Sexual Rights and Reproductive Rights: challenges for contemporary feminism. (Sexual Rights and Reproductive Rights).The following shares the preliminary results of a survey of women's organizations This is a list of women's organisations. International
The women's rights movement began in the nineteenth century with the demand by some women reformers for the right to vote, known as suffrage, and ). The results were compiled by Maria Ysabel Cedano Garcia and are part of the campaign for the Inter-American Convention for Sexual Rights and Reproductive Rights Reproductive rights or procreative liberty is what supporters view as human rights in areas of sexual reproduction. Advocates of reproductive rights support the right to control one's reproductive functions, such as the rights to reproduce (such as opposition to forced . We thank CLADEM for their permission to include these advance results in our publication. Introduction This article is a preliminary effort to systematically organize the results of a survey conducted by CLADEM in support of the campaign for the Inter-American Convention for the Promotion and Protection of Sexual Rights and Reproductive Rights. We are pleased to share this material with those who are interested in exploring these issues. The survey was sent to women's groups and other organizations active in the area of sexual rights and reproductive rights in Latin America Latin America, the Spanish-speaking, Portuguese-speaking, and French-speaking countries (except Canada) of North America, South America, Central America, and the West Indies. and the Caribbean, as well as to individuals working on these topics. To date, we have received 170 completed surveys, and 62 surveys were returned due to erroneous erroneous adj. 1) in error, wrong. 2) not according to established law, particularly in a legal decision or court ruling. e-mail addresses See Internet address. e-mail address - electronic mail address . Still unanswered are 285 surveys. The survey asked two open questions: * What definition of sexual and reproductive rights does your organization use? * Based on the work experience developed by your organization, do you think is better to work on these terms together or separately? Please explain why. This preliminary analysis includes the 161 answers received between January 18 and May 11,2001. Only 4% of these respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. indicated that they did not work on this topic, and 5% said that they had not yet developed a definition of sexual and reproductive rights. The collection and organization of this information was undertaken in the hope of developing a feminist perspective on sexual rights and reproductive rights as human rights. We also expect to contribute to the exploration of different perspectives and conceptualizations of these rights. One of the first steps in the process of organizing the data collected was the decision to process the definition of sexual rights and reproductive rights separately. In order to identify trends, we designed matrices that allowed us to quantify Quantify - A performance analysis tool from Pure Software. the information. These matrices were based on 50 randomly-chosen surveys. At all times, we have made an effort to respect the descriptions of these rights and their essential contents just as they were formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. in the responses. These results are presented as conclusions in and of themselves. At the end of this document, we share some observations of a more conceptual nature, and we explore some further reflections that have arisen in the course of this work. Definitions of Sexual Rights We identified a total of 22 rights that the surveyed groups linked to the exercise of sexuality. * The right to sexual autonomy or self-determination (47.2%) * The right to sexual preference, orientation or option (27.3%) * The right to pleasure (20.5%) * The right to information (9.9%) * The right to safety (8.7%) * The right to corporal CORPORAL. An epithet for anything belonging to the body, as, corporal punishment, for punishment inflicted on the person of the criminal; corporal oath, which is an oath by the party who takes it being obliged to lay his hand on the Bible. CORPORAL, in the army. autonomy (8.1%) * The right to equality (7.5%) * The right to integrity (6.2%) * The right to sexual freedom (5.6%) * The right to intimacy This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details. This article has been tagged since September 2007. (5.6%) * The right to free development of one's personality and well-being (5.0%) * The right to individual freedom (5.0%) * The right to identity (3.7%) * The right to dignity (1.9%) * The right to life (1.2%) * The right to diversity (1.2%) * The right to exercise one's sexuality (0.6%) * The right to sexual health (16.8%) * The right to sexual health services health services Managed care The benefits covered under a health contract (13.0%) * The right to education (7.5%) * The right to social justice (0.6%) * The right to development (0.6%) With regard to a more specific understanding of these rights, we found the following constants in the descriptions provided in the survey responses: The right to sexual autonomy or serf-determination (47.2%) * Being able to decide freely about one's sexual life. * Being able to decide freely and responsibly in all matters regarding sexuality. * Being able to make decisions freely and responsibly about sexuality, free from violence, coercion coercion, in law, the unlawful act of compelling a person to do, or to abstain from doing, something by depriving him of the exercise of his free will, particularly by use or threat of physical or moral force. or discrimination, with access to all the means necessary to enforce these decisions. * Having control over one's sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health Within the framework of WHO's definition of health[1] as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene . * The ability to regulate one's sex life in keeping with a personal and social ethic eth·ic n. 1. a. A set of principles of right conduct. b. A theory or a system of moral values: "An ethic of service is at war with a craving for gain" . * Freedom to enter into marriage with the full and willing consent of both individuals. The right to sexual preference, orientation or option (27.3%) * Respect for individual sexual preference, free from pressure or influence. * Freedom of sexual orientation sexual orientation n. The direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes, especially a direction seen to be dictated by physiologic rather than sociologic forces. . * Respect for individual choice as part of the development of sexual diversity. The right to pleasure (20.5%) * The right to orgasm orgasm /or·gasm/ (or´gazm) the apex and culmination of sexual excitement.orgas´mic or·gasm n. . * The right to masturbation masturbation Erotic stimulation of one's own genital organs, usually to achieve orgasm. Masturbatory behavior is common in infants and adolescents, and is indulged in by many adults as well. Studies indicate that over 90% of U.S. males and 60–80% of U.S. . * The right to enjoy sexuality without having to engage in intercourse INTERCOURSE. Communication; commerce; connexion by reciprocal dealings between persons or nations, as by interchange of commodities, treaties, contracts, or letters. . * The right to feel sexual pleasure linked to love, tenderness and affection. * Absence of fear, shame, guilt, unfounded beliefs or psychological disorders Noun 1. psychological disorder - (psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness folie, mental disorder, mental disturbance, disturbance that impede im·pede tr.v. im·ped·ed, im·ped·ing, im·pedes To retard or obstruct the progress of. See Synonyms at hinder1. [Latin imped the enjoyment of pleasure. * Women's right to pleasure in all of its expressions: erotic erotic /erot·ic/ (e-rot´ik) 1. charged with sexual feeling. 