endorsed. The index based on this formula gives an indication of the average sexual response (subjective sexual arousal) presented by the participants during sexual activity. The sexual response index ranges from 1 to 5. Convergent Validity Convergent validity is the degree to which an operation is similar to (converges on) other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. For instance, to show the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test can be correlated with scores To assess convergent validity, we used measures of male and female sexual functioning: the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF; Rosen et al., 1997) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI; Rosen et al., 2000). The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The IIEF (Rosen et al., 1997) is a brief 15-item self-administered measure of erectile function, evaluating five domains: erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse INTERCOURSE. Communication; commerce; connexion by reciprocal dealings between persons or nations, as by interchange of commodities, treaties, contracts, or letters. satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. Psychometric psy·cho·met·rics n. (used with a sing. verb) The branch of psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and studies supported the validity (significant mean difference scores between a clinical and a control group) and reliability (Cronbach's [alpha] values of .73 and higher and test-retest Test-retest is a statistical method used to examine how reliable a test is: A test is performed twice, e.g., the same test is given to a group of subjects at two different times. from r = .64 - .84) of the measure. Studies with clinical samples also demonstrated its sensitivity and specificity for detecting treatment-related changes (Rosen et al., 1997). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSF FSF - Free Software Foundation 1). The FSFI (Rosen et al., 2000) is a 19-item instrument, easily administered and scored, providing detailed information on the major dimensions of sexual function: sexual interest and desire, sexual arousal, lubrication lubrication, introduction of a substance between the contact surfaces of moving parts to reduce friction and to dissipate heat. A lubricant may be oil, grease, graphite, or any substance—gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid—that permits free action of , orgasm orgasm /or·gasm/ (or´gazm) the apex and culmination of sexual excitement.orgas´mic or·gasm n. , sexual satisfaction, and sexual pain. The measure presents acceptable test-retest reliability test-retest reliability Psychology A measure of the ability of a psychologic testing instrument to yield the same result for a single Pt at 2 different test periods, which are closely spaced so that any variation detected reflects reliability of the instrument (r = .79 - .86), internal consistency In statistics and research, internal consistency is a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores. (Cronbach's [alpha] = .82 and higher), and validity (demonstrated by significant mean difference scores between a clinical and a control group). RESULTS This section presents data regarding the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire. The process used for item generation and selection is explained, and data about reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) are presented. We also present factorial factorial For any whole number, the product of all the counting numbers up to and including itself. It is indicated with an exclamation point: 4! (read “four factorial”) is 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24. analysis of both male and female versions, as well as convergent validity (relationship between our measure and sexual function instruments) and divergent di·ver·gent adj. 1. Drawing apart from a common point; diverging. 2. Departing from convention. 3. Differing from another: a divergent opinion. 4. validity analysis (comparing the mean scores from a clinical and a control group). Item Analysis To develop the automatic thought subscale, we completed an item analysis of an initial pool of 68 items (female version) and 54 items (male version). This initial pool was generated by the authors with the help of a panel of experts on sex therapy (group of sex therapists from the sexology clinic of Coimbra's University Hospital). As presented above, item generation was based on theoretical and clinical data with the purpose of testing some hypotheses derived de·rive v. de·rived, de·riv·ing, de·rives v.tr. 1. To obtain or receive from a source. 2. from cognitive distraction studies. This initial pool of items was submitted to an item analysis, where item-total correlation correlation In statistics, the degree of association between two random variables. The correlation between the graphs of two data sets is the degree to which they resemble each other. was calculated, as well as its relationship with sexual function instruments (IIEF and FSFI). Items presenting low correlations with the total (r < .35) as well as nonsignificant non·sig·nif·i·cant adj. 1. Not significant. 2. Having, producing, or being a value obtained from a statistical test that lies within the limits for being of random occurrence. correlations with the IIEF (male version) or the FSFI (female version) were excluded. We then conducted an exploratory factor analysis and excluded items not loading significantly on any of the factors extracted or presenting factor loadings higher than .4 on more than one factor. The remaining 33 items (female version) and 30 items (male version) constitute the final version of the automatic thoughts subscale. Reliability Studies Test-Retest Reliability Test-retest reliability of both male and female automatic thought subscales was assessed by computing computing - computer a Pearson Pear·son , Lester Bowles 1897-1972. Canadian politician who served as prime minister (1963-1968). He won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the negotiation of a solution to the Suez crisis (1956). product-moment correlation between two consecutive administrations with a 4-week interval interval, in music, the difference in pitch between two tones. Intervals may be measured acoustically in terms of their vibration numbers. They are more generally named according to the number of steps they contain in the diatonic scale of the piano; e.g. (Table 3). Results from the female version clearly show the stability of our measure across time with a very high correlation for the total scale (r = .95, p < .01) and moderate to high correlations when considering the specific dimensions assessed (correlations range from r = .52, p < .05 to r = .90, p < .01). Regarding the male version, results show a more moderate Pearson product-moment correlation between the two consecutive administrations (r = .65, p = .08). However, despite this moderate result, correlations for the several specific dimensions of our measure show statistically significant results for every domain except one (correlations range from r = .71, p < .05 to r = .95, p < .01). One of the dimensions assessed (negative thoughts toward sex) presented very low stability across time (r = .20, p = .61) and was responsible for the moderate reliability of the total scale. However, since this analysis was based on a small sample (n = 9), no consistent conclusion should be made regarding test-retest reliability for both total and dimensional scales. Internal Consistency Internal consistency of both male and female automatic thoughts subscales was assessed using Cronbach's [alpha] for the total scale and for each dimension separately (Table 3). Results were high for male and female total scales ([alpha] = .87 and .88 for female and male versions, respectively), showing the general consistency Consistency can refer to:
Factor Analysis and Scores To study the internal structure of the automatic thought subscale (AT), we performed a factor analysis of both male and female measures. Female Version We performed a principal component analysis (using varimax rotation Rotation An active asset management strategy that tactically overweighted and underweighted certain sectors, depending on expected performance. Sometimes called sector rotation. ) on the 33 items of the female version (Table 4). Six factors were identified using the Catell's scree test criteria, explaining 53.1% of the total variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality (F1 = 23.2%, F2 = 10.0%, F3 = 6.0%, F4 = 5.3%, F5 = 4.4%, F6 = 4.2%). A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of .84 supported the adequacy of the sample, and Bartlett's test Bartlett's test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1983) is used to test if k samples have equal variances. Equal variances across samples is called homoscedasticity or homogeneity of variances. of sphericity sphere n. 1. Mathematics A three-dimensional surface, all points of which are equidistant from a fixed point. 2. A spherical object or figure. 3. A celestial body, such as a planet or star. 4. was significant ([chi square chi square (kī), n a nonparametric statistic used with discrete data in the form of frequency count (nominal data) or percentages or proportions that can be reduced to frequencies. ] = 528, p < .001). The item selection for each factor was based on statistical and interpretability in·ter·pret v. in·ter·pret·ed, in·ter·pret·ing, in·ter·prets v.tr. 1. To explain the meaning of: interpreted the ambassador's remarks. See Synonyms at explain. criteria. We based our inclusion decisions on loadings higher than .4 on the respective factor. Items that didn't did·n't Contraction of did not. didn't did not didn't do load high on any of the factors or that presented high correlations with more than one factor were excluded (two items were excluded using this criteria: Item 13, "I'm I'm Contraction of I am. Our Living Language Speakers of some scattered varieties of American English sometimes use I'm instead of I've or I have in present perfect constructions, as in not satisfying my partner"; and Item 18, "He only does what I want when he needs me for sex"). The six factors identified were as follows: 1. Sexual Abuse Thoughts: the dimension that expresses thoughts of being abused, disrespected, and even violated vi·o·late tr.v. vi·o·lat·ed, vi·o·lat·ing, vi·o·lates 1. To break or disregard (a law or promise, for example). 2. To assault (a person) sexually. 3. by the sexual partner. 2. Failure and Disengagement Thoughts: the domain that is constituted by thoughts of incapacity The absence of legal ability, competence, or qualifications. An individual incapacitated by infancy, for example, does not have the legal ability to enter into certain types of agreements, such as marriage or contracts. for sexual performance and lack of motivation to engage in sexual activity. 