Sex offenders. (Survey Summary).The numbers of sex offenders in 45 of the nation's prison systems and seven systems in Canada Canada (kăn`ədə), independent nation (2001 pop. 30,007,094), 3,851,787 sq mi (9,976,128 sq km), N North America. Canada occupies all of North America N of the United States (and E of Alaska) except for Greenland and the French islands of remained about the same as they were one year ago, according to according toprep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. of this Corrections Compendium com·pen·di·um n. pl. com·pen·di·ums or com·pen·di·a 1. A short, complete summary; an abstract. 2. A list or collection of various items. survey on sex offenders. The numbers actually increased in 12 U.S. and two Canadian Canadian (kənā`dēən), river, 906 mi (1,458 km) long, rising in NE New Mexico. and flowing E across N Texas and central Oklahoma into the Arkansas River in E Oklahoma. systems, while sex offender sex offender n. generic term for all persons convicted of crimes involving sex, including rape, molestation, sexual harassment and pornography production or distribution. populations decreased in only four U.S. systems. This represents a substantial difference from information provided in the last Compendium sex offender survey in July July: see month. 1991, in which it was noted that sex offenders in prison had increased 48 percent during the preceding two years. Of the numbers of sex offenders incarcerated incarcerated /in·car·cer·at·ed/ (in-kahr´ser-at?ed) imprisoned; constricted; subjected to incarceration. in·car·cer·at·ed adj. Confined or trapped, as a hernia. in the respective reporting U.S. systems (149,420) and Canada (2,313), Utah and Wisconsin Wisconsin, state, United States Wisconsin (wĭskŏn`sən, –sĭn), upper midwestern state of the United States. It is bounded by Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, from which it is divided by the Menominee indicated that 25.1 percent of each of their total populations are incarcerated for sex offenses A class of sexual conduct prohibited by the law. Since the 1970s this area of the law has undergone significant changes and reforms. Although the commission of sex offenses is not new, public awareness and concern regarding sex offenses have grown, resulting in the . The percentage of sex offenders drops in Mississippi Mississippi, state, United States Mississippi (mĭs'əsĭp`ē), one of the Deep South states of the United States. It is bordered by Alabama (E), the Gulf of Mexico (S), Arkansas and Louisiana, with most of the border formed by to 5.1 percent and in the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). to less than 2 percent. First-time sex offenders account for 53,138 individuals, but 23 responding systems did not know their numbers. Special housing accommodations are in use in 20 U.S. systems and six in Canada. In Iowa, sex offenders are housed in the general population prior to participation in a treatment program, at which time they are housed in one facility that is prerelease-oriented. Missouri Missouri, state, United States Missouri (mĭz  r`ē, –ə), one of the midwestern states of the United States. instituted a
handicapped-accessible, therapeutic community setting on May 15. If
evaluated as a repetitive and compulsive com·pul·siveadj. Caused or conditioned by compulsion or obsession. n. A person with behavior patterns governed by a compulsion. compulsive the state of being subject to compulsion. sex offender by a psychologist psy·chol·o·gist n. A person trained and educated to perform psychological research, testing, and therapy. psychologist , a judge in New Jersey has the option to sentence an offender to the Adult Diagnostic Treatment Center. Treatment In the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , treatment for incarcerated sex offenders is voluntary in 30 of the reporting systems and mandatory Peremptory; obligatory; required; that which must be subscribed to or obeyed. Mandatory statutes are those that require, as opposed to permit, a particular course of action. in 17 others. In Canada, voluntary commitments are carried out in six systems and are mandatory in three others. Dual designations may apply for a number of reasons, including: being a part of the sentence; mandatory for victim awareness but voluntary for psychological education; mandatory for parole parole (pərōl`), in criminal law, release from prison of a convict before the expiration of his term on condition that his activities be restricted and that he report regularly to an officer. consideration; or depending on the type of treatment offered. There is no treatment provided to sex offenders in California California (kăl'ĭfôr`nyə), most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). , Maine, Mississippi or Oregon Oregon, city, United States Oregon, city (1990 pop. 18,334), Lucas co., NW Ohio, a suburb adjacent to Toledo, on Lake Erie; inc. 1958. It is a port with railroad-owned and -operated docks. The city has industries producing oil, chemicals, and metal products. . Types of treatment vary widely among the systems as noted in the reported numbers in the following table: TYPE OF TREATMENT UNITED STATES CANADA Individual counseling 32 6 Group counseling 40 5 Inmate support groups 21 2 Medical treatment 24 4 Relapse prevention 35 5 Cognitive/behavioral 39 6 Offense-specific 29 4 Therapeutic communities 19 1 As noted, while 24 U.S. systems provide specialized spe·cial·ize v. spe·cial·ized, spe·cial·iz·ing, spe·cial·iz·es v.intr. 1. To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study. 2. treatment for sex offenders, several additional states indicated that they provide basic medical treatment but that it is not sex offender-specific. Other types of treatment modalities Modalities The factors and circumstances that cause a patient's symptoms to improve or worsen, including weather, time of day, effects of food, and similar factors. are indicated, such as psychiatric psy·chi·at·ric adj. Of or relating to psychiatry. psychiatric adjective Pertaining to psychiatry, mental disorders education, special community supervision, measurement of sexual interest, victim impact, an experimental drama therapy approach and a two-year intensive residential program. New Jersey includes specific programs, such as Clear Thinking, Victim Empathy empathy Ability to imagine oneself in another's place and understand the other's feelings, desires, ideas, and actions. The empathic actor or singer is one who genuinely feels the part he or she is performing. , Personal Victimization victimization Social medicine The abuse of the disenfranchised–eg, those underage, elderly, ♀, mentally retarded, illegal aliens, or other, by coercing them into illegal activities–eg, drug trade, pornography, prostitution. and Arousal arousal /arous·al/ (ah-rou´z'l) 1. a state of responsiveness to sensory stimulation or excitability. 