2. pertaining to sexual desire. e·rot·ic adj. 1. Of or concerning sexual love and desire. , sensual sen·su·al adj. 1. Relating to or affecting any of the senses or a sense organ; sensory. 2. Of, relating to, given to, or providing gratification of the physical and especially the sexual appetites. , emotional and genital genital /gen·i·tal/ (jen´i-t'l) 1. pertaining to reproduction, or to the reproductive organs. 2. (in the plural) the reproductive organs. gen·i·tal adj. 1. . * Women's and men's right to enjoy a fulfilling sex life, without coercion or violence, free from the fear of unwanted pregnancy unwanted pregnancy Obstetrics A pregnancy that is not desired by one or both biologic parents. See Teen pregnancy. or sexually transmitted infections. * The ability to enjoy sexuality according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. a personal and social ethic. The right to information (9.9%) * The right to receive information about sex. * The right to necessary counseling and information about sexuality. * The right to information about contraception contraception: see birth control. contraception Birth control by prevention of conception or impregnation. The most common method is sterilization. The most effective temporary methods are nearly 99% effective if used consistently and correctly. . * The right to truthful, scientific, comprehensive and complete information. The right to safety (8. 7%) * The right to sexual safety: freedom from illness or violence. * The right to protection of physical, psychological and sexual integrity. * The right to be protected from prostitution prostitution, act of granting sexual access for payment. Although most commonly conducted by females for males, it may be performed by females or males for either females or males. . The right to corporal autonomy (8.1%) * That the State and men no longer have rights over the bodies and individual liberty of women. * The right of a free individual to appropriate his or her body and history and therefore to be responsible for his or her own actions. * The right to be free (re-appropriation of one's body), every woman's power to make decisions in regards to sexual practices that do not harm her physical or psychological integrity and that contribute to her quality of life. The right to equality (7.5%) * The right to be free from gender-based discrimination. * The right to be free from discrimination from new partners, peers or adults for having had premarital relations. * Equal opportunities regarding access to material and symbolic materials: services, guarantees and information. * The right to choose one's partners free from discrimination. * The right to consensual CONSENSUAL, civil law. This word is applied to designate one species of contract known in the civil laws; these contracts derive their name from the consent of the parties which is required in their formation, as they cannot exist without such consent. 2. sexual relations sexual relations pl.n. 1. Sexual intercourse. 2. Sexual activity between individuals. . * The right to freedom from discrimination based on sexual orientation. The right to integrity (6.2%) * Corporal integrity. Corporal is not a synonym synonym (sĭn`ənĭm) [Gr.,=having the same name], word having a meaning that is the same as or very similar to the meaning of another word of the same language. Some are alike in some meanings only, as live and dwell. of physical, rather it reflects a more comprehensive concept. * Full respect for the physical integrity of one's body. * Knowing and loving one's body and genitals gen·i·tals pl.n. Genitalia. . * The right to respect for one's body and its sexual expressions, free from gender-based manipulations. * Complete respect for physical, sexual and psychological integrity. The right to sexual freedom (5. 6%) * Women's and men's right to refuse to have sexual relations. * The right to not exercise sexuality in any of its expressions. * The right to freely exercise one's sexuality. * Free exercise of sexuality without causing harm or suffering. * The right to freely choose one's partner. Freedom to not be heterosexual heterosexual /het·ero·sex·u·al/ (-sek´shoo-al) 1. pertaining to, characteristic of, or directed toward the opposite sex. 2. one who is sexually attracted to persons of the opposite sex. and freedom from forced marriage. * Freedom from coercion and violence. * The right to be free from sexual harassment sexual harassment, in law, verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature, aimed at a particular person or group of people, especially in the workplace or in academic or other institutional settings, that is actionable, as in tort or under equal-opportunity statutes. . * The right to be free in intimacy. The right to free development of one's personality and well-being (5.0%) * The right to individual well-being with regard to sexuality. * A state of physical, mental and social well-being rooted in the ability to enjoy a satisfactory sex life, free from the threat of unwanted pregnancy. The right to individual freedom (5.0%) * The right to individual freedom as the basis for or aspiration aspiration /as·pi·ra·tion/ (as?pi-ra´shun) 1. the drawing of a foreign substance, such as the gastric contents, into the respiratory tract during inhalation. 2. of sexual rights. The right to intimacy (5.6%) * The right to privacy. * The right to identity (3. 7%) * Self-affirmation as a sexual being. * Autonomous sexual individuality individuality, n collective characteristics or traits that distinguish one person or thing from all others. . * The right to choose one's sexual identity independent from gender roles and/or one's bio-genital characteristics. * The right to create forms of emotional relationships that are different from those established by religious dogmas or cultural traditions. * The right to have and fulfill ful·fill also ful·fil tr.v. ful·filled, ful·fill·ing, ful·fills also ful·fils 1. To bring into actuality; effect: fulfilled their promises. 2. one's fantasies and desires free from fear or guilt. * The right to happiness, dreams and fantasies. * The right to search for affection and sexual relations. * Subjective dimension: individual, person, body and reason. * Psychological identity based on autonomy, respect and care for one's stable or occasional sexual partner. The right to diversity (1.2%) * Respect for difference. * Respect for differences among women according to social and cultural contexts. * Understanding and taking into account the sexual practices of indigenous peoples The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. . The right to exercise one's sexuality (0.6%) * The right to exercise one's sexuality free from reproduction. * Exercising sexuality regardless of one's marital status marital status, n the legal standing of a person in regard to his or her marriage state. or age. * Women's and men's right to exercise their sexuality. * The right to experience one's sexuality free from fear, shame, guilt, myths or other impediments IMPEDIMENTS, contracts. Legal objections to the making of a contract. Impediments which relate to the person are those of minority, want of reason, coverture, and the like; they are sometimes called disabilities. Vide Incapacity. 