3. Partner's Lack of Affection: the factor characterized by thoughts of not being treated with care and affection by the partner during sexual activity. This dimension reflects the dichotomy di·chot·o·my n. pl. di·chot·o·mies 1. Division into two usually contradictory parts or opinions: "the dichotomy of the one and the many" Louis Auchincloss. between sex as an affective activity and sex as a physical activity. 4. Sexual Passivity and Control: the dimension represented by thoughts of female sexual passivity and control, reflecting the idea that women must wait for the male's first step in order to match cultural values (not being seen as frivolous Of minimal importance; legally worthless. A frivolous suit is one without any legal merit. In some cases, such an action might be brought in bad faith for the purpose of harrassing the defendant. ) and also to prevent eventual emotional harm. 5. Lack of Erotic Thoughts: the domain formed by thoughts of sexual erotic content. Since these items were scored in reverse order, higher results on this factor represent lack of erotic thought content during sexual activity. 6. Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts: the factor characterized by thoughts of not being comfortable with one's body image. The factor intercorrelations (Table 5) show the strong relationships between the factors identified, suggesting they assess concepts that are somehow related to each other. We may observe that, with the exception of Factor 5 (Lack of Erotic Thoughts), all other dimensions Other Dimensions is a collection of stories by author Clark Ashton Smith. It was released in 1970 and was the author's sixth collection of stories published by Arkham House. It was released in an edition of 3,144 copies. present statistically significant intercorrelations. The range, means, and standard deviations In statistics, the average amount a number varies from the average number in a series of numbers. (statistics) standard deviation - (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. of possible factor and total scores for the automatic thought subscale (female version) are presented in Table 6. Higher scores on the total scale represent negative automatic thoughts during sexual activity. Male Version Regarding the male version, we identified five factors after performing a principal component analysis (Table 7) using varimax rotation on its 30 items (using the Catell's scree test criteria). The factors explained 54.7% of the total variance (F1 = 31.8%, F2 = 7.8%, F3 = 6.0%, F4 = 5.1%, F5 = 4.1%). A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of .88 supported the adequacy of the sample, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant ([chi square] = 435, p < .001). The item selection for each factor was based on statistical and interpretability criteria. We based our inclusion decision on loadings higher than .4 on the respective factor. Items that didn't load high on any of the factors or that presented high correlations with more than one factor were excluded. Three items were excluded using this criteria: Item 13, "What is she thinking about me?"; Item 15, "If others know that I can't perform..."; and Item 27, "I must show my virility Virility See also Beauty, Masculine; Brawniness. Fury, Sergeant archetypal he-man. [Comics: “Sergeant Fury and His Howling Commandos” in Horn, 607–608] Henry, John ." The five factors identified were the following: 1. Failure Anticipation and Catastrophyzing Thoughts: the factor characterized by thoughts of incapacity to perform, failure anticipation, and magnifying the negative consequence of failure. 2. Erection Concern Thoughts: the dimension constituted by thoughts specifically related to penis reaction and concerns about capacity for intercourse. 3. Age and Body Function Related Thoughts: the factor represented by thoughts of being old and its implications regarding sexual activity and partner's attraction attraction /at·trac·tion/ (ah-trak´shun) 1. the force, act, or process that draws one body toward another. 2. . 4. Negative Thoughts Toward Sex: the factor characterized by conservative and negative thoughts toward sexuality. 5. Lack of Erotic Thoughts: the dimension represented by sexual and erotic thoughts. Since these items were scored in reverse order, higher values on this domain represent lack of erotic thought content during sexual activity. The factor intercorrelations presented in Table 8 show once again the strong relationships among all factors, with the exception of Lack of Erotic Thoughts. The range, means, and standard deviations of possible factor and total scores for the automatic thought scale (male version) are presented in Table 9. Higher scores on the total scale represent negative automatic thoughts during sexual activity. Correlations Between the Questionnaire Subscales To test the integrative nature of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral systems, we conducted a series of correlational cor·re·la·tion n. 1. A causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relationship, especially a structural, functional, or qualitative correspondence between two comparable entities: studies between the automatic thought, emotional response, and sexual response subscales. Automatic Thoughts and Emotions Correlations between the automatic thought subscale (AT) and the emotional response subscale (ER) show the strong link between these two dimensions (Table 10). For the total score of the female automatic thought subscale (negative automatic thought index) we observed ob·serve v. ob·served, ob·serv·ing, ob·serves v.tr. 1. To be or become aware of, especially through careful and directed attention; notice. 2. a statistically significant relationship with almost all emotions presented: sadness, disillusionment Disillusionment Adams, Nick loses innocence through WWI experience. [Am. Lit.: “The Killers”] Angry Young Men disillusioned postwar writers of Britain, such as Osborne and Amis. [Br. Lit. , fear, guilt, shame, pleasure, and satisfaction. So, the greater the negative thoughts presented during sexual activity, the greater the tendency to experience negative emotions and the lesser the tendency to feel pleasure and satisfaction. For the male sample, correlations between the different dimensions of the automatic thought subscale and the emotional response subscale proved to be statistically significant in several factors. In summary, the greater the dysfunctional thoughts presented during sexual activity, the greater the probability probability, in mathematics, assignment of a number as a measure of the "chance" that a given event will occur. There are certain important restrictions on such a probability measure. of experiencing disillusionment, sadness, and shame and the lesser the tendency to feel pleasure and satisfaction. Automatic Thoughts and Sexual Response Correlations between the automatic thought subscale and the sexual response subscale highlight the strong relation ship between what people think during sexual activity and their sexual response (measured as the amount of subjective arousal experienced). Results show statistically significant negative correlations Noun 1. negative correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1 indirect correlation among all dimensions of the automatic thought subscale and the sexual response index. The greater the number of negative thoughts, the less the subjective arousal experienced (Table 11). Emotions and Sexual Response Correlations between the emotions experienced during sexual activity and the intensity of sexual response show that there is a link between some emotional responses and behavioral dimensions in sexual expression. Emotions of sadness, disillusionment, guilt, shame, anger, and hurt were inversely in·verse adj. 1. Reversed in order, nature, or effect. 2. Mathematics Of or relating to an inverse or an inverse function. 3. Archaic Turned upside down; inverted. n. 1. related to sexual response intensity, whereas pleasure and satisfaction feelings correlated cor·re·late v. cor·re·lat·ed, cor·re·lat·ing, cor·re·lates v.tr. 1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. positively and significantly with sexual response indices (Table 12). Correlational studies supported the strong links among the three subscales assessed in our questionnaire. In fact, thoughts, emotions, and sexual response showed high correlational levels, supporting the usefulness of an interactional assessment strategy. Convergent Validity To assess the convergent validity of our measure, we used the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI; Rosen et al., 2000) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF; Rosen et al., 1997). We expected that the automatic thoughts and emotions presented during sexual activity would be strongly correlated with measures of sexual functioning. Regarding the correlations between the automatic thought subscale and both male and female sexual function, we found several statistically significant correlations. This shows that when participants were in sexual situations, their thoughts and mental images were closely related to their sexual functioning (Table 13). Looking at the female sample, the FSFI presented high negative correlations with Sexual Abuse Thoughts (FI), Failure and Disengagement Thoughts (F2), and Lack of Erotic Thoughts (F5). Interestingly, Partner's Lack of Affection (F3) and Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts (F6) presented low correlations with sexual functioning. Sexual Passivity and Control Thoughts (F4), although not strongly correlated with the sexual function index, presented statistically significant negative correlations with the FSFI dimensions of arousal, lubrication, and orgasm. Regarding the male sample, there were strong negative correlations between the IIEF total scores and Failure Anticipation Thoughts (F1), Erection Concern Thoughts (F2), and Lack of Erotic Thoughts (F5). Negative Thoughts Toward Sex (F4), although not correlated highly with the sexual function index, showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the orgasm dimension. Correlations between the emotional response subscale (ER) and the male and female sexual function indices are presented in Table 14. Regarding the female sample, we observed strong negative correlations between the female sexual function index and sadness, guilt, and anger, and significantly positive correlations Noun 1. positive correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1 direct correlation with pleasure. In the male sample, higher correlations