2. the act or state of waking from or as if from sleep. 3. Reconditioning, while Correctional cor·rec·tion n. 1. The act or process of correcting. 2. Something offered or substituted for a mistake or fault: made corrections in the report. 3. a. Service Canada Service Canada is part of a Government of Canada-wide service transformation initiative aimed at responding to Canadians' expressed desire for better, more responsive, less cluttered service from Canadian governments. (CSC (Card Security Code) A three- or four-digit number printed on the back of credit cards for security purposes. Called "Card Verification Value" (CVV) by Visa, "Card Validation Code" (CVC) by MasterCard and "Card Identification (CID) by American Express and Discover, ) provides a program designed to aid self-regulation/management of risk to re-offend. Activities involving victim-offender reconciliation occur in 15 systems and are being considered and/or developed in three others. CSC offers such a program only in exceptional cases. Release Provisions Thirty-eight U.S. and eight Canadian systems have parole planning in effect, although 26 of the systems offer limited parole consideration. These limited conditions may include determinate DETERMINATE. That which is ascertained; what is particularly designated; as, if I sell you my horse Napoleon, the article sold is here determined. This is very different from a contract by which I would have sold you a horse, without a particular designation of any horse. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 947, 950. sentencing for some sex offenses, becoming eligible when sentenced to two or more years; imposing a statutory 10-year sentence; identification as a serial sex offender; or completion of a required sex offender treatment program depending on the sentencing judge or the structure of the sentence, or determined by truth in sentencing Truth in Sentencing (or TIS) is a collection of different but related ideas about justice and fairness in the sentencing of criminals. Unlike earlier and better-known debates about what constitutes just sentencing, TIS is relatively unconcerned with what is fair for the criminal (e. . Sex offenders who were repeat offenders for violent crimes, those convicted of two violent sex offenses involving a victim younger than 13, those serving less than a six-month sentence, and specifically those serving a life sentence without parole are ineligible in·el·i·gi·ble adj. 1. Disqualified by law, rule, or provision: ineligible to run for office; ineligible for health benefits. 2. for parole. On Oct. 17, 2001, the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs announced a $2.8 million grant to 21 communities in 17 states to help develop, implement or expand comprehensive strategies to manage sex offenders under community supervision. The communities were to develop multidisciplinary teams including law enforcement, probation probation, method by which the punishment of a convicted offender is conditionally suspended. The offender must remain in the community and under the supervision of a probation officer, who is usually a court-appointed official. and parole officers, other criminal justice personnel, the courts, treatment providers and victim advocates. Although community expansion efforts might be a growing trend, other than mandatory sex offender registration  This article requires authentication or verification by an expert.Please assist in recruiting an expert or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details. , community supervision and treatment, home monitoring and periodic polygraph An instrument used to measure physiological responses in humans when they are questioned in order to determine if their answers are truthful. Also known as a "lie detector," the polygraph has a controversial history in U.S. law. testing, few other requirements were reported. Tracking sex offender recidivism recidivism: see criminology. is not conducted in 16 of the reporting systems and the methods vary among those that have implemented formal methods for tracking--from return to the department to the use of automated au·to·mate v. au·to·mat·ed, au·to·mat·ing, au·to·mates v.tr. 1. To convert to automatic operation: automate a factory. 2. database information systems to agent monitoring. A recent study conducted in Iowa indicated that sex offenders recidivate re·cid·i·vate intr.v. re·cid·i·vat·ed, re·cid·i·vat·ing, re·cid·i·vates To return to a previous pattern of behavior, especially to return to criminal habits. less than other offenders and are more likely to be convicted of misdemeanors than felonies. In the past two to three years, policy changes affecting sentencing have occurred in 21 U.S. systems and changes in corrections in 31 U.S. and six Canadian systems. Primarily, it appears that the growth in sex offenders incarcerated in U.S. prisons is the result of such policy changes as longer sentences, extension of parole obligations, numbers of offenses required for sex offender registration, the amount of good time that could be earned based on certain violent crimes, and for civil commitment.
TABLE 1: POPULATION
PERCENTAGE FIRST-TIME
SYSTEM NUMBER OF SEX
INCARCERATED POPULATION OFFENDERS
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA 659 17.7% Unknown
ARIZONA 3,066 10.7% 2,606
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA 20.009 12.7% Unknown
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT 2,825 (1) 15.2% Unknown
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT 71 .019% 9
OF COLUMBIA
FLORIDA 8,149 11.2% 5,653
GEORGIA 5,948 12.8% Unknown
HAWAII No response
IDAHO 1,016 18% 837
ILLINOIS 4,599 10.4% 2,704
INDIANA 3,132 15.8% 2,027
IOWA 1,090 13.5% Unknown
KANSAS 2,135 (2) 24.9% Unknown
KENTUCKY 1,894 11.7% Unknown
LOUISIANA 3,219 9% 1,566
MAINE Unknown Unknown Unknown
MARYLAND 1,742 7.4% 788
MASSACHUSETTS 2,100 20.8% Unknown
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA 1,291 19.6% 930
MISSISSIPPI 1,106 5.1% 794
MISSOURI 4,059 13.9% 2,989
MONTANA 336 14% 165
NEBRASKA 634 16.1% Unknown
NEVADA 1,817 17.5% 1,688
NEW HAMPSHIRE 610 24.2% Unknown
NEW JERSEY 1,912 7% Unknown
NEW MEXICO 614 10.7% 585
NEW YORK 5,877 8.8% 1,314
NORTH CAROLINA 4,068 12.6% Unknown
NORTH DAKOTA 210 17.8% 178
OHIO 9,825 21.5% Unknown
OKLAHOMA 2,308 10.1% 1,884
OREGON 3,538 (3) N/A 2,467
PENNSYLVANIA 4,175 10.8% 3,422
RHODE ISLAND 353 13.4% Unknown
SOUTH CAROLINA 2,326 9.7% Unknown
SOUTH DAKOTA 423 14.6% Unknown
TENNESSEE 3,192 18% Unknown
TEXAS 25,101 17.5% 17,880
UTAH 1,362 25.1% Unknown
VERMONT 401 23.2% Unknown
VIRGINIA 2,943 (FY) 10.1% Unknown
WASHINGTON 3,022 19.6% 2,374
WEST VIRGINIA 703 19.5% Unknown
WISCONSIN 5,236 25.1% Unknown
WYOMING 324 19.3% 278
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
U.S. TOTALS 149,420 53,138
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA 68 11.2% 23, est.