2. to the free expression of one's own desires. * The right to experience one's own sexuality free from violence, discrimination or coercion, within the context of a relationship based on equality, respect and justice. * The right to be sexually active or to choose not to be. * The right to sexual health (16.8%) * Sexual and reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters related to sexuality and reproduction, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Flaw, defect, or weakness. In a legal sense, the term infirmity is used to mean any imperfection that renders a particular transaction void or incomplete. For example, if a deed drawn up to transfer ownership of land contains an erroneous description of it, an , but a constellation Constellation, ship Constellation (kŏnstĭlā`shən), U.S. frigate, launched in 1797. It was named by President Washington for the constellation of 15 stars in the U.S. flag of that time. of multiple human aspects included in sexual and reproductive decisions, behaviors and experiences (Cairo, 1994). * The right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health and the right to services and information that make this possible. * The right to medical care for sexual health in order to maintain physical, mental and emotional well-being. * The absence of organic disorders Noun 1. organic disorder - disorder caused by a detectable physiological or structural change in an organ disorder, upset - a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone , illnesses or deficiencies that hamper sexual activity. * Mental health. * Comprehensive health. The right to sexual health services (13.0%) * The right to services and information that allow the attainment of the highest possible standard of sexual health. * Medical care in regards to sexual health should address physical, mental and emotional well-being. * Access to health services. * Services for the prevention and treatment of STIs and HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . * Free access to contraceptive contraceptive /con·tra·cep·tive/ (-sep´tiv) 1. diminishing the likelihood of or preventing conception. 2. an agent that so acts. services. * Free access to contraceptive methods Noun 1. contraceptive method - birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery contraception birth control, birth prevention, family planning - limiting the number of children born . * Confidentiality. The right to education (7.5%) * The right to know one's own body. * The right to education about sexuality. * Sex education that breaks down the myths of sexuality laden with taboos and prejudices. * Knowledge about the body, its functions and potentials, and information about sexual relations. * Freedom from stereotypes. * The right to educational services that allow the autonomous exercise of sexuality. The right to social justice (0.6%) * The conditions that will allow all people to enjoy the autonomy and ability necessary to make decisions regarding their sexuality and to enjoy sexual pleasure. * Public policies. * Resources. Of all the answers regarding sexual rights, 5% were linked to the concept of citizenship, understood as the real and effective inclusion of women in civic life. In particular, these answers referred to: "the right to corporal autonomy: re-appropriating and controlling one's own body" and "the right to influence government decisions regarding women's rights, public policies and budgets in matters of sexuality." Based on the number of times they appeared in the survey responses, the most common definitions are: The right to sexual autonomy or self-determination (47.2%): The ability to decide freely and responsibly in all matters regarding sexuality, in keeping with a personal and social ethic, free from violence, coercion or discrimination, with access to all the means necessary to enforce these decisions. The right to sexual preference, orientation or option (27.3%): The ability to exercise sexual preference or orientation or to choose one's sexual option free from pressure or influence, discrimination or questioning of any sort. The right to pleasure (20.5%): The ability to enjoy a gratifying grat·i·fy tr.v. grat·i·fied, grat·i·fy·ing, grat·i·fies 1. To please or satisfy: His achievement gratified his father. See Synonyms at please. 2. sex life and to total sexual fulfillment ful·fill also ful·fil tr.v. ful·filled, ful·fill·ing, ful·fills also ful·fils 1. To bring into actuality; effect: fulfilled their promises. 2. with a partner or by oneself, without having to engage in intercourse, but including pleasure in all of its expressions--erotic, sensual, emotional and genital--according to a personal and social ethic, free from coercion, violence, fear of unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections, shame, guilt, myths or psychological disorders that impede the enjoyment of pleasure. The right to sexual health (16.8%): A state of complete physical, biological, mental, emotional and social well-being in all matters related to sexuality and not merely the absence of organic disorders, disease or deficiencies that hamper sexual activity, but the right to attain the highest standard of sexual health, as well as a constellation of multiple human aspects included in sexual decisions, behaviors and experiences. The right to sexual health services (13.0%): The ability to access contraceptive services and services for the prevention and treatment of STIs and HIV/AIDS that guarantee confidentiality and are free from discrimination based on age. Definitions of Reproductive Rights We identified a total of 20 rights that the surveyed groups linked to the exercise of reproduction. * The right to family planning family planning Use of measures designed to regulate the number and spacing of children within a family, largely to curb population growth and ensure each family’s access to limited resources. (38.5%) * The right to reproductive autonomy or self-determination (36.6%) * The right to information (20.5%) * The right to contraceptive methods (11.2%) * The right to integrity (8.7%) * The right to equality (6.8%) * The right to abortion or to the voluntary interruption INTERRUPTION. The effect of some act or circumstance which stops the course of a prescription or act of limitation's. 2. Interruption of the use of a thing is natural or civil. of pregnancy (6.2%) * The right to freely develop one's personality and well-being (5.6%) * The right to corporal autonomy (5.6%) * The right to individual freedom (4.3%) * The right to responsible parenthood (4.3%) * The right to dignity (2.5%) * The right to life (1.2%) * The right to choose whether or not to have a family (1.2%) * The right to reproductive health (23%) * The right to reproductive health services (16.1%) * The right to education (5%) * The right to social justice (1.8%) * The right to development (0.6%) With regard to a more specific understanding of these rights, we found the following constants in the descriptions provided in the survey responses: The right to family planning (38.5%) * The right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education and means to do so through low-cost and high-quality health care. * Non-coercive, transparent and widespread offer of family planning. * The right to plan pregnancy. The right to reproductive autonomy or self-determination (36.6%) * The maximum freedom of choice and decision in matters related to procreation PROCREATION. The generation of children; it is an act authorized by the law of nature: one of the principal ends of marriage is the procreation of children. Inst. tit. 2, in pr. . * The right to voluntary and healthy procreation. * Voluntary maternity MATERNITY. The state or condition of a mother. 