were observed between the IIEF and sadness, disillusionment, pleasure, and satisfaction. Discriminant Validity Discriminant validity describes the degree to which the operationalization is not similar to (diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to. To perform a discriminant validity analysis, we used a t test of mean differences between the clinical group (subjects who presented themselves in a sexology clinic complaining com·plain intr.v. com·plained, com·plain·ing, com·plains 1. To express feelings of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment. 2. To make a formal accusation or bring a formal charge. of a sexual difficulty) and the control group (demographic data for both groups presented in Table 2). We hypothesized that dysfunctional subjects would present higher scores on both male and female negative automatic thoughts, as well as more negative emotions and lower sexual response indices, supporting our hypothesis An assumption or theory. During a criminal trial, a hypothesis is a theory set forth by either the prosecution or the defense for the purpose of explaining the facts in evidence. that the SMQ assesses automatic thoughts and emotions that play an important role in the development and maintenance of sexual problems. Results demonstrated that there were several statistically significant differences in the automatic thoughts, emotions, and sexual responses between clinical and control groups in both male and female samples (Table 15). In the female sample, the clinical group presented significantly higher scores on Failure and Disengagement Thoughts (F2), Lack of Erotic Thoughts (F5), and the total scale. In the male sample, the clinical group presented significantly higher scores (compared to the control group) on Failure Anticipation (F1), Erection Concern (F2), and Lack of Erotic Thoughts (F5). Interestingly, subjects from the control group presented significantly higher results in Negative Thoughts Toward Sexuality (F4), possibly indicating that dysfunctional males do not necessarily have negative thoughts or ideas about the sexual act itself. These results show that our questionnaire measures thoughts and images in sexual situations that are closely related to sexual problems, and that its assessment and analysis may be important in understanding human sexual difficulties. As observed for the automatic thought scale, emotional response during sexual activity also discriminated clinical from nonclinical populations. Observing observing, v 1. to look or notice through visual inspection. 2. to quietly look at the client's inhalation and exhalation patterns to discern the breath wave and perceive areas that need therapeutic intervention. the results in Table 16, we may conclude that sexually dysfunctional subjects present significant differences from functional subjects in several emotional responses facing sexual situations. This is true for both male and female samples. The female clinical group showed significantly higher scores on hurt and lower scores on pleasure and satisfaction. Male dysfunctional subjects presented significantly higher results on sadness and lower results on pleasure and satisfaction. These results highlight the importance and significance of assessing emotional responses in a sexual context. Regarding the sexual response subscale, the results suggest that this measure presents a capacity to discriminate dis·crim·i·nate v. dis·crim·i·nat·ed, dis·crim·i·nat·ing, dis·crim·i·nates v.intr. 1. a. between clinical and nonclinical groups (Table 17). As expected, scores on both the male and female sexual response index were significantly higher in sexually functional subjects than in dysfunctionals (t = -4.26, p < .001 for male sample and t = -3.94, p < .001 for female subjects). DISCUSSION The aim of this study was to develop a new measure to assess the interdependent character of the mode concept and apply it to the sexual field. Since this is a recent development from A. T. Beck's cognitive theory, and since there is a lack of integrated cognitive-emotional studies in the area of sexual problems, we felt the need to develop this assessment tool to meet new theoretical advances. In the present article, the Sexual Modes Questionnaire (with its three subscales: automatic thoughts, emotional response, and sexual response) was described, and several psychometric studies were presented. Both male and female automatic thought subscales were submitted to a principal component analysis, with six factors identified in the female version (Sexual Abuse Thoughts, Failure and Disengagement Thoughts, Partner's Lack of Affection, Sexual Passivity and Control, Lack of Erotic Thoughts, and Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts) and five in the male version (Failure Anticipation Thoughts, Erection Concern Thoughts, Age Related Thoughts, Negative Thoughts Toward Sex, and Lack of Erotic Thoughts). Correlational studies between the three subscales indicated strong relationships between several dimensions of the automatic thoughts, emotions, and sexual responses. It is interesting to note that the emotional responses which correlated more strongly with the negative automatic thought index (sadness, disillusionment, pleasure, and satisfaction in the male version and disillusionment, guilt, pleasure, and satisfaction in the female version) also correlated strongly with the sexual response index in both male and female versions. Moreover, the automatic thought factors strongly correlated with the mentioned emotions (Sexual Abuse Thoughts and Failure and Disengagement Thoughts in the female version, and Failure Anticipation and Erection Concern Thoughts in the male version) were also strongly correlated with the sexual response index. These results indicate that some cognitive and emotional variables have a common component which seems to be related to the subjective sexual arousal experienced during sexual activity. The strong correlations among these variables also support our strategy of assessing these three variables as interdependent dimensions. Test-retest reliability analysis supported the stability of the female version (r = .52 - .90 for the factors and r = .95 for the total scale). Results for the male version were not so strong (r = .20 - .95 for the factors and r = .65 for the total scale) and should be interpreted Translated from source code into machine code one line at a time. See interpreted language and interpreter. interpreted - interpreter with caution since they were based on a small sample (n = 9). Also, the test-retest correlation for the Negative Thoughts Toward Sex factor (r = .20) raises the question of its reliability. Future analyses should be carried out to achieve a more stable estimate. Cronbach's [alpha] of .87 for the female and .88 for the male version supported the general consistency of the measures. Correlational studies with measures of sexual functioning (IIEF, FSFI) and discriminant analysis using clinical and control groups suggest that cognitions and emotions in sexual situations play an important role in sexual function. Specifically, some patterns of automatic thoughts not oriented to erotic cues (failure anticipation, erection concerns, and lack of erotic thoughts in males and thoughts of being abused, failure and disengagement thoughts, and lack of erotic thoughts in females) and emotions of sadness, guilt, anger, and lack of pleasure or satisfaction seem to be strongly related to sexual dysfunction. These findings seem to support some previous studies on cognitive distraction (J. G. Beck et al., 1987; Dove & Wiederman, 2000; Elliot & O'Donohue, 1997; Farkas et al., 1979; Geer & Fuhr, 1976; Przybyla & Byrne, 1984), depressed mood (Meisler & Carey, 1991; Mitchell et al., 1998), and anger (Bozman & J. G. Beck, 1991), providing an integrated conceptualization con·cep·tu·al·ize v. con·cep·tu·al·ized, con·cep·tu·al·iz·ing, con·cep·tu·al·iz·es v.tr. To form a concept or concepts of, and especially to interpret in a conceptual way: of the role of these cognitive and emotional variables in the sexual dysfunction process. However, some dimensions from both the automatic thoughts and emotional response subscales failed to discriminate between the clinical and the control groups. Thoughts related to partner's lack of affection, sexual passivity and control, or low self-body-image in the female sample and age related thoughts or negative thoughts toward sex in the male sample appear less related to sexual dysfunction processes. Also, emotions of worry and fear seem to be unrelated to sexual functioning. These findings, although interesting, need to be interpreted with caution. The main purpose of the present study was not to test hypotheses regarding the role of the presented cognitive and emotional variables but rather to develop a measure to assess those variables in an integrated perspective. Thus, results should be understood as preliminary and further research using larger clinical and control samples should be conducted (now in progress). In conclusion, we would like to highlight the innovative character of the Sexual Modes Questionnaire, developed to assess the interdependent roles played by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral variables in sexual functioning. Systematic use of this reliable and valid measure could help shed shed rural building used for agricultural pursuits. shed hands miscellaneous workers in a shearing shed at shearing time, i.e. persons other than the shearers, wool classers. some light on the processes involved in sexual dysfunction. We hope this will be an important aid in the implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy cognitive behavioral therapy n. A highly structured psychotherapeutic method used to alter distorted attitudes and problem behavior by identifying and replacing negative inaccurate thoughts and changing the rewards for behaviors. approaches for treating sexual dysfunction in men and women.
APPENDIX A
SEXUAL MODES QUESTIONAIRES
(SMQ--male version; P. Nobre & Pinto-Gouveia, 2002)
The items presented below are a list of thoughts one can have during
sexual activity. In the first column, please indicate the frequency of
which you experience these thoughts by circling a number (1-never to
5-always). Next. Indicate the types of emotions you typically
experience when having these thoughts by marking an X columns for the
appropriate emotions. Finally, in the last column, for each thought
experienced indicate the intensity of your typical sexual response
(arousal) while you are having that thought by circling a number
(1-very low to 5-very high).
NOTE: For thought that you indicate as never experiencing, you do not
need to fill out the emotion or sexual reponse column.