NEWFOUNDLAND 47 13.8% 16
NOVA SCOTIA 13 4% 5
ONTARIO Not available N/A N/A
PRINCE EDWARD 12 19.4% Unknown
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN 45-50 ADP 5.7%, est. Unknown
YUKON TERRITORY 18 28.1% None
CORRECTIONAL 2,107 16% 1,365
SERVICE CANADA
CANADIAN TOTALS Approx. 2,313 Approx. 1,409
CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS TWO YEARS
Inc- Dec-
SYSTEM reased reased Same Comments
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA X New statutes and statutory
changes
ARIZONA X
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA X
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT X
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT X
OF COLUMBIA
FLORIDA X .15% increase
GEORGIA X Passage of SB441 and
stricter parole policies
HAWAII No response
IDAHO X
ILLINOIS X From 10.5% to 10.4%
INDIANA X From 15.2% in 2000 to 15.8%
IOWA X Leveling out of past
trends; previous increase
caused by a decade of
increased penalties, better
enforcement/prosecution
and public awareness
KANSAS X 6.6% increase resulting
from public attention and
high-profile cases
KENTUCKY X Slight change by about 100
inmates
LOUISIANA X
MAINE X
MARYLAND X
MASSACHUSETTS X
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA X
MISSISSIPPI X
MISSOURI X Typically, sentences are
lengthy for sex offenders
and those with prior sexual
offenses may be sentenced
to additional years in
prison
MONTANA X
NEBRASKA X
NEVADA X
NEW HAMPSHIRE X
NEW JERSEY X
NEW MEXICO N/A N/A N/A
NEW YORK X
NORTH CAROLINA X
NORTH DAKOTA X
OHIO X
OKLAHOMA X
OREGON X
PENNSYLVANIA X
RHODE ISLAND X
SOUTH CAROLINA X
SOUTH DAKOTA X
TENNESSEE X
TEXAS X
UTAH X
VERMONT X Length of stay
VIRGINIA X
WASHINGTON X 1.1% decrease
WEST VIRGINIA X
WISCONSIN X X Greater community aware-
ness, vigorous prosecution
and conservative release
rates and implementation of
truth-in-sentencing
WYOMING X
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
U.S. TOTALS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA X Increase in the current
year for reasons unknown
NEWFOUNDLAND X Possibly a slight decrease
NOVA SCOTIA X
ONTARIO N/A N/A N/A
PRINCE EDWARD X
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN X Relatively constant
population figures since
1996
YUKON TERRITORY X
CORRECTIONAL X
SERVICE CANADA
CANADIAN TOTALS
SYSTEM SPECIAL HOUSING ACCOMMODATIONS
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA Yes, but only if the inmates are participants in
one of the two treatment programs
ARIZONA Yes, in specific prison units, level-3 dorm setting
or level-4 2-man cells
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA No, there are restrictions on minimum
placements and programs
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT No, but some sex offenders are housed in
protective custody for their safety
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT No
OF COLUMBIA
FLORIDA No
GEORGIA No
HAWAII No response
IDAHO No
ILLINOIS Yes, for sexually dangerous offenders at one
adult facility and for sex offenders in treatment at
two adult facilities
INDIANA No
IOWA Yes, a treatment program at one facility that is
prerelease-oriented; sex offenders are housed in
the general population prior to treatment
program participation
KANSAS No
KENTUCKY No
LOUISIANA No
MAINE No
MARYLAND No
MASSACHUSETTS No
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA No, but there is a residential sex offender
treatment unit that is not a protective unit
MISSISSIPPI No
MISSOURI Yes, in protective custody that is handicapped-
accessible; the majority of sex offenders were
moved into a therapeutic community setting
May 15 for an intensive treatment phase
MONTANA No
NEBRASKA Yes, inpatient program located in half of a
medium/maximum-security prison unit
NEVADA Yes, in a specific institution that includes sex
offender programming
NEW HAMPSHIRE Yes, while in a sex offender program
NEW JERSEY If evaluated as a repetitive and compulsive sex
offender by a psychologist, a judge has the
option to sentence the offender to the Adult
Diagnostic Treatment Center (ADTC)
NEW MEXICO Yes, but limited to those in treatment programs
NEW YORK Yes, in protective custody as well as 2 residential
sex offender counseling programs
NORTH CAROLINA No
NORTH DAKOTA No
OHIO No
OKLAHOMA Yes, for those in treatment, but offenders have
contact with the general population
OREGON No
PENNSYLVANIA Yes, some units provide sex offender
programming and there also is a therapeutic
community for those sex offenders with alcohol
and/or drug addictions
RHODE ISLAND Yes, protective custody is available on a case-
by-case basis but not mandated
SOUTH CAROLINA No
SOUTH DAKOTA No
TENNESSEE Yes, for those in inpatient therapeutic community
(phase 1) and for those in outpatient therapeutic
community (phase 2)
TEXAS Yes, in dedicated and segregated living areas
for those in the treatment program.