2. It is either legitimate or natural. The former is the condition of the mother who has given birth to legitimate children, while the latter is the condition of her who has given birth to illegitimate children. . * Women's and men's right to decide freely whether or not they wish to have children. * Women's and men's ability to make decisions regarding their reproductive lives. * The right to make free and informed decisions in matters of procreation and reproduction and the necessary means to enforce these decisions in healthy conditions. * The right to make decisions related to reproduction free from discrimination, coercion or violence. * The right to have control over and to decide freely and responsibly over all matters related to sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free from discrimination, coercion or violence. * Freedom to make decisions regarding childrearing. * The right to decide as a couple and without pressure whether or not to continue a pregnancy. * The ability to control one's reproductive life in keeping with a personal and social ethic. * Self-determination and freedom The Self-determination and Freedom (Spanish: Autodeterminación y Libertad) is a leftist political party in Argentina. 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• of conscience. * Adolescents' right to continue a pregnancy and to care for their children, regardless of the will of adults. The right to information (20.5%) * The right to information on contraceptive methods without any form of coercion or violence. * Access to free information on contraceptive methods. The right to contraceptive methods (11.2%) * The right to free and safe access to traditional and modern methods to control human fertility that are currently available and that have been scientifically tested, as well as the right to voluntary surgical sterilization surgical sterilization Mechanical sterilization Gynecology Sterilization that prevents passage of a fertilized egg to the uterus, or of sperm meeting egg; the more common form of SS is tubal ligation, but vasectomy is not uncommon. See Tubal ligation, Vasectomy. . * The right to safe contraception. * The right to natural contraceptive methods. * The right to use family planning methods. The right to integrity (8.7%) * Corporal integrity. Corporal is not a synonym of physical, rather it reflects a more comprehensive concept. * Full respect for the physical integrity of one's body. * Knowing and loving one's body and genitals. * The right to respect for one's body and its sexual expressions, free from gender-based manipulations. * Complete respect for physical, sexual and psychological integrity. The right to equality (6.8%) * The right to be free from gender-based discrimination. * Equal opportunities. * The right to plan a pregnancy free from discrimination. * The right to not be discriminated against for having an unwanted pregnancy. * The right to be free from discrimination based on pregnancy or maternity. * The right to choose to be a parent free from discrimination and to be supported by one's family. * The right to continue one's studies while pregnant. * The equitable equitable adj. 1) just, based on fairness and not legal technicalities. 2) refers to positive remedies (orders to do something, not money damages) employed by the courts to solve disputes or give relief. (See: equity) EQUITABLE. distribution of responsibilities among family members. * The right of mothers, children and families to access protection measures, recognizing the diversity of the family and the equal rights and the joint responsibilities of its members. The right to abortion or to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy (6.2%) * Freedom of conscience as the basis for the voluntary interruption of pregnancy. * The right to have an abortion in safe and hygienic hy·gien·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to hygiene. 2. Tending to promote or preserve health. 3. Sanitary. conditions. * Women's right to have an abortion, even if their partners do not agree. The right to freely develop one's personality and well-being (5.6%) * People's right to guaranteed well-being regarding their reproductive potential. * The constellation of conditions that facilitate a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being which include the ability to procreate pro·cre·ate v. 1. To beget and conceive offspring; to reproduce. 2. To produce or create; originate. pro and the freedom to choose whether or not to have children, and the spacing, timing and number of children. The right to corporal autonomy (5.6%) * That the State and men no longer have rights over the bodies and individual liberty of women. * The right of a free individual to appropriate her or his body and history and therefore to be responsible for her or his own actions. * The right to be free (re-appropriation of one's body), every woman's power to make decisions in regards to reproduction that do not harm her physical or psychological integrity and that contribute to her quality of life. * The right to control one's fertility through one's own body or that of one's partner. The right to individual freedom (4.3%) * The right to individual freedom as the basis for or aspiration of reproductive rights. The right to responsible parenthood (4.3%) * The right to voluntary and healthy procreation. * The right to fertility treatments. * The right to free mother-child care. * The right to prenatal care prenatal care, n the health care provided the mother and fetus before childbirth. . * The right to care during pregnancy, in childbirth childbirth: see birth. Childbirth Childlessness (See BARRENNESS.) Artemis (Rom. Diana) goddess of childbirth. [Gk. Myth. and during the post-partum period. * The right to the voluntary termination of pregnancy termination of pregnancy Induced abortion. See Abortion. . * The right of single mothers to have economic, social and psychological support. * The right to decide as a couple and without pressure whether or not to continue a pregnancy. * The right of mothers, children and families to access protection measures, recognizing the diversity of the family and the equal rights and the joint responsibilities of its members. * Adoptive a·dop·tive adj. 1. a. Of or having to do with adoption. b. Characteristic of adoption. 2. Related by adoption: parenthood. The right to life (1.2%) * The right to not die due to maternity. The right to reproductive health (23%) * Sexual and reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters related to sexuality and reproduction and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but a constellation of multiple human aspects included in sexual and reproductive decisions, behaviors and experiences (Cairo, 1994). * The right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health and the right to services and information that make this possible. * The right to medical care for sexual health in order to maintain physical, mental and emotional well-being. * The absence of organic disorders, illnesses or deficiencies that hamper sexual activity. * Mental health. * Comprehensive health. The right to reproductive health services (16.1%) * Dignified dig·ni·fied adj. Having or expressing dignity. dig  ni·fied ly adv. health care.