Example: Imagine that the thought "making love is wonderful" comes to
your mind very often whenever you are engaged in a sexual activity,
and that this idea is accompanied by pleasure emotions, and your
arousal becomes very high. In this case your answer should be:
THOUGHT
TYPES OF FREQUENCY
THOUGHTS
Some-
Never Seldom times Often Always
EXAMPLE: Making love is
wonderful 1 2 3 X 5
THOUGHTS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS FREQUENCY
Some-
Never Seldom times Often Always
1. It would be better to
die than to be like
this 1 2 3 4 5
2. This time I cannot
disappoint my partner 1 2 3 4 5
3. She will replace me
with another guy 1 2 3 4 5
4. I'm condemned to
failure 1 2 3 4 5
5. I must be able to have
intercourse 1 2 3 4 5
6. This is not going
anywhere 1 2 3 4 5
7. I'm not satisfying her 1 2 3 4 5
8. I must achieve an
erection 1 2 3 4 5
9. I'm not penetrating my
partner 1 2 3 4 5
10. My penis is not respon-
ding 1 2 3 4 5
11. Why isn't this working? 1 2 3 4 5
12. I wish this could last
longer 1 2 3 4 5
13. What is she thinking
about me? 1 2 3 4 5
14. These movements and
positions are fabu-
lous 1 2 3 4 5
15. What if others knew I'm
not capable ... 1 2 3 4 5
16. If I fail again I am
lost cause 1 2 3 4 5
17. I'm the happiest man on
earth 1 2 3 4 5
18. This is turning me on 1 2 3 4 5
19. If I don't climax now,
I won't be able to
later 1 2 3 4 5
20. She is not being as
affectionate as she
used to 1 2 3 4 5
21. She doesn't find my
body attractive any-
more 1 2 3 4 5
22. I'm getting old 1 2 3 4 5
23. This is disgusting 1 2 3 4 5
24. This way of having sex
is immoral 1 2 3 4 5
25. Telling her what I want
sexually would be un-
natural 1 2 3 4 5
26. She is really turned on 1 2 3 4 5
27. I must show my virility 1 2 3 4 5
28. It will never be the
same again 1 2 3 4 5
29. If I can't get an erec-
tion, I will be em-
barrassed 1 2 3 4 5
30. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with 1 2 3 4 5
EMOTIONS
TYPES OF TYPES OF EMOTIONS
THOUGHTS
Dis-
Sad- illu-
Worry ness sioned Fear Guilt
EXAMPLE: Making love is
wonderful
EMOTIONS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Dis-
Sad- illu-
Worry ness sioned Fear Guilt
1. It would be better to
die than to be like
this
2. This time I cannot
disappoint my partner
3. She will replace me
with another guy
4. I'm condemned to
failure
5. I must be able to have
intercourse
6. This is not going
anywhere
7. I'm not satisfying her
8. I must achieve an
erection
9. I'm not penetrating my
partner
10. My penis is not respon-
ding
11. Why isn't this working?
12. I wish this could last
longer
13. What is she thinking
about me?
14. These movements and
positions are fabu-
lous
15. What if others knew I'm
not capable ...
16. If I fail again I am
lost cause
17. I'm the happiest man on
earth
18. This is turning me on
19. If I don't climax now,
I won't be able to
later
20. She is not being as
affectionate as she
used to
21. She doesn't find my
body attractive any-
more
22. I'm getting old
23. This is disgusting
24. This way of having sex
is immoral
25. Telling her what I want
sexually would be un-
natural
26. She is really turned on
27. I must show my virility
28. It will never be the
same again
29. If I can't get an erec-
tion, I will be em-
barrassed
30. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with
EMOTIONS
TYPES OF TYPES OF EMOTIONS
THOUGHTS
Shame Anger Hurt Plea- Satis-
sure faction
EXAMPLE: Making love is
wonderful X
EMOTIONS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Plea- Satis-
TYPE OF THOUGHTS Shame Anger Hurt sure faction
1. It would be better to
die than to be like
this
2. This time I cannot
disappoint my partner
3. She will replace me
with another guy
4. I'm condemned to
failure
5. I must be able to have
intercourse
6. This is not going
anywhere
7. I'm not satisfying her
8. I must achieve an
erection
9. I'm not penetrating my
partner
10. My penis is not respon-
ding
11. Why isn't this working?
12. I wish this could last
longer
13. What is she thinking
about me?
14. These movements and
positions are fabu-
lous
15. What if others knew I'm
not capable ...
16. If I fail again I am
lost cause
17. I'm the happiest man on
earth
18. This is turning me on
19. If I don't climax now,
I won't be able to
later
20. She is not being as
affectionate as she
used to
21. She doesn't find my
body attractive any-
more
22. I'm getting old
23. This is disgusting
24. This way of having sex
is immoral
25. Telling her what I want
sexually would be un-
natural
26. She is really turned on
27. I must show my virility
28. It will never be the
same again
29. If I can't get an erec-
tion, I will be em-
barrassed
30. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
TYPES OF INTENSITY
THOUGHTS
Very Mode- Very
low Low rate High High
EXAMPLE: Making love is
wonderful 1 2 3 4 X
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
TYPE OF THOUGHTS INTENSITY
Very Mode- Very
low Low rate High High
TYPE OF THOUGHTS
1. It would be better to
die than to be like
this 1 2 3 4 5
2. This time I cannot
disappoint my partner 1 2 3 4 5
3. She will replace me
with another guy 1 2 3 4 5
4. I'm condemned to
failure 1 2 3 4 5
5. I must be able to have
intercourse 1 2 3 4 5
6. This is not going
anywhere 1 2 3 4 5
7. I'm not satisfying her 1 2 3 4 5
8. I must achieve an
erection 1 2 3 4 5
9. I'm not penetrating my
partner 1 2 3 4 5
10. My penis is not respon-
ding 1 2 3 4 5
11. Why isn't this working? 1 2 3 4 5
12. I wish this could last
longer 1 2 3 4 5
13. What is she thinking
about me? 1 2 3 4 5
14. These movements and
positions are fabu-
lous 1 2 3 4 5
15. What if others knew I'm
not capable ... 1 2 3 4 5
16. If I fail again I am
lost cause 1 2 3 4 5
17. I'm the happiest man on
earth 1 2 3 4 5
18. This is turning me on 1 2 3 4 5
19. If I don't climax now,
I won't be able to
later 1 2 3 4 5
20. She is not being as
affectionate as she
used to 1 2 3 4 5
21. She doesn't find my
body attractive any-
more 1 2 3 4 5
22. I'm getting old 1 2 3 4 5
23. This is disgusting 1 2 3 4 5
24. This way of having sex
is immoral 1 2 3 4 5
25. Telling her what I want
sexually would be un-
natural 1 2 3 4 5
26. She is really turned on 1 2 3 4 5
27. I must show my virility 1 2 3 4 5
28. It will never be the
same again 1 2 3 4 5
29. If I can't get an erec-
tion, I will be em-
barrassed 1 2 3 4 5
30. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with 1 2 3 4 5
APPENDIX B
SEXUAL MODES QUESTIONAIRES
(SMQ--female version; P. Nobre & Pinto-Gouveia, 2002)
The items presented below are a list of thoughts one can have during
sexual activity. In the first column, please indicate the frequency of
which you experience these thoughts by circling a number (1-never to
5-always). Next. Indicate the types of emotions you typically
experience when having these thoughts by marking an X columns for the
appropriate emotions. Finally, in the last column, for each thought
experienced indicate the intensity of your typical sexual response
(arousal) while you are having that thought by circling a number
(1-very low to 5-very high).
NOTE: For thought that you indicate as never experiencing, you do not
need to fill out the emotion or sexual reponse column.
Example: Imagine that the thought "making love is wonderful" comes to
your mind very often whenever you are engaged in a sexual activity,
and that this idea is accompanied by pleasure emotions, and your
arousal becomes very high. In this case your answer should be:
THOUGHT
TYPES OF THOUGHTS FREQUENCY
Some-
Never Seldom times Often Always
Making love is wonderful 1 2 3 X 5
THOUGHTS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS FREQUENCY
Some-
Never Seldom times Often Always
1. He is abusing me 1 2 3 4 5
2. How can I get out of
this situation? 1 2 3 4 5
3. He only wants to satis-
fy himself 1 2 3 4 5
4. Sex is all he thinks
about 1 2 3 4 5
5. The way he is talking
turns me on 1 2 3 4 5
6. He is violating me 1 2 3 4 5
7. This way of having sex
is immoral 1 2 3 4 5
8. These movements and po-
sitions are fabulous 1 2 3 4 5
9. I'm getting fat/ugly 1 2 3 4 5
10. If I let myself go he
is going to think I'm
promiscuous 1 2 3 4 5
11. Making love is wonder-
ful 1 2 3 4 5
12. He is not being as
affectionate as he
used to be 1 2 3 4 5
13. I'm satisfying my part-
ner 1 2 3 4 5
14. I must not show that
I'm interested 1 2 3 4 5
15. This is disgusting 1 2 3 4 5
16. I'm not as physically
attractive as I used
to be 1 2 3 4 5
17. I should not take the
lead is sexual acti-
vity 1 2 3 4 5
18. He only cares about me
when he wants sex 1 2 3 4 5
19. I'm not getting turned
on 1 2 3 4 5
20. I'm not feeling physi-
cally attractive 1 2 3 4 5
21. These activities
shouldn't be planned
ahead of time 1 2 3 4 5
22. I can't feel anything 1 2 3 4 5
23. I don't want to get
hurt emotionally 1 2 3 4 5
24. Why doesn't he kiss me? 1 2 3 4 5
25. My body turns him on 1 2 3 4 5
26. When will this be over? 1 2 3 4 5
27. If only he'd whisper
something romantic in
my ear 1 2 3 4 5
28. He only loves me if I'm
good in bed 1 2 3 4 5
29. I should wait for him
to make the first
move 1 2 3 4 5
30. I am only doing this
because he asked me
to 1 2 3 4 5
31. I'm the happiest woman
on earth 1 2 3 4 5
32. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with 1 2 3 4 5
33. If I refuse to have
sex, he will cheat on
me 1 2 3 4 5
EMOTIONS
TYPES OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Dis-
Sad- illu-
Worry ness sioned Fear Guilt
Making love is wonderful
EMOTIONS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Dis-
Sad- illu-
Worry ness sioned Fear Guilt
1. He is abusing me
2. How can I get out of
this situation?