UTAH Yes, separate units
VERMONT Yes, with 70 designated beds
VIRGINIA Yes for inmates assigned to the residential sex
offender treatment program
WASHINGTON No
WEST VIRGINIA No
WISCONSIN Yes, separate units in residential treatment
programs used to create therapeutic milieus
WYOMING No
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
U.S. TOTALS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA Yes, separate unit for compulsory special
treatment program
NEWFOUNDLAND Yes, a protective custody living unit for a large
percentage of sex offenders
NOVA SCOTIA No
ONTARIO Yes, cellular or dormitory protective custody
units
PRINCE EDWARD Yes, separate living unit
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN No
YUKON TERRITORY Yes, special dorm in segregation unit
CORRECTIONAL Yes, programs in specific location
SERVICE CANADA
CANADIAN TOTALS
(1) CONNECTICUT: The Department of Corrections includes
accused/pretrial population and sentenced offenders. Some inmates may
be in accused status for a sexual offense and not convicted/sentenced
for that offense but had previous convictions for other offenses and
vice versa.
(2) KANSAS: The number of sex offenders noted includes all offenders
incarcerated for any sex offenses.
(3) OREGON: The figure includes offenders who were convicted of a
registerable sex offense at any time, past or present.
TABLE 2: TREATMENT
TYPES OF
SCHEDULING TREATMENT
Indi-
Manda- Volun- vidual Group
SYSTEM tory tary Comments Counse- Counse-
ling ling
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA X X May be court- X X
ordered
ARIZONA X X X
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA No treatment
provided
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT X X
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF X X
COLUMBIA
FLORIDA X X
GEORGIA X X X
HAWAII No response
IDAHO X X
ILLINOIS X X X
INDIANA X X Mandatory for X X
victim aware-
ness; voluntary
for psychologi-
cal education
IOWA X X X
KANSAS X X Mandatory for X X
parole; volun-
tary within
facility
KENTUCKY X X Depends on the X X
treatment
LOUISIANA X X Mandatory if a X X
condition of
sentence
MAINE No treatment or
programming for
sex offender-
specific
population
MARYLAND X X X
MASSACHUSETTS X X
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA X May include X X
incentives
MISSISSIPPI No treatment
programs
MISSOURI X X X
MONTANA X X May be part of X X
sentencing
NEBRASKA X X X
NEVADA X X
NEW HAMPSHIRE X X
NEW JERSEY X X
NEW MEXICO X X
NEW YORK X X X
NORTH X X X
CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA X X X X
OHIO X X
OKLAHOMA X X X
OREGON No treatment
available in
prison
PENNSYLVANIA X X X
RHODE ISLAND X X
SOUTH X X X
CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA X X X
TENNESSEE X X X
TEXAS X X X
UTAH X X
VERMONT X X X
VIRGINIA X X X
WASHINGTON X X X
WEST VIRGINIA X X X X
WISCONSIN X In institu- X X
tions, except
for educational
Denier programs
WYOMING X X X
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA X X X
NEWFOUNDLAND X X X
NOVA SCOTIA X
ONTARIO X X X
PRINCE EDWARD X X X
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN X
YUKON X X X
TERRITORY
CORRECTIONAL X X X
SERVICE CANADA
TYPES OF TREATMENT
Inmate Relapse Cognitive/
SYSTEM Support Medical Prevention Behavioral
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA X X
ARIZONA X X X
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT X X X
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
FLORIDA
GEORGIA X X X
HAWAII No response
IDAHO X X X
ILLINOIS X X X X
INDIANA X X
IOWA X X X X
KANSAS X X
KENTUCKY X X
LOUISIANA X X X X
MAINE
MARYLAND X
MASSACHUSETTS X X
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA X X X
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI X X X X
MONTANA X X X
NEBRASKA X X X X
NEVADA X X X
NEW HAMPSHIRE X X X X
NEW JERSEY X X X X
NEW MEXICO X X X
NEW YORK X X X
NORTH X X
CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA X X X
OHIO X X X
OKLAHOMA X X X X
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA X X X
RHODE ISLAND X X
SOUTH X X X
CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA X X X
TENNESSEE X X X X
TEXAS X X X
UTAH X X X X
VERMONT X X X X
VIRGINIA X X
WASHINGTON X X X X
WEST VIRGINIA X X
WISCONSIN X X X X
WYOMING X X X
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA X X
NEWFOUNDLAND X X
NOVA SCOTIA X X
ONTARIO X X X X
PRINCE EDWARD X
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN X
YUKON X
TERRITORY
CORRECTIONAL X X X X
SERVICE CANADA
TYPES OF TREATMENT
Of- Thera-
fense- peutic VICTIM-OFFENDER
SYSTEM Speci- Commu- Other RECONCILIATION
fic nity
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA X X Additional No
community
programs
ARIZONA Psychological No
education groups
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA Yes
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT X Discharge Currently estab-
planning for lishing groups;
mental health/ coordinating with
special needs a sexual assault
offenders crisis service
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF No
COLUMBIA
FLORIDA No
GEORGIA Yes, victim
impact program
HAWAII No response
IDAHO No
ILLINOIS X X No
INDIANA X No
IOWA X Special Yes, for a few
community cases on a small
supervision scale
KANSAS Currently being
developed
KENTUCKY X No
LOUISIANA X No
MAINE No
MARYLAND No
MASSACHUSETTS X X Psychological No
educational
classes and
drama therapy
(experimental
treatment)
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA X X No, but included
in treatment
programs
MISSISSIPPI No
MISSOURI X X Special tracks Yes, in local
for cognitively communities with
impaired or a panel of
those high in inmates; only for
the constructs those successful-
of psychopathy ly completing
treatment
MONTANA Yes, through
restorative
justice
NEBRASKA X X No