* Universal access to reproductive health care services (World Social Forum). * Comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services of high quality, both medically and psychologically. * Programs for the prevention of unwanted pregnancies that target both women and men. * Programs for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. * Programs for the treatment of cervical cervical /cer·vi·cal/ (ser´vi-k'l) 1. pertaining to the neck. 2. pertaining to the neck or cervix of any organ or structure. cer·vi·cal adj. , breast and prostate cancer prostate cancer, cancer originating in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer is the leading malignancy in men in the United States and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in men. . * Health care services that guarantee a wanted, safe and risk-free pregnancy during gestation GESTATION, med. jur. The time during which a female, who has conceived, carries the embryo or foetus in her uterus. By the common consent of mankind, the term of gestation is considered to be ten lunar months, or forty weeks, equal to nine calendar months and a week. , childbirth and lactation lactation Production of milk by female mammals after giving birth. The milk is discharged by the mammary glands in the breasts. Hormones triggered by delivery of the placenta and by nursing stimulate milk production. . * The right to receive support and care in health services for pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period The postpartum period is the period consisting of the months or weeks immediately after childbirth or delivery. Importance to health The postpartum period is when the woman adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbearing. . * A gender perspective and one that is sensitive to the needs of the specific population: women, men or young people. * Women's and men's right to be active participants in their reproductive health care. The right to education (5%) * The right to know one's own body. * The right to education about sexuality. * Sex education that breaks down the myths of sexuality laden with taboos and prejudices. * Knowledge about the body, its functions and potentials, and information about sexual relations. * Freedom from stereotypes. * The right to educational services that allow reproductive autonomy. The right to social justice (1.8%) * The conditions that will allow all people to enjoy the autonomy and ability necessary to make decisions regarding their sexuality and to enjoy sexual pleasure. * Public policies. * Resources. As in the matter of sexual rights, "the right to influence government decisions regarding women's rights, public policies and budgets in matters of reproduction" is perceived as a condition for women's full exercise of citizenship. Based on the number of times they appeared in the survey responses, the most common definitions are: The right to family planning (38.5%): The capacity of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education and means to do so through low-cost, high-quality health care, as well as the non-coercive, transparent and widespread offer of methods of family planning. The right to reproductive autonomy or self-determination (36.6%): The right to have control over and to make free, responsible and informed decisions in all matters of maternity, procreation and reproduction, including tasks related to childrearing, in keeping with a personal and social ethic, free from coercion, violence or discrimination based on age, and the necessary means to enforce these decisions in healthy conditions. The right to information (20.5%): The capacity to access information on sexuality (specifically related to reproduction), fertility control and contraceptive methods, free of cost, without any sort of restrictions or any form of coercion or violence. The right to contraceptive methods (11.2%): Free and safe access to natural, traditional and modern methods to control human fertility that are currently available and that have been scientifically tested, as well as access to voluntary surgical sterilization. The right to reproductive health (23%): A state of complete physical, biological, mental, emotional and social well-being in all matters related to sexuality and reproduction and not merely the absence of organic disorders, illnesses or deficiencies that hamper reproductive capacity, but also the right to attain the highest standard of reproductive health and a constellation of multiple human aspects included in reproductive decisions, behaviors and experiences. The right to reproductive health services (16.1%): Access to reproductive health care services that provide universal, dignified, comprehensive health care of a high quality, both medically and psychologically, that guarantee a wanted, safe and risk-free pregnancy during gestation, childbirth and lactation and which include programs for the prevention of unwanted pregnancies that target both women and men, programs for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (including HIV/AIDS), and programs for the treatment of cervical, breast and prostate cancer. Sexual Rights and Reproductive Rights: Together or Separate? Regarding the second question, in the 161 surveys that were answered, 49 respondents addressed the concepts of sexual rights and reproductive rights separately, 37 addressed the concepts together, and 44 addressed reproductive and sexual rights both together and separately. On the other hand, 13 respondents did not justify their responses, and 31 did not answer this question. In order to better understand the responses we did receive, the arguments were classified as either political, conceptual or pedagogical/methodological. Of the 49 surveys that chose to address these concepts separately, only five did not give arguments supporting this decision (in one of these cases, we could not understand the argument). Of the remaining 44 respondents, 32 (79.54%) presented arguments of a political nature; five (11.36%) provided pedagogical/ methodological arguments; and four (9.09%), conceptual arguments. Two political arguments were primarily used by the individuals and organizations working in these areas, particularly by those that describe themselves as feminists. * The most common political argument was the struggle for the recognition of sexuality and reproduction as independent from one another (65.62%), "now more unquestionable than ever due to technological advances." Separation of sexual rights and reproductive rights was also viewed as strategically important for the recognition of sexual rights and the promotion of these rights, such as the rights to sexual freedom and to pleasure. Addressing these rights separately was also seen as a way to emphasize the right to the subjective dimension of sexuality. * The second most common political argument was the intent to prevent sexual rights from being hidden or overwhelmed o·ver·whelm tr.v. o·ver·whelmed, o·ver·whelm·ing, o·ver·whelms 1. To surge over and submerge; engulf: waves overwhelming the rocky shoreline. 2. a. by reproductive rights, whether in theory or in practice (31.25%). Those using this argument maintain that reproductive rights have been legitimized from a perspective focusing on health or population which, on one hand, emphasizes family planning, access to reproductive health services, STI STI systolic time intervals. prevention and treatment, etc. and, on the other hand, excludes all non-heterosexual or non-reproductive relationships. Among the pedagogical/methodological arguments, we found the following issues: 1) the amplitude amplitude (ăm`plĭt  d'), in physics, maximum displacement from a zero value or rest position. of these concepts demands that they
be addressed separately; 2) treating these concepts separately favors
the understanding of both; and 3) women have a better understanding of
reproductive rights.