3. He only wants to satis-
fy himself
4. Sex is all he thinks
about
5. The way he is talking
turns me on
6. He is violating me
7. This way of having sex
is immoral
8. These movements and po-
sitions are fabulous
9. I'm getting fat/ugly
10. If I let myself go he
is going to think I'm
promiscuous
11. Making love is wonder-
ful
12. He is not being as
affectionate as he
used to be
13. I'm satisfying my part-
ner
14. I must not show that
I'm interested
15. This is disgusting
16. I'm not as physically
attractive as I used
to be
17. I should not take the
lead is sexual acti-
vity
18. He only cares about me
when he wants sex
19. I'm not getting turned
on
20. I'm not feeling physi-
cally attractive
21. These activities
shouldn't be planned
ahead of time
22. I can't feel anything
23. I don't want to get
hurt emotionally
24. Why doesn't he kiss me?
25. My body turns him on
26. When will this be over?
27. If only he'd whisper
something romantic in
my ear
28. He only loves me if I'm
good in bed
29. I should wait for him
to make the first
move
30. I am only doing this
because he asked me
to
31. I'm the happiest woman
on earth
32. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with
33. If I refuse to have
sex, he will cheat on
me
EMOTIONS
TYPES OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Shame Anger Hurt Plea- Satis-
sure faction
Making love is wonderful X
EMOTIONS
TYPE OF THOUGHTS TYPES OF EMOTIONS
Plea- Satis-
Shame Anger Hurt sure faction
1. He is abusing me
2. How can I get out of
this situation?
3. He only wants to satis-
fy himself
4. Sex is all he thinks
about
5. The way he is talking
turns me on
6. He is violating me
7. This way of having sex
is immoral
8. These movements and po-
sitions are fabulous
9. I'm getting fat/ugly
10. If I let myself go he
is going to think I'm
promiscuous
11. Making love is wonder-
ful
12. He is not being as
affectionate as he
used to be
13. I'm satisfying my part-
ner
14. I must not show that
I'm interested
15. This is disgusting
16. I'm not as physically
attractive as I used
to be
17. I should not take the
lead is sexual acti-
vity
18. He only cares about me
when he wants sex
19. I'm not getting turned
on
20. I'm not feeling physi-
cally attractive
21. These activities
shouldn't be planned
ahead of time
22. I can't feel anything
23. I don't want to get
hurt emotionally
24. Why doesn't he kiss me?
25. My body turns him on
26. When will this be over?
27. If only he'd whisper
something romantic in
my ear
28. He only loves me if I'm
good in bed
29. I should wait for him
to make the first
move
30. I am only doing this
because he asked me
to
31. I'm the happiest woman
on earth
32. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with
33. If I refuse to have
sex, he will cheat on
me
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
TYPES OF THOUGHTS INTENSITY
Very Mode- Very
low Low rate High High
Making love is wonderful 1 2 3 4 X
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
TYPE OF THOUGHTS INTENSITY
Very Mode- Very
low Low rate High High
1. He is abusing me 1 2 3 4 5
2. How can I get out of
this situation? 1 2 3 4 5
3. He only wants to satis-
fy himself 1 2 3 4 5
4. Sex is all he thinks
about 1 2 3 4 5
5. The way he is talking
turns me on 1 2 3 4 5
6. He is violating me 1 2 3 4 5
7. This way of having sex
is immoral 1 2 3 4 5
8. These movements and po-
sitions are fabulous 1 2 3 4 5
9. I'm getting fat/ugly 1 2 3 4 5
10. If I let myself go he
is going to think I'm
promiscuous 1 2 3 4 5
11. Making love is wonder-
ful 1 2 3 4 5
12. He is not being as
affectionate as he
used to be 1 2 3 4 5
13. I'm satisfying my part-
ner 1 2 3 4 5
14. I must not show that
I'm interested 1 2 3 4 5
15. This is disgusting 1 2 3 4 5
16. I'm not as physically
attractive as I used
to be 1 2 3 4 5
17. I should not take the
lead is sexual acti-
vity 1 2 3 4 5
18. He only cares about me
when he wants sex 1 2 3 4 5
19. I'm not getting turned
on 1 2 3 4 5
20. I'm not feeling physi-
cally attractive 1 2 3 4 5
21. These activities
shouldn't be planned
ahead of time 1 2 3 4 5
22. I can't feel anything 1 2 3 4 5
23. I don't want to get
hurt emotionally 1 2 3 4 5
24. Why doesn't he kiss me? 1 2 3 4 5
25. My body turns him on 1 2 3 4 5
26. When will this be over? 1 2 3 4 5
27. If only he'd whisper
something romantic in
my ear 1 2 3 4 5
28. He only loves me if I'm
good in bed 1 2 3 4 5
29. I should wait for him
to make the first
move 1 2 3 4 5
30. I am only doing this
because he asked me
to 1 2 3 4 5
31. I'm the happiest woman
on earth 1 2 3 4 5
32. I have other more im-
portant matters to
deal with 1 2 3 4 5
33. If I refuse to have
sex, he will cheat on
me 1 2 3 4 5
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Community
Female Male
(n = 154) (n = 206)
Age
M 24.4 30.6
Min-Max 18-55 18-56
SD 7.2 9.4
% %
Marital status
Single 82.2 55.2
Married 15.8 39.8
Divorced 0.0 2.5
Living together 2.0 2.5
Education level
0-4 years 3.0 8.5
5-6 years 3.0 3.5
7-9 years 2.0 5.1
10-12 years 23.4 17.1
13-15 years 8.1 7.0
16 or more years 60.5 58.8
Table 2. Participants' Demographic Characteristics From
Clinical and Control Groups
Female Male
Clinical Control Clinical Control
sample sample sample sample
(n = 47) (n = 46) (n = 49) (n = 49)
Age
M 28.7 29.2 43.0 42.7
Min-Max 19-50 18-48 18-67 18-56
SD 6.7 8.6 14.4 15.7
% % % %
Marital status
Single 25.5 28.2 26.5 22.4
Married 63.8 60.9 61.2 71.4
Divorced 4.3 0.0 2.1 2.0
Living together 6.4 6.5 10.2 4.1
Education level
0-4 years 10.6 10.9 38.8 36.0
5-6 years 10.6 10.9 24.5 8.0
7-9 years 6.4 6.5 12.2 22.0
10-12 years 31.9 34.8 22.4 30.0
13-15 years 10.6 4.3 0.0 0.0
16 or more years 29.8 32.6 2.0 4.0
Table 3. Test-Retest Reliability and Internal Consistency of
Male and Female AT Factors and Total
Factors N items Pearson Cronbach's
r [alpha]
Female sample (a)
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 8 .84 ** .74
Failure and Disengagement
Thoughts 4 .82 ** .80
Partner's Lack of Affection 5 .75 ** .71
Sexual Passivity and Control 6 .90 ** .74
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 5 .52 ** .74
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 3 .79 ** .77
Total 31 .95 ** .87
Male sample (b)
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 7 .95 ** .82
Erection Concern Thoughts 7 .77 * .83
Age and Body Related Thoughts 4 .71 * .74
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 5 .20 .71
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 4 .72 * .69
Total 27 .65 .88
Note. Subjects used in the analysis were taken from the community
sample.
(a) For female sample: Pearson's r, n = 23; Cronbach's [alpha],
n = 154. (b) For male sample: Pearson's r, n = 9; Cronbach's
[alpha], n = 206.
* p < .05. ** p < .01.