NEVADA X No
NEW HAMPSHIRE X X Yes, if initiated
by the victims
or their
therapists
NEW JERSEY X X Clear Thinking, Yes, with incest
Victim Empathy, victims
Personal
Victimization,
Arousal
Reconditioning
NEW MEXICO X Under
consideration
NEW YORK X X No
NORTH X No
CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA Yes, on an
individual basis
OHIO X Psychological Yes, victim-
education offender
dialogues at
victim's request
OKLAHOMA X X Measurement of No
sexual interest
OREGON No
PENNSYLVANIA X X Yes, at victim's
request
RHODE ISLAND X Yes, through
victim services
SOUTH X No
CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA X No
TENNESSEE X X Physiological No
assessment
TEXAS X X (1)
UTAH X X Yes, through
victim services
upon request
VERMONT X X Victim impact Yes, but only at
victim's request
VIRGINIA X Intensive 2-year No
residential
program
WASHINGTON X Yes, but only at
victim's request
WEST VIRGINIA X No
WISCONSIN X X Yes, as an
independent
program
WYOMING X No
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA X No, but a limited
experimentation
NEWFOUNDLAND No
NOVA SCOTIA Programs through No
Community
Corrections
ONTARIO X No
PRINCE EDWARD X No
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN No
YUKON X No
TERRITORY
CORRECTIONAL X Self-regulation/ Yes, in exceptio-
SERVICE CANADA management of nal cases only
risk to
re-offend
(1) TEXAS: By law, offenders may request an orchiectomy (surgical
removal of one or both testicles) if they have two or more sex
offenses against a child in the state.
TABLE 3: RELEASE PROVISIONS
PAROLE SPECIAL RELEASE
SYSTEM ELIGIBILITY COMMENTS PROVISIONS
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA Limited Determinates Usually regarding
sentencing for contact with
some sex offenses victims, porno-
graphy, substance
use, living
arrangements and
treatment
requirements
ARIZONA Limited Based on date of Living arrangements
offense, statute and contact are
sentenced under restricted regard-
and degree of the ing children under
offense 18; specified
registration with
officials; no
contact with
victims; treatment
program participa-
tion, if required
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA Limited Ineligible if May include drug/
sentenced to life alcohol and psycho-
without the logical treatment
possibility of programs, contact
parole restrictions,
curfew, and guide-
lines on porno-
graphy, residence
travel movement and
employment
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT Limited Eligible when Mandatory community
sentenced to 2 or sex offender treat-
more years ment; community
supervision commen-
surate with the
offender's risk
level
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF Yes Sex offender
COLUMBIA registry is kept by
local law
enforcement
FLORIDA No Parole has been Varies, as provided
abolished; how- by the state and/or
ever, other types Parole Commission
of release exist
for which certain
sex offenders may
be eligible
GEORGIA Limited SB440 and SB441 Sex offender
mandate a 10-year registry is a
sentence for sex requirement
offenders
HAWAII No response
IDAHO Limited Offenders are Participation in a
eligible unless a specific community
judge has sex offender
sentenced them to program is required
a fixed term
ILLINOIS No The Sexually Sexually dangerous
Violent Commitment offenders are
Act allows civil committed to the
commitment of department by the
persons who suffer circuit court are
from a mental conditionally
disorder (1) released or
discharged when it
has been determined
they are no longer
dangerous
INDIANA Limited Some offenders are Periodic polygraph
placed on testing; monitor-
probation ing; treatment by
community provider;
special caseload
attention
IOWA Limited First-degree Sex offender
sexual abuse registry and super-
(assault with vision/treatment
serious injury) are required
carries a term of
life without
parole
KANSAS Yes Numerous conditions
are imposed on and
provided to
offenders in a
special handbook
KENTUCKY Limited Completion of a Numerous conditions
sex offender including no
treatment program contact with
is required for minors, possession
consideration; of pornography,
about 8 percent of submission to
sex offenders are regular polygraphy,
granted parole employment restric-
tions, curfews and
continuation of sex
offender treatment
in the community
LOUISIANA Limited Serial sex Sex offender
offenders are registry is
ineligible; sex required; limited
offenders who are contact with minors
determined to have (if offense was
committed violent related to minors);
crimes must serve and submit to a
85 percent of mental health
their imposed evaluation and
sentences treatment plan
MAINE N/A Parole abolished N/A
in 1976
MARYLAND Limited Certain repeat Counseling and sex
offenders for offender registry
violent crimes
(including sex
offenses) receive
no parole,
enhanced sentences
MASSACHUSETTS Yes Completion of an
intensive component
of a sex offender
treatment program
is required in most
cases, as well as
continued treatment
in the community
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA No Absent a parole Numerous restric-
system, determi- tions, including no
nate sentencing is contact with minors
in effect, with or victims;
"supervised completion of a
release" as part treatment program;
of the sentence no possession of
sexually explicit
media material; and
limited access to
computers and/or
the internet
MISSISSIPPI Limited Sex offenders who Mental health
committed a crime counseling and
on or after other special
8/24/94 are not conditions are
eligible for considered on a
parole or early case-by-case basis
release
MISSOURI Limited Restricted if on a Mandatory after-
C-5 security level care; phase for
deviation of
parole; monitored
by polygraphy
MONTANA Limited Depends on the Provisions may be