Among the conceptual arguments for addressing sexual rights and reproductive rights separately, we identified the following points: 1) the right to the free exercise of sexuality is not included in reproductive rights; and 2) sexual rights and reproductive rights are of different natures, sexuality being subjective and reproduction being physiological physiological /phys·i·o·log·i·cal/ (-loj´i-kal) pertaining to physiology; normal; not pathologic. phys·i·o·log·i·cal or phys·i·o·log·ic adj. Abbr. phys. 1. (a questionable argument in itself). At the same time, and even though it appears contradictory, one of the respondents replied that "sexual rights include reproductive rights." In regard to the 37 surveys that chose to work with these concepts together, three did not give reasons for their decision. Also, 17 (45.94%) used the following conceptual arguments: more than half held that both sexual and reproductive rights were based in women's and men's rights This article or section has multiple issues: * It may contain original research or unverifiable claims. * It needs additional references or sources for verification. * It may not present a worldwide view of the subject. to well-being, quality of life, the right to health, the right to education or human rights. Among the other conceptual arguments, two stressed the interdependent in·ter·de·pen·dent adj. Mutually dependent: "Today, the mission of one institution can be accomplished only by recognizing that it lives in an interdependent world with conflicts and overlapping interests" and indivisible INDIVISIBLE. That which cannot be separated. 2. It is important to ascertain when a consideration or a contract, is or is not indivisible. When a consideration is entire and indivisible, and it is against law, the contract is void in toto. 11 Verm. 592; 2 W. nature of human rights, one other indicated the need for a comprehensive perspective on human rights and civil rights, and the rest mentioned that: 1) both concepts are interrelated in·ter·re·late tr. & intr.v. in·ter·re·lat·ed, in·ter·re·lat·ing, in·ter·re·lates To place in or come into mutual relationship. in ; 2) the concept of reproductive rights includes sexual rights (which does not deny that it is necessary to differentiate between the two); and 3) sexual rights are considered a condition for reproductive rights. On the other hand, political arguments were used by 11 of the 37 surveyed groups who addressed these concepts together. The most common of these arguments was that when they are addressed separately, reproductive rights end up being emphasized; treating these rights jointly allows for these concepts to be clearly defined and differentiated from one another, overcoming subjective resistance and traditional conceptions. One of the surveys stressed that there is no legal framework that specifically protects sexual rights, and therefore arguments must be based in an interpretation of the existing legal framework that protects reproductive rights. Finally, six (16.21%) used pedagogical/methodological arguments. Most of these emphasized the perspective of women who offer training in these rights and who view them as complementary concepts. Even through they do not deny the risks implied in addressing these concepts jointly (i.e., the reinforcement reinforcement /re·in·force·ment/ (-in-fors´ment) in behavioral science, the presentation of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of subsequent responses, whether positive to desirable events, or of the association between sexuality and reproduction), they indicate that the relationship with the groups being trained must be priority. Two of the respondents proposed that they be treated jointly in practice because "one is the consequence of the other" and "it is better to base work addressing reproductive rights on sexual rights." Of the 44 respondents who worked with sexual and reproductive rights together and separately simultaneously, five did not support their answer and 17 (38.63%) used conceptual arguments. Most of these respondents were of the belief that, while these concepts are different or autonomous, they are intimately linked, interrelated or interdependent. According to this perspective, sexual rights include reproductive rights and are a sort of prerequisite pre·req·ui·site adj. Required or necessary as a prior condition: Competence is prerequisite to promotion. n. for the effective exercise of reproductive rights. In this respect, one of the respondents indicated that the recognition of civil rights, rather than political or social rights, has been emphasized. Only one respondent In Equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. The party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. upheld the Church's argument on why these right are linked. One-fourth of the respondents who treated sexual and reproductive rights both separately and jointly used pedagogical/methodological arguments to justify their decision. Half of these understand that they are different or independent concepts, but they stressed that in workshops, addressing these rights jointly depends on the groups with which they are working (women, young people, children, workers), their level of maturity in relation to the topic, the resistance which must be overcome, etc. At the same time, these respondents also pointed out that this treatment allows for the clear differentiation between these concepts. The other half of those who treated sexual and reproductive rights both separately and jointly understand that: 1) these concepts are intimately linked; 2) both correspond to a comprehensive perspective; and 3) addressing one paves the way for addressing the other. Political arguments were used by seven respondents (17.5%) addressing sexual and reproductive rights both separately and jointly. In these cases, four of the arguments recognized that these are different concepts, but argued that working on sexual and reproductive rights together has a number of objectives, including overcoming resistance by groups that defend the biomedical model The biomedical model of medicine, has been around since the mid-nineteenth century as the predominant model used by physicians in the diagnosis of disease. This model focuses on the physical processes, such as the pathology, the biochemistry and the physiology of a disease. traditionally used. On the other hand, addressing these rights jointly does not deny the need to draw attention to sexual rights. The three other respondents viewed these rights as interrelated. They argued that their separation is merely political and that more important than debating whether to address them separately or together is understanding that each is a matter of perspective: social, political and cultural contexts are more important. Beyond the opinions on whether or not to address these rights together, separately or in some sort of mixed fashion, our analysis of these arguments reveals that nearly 70% of the respondents who answered this question (131) understood that sexual rights and reproductive rights were different and autonomous concepts. Some Final Considerations Since a significant number of the definitions on sexual rights and reproductive rights were based on the right to liberty, we find the following considerations relevant. Norberto Bobbio Norberto Bobbio (October 18, 1909 – January 9, 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and an historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa. has criticized the ambiguous nature of the value of "liberty" and its varied meanings. Nonetheless, he also points out that the two politically relevant definitions--while by no means the only ones--are two forms of liberty that are increasingly referred to as "negative" and "positive." "Negative liberty" is understood as a situation in which an individual has the possibility of acting or not acting, without being obliged o·blige v. o·bliged, o·blig·ing, o·blig·es v.tr. 1. To constrain by physical, legal, social, or moral means. 