Table 4. Principal Component Analysis of the Automatic Thought Subscale
(Female Version) With Varimax Rotation (N = 154)
Automatic thought items Factors
1 2 3
Factor I: Sexual Abuse Thoughts
1. He is abusing me .69 .06 .32
2. How can I get out of this situation? .50 .39 -.04
3. He only wants to satisfy himself .53 .11 .28
4. Sex is all he thinks about .63 .18 .17
6. He is violating me .65 .06 .02
15. This is disgusting .40 .30 .24
32. I have other more important matters to deal
with .39 .26 .24
33. If I refuse to have sex, he will cheat on me .52 .28 .28
Factor 2: Failure / Disengagement Thoughts
19. I'm not getting turned on .26 .74 -.01
22. I can't feel anything -.03 .53 .32
26. When will this be over'? .36 .72 .05
30. I'm only doing this because he asked me to .39 .64 .14
Factor 3: Partner's Lack of Affection
7. This way of having sex is immoral .15 .17 .59
12. He is not being as affectionate as he used
to .34 .00 .57
24. Why doesn't he kiss me? -.08 .16 .42
27. If only he'd whisper something romantic in
my ear .27 .07 .54
28. He only loves me if I'm good in bed .27 .19 .63
Factor 4: Sexual Passivity and Control
10. If I let myself go he is going to think I'm
promiscuous .33 -.10 .20
14. I must not show that I'm interested .21 -.06 .42
17. I should not take the lead in sexual
activity -.00 .15 .26
21. These activities shouldn't be planned ahead
of time .21 .03 -.21
23. I don't want to get hurt emotionally .34 .10 -.01
29. I should wait for him to make the first
movement .04 .28 .19
Factor 5: Lack of Erotic Thoughts
5. The way he is talking turns me on (a) -.08 .16 .17
8. These movements and positions are fabulous
(a) .00 .07 -.14
11. Making love is wonderful (a) .04 .33 -.10
25. My body turns him on (a) -.O1 -.15 -.06
31. I'm the happiest woman on earth (a) .38 .30 .14
Factor 6: Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts
9. I'm getting fat/ugly .06 -.O1 -.01
16. I'm not as physically attractive as I used
to be .10 .11 .29
20. I'm not feeling physically attractive .04 .32 .26
Factors
4 5 6
Factor I: Sexual Abuse Thoughts
1. He is abusing me .12 -.16 -.12
2. How can I get out of this situation? .13 .14 .11
3. He only wants to satisfy himself .12 .02 -.08
4. Sex is all he thinks about .10 .05 .21
6. He is violating me .12 -.01 .02
15. This is disgusting .15 .26 .14
32. I have other more important matters to deal
with .23 .08 .10
33. If I refuse to have sex, he will cheat on me -.08 .01 .15
Factor 2: Failure / Disengagement Thoughts
19. I'm not getting turned on .01 -.05 .22
22. I can't feel anything .17 .20 -.02
26. When will this be over'? .12 .31 .08
30. I'm only doing this because he asked me to .11 .21 .03
Factor 3: Partner's Lack of Affection
7. This way of having sex is immoral .08 .11 .06
12. He is not being as affectionate as he used
to .11 -.14 .22
24. Why doesn't he kiss me? .38 .05 .21
27. If only he'd whisper something romantic in
my ear .17 -.06 .10
28. He only loves me if I'm good in bed .14 -.07 .11
Factor 4: Sexual Passivity and Control
10. If I let myself go he is going to think I'm
promiscuous .48 .11 .05
14. I must not show that I'm interested .60 -.11 -.20
17. I should not take the lead in sexual
activity .74 -.04 .03
21. These activities shouldn't be planned ahead
of time .57 -.12 .27
23. I don't want to get hurt emotionally .54 -.06 .35
29. I should wait for him to make the first
movement .66 -.13 -.01
Factor 5: Lack of Erotic Thoughts
5. The way he is talking turns me on (a) -.08 .70 -.07
8. These movements and positions are fabulous
(a) .02 .74 -.10
11. Making love is wonderful (a) .01 .66 -.01
25. My body turns him on (a) -.11 .67 .18
31. I'm the happiest woman on earth (a) -.12 .55 -.08
Factor 6: Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts
9. I'm getting fat/ugly .12 .01 .79
16. I'm not as physically attractive as I used
to be .12 -.01 .77
20. I'm not feeling physically attractive -.01 -.04 .71
(a) Items scored in reverse order.
Table 5. Female AT Factor Intercorrelations (Pearson r; N = 154)
Factors F1 F2 F3
Sexual Abuse Thoughts --
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts .57 ** --
Partner's Lack of Affection .54 ** .40 ** --
Sexual Passivity and Control .45 ** .52 ** .51 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .20 ** .21 ** .01
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .29 ** .37 ** .36 **
Factors F4 F5 F6
Sexual Abuse Thoughts
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts
Partner's Lack of Affection
Sexual Passivity and Control --
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.13 --
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .29 ** -.02 --
* p < .05. ** p < .01.
Table 6. Means, Standard Deviations, Minimums, and Maximums of Female
AT Factors and Totals
Factors Item number Means
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,15, 32, 33 13.26
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts 19, 22, 26, 30 7.15
Partner's Lack of Affection 7, 12, 24, 27, 28 8.56
Sexual Passivity and Control 10, 14, 17, 21, 23, 29 10.11
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 5, 8, 11, 25, 31 12.28
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 9, 16, 20 6.90
Total -- 57.29
Factors SD Minimum
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 5.84 8
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts 2.66 4
Partner's Lack of Affection 3.32 5
Sexual Passivity and Control 3.71 6
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 2.92 5
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 2.77 3
Total 14.85 31
Factors Maximum
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 40
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts 20
Partner's Lack of Affection 25
Sexual Passivity and Control 30
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 25
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 15
Total 155
Note. Items 5, 8, 11, 25, and 31 are scored in reverse order.
Table 7. Principal Component Analysis of The Automatic Thought Subscale
(Male Version) Using Varimax Rotation IN = 206)
Automatic thought items Factors
1 2
Factor I: Failure Anticipation Thoughts
l. It would be better to die than to be like this .50 .25
2. This time I cannot disappoint my partner .60 .24
3. She will replace me with another guy .64 .05
4. I'm condemned to failure .73 .35
6. This is not going anywhere .65 .05
7. I'm not satisfying her .71 .17
16. If I fail again I'm a lost cause .60 .43
Factor 2: Erection Concern Thoughts
5. I must be able to have intercourse .20 .57
8. I must achieve an erection .11 .66
9. I'm not penetrating my partner .27 .55
10. My penis is not responding .16 .61
11. Why isn't this working? .16 .74
12. I wish this could last longer .39 .47
29. If I can't get an erection, I will be embarrassed .25 .65
Factor 3: Age and Body Related Thoughts
19. If I don't climax now, I wont be able to later .15 .25
21. She doesn't find my body attractive anymore .26 .08
22. I'm getting old .06 .12
28. It will never be the same again .11 .32
Factor 4: Negative Thoughts Toward Sex
20. She is not being as affectionate as she used to .05 -.02
23. This is disgusting .41 .16
24. This way of having sex is innnoral -.02 .44
25. Telling her what I want sexually would be unnatural .21 .12
30. I've other more important matters to deal with .37 .16
Factor 5: Lack of Erotic Thoughts
14. These movements and positions are fabulous (a) -.02 -.03
17. I'm the happiest man on earth (a) .01 -.09
18. This is turning me on (a) .06 -.09
26. She is really turned on (a) -.21 .04
Factors
3 4
Factor I: Failure Anticipation Thoughts
l. It would be better to die than to be like this -.02 .31
2. This time I cannot disappoint my partner .29 -.01
3. She will replace me with another guy .25 .22
4. I'm condemned to failure .13 .25
6. This is not going anywhere .03 .29
7. I'm not satisfying her .11 -.04
16. If I fail again I'm a lost cause .24 .22
Factor 2: Erection Concern Thoughts
5. I must be able to have intercourse .35 .26
8. I must achieve an erection .36 .08
9. I'm not penetrating my partner .25 -.09
10. My penis is not responding .01 .23
11. Why isn't this working? .03 .07
12. I wish this could last longer .18 .26
29. If I can't get an erection, I will be embarrassed .38 .24
Factor 3: Age and Body Related Thoughts
19. If I don't climax now, I wont be able to later .59 .2l
21. She doesn't find my body attractive anymore .70 .20
22. I'm getting old .73 -.01
28. It will never be the same again .71 .10
Factor 4: Negative Thoughts Toward Sex
20. She is not being as affectionate as she used to .43 .57
23. This is disgusting .00 .73
24. This way of having sex is innnoral .14 .60
25. Telling her what I want sexually would be unnatural .39 .44
30. I've other more important matters to deal with .17 .62
Factor 5: Lack of Erotic Thoughts
14. These movements and positions are fabulous (a) -.01 -.11
17. I'm the happiest man on earth (a) -.08 .05
18. This is turning me on (a) -.04 .02
26. She is really turned on (a) -.02 .03
Factors
5
Factor I: Failure Anticipation Thoughts
l. It would be better to die than to be like this .01
2. This time I cannot disappoint my partner -.12
3. She will replace me with another guy -.16
4. I'm condemned to failure .06
6. This is not going anywhere -.12
7. I'm not satisfying her -.05
16. If I fail again I'm a lost cause .06
Factor 2: Erection Concern Thoughts
5. I must be able to have intercourse -.16
-.05
9. I'm not penetrating my partner -.02
10. My penis is not responding -.09
11. Why isn't this working? -.O6
12. I wish this could last longer -.24
29. If I can't get an erection, I will be embarrassed -.04
Factor 3: Age and Body Related Thoughts
19. If I don't climax now, I wont be able to later .03
21. She doesn't find my body attractive anymore -.09
22. I'm getting old .01
28. It will never be the same again -.06
Factor 4: Negative Thoughts Toward Sex
20. She is not being as affectionate as she used to -.10
23. This is disgusting .13
24. This way of having sex is innnoral .17
25. Telling her what I want sexually would be unnatural -.21
30. I've other more important matters to deal with -.05
Factor 5: Lack of Erotic Thoughts
14. These movements and positions are fabulous (a) .75
17. I'm the happiest man on earth (a) .74
18. This is turning me on (a) .77
26. She is really turned on (a) .55
(a) Items scored in reverse order.