sentencing judge applied by the
sentencing judge or
the Board of
Pardons and Parole
(relapse
prevention)
NEBRASKA Limited Depends on the Sex offender
structure of the registry is
sentence required; may be
required to
participate in a
treatment program
NEVADA Limited Sex offenders with General provisions
related murder related to associa-
charges may be tion limitations
sentenced to life and treatment
without parole, or
death
NEW HAMPSHIRE Yes Sex offender
registry; no
contact with
victims; mandatory
participation in a
treatment program
NEW JERSEY Yes Certain conditions
are set on a
case-by-case basis
NEW MEXICO Limited Not eligible for Megan's Law is in
offenders effect; starting
convicted of 2 7/1/02, parole is
violent sexual extended for 10
offenses when the years instead of
victim was younger the usual 2 years
than 13
NEW YORK Limited Not eligible if Yes; unspecified
serving sentence
of life without
parole or death
NORTH CAROLINA Limited Not eligible if Sex offender
serving sentence registry in county
of life without of residence
parole
NORTH DAKOTA Limited Based on charges Yes, unspecified
and convictions
OHIO Limited Truth in senten- Highest level of
cing replaced supervision is
parole on 7/1/96 required;
for offenders community-based
committed from treatment
that date forward
OKLAHOMA Yes Sex offender
specific treatment
OREGON Yes Sex offender
registry; not
eligible for early
termination of
community super-
vision; additional
requirements may
apply
PENNSYLVANIA Yes Follow-up
counseling in the
community
RHODE ISLAND Limited Not eligible for Sex offender
offenders serving registry; community
less than a registration; other
6-month sentence departmental
or life without provisions
parole
SOUTH CAROLINA No N/A
SOUTH DAKOTA Limited Not eligible if Continued treatment
serving a life
sentence
TENNESSEE Limited Not eligible if Statutory time
serving a sentence requirements
of life without regarding community
parole notification, DNA
testing, life
parole status and
outpatient
treatment
TEXAS Yes Sex offender
registry and sex
offender treatment
UTAH Yes Yes, unspecified
VERMONT Yes Sex offender
registry and
ongoing treatment
VIRGINIA Limited Parole has been Determined on a
abolished; how- case-by-case basis
ever, some offen- and may include
ders committed intensive parole
before the law was supervision, home
established are electronic monitor-
eligible ing and follow-up
treatment
WASHINGTON Limited Eligible if Conditions are
sentenced before established by a
7/1/84; not eligi- community correc-
ble if sentenced tions officer who
from 7/1/84 to supervises the
10/30/01. Eligible offender in the
if sentenced from field and may
9/1/01 to present include restric-
and deemed a tions on entering
serious, violent any relationship
sex offender and without informing
for those who are the officer,
not a serious, submitting to
violent sex polygraph testing,
offender body or residence
searches and use or
possession of mood-
altering substances
WEST VIRGINIA Yes Without approval,
may have no contact
with minors and no
home plan close to
a school zone or
other areas visited
by children
WISCONSIN Limited After conviction, Numerous conditions
the sentence are imposed,
structure is including contact
determined by the restrictions,
courts; truth in employment require-
sentencing guide- ments, sex offender
lines also apply registry, DNA
testing, payment of
all court-order
financial obliga-
tions and treatment
co-pays and they
may not purchase,
possess nor use a
computer, software,
hardware, modem,
etc., without prior
agent approval
WYOMING Yes Numerous conditions
are imposed,
including victim
contact; evalua-
tion, polygraph
testing and treat-
ment (each at the
offender's expense)
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA Yes None
NEWFOUNDLAND Yes General conditions,
including attending
treatment programs
and remaining away
from children
NOVA SCOTIA Yes General conditions,
including contacts
and associations
ONTARIO Yes Conditions are
determined by the
Ontario Parole and
Earned Release
Board and include
mandatory sex
offender registry;
also may include
treatment require-
ments and contact
restrictions
PRINCE EDWARD Yes Conditions may
ISLAND include imposed
provisions relating
to children and
housing, as well as
checking in with
authorities
SASKATCHEWAN Yes Parole is a federal
responsibility and
offenders primarily
are directed to
treatment program
options
YUKON Yes General conditions
TERRITORY may include victim
contact or relate
to previous
behavior
CORRECTIONAL Yes Psychological
SERVICE CANADA counseling and
attendance in a
treatment program
PAROLE
SYSTEM ELIGIBILITY RECIDIVISM TRACKING
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA Limited Not at this time, but developing an MIS
system
ARIZONA Limited Tracked for return to the department and
eventually for new criminal justice
contacts nationally, as pad of an
ongoing recidivism study
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA Limited Revocation Tracking System (RSTS)
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT Limited No; however, virtually no sex offenders
commit or are arrested for another sex
offense while on parole.
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF Yes No
COLUMBIA
FLORIDA No No
GEORGIA Limited No
HAWAII No response
IDAHO Limited No
ILLINOIS No Yes, based on a 3-year process of
determining a percentage of those
released and returned to the Illinois
Department of Corrections
INDIANA Limited Yes, recently begun
IOWA Limited Yes, and a recent study indicated that
sex offenders recidivate less than other
types of offenders and are more likely
to be convicted of misdemeanors than
felonies.
KANSAS Yes All Kansas releasees are tracked. Sex
offenders are not reported separately
unless for a special project.