2. or without being impeded im·pede tr.v. im·ped·ed, im·ped·ing, im·pedes To retard or obstruct the progress of. See Synonyms at hinder1. [Latin imped by other individuals or entities, such as the legal system. Negative liberty is also known as "liberty as freedom from impediment A disability or obstruction that prevents an individual from entering into a contract. Infancy, for example, is an impediment in making certain contracts. Impediments to marriage include such factors as consanguinity between the parties or an earlier marriage that is still valid. " or "liberty as absence of restriction." "Positive liberty" is understood as a situation in which an individual is able to focus her/his will towards an objective and to make decisions, without being bent to the will of others. This form of liberty is also known as "self-determination" or, more appropriately, "autonomy." Negative liberty has to do with action and positive liberty has to do with will, so rather than taking about negative or positive liberty, perhaps it would be more appropriate to talk about liberty of action or liberty of desire (will which is self-determined). Finally, the liberty of individuals or groups is also know as civil liberty, which is a condition for the joint exercise of positive liberty, so-called "political liberty." (1) The responses to the CLADEM survey recognize individual liberty as the basis for or the aspiration of sexual rights (5%) and reproductive rights (4.3%). Liberty of action without impediment or restriction sustains two sexual rights: the right to sexual preference, orientation or option (27.3%) and the right to sexual freedom (5.6%). With regard to reproductive rights, liberty of action forms the basis for the right to abortion or to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy (6.2%). On the other hand, the liberty of desire forms the basis for the rights to sexual autonomy or self-determination (47.2%), to reproductive autonomy or self-determination (36.6%), corporal autonomy as a sexual right (8.1%) and corporal autonomy as a reproductive right (5.6%). According to the responses, the vindication VINDICATION, civil law. The claim made to property by the owner of it. 1 Bell's Com. 281, 5th ed. See Revendication. of sexual and reproductive autonomy or self-determination is promoted from an individual or private logic linked to the construction of our individuality as a sexual being and our individual responses to parenthood. Sexual and reproductive rights are also defended from a collective or public logic with regard to the right to participate in governmental decisions involving the regulation of our sexuality, reproduction or bodies. However, the survey responses emphasize the first case. Most noteworthy are those responses which make reference to: 1) the presentation of legal initiatives or constitutional reforms in the field of sexual rights or reproductive rights; 2) participation and political influence in the international conferences; and 3) participation and influence for the existence and application of international conventions. There is a tendency to formulate formulate /for·mu·late/ (for´mu-lat) 1. to state in the form of a formula. 2. to prepare in accordance with a prescribed or specified method. rights by generating a list of adjectives. Just as with liberties, the right to pleasure is often modified by concepts such as mutual consent, responsibility (consciousness of the consequences of the exercise of pleasure) and respect (not causing suffering to another). With regard to the right to information, we often see the adjectives of truthful, scientific, comprehensive or complete. Also, the survey answers clearly differentiated the right to information from the right to education. In terms of the meanings of sexuality, the answers transcend a focus merely on genitals to include eroticism Eroticism Aphrodite novel of Alexandrian manners by Pierre Louys. [Fr. Lit.: Benét, 783] Ars Amatoria Ovid’s treatise on lovemaking. [Rom. Lit. , sensuality, fantasy and desires. There is also a clear tendency to differentiate between sexual rights and reproductive rights: reproduction does not necessarily follow sexuality as night follows day. Nonetheless, various organizations continue to include the right to freedom of sexual orientation and freedom to choose one's partner as reproductive rights. With regard to the free exercise of sexuality, the issue of equality (being able to jointly make decisions and assume the consequences of these decisions) applies to relationships with women as well as men. And the issue of equality does not just apply to gender relations, but to relations between different cultures as well. The Cairo and Beijing definitions of sexual rights and reproductive rights were adopted by 6.8% and 4.3% of the respondents, respectively. On the other hand, many of the other responses also used these definitions in whole or in part, which clearly reveals the appropriation The designation by the government or an individual of the use to which a fund of money is to be applied. The selection and setting apart of privately owned land by the government for public use, such as a military reservation or public building. of the gains made in the processes which have benefited from the energy of the women's movement women's movement: see feminism; woman suffrage. women's movement Diverse social movement, largely based in the U.S., seeking equal rights and opportunities for women in their economic activities, personal lives, and politics. . They also show that there is no difference between the definitions adopted at the international conferences and those assumed by our organizations. In terms of omissions that must be corrected and other adjustments that must be made in the areas of both sexual rights and reproductive rights, the expression of human dignity Human dignity is an expression that can be used as a moral concept or as a legal term. Sometimes it means no more than that human beings should not be treated as objects. Beyond this, it is meant to convey an idea of absolute and inherent worth that does not need to be acquired and as the basis for these rights is practically ignored. At the same time, the issue of contraceptive methods is primarily viewed as an aspect of the prevention of unwanted pregnancy rather than as a method for the enjoyment of recreational and pleasurable pleas·ur·a·ble adj. Agreeable; gratifying. pleas ur·a·bil sexuality. In a similar vein, claims for the right to
advanced technology are primarily raised in the area of heterosexual
reproduction (care during pregnancy and childbirth, infertility infertility, inability to conceive or carry a child to delivery. The term is usually limited to situations where the couple has had intercourse regularly for one year without using birth control. treatments, adoption, etc.) and are not applied in the area of sexuality
(i.e. development of new methods that prevent contraception and
transmission of STIs).