Table 8. Male AT Factor Intercorrelations (Pearson r; N = 206)
Factors F1 F2 F3
Failure Anticipation Thoughts --
Erection Concern Thoughts .63 ** --
Age and Body Related Thoughts .47 ** .57 ** --
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex .50 ** .53 ** .51 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .11 .17 * .08
Factors F4 F5
Failure Anticipation Thoughts
Erection Concern Thoughts
Age and Body Related Thoughts
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex --
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.01 --
* p < .05. ** p < .01.
Table 9. Means, Standard Deviations, Minimums, and Maximums of Male
AT Factors and Totals
Factors Item numbers Means
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 16 13.10
Erection Concern Thoughts 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29 14.03
Age and Body Related Thoughts 19, 21, 22, 28 8.20
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 20, 23, 24, 25, 30 9.24
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 14, 17, 18, 26 11.29
Total -- 54.24
Factors SD Minimum
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 5.41 7
Erection Concern Thoughts 5.57 7
Age and Body Related Thoughts 3.22 4
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 3.72 5
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 3.11 4
Total 14.70 27
Factors Maximum
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 35
Erection Concern Thoughts 35
Age and Body Related Thoughts 20
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 25
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 20
Total 135
Note. Items 14, 17, 18, and 26 are scored in reverse order.
Table 10. Correlations of Male and Female Automatic Thought Subscale
Factors With the Emotional Response (ER) Indices
ER indices
AT factors Worry Sadness Disillusion
Females (n = 154) .10 .09 .16 *
Sexual Abuse Thoughts .22 ** .22 ** .26 **
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts .01 .11 .18 *
Partner's Lack of Affection .25 ** -.07 .06
Sexual Passivity and Control -.04 .28 ** .11
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .18 .20 * .09
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .13 .20 * .28 **
Total
Males (n = 206) .02 .26 * .25 *
Failure Anticipation Thoughts .19 .39 ** .30 **
Erection Concern Thoughts -.05 .34 ** .34 **
Age and Body Related Thoughts -.03 .05 .19
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex .04 .36 ** .45 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .11 .37 ** .42 **
Total
ER indices
AT factors Fear Guilt Shame
Females (n = 154) .08 .20 ** .18 *
Sexual Abuse Thoughts .04 .24 ** .03
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts .11 .24 ** .16 *
Partner's Lack of Affection .34 ** .17 * .25 **
Sexual Passivity and Control .00 .17 * .13
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .10 .19 * .11
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .20 * .28 ** .30 **
Total
Males (n = 206) .12 .16 .38 **
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.02 .11 .23 *
Erection Concern Thoughts .06 .14 .43 **
Age and Body Related Thoughts .07 .37 ** .49 **
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.06 -.17 -.11
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .04 .19 .40 **
Total
ER indices
AT factors Anger Hurt Pleasure
Females (n = 154) .21 ** .12 -.36 **
Sexual Abuse Thoughts .22 ** .14 -.46 **
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts .11 .11 -.37 **
Partner's Lack of Affection .02 -.06 -.34 **
Sexual Passivity and Control .17 * .15 -.24 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.05 .03 -.21 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .08 .14 -.45 **
Total
Males (n = 206) .10 .13 -.45 **
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.01 .20 -.46 **
Erection Concern Thoughts .01 .11 -.34 **
Age and Body Related Thoughts .09 .08 -.28 **
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.05 .02 -.31 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts .02 .17 -.52 **
Total
ER indices
AT factors Satis-
faction
Females (n = 154) -.27 **
Sexual Abuse Thoughts -.19 *
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts -.21 **
Partner's Lack of Affection -.29 **
Sexual Passivity and Control -.14 *
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.28 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts -.38 **
Total
Males (n = 206) -.38 **
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.47 **
Erection Concern Thoughts -.44 **
Age and Body Related Thoughts -.34 **
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.24 *
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.5l **
Total
* p < .05. ** p < .01.
Table 11. Correlations of the Male and Female Automatic
Thought Subscale Factors With the Sexual
Response (SR) Index
AT factors SR index
Females (n = 154)
Sexual Abuse Thoughts -.47 **
Failure/Disengagement Thoughts -.44 **
Partner's Lack of Affection -.25 **
Sexual Passivity and Control -.19 *
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.40 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts -.26 **
Total -.48 **
Males (n = 206)
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.48 **
Erection Concern Thoughts -.57 **
Age and Body Related Thoughts -.43 **
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.36 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.39 **
Total -.63 **
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 12. Correlations of the Male and Female Emotional
Response Indices With the Sexual Response Indices
Sexual Response Indices
Emotional Response Female Male
Indices (n = 154) (n = 206)
Worry -.10 -.07
Sadness -.18 * -.34 **
Disillusion -.27 ** -.48 **
Fear -.12 -.09
Guilt -.22 ** -.07
Shame -.19 * -.24 *
Anger -.19 * -.17
Hurt -.20, * -.10
Pleasure .55 ** .58 **
Satisfaction .21 ** .49 **
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 13. Corelations of the Male and Female Automatic Thought Subscale
Factors With the FSFI and IIEF Domains and Total
Female sample (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
AT Factors Desire Arousal Lubrication
Sexual Abuse Thoughts -.16 * -.10 -.08
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts -.35 ** -.17 * -.02
Partner's Lack of Affection -.07 -.01 .01
Sexual Passivity and Control -.06 -.20 ** -.23 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.52 ** -.38 ** -.30 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .14 -.04 .04
Total -.31 ** -.33 ** -.20 *
Female sample (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
Satis-
AT Factors Orgasm faction Pain
Sexual Abuse Thoughts -.09 -.37 ** -.08
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts -.14 -.49 ** -.21 **
Partner's Lack of Affection -.09 -.07 .05
Sexual Passivity and Control -.16 * -.11 -.13
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.32 ** -.47 ** -.30 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts -.08 -.05 -.02
Total -.31 ** -.59 ** -. 29 **
Female sample (n = 154)
FSFI
Domains
AT Factors Total
Sexual Abuse Thoughts -.28 **
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts -.53 **
Partner's Lack of Affection -.03
Sexual Passivity and Control -.12
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.49 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts .06
Total -.49 **
Male sample (n = 163)
AT Factors IIEF Domains
Desire Erection Orgasm
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.20 * -.20 * -.19 *
Erection Concern Thoughts -.07 -.32 ** -.12
Age / Body Related Thoughts -.08 -.03 -.14
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.07 -.10 -.26 **
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.14 -.10 -.05
Total -.37 ** -.61 ** -.41 **
Male sample (n = 163)
AT Factors IIEF Domains
Inter-
Overall course
satis- satis-
faction faction Total
Failure Anticipation Thoughts -.17 * -.29 ** -.31 **
Erection Concern Thoughts -.19 * -.13 -.31 **
Age / Body Related Thoughts -.05 -.19 * -.11
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -.12 -.17 * -.16
Lack of Erotic Thoughts -.12 -.21 ** -.22 **
Total -.46 ** -.66 ** -.60 *
Note. FSFI = (Female Sexual Function Index); IIEF = (International
Index of Erectile Response).