KENTUCKY Limited Yes, through outcome studies by the Sex
Offender Treatment Program
LOUISIANA Limited Yes, by the Office of Probation and
Parole and information is maintained in
an automated database
MAINE N/A N/A
MARYLAND Limited No
MASSACHUSETTS Yes No
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA No Yes, annual follow-up of all 1992
releasees; the state is beginning to
follow up on all sex offender releases
from 1997 to 1999; intermittent research
is conducted on a sample of all
releasees.
MISSISSIPPI Limited Yes, for all offenders who return to
incarceration within the state, but not
specific to sex offenders
MISSOURI Limited Yes, through ad hoc reports
MONTANA Limited No
NEBRASKA Limited Yes, routine studies are conducted by
the Department on all releasees
NEVADA Limited No, not by the department
NEW HAMPSHIRE Yes No
NEW JERSEY Yes Yes, for a 3-year period or longer if
released from the ADTC
NEW MEXICO Limited Yes, for participating sex offenders;
tracking of all offenders will be online
this year
NEW YORK Limited Yes, tracking is done annually and a
3-year post-release follow-up report
is produced
NORTH CAROLINA Limited No
NORTH DAKOTA Limited No
OHIO Limited No
OKLAHOMA Yes Yes, termination summaries are completed
and entered into a database
OREGON Yes Yes, defined as a new felony conviction
within 3 years of release
PENNSYLVANIA Yes Yes, by the offense that has the
greatest offense-gravity score, not for
the lesser offense
RHODE ISLAND Limited Yes, checks of individual criminal
records and follow-up with treatment
provider and parole officer
SOUTH CAROLINA No No
SOUTH DAKOTA Limited Yes, but not separate from all parolees
TENNESSEE Limited Yes, via a database
TEXAS Yes Yes, through the Criminal Justice Policy
Council
UTAH Yes Yes, for 3 years
VERMONT Yes Yes, as specified in Criminal Justice
and Behavior, Vol. 25 No. 2, June 1998
VIRGINIA Limited Tracking by staff when the inmates
participate in the sex offender
residential program; others may be
identified as recidivists if they are
returned to department commitment;
generally, there is no ongoing research
WASHINGTON Limited Violations of community supervision
conditions and those returned to prison
are tracked
WEST VIRGINIA Yes Routine statistical and general record
keeping
WISCONSIN Limited Agent monitoring, sex offender registry
and by readmission to a prison within
the department
WYOMING Yes No
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA Yes Some isolated research projects, but no
more than for other offender groups
NEWFOUNDLAND Yes Provincially, no tracking system is in
place
NOVA SCOTIA Yes No
ONTARIO Yes Ontario Parole and Earned Release Board,
with the addition of a provincial sex
offender registry
PRINCE EDWARD Yes No
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN Yes The National Dynamic Supervision Project
tracks all supervised sex offenders
longitudinally
YUKON Yes Informally by the Sex Offender Risk
TERRITORY Management Program staff
CORRECTIONAL Yes Yes, but only up to the end of the
SERVICE CANADA imposed sentence or if returned to
custody under a new federal sentence
(1) ILLINOIS: The court commits those offenders who suffer from a
mental disorder, and it is substantially probable that they will
engage in acts of sexual violence, to a secure sex offender treatment
program run by the Department of Human Services.
TABLE 4: POLICY CHANGES
(within the past 2-3 years)
SYSTEM IN SENTENCING IN CORRECTIONS
ALABAMA No response
ALASKA None known As a result of a court
case, the parole board is
no longer allowed to
require that non-treated
offenders must reside in
cities where treatment is
available
ARIZONA None Changing definitions of
sex offender and revising
sex offender
classifications
ARKANSAS No response
CALIFORNIA 1999-AB 2849 includes Effective July 2001,
probation sentences as specialized high-risk sex
qualifying counts for offender caseloads are
Sexually Violent Predator supervised at a 40-to-1
(SVP); 1999-AB 1300 ratio
changes PC 290 law to
extend parole to 5 years,
effective July 2006; SVO
2001 changed SVP
requirements based on
case law
COLORADO No response
CONNECTICUT Two new categories were Establishment of a sex
established in the offender database for
state's Persistent tracking and evaluation
Offender Law: Persistent purposes; use of
Dangerous Sexual Offender nationally accepted and
and Persistent Serious validated risk
Sexual Offender that instruments to assess
allow increased re-offense risk
sentencing and lifetime
parole
DELAWARE No response
DISTRICT OF None None
COLUMBIA
FLORIDA Creation of "sex offender Specialized caseloads to
community control" and handle sex offenders
sex offender probation;
expansion of conditions
of supervision
GEORGIA Legislation passed (1994) None
mandating sentencing for
sex offenders
HAWAII No response
IDAHO None In community corrections,
parolees now are required
to complete a 3-phase
program; correctional
officers receive
mandatory 20 hours of
on-the-job training;
complete sex offender
assessment tests are
required; and employers
must me informed of the
offense
ILLINOIS None A major movement is in
place to make sex
offender treatment
mandatory--all the
factions of treatment up
to the stage of denial.
These will be essentially
educational in nature and
on a regular basis and
once denial is handled,
actual treatment will
begin.
INDIANA Increased numbers of Implementation of sex
offenses required for sex offender management;
offender registry; length monitoring in facility
of sentence for repeat and on parole
sex offenders
IOWA Post-incarceration civil Facilities, programs and
commitment for "sexual hormonal intervention
predators"; sex offender
registry
KANSAS Nothing significant New internal management
policies and procedures
covering a wide array of
issues, including
treatment, management and
supervision (while
incarcerated or in the
community
KENTUCKY Sex offenders sentenced
since 1999 have a 3-year
conditional release
tacked onto the end of
their prison sentences.