Drafting this preliminary analysis has led us to the following observations: We are concerned that corporal autonomy is only considered an aspect of sexual or reproductive rights by 8.1% and 5.6% of the respondents, respectively. However, the term "control over one's body" is used frequently. We would question this term: while it does have an important political meaning since it implies an external force, in particular the State, we also feel that it reproduces an oppressive symbolism Symbolism In art, a loosely organized movement that flourished in the 1880s and '90s and was closely related to the Symbolist movement in literature. In reaction against both Realism and Impressionism, Symbolist painters stressed art's subjective, symbolic, and decorative , in this case "control" of ourselves, by ourselves. We would also like to express our concern regarding the positions that see these rights as part of or connected to the right to health, especially in the matter of reproductive rights. We do not question the relationship linking sexuality, individuality and health, but we feel that sexual rights and reproductive rights deserve an autonomous regulation. We are also concerned that there are more arguments for the right to family planning than in support of the reproductive right to have an abortion. Indeed, the use of the term "abortion" was not common. While some texts indicated that "the right to voluntary maternity" included "the right to terminate a pregnancy," we must ask ourselves to what extent these linguistic subtleties have been politically beneficial or if they have actually contributed to the increased stigmatization stigmatization /stig·ma·ti·za·tion/ (stig?mah-ti-za´shun) 1. the developing of or being identified as possessing one or more stigmata. 2. the act or process of negatively labelling or characterizing another. of certain terms. We also believe that it is necessary to open a debate on the association of sexuality, love and happiness. We are concerned about two points: 1) that such an association discriminates or excludes conceptualizations, projects or practices that understand the exercise of sexuality as a right based in liberty (the free development of individual personality, sexual liberty, etc.) which may not be totally unrestricted, but is legitimate per se, and 2) the risk of needing moral or ethical arguments to legitimize le·git·i·mize tr.v. le·git·i·mized, le·git·i·miz·ing, le·git·i·miz·es To legitimate. le·git the autonomous exercise of sexuality. On the other hand, we are concerned that the vindication of sexual rights as different from reproductive rights emphasizes the need to break with the social and symbolic representation of woman-mother and sex-marriage-reproduction as the primary argument, but does not put enough emphasis on arguments that question the heterosexual model's hegemony hegemony (hĭjĕm`ənē, hē–, hĕj`əmō'nē, hĕg`ə–), [Gr.,=leadership], dominance, originally of one Greek city-state over others, the term has been extended to refer to the dominance of one in the exercise of sexuality, formation of the couple, and the establishment of the family. While 57% of the respondents did maintain that sexual rights and reproductive rights are different, the repetition REPETITION, construction of wills. A repetition takes place when the same testator, by the same testamentary instrument, gives to the same legatee legacies of equal amount and of the same kind; in such case the latter is considered a repetition of the former, and the legatee is entitled or overlap evident in the definitions--especially in regard to the rights to integrity, free development of one's personality, equality, individual liberty, corporal autonomy, information, education, health and social justice--reveals that we still need to develop more specific conceptualizations in each case. Based on the survey responses, the rights that were most clearly different were, in terms of sexual rights: the rights to pleasure, to sexual liberty and to sexual preference, orientation and option; and, in terms of reproductive rights: the rights to family planning, to contraceptive methods and to abortion or the voluntary termination of pregnancy. It should also be emphasized that while the survey did address the roles and functions of the State, civil society and the citizenry cit·i·zen·ry n. pl. cit·i·zen·ries Citizens considered as a group. citizenry Noun citizens collectively Noun 1. , the answers tended to emphasize an individual logic that places limits on the government and government agencies, rather than a social logic that demands the responsibility of the State in the promotion and guarantee of conditions for the exercise of rights, except with regard to access to education and quality health care services. In regard to the extended, express or tacit adoption of the definitions of sexual rights and reproductive rights approved in the international conferences at Beijing and Cairo, we have two concerns: 1) that these definitions are taken for granted Adj. 1. taken for granted - evident without proof or argument; "an axiomatic truth"; "we hold these truths to be self-evident" axiomatic, self-evident obvious - easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind; "obvious errors" as a starting point Noun 1. starting point - earliest limiting point terminus a quo commencement, get-go, offset, outset, showtime, starting time, beginning, start, kickoff, first - the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the ; and 2) the lack of clarity regarding the limitations of the conferences and their differences with regard to international treaties which are obligations and responsibilities of the State. Note (1.) Bobbio, Norberto (1993). Igualdad y Libertad. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidos. I.C.E. de la Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona. |
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