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 14. Correlations of the Male and Female Emotional Response (ER)
Indices With the FSFI and IIEF Domains and Total
ER indices
Worry Sadness Disillusion
Females (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
Desire .06 -.23 ** .02
Arousal -.05 -.21 ** .02
Lubrication -.05 -.15 .07
Orgasm -.06 -.18 * .03
Satisfaction -.08 -.36 ** -.08
Pain -.01 -.21 ** .00
Total -.04 -.27 ** -.03
Males (n = 99)
IIEF Domains
Desire .05 -.29 ** -.27 **
Erection -.10 -.44 ** -.34 **
Orgasm -.04 -.36 ** -.15
Overall Satisfaction -.04 -.38 ** -.31 **
Intercourse satisfaction -.02 -.41 ** -.43 **
Total -.01 -.45 ** -.37 **
ER indices
Fear Guilt Shame
Females (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
Desire -.01 -.26 ** -.08
Arousal -.07 -.13 -.11
Lubrication -.04 -.04 -.11
Orgasm -.11 -.11 -.16 *
Satisfaction -.08 -.20 * -.07
Pain -.14 -.12 -.18 *
Total -.07 -.25 ** -.09
Males (n = 99)
IIEF Domains
Desire .03 .12 -.06
Erection .09 -.06 -.10
Orgasm -.00 -.09 -.11
Overall Satisfaction .08 -.05 -.12
Intercourse satisfaction .04 .05 -.09
Total .09 -.06 -.10
ER indices
Anger Hurt Pleasure
Females (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
Desire -.24 ** -.05 .26 **
Arousal -.07 -.11 .32 **
Lubrication -.09 -.03 .23 **
Orgasm -.04 -.06 .29 **
Satisfaction -.13 -.14 .38 **
Pain -.04 -.01 .28 **
Total -.18 * -.06 .31 **
Males (n = 99)
IIEF Domains
Desire .03 .03 .12
Erection .09 -.10 .41 **
Orgasm -.03 -.06 .39 **
Overall Satisfaction .03 -.05 .38 **
Intercourse satisfaction -.07 .02 .43 **
Total .03 -.08 .41 **
ER indices
Satisfaction
Females (n = 154)
FSFI Domains
Desire .07
Arousal -.03
Lubrication -.04
Orgasm -.03
Satisfaction .07
Pain -.01
Total .06
Males (n = 99)
IIEF Domains
Desire .26 *
Erection .33 **
Orgasm .19
Overall Satisfaction .27 **
Intercourse satisfaction .36 **
Total .33 **
Note. FSFI = (Female Sexual Function Index); IIEF = (International
Index of Erectile Response).
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 15. Means and SD of the Clinical and Control Groups in the Male
and Female AT Factors and Between-Groups t Test
Clinical group
AT factors N Mean SD
Female sample
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 42 15.36 4.53
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts 46 10.80 3.27
Partner's Lack of Affection 42 8.86 3.80
Sexual Passivity and Control 41 10.71 4.19
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 41 16.90 4.14
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 45 6.87 2.82
Total 36 68.89 12.91
Male sample
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 47 15.85 6.39
Erection Concern Thoughts 44 20.25 7.74
Age / Body Related Thoughts 45 8.67 3.55
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 45 7.42 2.71
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 47 14.89 3.45
Total 42 67.24 17.41
Control group
AT factors N Mean SD
Female sample
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 38 13.26 5.84
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts 39 7.15 2.66
Partner's Lack of Affection 39 8.56 3.32
Sexual Passivity and Control 38 10.11 3.71
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 36 12.28 2.92
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts 39 6.90 2.77
Total 35 57.29 14.85
Male sample
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 41 13.10 5.41
Erection Concern Thoughts 37 14.03 5.57
Age / Body Related Thoughts 40 8.20 3.22
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex 41 9.24 3.72
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 42 11.29 3.11
Total 34 54.24 14.70
AT factors t
Female sample
Sexual Abuse Thoughts 1.80
Failure / Disengagement Thoughts 5.58 **
Partner's Lack of Affection 0.37
Sexual Passivity and Control 0.67
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 5.59 **
Low Self-Body-Image Thoughts -0.05
Total 3.52 **
Male sample
Failure Anticipation Thoughts 2.16 *
Erection Concern Thoughts 4.08 **
Age / Body Related Thoughts 0.63
Negative Thoughts Toward Sex -2.61 *
Lack of Erotic Thoughts 5.16 **
Total 3.47
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 16. Means and SD of the Clinical and Control Groups in the Male
and Female ER Indices and Between-Groups t Test
Clinical group Control group
ER indices N Mean SD N Mean SD
Female sample
Worry 46 .17 .14 34 .13 .09
Sadness 46 .18 .10 34 .14 .12
Disillusion 46 .12 .09 34 .13 .12
Fear 46 .07 .09 34 .04 .07
Guilt 46 .06 .07 34 .03 .06
Shame 46 .05 .07 34 .03 .05
Anger 46 .10 .09 34 .07 .09
Hurt 46 .05 .06 34 .02 .04
Pleasure 46 .10 .11 34 .21 .13
Satisfaction 46 .11 .11 34 .19 .12
Male sample
Worry 47 .25 .20 42 .18 .17
Sadness 47 .19 .19 42 .09 .11
Disillusion 47 .16 .17 42 .09 .08
Fear 47 .09 .14 42 .05 .08
Guilt 47 .03 .08 42 .06 .07
Shame 47 .05 .06 42 .04 .07
Anger 47 .04 .07 42 .07 .10
Hurt 47 .04 .06 42 .05 .11
Pleasure 47 .08 .09 42 .19 .14
Satisfaction 47 .08 .10 42 .19 .14
ER indices t
Female sample
Worry 1.54
Sadness 1.67
Disillusion -0.45
Fear 1.70
Guilt 1.74
Shame 0.68
Anger 1.25
Hurt 2.09 *
Pleasure -4.37 **
Satisfaction -2.80 **
Male sample
Worry 1.44
Sadness 2.35 *
Disillusion 1.86
Fear 1.41
Guilt 1.31
Shame 0.30
Anger -1.46
Hurt -0.79
Pleasure -3.68 **
Satisfaction -3.89 **
* p <.05. ** p <.01.
Table 17. Means and SD of the Clinical and Control
Groups in the Male and Female SR Indices and
Between-Groups t Test
Sexual Response Index
Clinical group Control group
N Mean SD N Mean SD t
Female 35 2.52 0.67 20 3.24 0.59 -3.94 **
Male 34 2.52 0.81 32 0.75 0.75 -4.26 **
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J. Quartilho, M.D., Ph.D., P. Abrantes Abrantes (əbrän`tĭsh), town (1991 pop. 5,975), Santarém dist., W central Portugal, in Ribatejo, on the Tagus River. It is the commercial center of a fruit growing region. , M.D., and A. Canhao, M.D.,
Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, for their suggestions and help in
sample collection. H. Ramsawh, M.A., L. Scepkowski. M.A., and M. Santos,
B.A., Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University Boston University, at Boston, Mass.; coeducational; founded 1839, chartered 1869, first baccalaureate granted 1871. It is composed of 16 schools and colleges. , for
reviewing the English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is version of the measures. John Wincze, Ph.D., Brown
University and Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston
University, for his review and suggestions on a previous version of the
paper. Thanks also to participants who volunteered to participate in the
study.Pedro Pedro. For Spanish and Portuguese rulers thus named, use Peter. Pedro in marrying former mistress of enemy. [Ger. Opera: d’Albert, Tief land, Westerman, 371–374] See : Innocence J. Nobre Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto alto, singing voice the range of which is lower than the soprano by the interval of a fifth. More generally, the term refers to the register in which this voice sings, i.e. Douro Douro (Port. dō`r  ) or Duero (Span. dā`rō), river, c. , Miranda do Douro Miranda do Douro (pron. IPA: [mi'ɾɐ̃dɐ du 'do(ou)ɾu]), Miranda de l Douro (pron. IPA: [mi'rɐ̃dɐ dɨɫ 'dɐwru] ,
PortugalJose JOSE Jealous One's Still Envy (song) JOSE Joint Optics Structures Experiment Pinto-Gouveia Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal Address correspondence to Pedro Nobre, Rua RUA Remote User Agent RUA Right Upper Arm RUA Routine Urine Analysis RUA Reduced Under Anesthesia Amorim
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