They then are on
probation and must attend
the Sex Offender
Treatment Program (SOTP)
and follow conditions set
by the officer. If they
do not cooperate, they
may be revoked and
returned to prison for
the balance of the 3
years. An additional
statute withholds good
time credits to sex
offenders until they
complete treatment in the
prison.
LOUISIANA Revisions related to sex Implementation of a
offender registry uniform sex offender
requirements; DNA testing treatment program
of releasees; and treat-
ment programs for the sex
offenders
MAINE None None
MARYLAND None An informal agreement has
been reached between the
department and probation
and parole to work
together in following sex
offenders after their
release
MASSACHUSETTS In September 1999, None
legislation passed that
reintroduced the civil
commitment of sexually
dangerous offenders
MICHIGAN No response
MINNESOTA Longer sentences for Increased sex offender
first-degree criminal registry responsibilities
sexual conduct (most and penalties for
serious sex offenses) non-compliance
MISSISSIPPI None None
MISSOURI Sexually Violent Predator Missouri Standard
Law was enacted in 1999 Operating Procedures
affecting sentencing and (MoSOP) have been
post-sentencing upgraded to meet current
standards of practice.
MONTANA None Policy 4.6.3 relative to
core treatment programs
and 4.5.27 concerning
mental health
NEBRASKA Parole eligibility dates None
may be eliminated by the
sentencing judge
NEVADA None A unified sex offender
treatment program is
being implemented through
the department
NEW HAMPSHIRE None None
NEW JERSEY None The ADTC has been
accepting sex offenders
who do not fall under the
purview of the Sex
Offender Law but are
amenable to treatment
NEW MEXICO In 1999, legislation The Therapeutic Community
passed that reduced the Sex Offender Program
amount of good time that began 10/15/01
could be earned for
certain violent crimes
(including violent sex
crimes) from 50 percent
to 15 percent of the
sentence
NEW YORK None Standardized written
curriculum of 10 hours of
group per week for 6
months and nightly
homework assignments;
one-on-one counseling
also is provided when
needed
NORTH CAROLINA None None
NORTH DAKOTA Civil commitment Offenders who maintained
their innocence now are
being given incident
reports if they refuse
treatment
OHIO None None
OKLAHOMA None All sex offenders who
meet criteria are
eligible for treatment,
even if they are deniers
OREGON If court-designated at Notifying local law
time of sentencing, enforcement of offenders'
sexually violent pending release is
dangerous offenders are required; additional
supervised for life funding to counties to
supervise sexually
violent dangerous
offenders
PENNSYLVANIA An amendment to the The therapeutic community
"Registration of Sexual for sex offenders with
Offenders" statutes was alcohol and/or other drug
required due to the addictions was added
state's 1999 Supreme
Court decision that
places the burden of
proving a presumption of
"sexually violent
predator" status on the
prosecution
RHODE ISLAND The department has no Notifying offenders of
authority over sentencing their duty to register
inmates with law enforcement
agencies and procedures
for community notifica-
tion, effective 2/12/01
SOUTH CAROLINA None None
SOUTH DAKOTA None Restrictions on visits
and property
TENNESSEE More criminal codes are The department is
being enacted each year reviewing options to
to broaden the scope/type modify the program from
of offenders voluntary to mandatory
TEXAS None The state now has an
outpatient civil commit-
ment option for offenders
with two or more
qualifying sex offenses
on their records
UTAH Dismantled the mandatory/ None
minimum sentencing system
VERMONT None Classification system
modifications
VIRGINIA None Established procedures
for the civil commitment
of sexually violent
predators; Section
37.1-70.4 requires the
director of the Depart-
ment to establish a
treatment program for
such offenders (program
began in March 2001)
WASHINGTON Senate Bill 6151 changed Offenders sentenced under
sentencing for sex Senate Bill 6151 are
offenders who committed supervised in the
crimes on or after community for life
9/1/01; they are
sentenced to an indeter-
minate term and subject
to a minimum- and
maximum-term sentence
WEST VIRGINIA None None
WISCONSIN Truth in sentencing Pharmacological treatment
status of sex offenders and
polygraphy monitoring of
sex offenders in
treatment
WYOMING None None
FEDERAL BUREAU No response
OF PRISONS
CANADIAN SYSTEMS
MANITOBA None The justice and law
enforcement systems are
developing a national
registry of sex offenders
in cooperation with the
federal government
NEWFOUNDLAND None Notification process;
plans for a moderate
intensity intervention
program; streamlined
prerelease programs
NOVA SCOTIA None Specific supervision
models have been
developed in consultation
with forensic
psychologists
ONTARIO None Introduction of the
Ontario Sex Offender
Registry; process for
notification to police
regarding high-profile/
high-risk sex offenders
released into the
community; introduction
of the Victim Notifica-
tion System that provides
registered victims with
automated telephone
notification of any
changes in a sentenced
offender's release status
PRINCE EDWARD None None
ISLAND
SASKATCHEWAN None Introduction of
empirically validated
risk assessment instru-
ments provides a real
ability to differentiate
between the risk levels
of offenders and
appropriately refer the
offenders to services
YUKON TERRITORY None None
CORRECTIONAL None New programs and
SERVICE CANADA standards for treatment
of sex offenders have
been developed
For information on monthly surveys featured in this or past issues of Corrections Compendium, please contact Cece Hill, CEGA CEGA Combustion Engineering/General Atomics CEGA Central Electricity Generating Authority Services Inc., P.O. Box 81826, Lincoln Lincoln, city and district, England Lincoln, city (1991 pop. 79,980) and district, Lincolnshire, E England, in the Parts of Kesteven, on the Witham River. , NE 68516; (402) 420-0602. |
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